Can Bang Histogram

Khoa Ton Khoa Ton - - Tin hc Tin hc
Tr Tr ng HKHTN Tp.HCM ng HKHTN Tp.HCM

2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
tng: Tm mt bin i phi tuyn
g = T(f )
p dng cho mi pixel ca nh f(x,y),
g(x,y) phn ph u.
2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
Chng
Chng
ta
ta
c
c
gi
gi
tr
tr
xm
xm
r
r
lin
lin
tc
tc
trong
trong
[0,1],
[0,1],
r
r
=0
=0
m
m
t
t
mu
mu

en
en
v
v
r
r
=1
=1
m
m
t
t
mu
mu
trng
trng
.
.
Chng
Chng
ta
ta
cn
cn
xy
xy
dng
dng
mt
mt
bin
bin

i
i
s
s
=
=
T
T
(
(
r
r
),
),
trn
trn
c
c
s
s
histogram
histogram
ca
ca
nh
nh
,
,
bin
bin

i
i
ny
ny
s
s
lm
lm
t
t
ng
ng
c
c
ng
ng
nh
nh
.
.
T
T
c
c
cc
cc
tnh
tnh
cht
cht
:
:
T T( (r r) ) l l hm hm t t ng ng u u vi vi 0 0 r r 1 1
T T( (r r) ) nh nh x x t t [0,1] [0,1] vo vo [0,1]. [0,1].
2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
Xem Xem xt xt bin bin i i ng ng c c r r= =T T

- -1 1
( (s s) ) v v xem xem nh nh bin bin i i ng ng c c
ny ny cng cng tha tha hai hai iu iu kin kin trn trn. .
Xem Xem nh nh gi gi tr tr xm xm ca ca nh nh ban ban u u (A) (A) v v kt kt qu qu (B) (B) nh nh

bin bin ngu ngu nhin nhin trong trong [0, 1]. [0, 1].
t t p p
in in
( (r r) ) v v p p
out out
( (s s) ) l l mt mt xc xc sut sut cc cc gi gi tr tr xm xm ca ca A A v v
B. B.
Nu Nu bit bit p p
in in
( (r r) ) v vT T( (r r), ), v v T T
- -1 1
( (s s) ) tha tha iu iu kin kin 1, 1, chng chng ta ta c c
th th vit vit ( (l l thuyt thuyt xc xc sut sut): ):
Mt Mt cch cch t t ng ng c c ng ng nh nh l l thit thit k k mt mt bin bin i i T T(.) (.)

mc mc xm xm nh nh phn phn b b khng khng chun chun trong trong [0, 1]. [0, 1].
p
p
out out
(
(
s
s
)=1, 0
)=1, 0
s
s
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) s T r
in out
ds
dr
r p s p
1
=
=
2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
Cc
Cc
vng
vng
ca
ca
histogram
histogram
c
c
chnh
chnh

cn
cn

i
i
bng
bng
nhau
nhau

trong
trong
mc
mc
xm
xm
.
.
K
K
thut
thut
ny
ny

c
c
gi
gi
l
l
cn
cn
bng
bng
histogram
histogram
(
(
histogram
histogram
equalization
equalization
).
).
Xem
Xem
nh
nh
l
l
bin
bin

i
i
CDF (cumulative distribution function)

CDF (cumulative distribution function)
ca
ca
p
p
in in
(
(
r
r
)
)
cng
cng
tha
tha
2
2
iu
iu
kin
kin
trn
trn
.
.
T
T
ph
ph
ng
ng
trnh
trnh
trn
trn
ta
ta
suy
suy
ra
ra
,
,
( ) ( )
= =
r
o
r dw w p r T s 1 0 ,
in
( ) r p
dr
ds
in
=
2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
Th
Th
kt
kt
qu
qu
s
s
l
l
Hm
Hm
mt
mt

