ng dng cng ngh PLC trong mng truy nhp vin thng

Ng Bnh Minh 1. CNG NGH TRUYN THNG QUA NG DY IN (PLC) 1.1. Gii thiu chung Cng ngh truyn thng PLC (Power Line Communications) s dng mng li ng dy cung cp in nng cho mc ch truyn ti thng tin nhm tit kim chi ph u t.

Hnh 1: Truyn thng tin qua ng dy in Hnh 1 cho thy, c th truyn thng tin qua phng tin truyn dn l ng dy dn in, cn phi c cc thit b u cui l PLC modem, cc modem ny c chc nng bin i tn hiu t cc thit b vin thng truyn thng nh my tnh, in thoi sang mt nh dng ph hp truyn qua ng dy dn in. Cng ngh ny tuy cn mi m vi khch hng nhng thc ra c s dng t u th k 20, cho cc mc ch truyn thng tin ca ni b ngnh in. V d nh h thng CFS (Carrier Frequency System), s dng cc my pht 10W truyn thng tin bo v, o c trn ng dy cao th vi khong cch ln ti 500km hay h thng RCS (Ripple Carrier Signalling) s dng trong qun l ti ca h thng truyn ti in h th v trung th [2]. Hay hin nay, cng ngh PLC c s dng cho cc ng dng trong nh nh h thng gim st, cnh bo, t ng ho... Tu vo phn cp mng truyn ti in m c cc ng dng truyn thng PLC tng ng. Mng truyn ti, cung cp in c phn thnh cc cp tu thuc tng quc gia, nhng c bn c ba cp sau: - Li in cao th (110-500kV): kt ni cc nh my in vi cc khch hng ln, cc khu vc tiu th in nng vi ng truyn ti di t vi chc kilomet n vi trm kilomet. - Li in trung th (10-30KV): Cung cp cho cc khu dn c rng, cc khu cng nghip, khu th, khong cch truyn ti ngn hn t vi kilomet n vi chc kilomet. - Li in h th (110V-380V): Cung cp in nng cho cc khch hng l cc h gia nh, c quan, trng hcvi khong cch truyn ti ngn t vi trm mt n vi kilomet. H thng li in h th kt ni n tt c cc khch hng, do vy ng dng ca cng ngh PLC cho mng truy nhp s dng mng h th c tim nng rt ln.

Tuy nhin, do mng li truyn ti in khng c thit k vi mc ch truyn ti thng tin, nn n khng phi l ng truyn vt l l tng truyn thng tin. Knh truyn PLC qua ng dy in c c tnh l ph thuc tn s, thay i theo thi gian ca cc yu t nh hng (ti, v tr, nhiu v phadinh). Theo tiu chun chu u (Cenelec EN50065), bng tn cho truyn thng PLC c phn chia nh bng 1 [1]. Bng 1: Bng tn s dng cho truyn thng PLC theo tiu chun chu u.

Theo tiu chun ny, bng tn dnh cho truyn thng PLC ch p ng c vic truyn mt vi knh thoi hoc d liu n vi chc Kbit/s. Tc d liu thp ny ch ph hp vi cc ng dng o c trong ngnh in (qun l ti cho mng in, truyn d liu o m cng t...) ch khng ph hp vi cc ng dng vin thng yu cu tc cao (trn 2Mbit/s). c kh nng truyn d liu tc cao, ph tn dnh cho PLC phi l bng tn rng (ln n 30MHz). n nay, cha c mt tiu chun no quy nh bng tn cho cng ngh PLC ngoi tiu chun Cenelec. 1.2 PLC bng hp PLC bng hp hot ng trong bng tn theo quy nh ca CENELEC trn, ng dng trong cc lnh vc lin quan n qun l in nng (Bo v khong cch, truyn d liu o m cng t, qun l cng sut) v t ng ho trong gia dng (iu khin cc thit b in nh n chiu sng, iu ho, ca , gim st an ninh nh cnh bo khi, t nhp). Khong cch ti a gia hai modem PLC khong 1km vi cc ng dng gia dng v 100km vi qun l in nng (s dng cc my thu pht cng sut cao t 10-80W).

Hnh 2: ng dng PLC bng hp cho cc ng dng gia dng PLC bng hp s dng k thut iu ch ASK, BPSK, FSK v OFDM. Tuy nhin, k thut iu ch kho dch bin FSK c s dng ph bin hn c. 1.3 PLC bng rng 2

PLC bng rng c kh nng truyn d liu ln n 2Mbps khi s dng li in trung v h th (outdoor), v 12Mbps khi s dng li in trong nh. Mt s nh sn xut pht trin c nhng thit b c kh nng truyn d liu ln n 40Mbps. Do vy, ng dng ca PLC bng rng l cung cp cc gii php truy nhp kt ni cc mng LAN gia cc to nh, kt ni cc trm thu pht v tuyn vi mng ng trc. Tri vi PLC bng hp, hin cha c tiu chun chung c th no cho PLC bng rng. 2. MNG TRUY NHP PLC 2.1 Cu trc mng truy nhp PLC Mng truy nhp PLC da trn mng li truyn ti v cung cp in h th (li h th kt ni vi li in trung th v cao th thng qua cc my bin p nh Hnh 4). Mng truy nhp PLC kt ni vi mng din rng WAN thng qua cc trm gc t ti v tr cc my bin th. Cc thu bao PLC kt ni vi cc trm gc thng qua cc modem PLC t ti v tr cc cng t o m in (s dng cc cng ngh truy nhp khc kt ni ti cc moderm ny nh DSL hay WLAN) hoc cc cm in trong nh.