xc
xc
sut
sut
ca
ca
g
g
l
l

u
u
m
m
khng
khng
quan
quan
tm
tm
f.
f.
Dng
Dng
mt
mt
hm
hm
bin
bin

i
i

cn
cn
bng
bng
CDF
CDF
ca
ca
cc
cc
gi
gi
tr
tr
xm
xm
r
r
,
,
ca
ca
f,
f,
chng
chng
ta
ta
c
c
th
th
c
c
mt
mt
nh
nh
mi
mi
g
g
c
c
cc
cc
gi
gi
tr
tr
xm
xm
chun
chun
.
.
iu
iu
ny
ny
s
s
lm
lm
t
t
ng
ng
c
c
ng
ng
nh
nh
, (
, (
t
t
ng
ng
vng
vng
linh
linh
hot
hot
).
).
( ) ( )
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
1 0 for , 1 1
1
1
1
= =
=
=
s
r p
r p s p
s T r
s T r
in
in out
2007 2007
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
Ri
Ri
rc
rc
ha
ha
,
,
ta
ta
s
s
c
c
:
:
L L: : Tng Tng s s mc mc xm xm
n n
k k
: : s s l l ng ng pixel pixel mc mc xm xm r r
k k
n n: : Tng Tng s s pixel pixel trong trong nh nh
CDF
CDF
s
s
l
l
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
histogram
histogram
khng
khng
phi
phi
lc
lc
no
no
cng
cng
cho
cho
kt
kt
qu
qu
nh
nh
mong
mong
mun
mun
,
,
ch
ch
hiu
hiu
qu
qu
khi
khi
histogram
histogram
b
b
dn
dn
li
li
.
.
iu
iu
ny
ny
c
c
th
th
gy
gy
ra
ra
sai
sai
cnh
cnh
v
v
vng
vng
,
,
c
c
th
th
gy
gy
ra
ra
nhiu
nhiu
.
.
( )
in
, for 0 1, va 0 1
k
k
n
p r r k L
n
=
( ) ( ) 1 0 for ,
0
in
0
= = =

= =
L k r p
n
n
r T s
k
i
i
k
i
i
k k
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
cn
cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
nh ban u Sau khi cn bng histogram
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
cn
cn
bng
bng
Histogram
Histogram
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Xem
Xem
xt
xt
mt
mt
bc
bc
nh
nh
kch
kch
th
th
c
c
64x64 8
64x64 8
mc
mc
xm
xm
(0, 1, , 7).
(0, 1, , 7).
Chun
Chun
ha
ha
gi
gi
tr
tr
xm
xm
(0, 1/7, 2/7, ,
(0, 1/7, 2/7, ,
1). Histogram
1). Histogram
sau
sau
chun
chun
ha
ha
nh
nh
bng
bng
:
:
0.02 0.02 81 81 1 1 7 7
0.03 0.03 122 122 6/7 6/7 6 6
0.06 0.06 245 245 5/7 5/7 5 5
0.08 0.08 329 329 4/7 4/7 4 4
0.16 0.16 656 656 3/7 3/7 3 3
0.21 0.21 850 850 2/7 2/7 2 2
0.25 0.25 1023 1023 1/7 1/7 1 1
0.19 0.19 790 790 0 0 0 0
p(r p(r
k k
)= )=n n
k k
/n /n n n
k k
r r
k k
k k
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
p p dng dng bin bin i i nh nh

trn trn, , chng chng ta ta c c kt kt
qu qu ( (sau sau khi khi lm lm
trn trn): ):
Ch Ch , , c c duy duy nht nht 5 5

gi gi tr tr xm xm ri ri rc rc --- ---
(1/7, 3/7, 5/7, 6/7, 1) (1/7, 3/7, 5/7, 6/7, 1)
c c gn gn nhn nhn l l ( (s s
0 0
, ,
s s
1 1
, , , , s s
4 4
). ).
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 00 . 1
1 98 . 0
1 95 . 0
7
6
89 . 0
7
6
81 . 0
7
5
65 . 0
7
3
44 . 0
7
1
19 . 0
7 in 1 in 0 in
7
0
in 7 7
6 in 1 in 0 in
6
0
in 6 6
5 in 1 in 0 in
5
0
in 5 5
4 in 1 in 0 in
4
0
in 4 4
3 in 1 in 0 in
3
0
in 3 3
2 in 1 in 0 in
2
0
in 2 2
1 in 0 in
1
0
in 1 1
0 in
0
0
in 0 0
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + = = =
= + = = =
= = = =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
r p r p r p r p r T s
r p r p r p r T s
r p r p r T s
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Vi
Vi
bin
bin

i
i
ny
ny
histogram
histogram
ca
ca
g
g
l
l
Histogram
Histogram
ca
ca
g
g
l
l
xp
xp
x
x
,
,
khng
khng
chnh
chnh
xc
xc
hon
hon
ton
ton
,
,
chun
chun
.
.
0.11 0.11 448 448 1 1 4 4
0.24 0.24 985 985 6/7 6/7 3 3
0.21 0.21 850 850 5/7 5/7 2 2
0.25 0.25 1023 1023 3/7 3/7 1 1
0.19 0.19 790 790 1/7 1/7 0 0
p(s p(s
k k
)= )=n n
k k
/n /n n n
k k
s s
k k
k k
Dng hm imhist v histeq trong
image processing toolbox
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
nh ban u nh sau khi cn bng
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~chuck/lennapg/
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Histogram ca nh ban u Histogram ca nh sau cn bng
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Histogram ca nh ban u
Histogram ca nh sau cn bng
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
Ch
Ch

nh
nh
dng
dng
Histogram
Histogram
Cn
Cn
bng
bng
histogram
histogram
cung
cung
cp
cp
mt
mt
nh
nh
c
c
cc
cc
pixel
pixel
c
c
phn
phn
b
b
chun
chun
mc
mc
xm
xm
(
(
theo
theo
l
l
thuyt
thuyt
).
).
i
i
khi
khi
chng
chng
ta
ta
khng
khng
mun
mun

iu
iu
ny
ny
.
.
Thay
Thay
v
v
vy
vy
,
,
chng
chng
ta
ta
cn
cn
mt
mt
bin
bin

i
i
m
m
cho
cho
ta
ta
mt
mt
histogram
histogram
theo
theo

mnh
mnh
.
.
K
K
thut
thut
ny
ny
gi
gi
l
l
ch
ch

nh
nh
histogram
histogram
(
(
histogram specification
histogram specification
).
).
Gi
Gi
s
s
nh
nh
f
f
c
c
mt
mt

xc
xc
sut
sut
p
p
in in
(
(
r
r
).
).
Chng
Chng
ta
ta
mun
mun
tm
tm
mt
mt
bin
bin

i
i
z
z
=
=
H
H
(
(
r
r
),
),
v
v
mt
mt

xc
xc
sut
sut
ca
ca
g
g
l
l
p
p
out out
(
(
z
z
).
).
p
p
dng
dng
bin
bin

i
i
nh
nh
mi
mi
c
c
mt
mt

xc
xc
sut
sut
chun
chun
.
.
( ) ( ) ( ) * 1 0 ,
in
= =
r
o
r dw w p r T s
2007 2007
Ch
Ch

nh
nh
dng
dng
Histogram
Histogram
Nu
Nu
g
g
c
c
mt
mt

chun
chun
:
:
T
T
mc
mc
xm
xm
chng
chng
ta
ta
c
c
z
z
bng
bng
bin
bin

i
i
ng
ng
c
c
z=G
z=G
- -1 1
(
(
).
).
Nu
Nu
thay
thay
v
v
dng
dng
mc
mc
xm
xm

t
t
(**),
(**),
chng
chng
ta
ta
dng
dng
s
s
t
t
(*) (
(*) (
c
c
hai
hai

u
u
l
l
phn
phn
b
b
chun
chun
),
),
th
th
:
:
z =
z =
H
H
(
(
r
r
)
)
= G
= G
- -1 1
[
[
T(
T(
r
r
)]
)]
s
s
cho
cho
nh
nh
mi
mi
c
c
phn
phn
b
b
c
c
th
th
p
p
out out
(
(
z
z
),
),
t
t
nh
nh
c
c
mt
mt
p
p
in in
(
(
r
r
).
).
Ri
Ri
rc
rc
cc
cc
mc
mc
xm
xm
,
,
ta
ta
c
c
( ) ( ) ( ) * * 1 0 ,
out
= =
z
o
z dw w p z G
( )
( ) ( )
0
out
0
, for 0 1 va
, for 0 1
k
i
k k
i
k
k k i
i
n
s T r k L
n
G z p z k L
=
=
= =
= =

2007 2007
Ch
Ch

nh
nh
dng
dng
Histogram
Histogram
Nu Nu bin bin i i z z
k k
G G( (z z
k k
) ) l l 1 1- -1, 1, bin bin i i ng ng c c s s
k k
G G
- -1 1
( (s s
k k
) ) c c xc xc nh nh d d
dng dng, , t t y y chng chng ta ta c c th th phn phn chia chia vi vi mt mt tp tp nh nh cc cc gi gi tr tr xm xm ri ri
rc rc. .
Trong Trong thc thc t t, , z z
k k
G G( (z z
k k
) ) khng khng phi phi lc lc no no cng cng l l 1 1- -1, 1, chng chng ta ta phi phi
thit thit lp lp cc cc gi gi tr tr xm xm ph ph hp hp vi vi histogram histogram c c, , cng cng chnh chnh xc xc cng cng tt tt. .
V V d d: : xem xem xt xt nh nh 64x64 8 64x64 8 mc mc xm xm
0.02 0.02 81 81 1 1 7 7
0.03 0.03 122 122 6/7 6/7 6 6
0.06 0.06 245 245 5/7 5/7 5 5
0.08 0.08 329 329 4/7 4/7 4 4
0.16 0.16 656 656 3/7 3/7 3 3
0.21 0.21 850 850 2/7 2/7 2 2
0.25 0.25 1023 1023 1/7 1/7 1 1
0.19 0.19 790 790 0 0 0 0
p(r p(r
k k
)= )=n n
k k
/n /n n n
k k
r r
k k
k k
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Xem Xem xt xt bin bin i i z= z=H H( (r r) )= = G G