Hnh 3: Cu trc mt mng truy nhp PLC 2.2 Mng PLC trong nh Mng PLC trong nh s dng mng in trong nh lm phng tin truyn dn, kt ni cc thit b s dng trong nh nh my tnh, in thoi, my in v cc thit b video, gi l h thng mng PLC LAN. Nh vy trnh c vic lp t cc mng cp mi tn km chi ph. V cu trc, mng PLC trong nh khng khc nhiu so vi cu trc mng truy nhp PLC s dng li in h th. Trong cu trc ny, c mt trm gc PLC (BS) t ti v tr cng t in kt ni vi mng PLC backbone. Cc thit b trong nh kt ni vi trm gc thng qua cc modem PLC t ti cc cm in [3]. Mng PLC trong nh khng ch c th kt ni n mng truy nhp s dng cng ngh PLC m cn c th kt ni n cc mng truy nhp khc.

Hnh 4: Cu trc mng PLC trong nh 2.3 Cc phn t mng PLC 2.3.1 Cc phn t mng c bn Chc nng c bn ca cc phn t ny l chuyn i v thu/pht tn hiu t cc thit b vin thng sang dng ph hp truyn trn ng dy in. Modem PLC: Dng kt ni cc thit b ngi s dng (NSD) (my tnh, in thoi) vi ng dy in. Giao din ca PLC vi thit b pha NSD c th l Ethernet hoc USB. Modem PLC ngoi chc nng chuyn i tn hiu, cn c vai tr l b phi hp tr khng, b lc tch tn hiu in (tn s 50 hoc 60Hz) v tn hiu thng tin (tn s trn 9kHz). Modem PLC khng ch thc hin tt c cc chc nng lp vt l (Physical layer) nh m ho, iu ch m cn thc hin cc chc nng lp Data link (MAC v LLC) trong m hnh tham chiu OSI . Trm gc PLC: C chc nng kt ni mng truy nhp PLC vi mng backbone. Cc giao din kt ni vi mng backbone c th l SDH, xDSL, hoc WLL. 2.3.2 Trm lp Trong trng hp khong cch gia cc modem PLC vi trm gc l rt xa, cn s dng cc b lp tn hiu (repeater). Cc b lp ny c chc nng khuch i tn hiu. Tu theo phng php iu ch s dng, cc b lp c chc nng iu ch/gii iu ch hoc thc hin c cc chc nng cc lp mng cao hn.

Hnh 5: Mng PLC s dng trm lp

Nhn Hnh 5 ta c th thy, sau mi trm lp, tn hiu s c truyn trn mt tn s mi. Tuy nhin, bng tn dnh cho PLC li rt hn ch (xp x 30MHz) i hi vic quy hoach trong s dng bng tn. Hn na, khi tng s trm lp, bng thng gim s lm gim dung lng ca mng. 2.3.3 PLC gateway Cc thu bao PLC c th kt ni vo mng truy nhp PLC bng hai cch: - Kt ni trc tip: - Kt ni gin tip qua PLC gateway.

Hnh 6: Thu bao PLC kt ni trc tip Gateway dng phn chia mng truy nhp PLC v mng PLC trong nh. PLC gateway ng vai tr nh mt trm gc PLC, c chc nng iu khin cc modem PLC trong nh v ng vai tr nh mt trm lp tn hiu, kt ni cc PLC ny vi mng truy nhp PLC (Hnh 6). Nh vy, mt mng PLC c th chia thnh nhiu mng nh s dng cng mt ng truyn vt l (cng cp h p), nh Hnh 7. C hai gateway G ny hot ng nh cc b lp PLC chuyn i gia cc tn s f1 v f2, f3 v f4. Hn na, cc PLC trong s ny cng hot ng nh nhng b iu khin ca cc mng con (II, III).

Hnh 7: Kt ni thng qua PLC gateway

Hnh 8: Gateway trong mng truy nhp PLC Tng t nh vic s dng repeater, s dng cng nhiu Gateway, dung lng mng PLC cng gim. 5

2.4 Kt ni n mng li v qun l mng truy nhp PLC 2.4.1 Cc m hnh kt ni Vic kt ni mng truy nhp PLC n mng li c th bng nhiu hnh thc nh: - S dng h tng mng quang hoc mng cp sn c. - S dng cc mng wirelesss nh WIMAX, WLL... - ng dng cng ngh PLC trn mng li truyn ti in trung th. Cc m hnh kt ni mng truy nhp n mng li: - M hnh hnh sao - M hnh mng bus - M hnh mch vng Ring

a. Mng bus

b. Mng hnh sao

c. Mng mch vng Ring Hnh 9: M hnh kt ni mng truy nhp v mng li 2.4.2 Qun l mng truy nhp PLC 6

Do c im ca mng PLC l phn b rng, nn vic ti u h thng qun l mng l v cng quan trng. Qun l mng truy nhp PLC bao gm vic qun l cu hnh cc phn t mng. Cc chc nng qun l c th c thc hin on-site hay qun l t xa.

Hnh 10: Qun l mng PLC 3. KT LUN Nh vy, vic ng dng cng ngh PLC vo mng truy nhp vin thng em li tim nng to ln, ha hn cung cp cc dch v truy nhp bng thng rng, tc cao, tin dng v vi chi ph h tng c tit kim ti mc ti a. Ti liu tham kho [1]. Halid Hrasnica, Raft Lehnet and Abdelfatteh Haidine, Broadband PowerLine Communication networks, John Willey and Son, USA, 2004. [2]. H.C. Ferreira and O. Hooijen, Power Line Communications: An Overview, The Transactions of The S.A. Electrical Engineers, pp145-161, September, 1995 [3]. HomePlug 1.0 Powerline Communication LANs Protocol Description and Performance Results version 5.4A; INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2000; 00:16 Prepared using dacauth.cls [Version: 2002/09/18 v1.01]