- -1 1
[ [T(r T(r)], )], vi vi histogram histogram nh nh
sau sau: :
0.15 0.15 1 1 7 7
0.20 0.20 6/7 6/7 6 6
0.30 0.30 5/7 5/7 5 5
0.20 0.20 4/7 4/7 4 4
0.15 0.15 3/7 3/7 3 3
0.00 0.00 2/7 2/7 2 2
0.00 0.00 1/7 1/7 1 1
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
p p
out out
(z (z
k k
) ) z z
k k
k k
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Bin
Bin

i
i
T
T
(
(
r
r
)
)
nh
nh
sau
sau
:
:
0.11 0.11 448 448 r r
5 5
, r , r
6 6
,r ,r
7 7
s s
4 4
= =1 1
0.24 0.24 985 985 r r
3 3
,r ,r
4 4
s s
3 3
= = 6/7 6/7
0.21 0.21 850 850 r r
2 2
s s
2 2
= = 5/7 5/7
0.25 0.25 1023 1023 r r
1 1
s s
1 1
= = 3/7 3/7
0.19 0.19 790 790 r r
0 0
s s
0 0
= 1/7 = 1/7
p p( (s s
k k
) ) n n
k k
r r
i i
s s
k k
V
V
G
G
nh
nh
sau
sau
:
:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 00 . 1
7
6
85 . 0
7
5
65 . 0
7
2
35 . 0
7
1
15 . 0
0 00 . 0
0 00 . 0
0 00 . 0
7 out 1 out 0 out
7
0
out 7 7
6 out 1 out 0 out
6
0
out 6 6
5 out 1 out 0 out
5
0
out 5 5
4 out 1 out 0 out
4
0
out 4 4
3 out 1 out 0 out
3
0
out 3 3
2 out 1 out 0 out
2
0
out 2 2
1 out 0 out
1
0
out 1 1
0 out
0
0
out 0 0
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + + = = =
= + + = = =
= + = = =
= = = =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z p z G
z p z p z p z G
z p z p z G
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Ch
Ch
,
,
G
G
khng
khng
c
c
G
G
- -1 1
.
.
Nh
Nh
ng
ng
chng
chng
ta
ta
c
c
th
th
chn
chn
nh
nh
sau
sau
:
:
G G
- -1 1
(4/7) = ? ( (4/7) = ? (khng khng quan quan tm tm) )
G G
- -1 1
(5/7) = 5/7 (5/7) = 5/7
G G
- -1 1
(6/7) = 6/7 (6/7) = 6/7
G G
- -1 1
(1) = 1 (1) = 1
G G
- -1 1
(0) = ? (0) = ? ( (khng khng quan quan tm tm) )
G G
- -1 1
(1/7) = 3/7 (1/7) = 3/7
G G
- -1 1
(2/7) = 4/7 (2/7) = 4/7
G G
- -1 1
(3/7) = 4/7 (chn (3/7) = 4/7 (chn gi gi tr tr gn gn nht nht) )
r r
7 7
= 1 = 1 z z
7 7
= = 1 1 1 1 1 1 r r
7 7
= 1 = 1 1 1
r r
6 6
= 6/7 = 6/7 z z
7 7
= = 1 1 6/7 6/7 6/7 6/7 r r
6 6
= 6/7 = 6/7 1 1
r r
5 5
= 5/7 = 5/7 z z
7 7
= = 1 1 5/7 5/7 5/7 5/7 r r
5 5
= 5/7 = 5/7 1 1
r r
4 4
= 4/7 = 4/7 z z
6 6
= = 6/7 6/7 4/7 4/7 ? ? r r
4 4
= 4/7 = 4/7 6/7 6/7
r r
3 3
= 3/7 = 3/7 z z
6 6
= = 6/7 6/7 3/7 3/7 4/7 4/7 r r
3 3
= 3/7 = 3/7 6/7 6/7
r r
2 2
= 2/7 = 2/7 z z
5 5
= = 5/7 5/7 2/7 2/7 4/7 4/7 r r
2 2
= 2/7 = 2/7 5/7 5/7
r r
1 1
= 1/7 = 1/7 z z
4 4
= = 4/7 4/7 1/7 1/7 3/7 3/7 r r
1 1
= 1/7 = 1/7 3/7 3/7
r r
0 0
= 0 = 0 z z
3 3
= = 3/7 3/7 0 0 ? ? r r
0 0
= 0 = 0 1/7 1/7
r r G G
- -1 1
[ [T T( (r r)] )]= =H H( (r r) )=z =z s s G G
- -1 1
( (s s) )=z =z r r T T( (r r) )=s =s
Tch
Tch
hp
hp
T
T
v
v
G
G
- -1 1
ta
ta
c
c
H
H
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
p p dng dng H H ta ta c c: :
0.11 0.11
0.24 0.24
0.21 0.21
0.25 0.25
0.19 0.19
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
n n
k k
/n /n
( (hist hist. . tht tht s s) )
448 448
985 985
850 850
1023 1023
790 790
0 0
0 0
0 0
n n
k k
0.15 0.15 1 1 7 7
0.20 0.20 6/7 6/7 6 6
0.30 0.30 5/7 5/7 5 5
0.20 0.20 4/7 4/7 4 4
0.15 0.15 3/7 3/7 3 3
0.00 0.00 2/7 2/7 2 2
0.00 0.00 1/7 1/7 1 1
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
p p
out out
(z (z
k k
) )
( (hist hist. . cn cn) )
z z
k k
k k
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
2007 2007
Ch
Ch

nh
nh
dng
dng
histogram
histogram
Hnh
Hnh
dng
dng
ca
ca
histogram
histogram
ca
ca
g
g
khng
khng
tht
tht
s
s
chnh
chnh
xc
xc
nh
nh
ng
ng
n
n
gn
gn
ging
ging
hnh
hnh
dng
dng
histogram
histogram
m
m
chng
chng
ta
ta
mun
mun
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
nh ban u v histogram
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
Cn bng histogram
Histogram sau cn bng
2007 2007
V
V
d
d
nh sau khi hiu chnh
theo ch nh Histogram
Dng Histogram ch nh
Ban u Histogram
2007 2007
T
T
ng
ng
c
c
ng
ng
nh
nh
bng
bng
cch
cch
dng
dng
Histogram
Histogram
cc
cc
b
b
T T ng ng c c ng ng chi chi tit tit t t cc cc vng vng nh nh ca ca nh nh. .
nh nh ngha ngha mt mt hnh hnh ch ch nht nht hay hay vung vung xem xem xt xt lng lng
ging ging, , t t tm tm di di chuyn chuyn tng tng pixel pixel mt mt. .
Tnh Tnh ton ton histogram histogram cc cc b b trn trn c c s s chn chn lng lng ging ging cho cho
mi mi im im v v dng dng cn cn bng bng histogram histogram v v histogram histogram ch ch nh nh
cho cho pixel pixel tm tm. .
Mt Mt khc khc dng dng thng thng tin histogram tin histogram t t ng ng c c ng ng nh nh l l
ph ph ng ng php php kt kt hp hp thng thng k k vi vi vi vi histogram (histogram histogram (histogram
xem xem nh nh l l hm hm mt mt xc xc sut sut). ).
V V d d, , chng chng ta ta c c th th dng dng trung trung bnh bnh (mean) (mean) cc cc b b v v
ph ph ng ng sai sai (variance) (variance) xc xc nh nh t t ng ng phn/sng phn/sng cc cc
b b ca ca mt mt pixel. pixel.

Can Bang Histogram

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Can Bang Histogram

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Khoa Ton Khoa Ton - - Tin hc Tin hc

Tr Tr ng HKHTN Tp.HCM ng HKHTN Tp.HCM

Xem Xem xt xt bin bin i i ng ng c c r r= =T T

Xem Xem nh nh gi gi tr tr xm xm ca ca nh nh ban ban u u (A) (A) v v kt kt qu qu (B) (B) nh nh

Mt Mt cch cch t t ng ng c c ng ng nh nh l l thit thit k k mt mt bin bin i i T T(.) (.)

CDF (cumulative distribution function)

p p dng dng bin bin i i nh nh

Ch Ch , , c c duy duy nht nht 5 5

Khoa Ton Khoa Ton - - Tin hc Tin hc

Khoa Ton Khoa Ton - - Tin hc Tin hc

Xem Xem xt xt bin bin i i z= z=H H( (r r) )= = G G

Khoa Ton Khoa Ton - - Tin hc Tin hc

T T ng ng c c ng ng chi chi tit tit t t cc cc vng vng nh nh ca ca nh nh. .

You might also like