BI TIU LUN MN: HA HU C NG DNG CA CC HP CHT HU C

Cc hp cht hu c l mt lp ln ca cc hp cht ha hc m cc phn t ca chng c cha cacbon, ngoi tr cc cacbua, cacbonat, cacbon xt (mnxt v ixt),xyanua. S nghin cu v cc hp cht hu c gi l ha hu c. Rt nhiu hp cht trong s cc hp cht hu c, chng hn nh prtin, cht bo, v cacbohydrat (ng), l nhng cht c tm quan trng trong ha sinh hc. S phn chia gia hp cht hu c v hp cht v c mang tnh ty c nguyn nhn lch s; tuy nhin, ni chung th cc hp cht hu c c nh ngha nh l cc hp cht c lin kt cacbon-hir, v cc hp cht v c l nhng hp cht cn li. V th axt cacbonic c coi l hp cht v c, trong khi axt formic l hp cht hu c, mc d i khi ngi ta vn gi n l "axt cacbonous" v anhydrit ca n, cacbon mnxt, l mt cht v c. Tn gi "hu c" l mt tn gi lch s, c l c t th k 19, khi ngi ta tin rng cc hp cht hu c ch c th tng hp trong c th sinh vt thng qua ci gi l vis vitalis "lc sng". Thuyt cho rng cc hp cht hu cv c bn l khc bit vi cc "hp cht v c", ngha l khng c tng hp thng qua "lc sng", b bc b do s tng hp ur (NH2)2C=O, mt hp cht hu c, t xyanat kali v sulfat nhm bi Friedrich Wohler. Phn ln cc hp cht hu c tinh khit c sn xut nhn to; tuy nhin, thut ng "hu c" cng c s dng miu t cc sn phm c sn xut m khng c cc ha cht nhn to. Sau y, chng ta cng tm hiu ng dng ca mt s hp cht hu c trong i sng thc t: I .Ankan: trong ha hu c l hydrocacbon no khng to mch vng. iu c ngha l chng l cc hydrocarbon khng to mch vng, trong mi phn t cha s nguyn t hir cc i v khng cha cc lin kt i. Ankan cn c bit n nh l parafin, hoc ni mt cch tng th l dy parafin; tuy nhin cc thut ng ny ch c s dng ch ti cc ankan m cc nguyn t cacbon ca n to thnh mch n khng phn nhnh; trong trng hp , cc ankan mch nhnh c gi l isoparafin. Cc ankan l cc hp cht bo.
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Cng thc tng qut ca ankan l CnH2n+2 (vi n l s nguyn dng); do ankan n gin nht l mtan, CH4. Tip theo l tan, C2H6; dy ny c th ko di v tn. Mi mt nguyn t cacbon trong ankan c cp lai qu o sp3. Cc ankan l nguyn liu th quan trng cho cng nghip ha du v l ngun nhin liu quan trng nht ca kinh t th gii. Cc nguyn liu ban u cho gia cng ch bin l kh thin nhin v du th. Du th c tch ra ti cc nh my lc du bng cch chng ct phn on v sau c ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc nhau, v d xng. S "phn on" khc nhau ca du th c cc im si khc nhau v c th c lp v tch bc rt d dng: vi cc phn on khc nhau th cc cht c im si gn nhau s bay hi cng vi nhau. S dng ch yu ca mt ankan no c th xc nh hon ton ph hp vi s nguyn t cacbon trong n, mc d s phn chia ranh gii di y l l tng ha v cha thc s hon ho. Bn ankan u tin c s dng ch yu cung cp nhit cho cc mc ch si m v nu n, v trong mt s quc gia cn chy my pht in. Metan v etan l cc thnh phn ch yu ca kh thin nhin; chng thng thng c lu tr nh l kh nn. Tuy nhin, rt d dng chuyn chng sang dng lng: iu ny i hi ng thi vic nn v lm lnh kh. 1) Propan v butan c th ha lng p sut tng i thp, v chng c bit di tn gi kh ha lng (vit tt trong ting Anh l LPG). V d, propan c s dng trong cc l nung kh propan cn butan th trong cc bt la s dng mt ln ( y p sut ch khong 2 bar). C hai ankan ny c s dng lm tc nhn y trong cc bnh xt. 2) T pentan ti octan th ankan l cc cht lng d bay hi. Chng c s dng lm nhin liu trong cc ng c t trong, do chng d ha hi khi i vo trong khoang t m khng to ra cc git nh c th lm h hi tnh ng nht ca s chy. Cc ankan mch nhnh c a chung hn, do chng c s bt chy mun hn so vi cc ankan mch thng tng ng (s bt chy sm l nguyn nhn sinh ra cc ting n lc xc trong ng c v d lm h hi ng c). Xu hng bt chy sm c o bng ch s octan ca nhin liu, trong 2,2,4-trimetylpentan (isooctan) c gi tr quy nh ngu hng l 100 cn heptan c gi tr bng 0. Bn cnh vic s dng nh l ngun nhin liu th cc ankan ny cn l dung mi tt cho cc cht khng phn cc. 3) Cc ankan t nonan ti v d l hexadecan (ankan vi mch cha 16 nguyn t cacbon) l cc cht lng c nht cao, t ph hp cho mc ch s dng nh l xng. Ngc li, chng to ra thnh phn ch yu ca du diesel (izen) v nhin liu
2

hng khng. Cc nhin liu izen c nh gi theo ch s cetan (cetan l tn gi c ca hexaecan). Tuy nhin, im nng chy cao ca cc ankan ny c th sinh ra cc vn nhit thp v ti cc vng gn cc Tri t, khi nhin liu tr nn c qunh hn v s truyn dn ca chng khng c m bo chun xc. 4) Cc ankan t hexaecan tr ln to ra thnh phn quan trng nht ca cc loi cht t trong cc l t v du bi trn. chc nng sau th chng lm vic nh l cc cht chng g do bn cht khng a nc ca chng lm cho nc khng th tip xc vi b mt kim loi. Nhiu ankan rn c s dng nh l sp parafin, v d trong cc loi nn. Khng nn nhm ln sp parafin vi sp thc s (v d sp ong) ch yu l hn hp ca cc este. 5) Cc ankan vi di mch cacbon khong t 35 tr ln c tm thy trong bitum, c s dng ch yu trong nha ng ri ng. Tuy nhin, cc ankan c mch cacbon ln c t gi tr thng mi v thng thng hay c tch ra thnh cc ankan mch ngn hn thng qua phng php crackinh. II. Anken: trong ha hu c l mt hydrocacbon khng no cha t nht mt lin kt i gia cc nguyn t cacbon - cacbon. Nhng alken n gin nht, ch vi mt lin kt i, to thnh mtdy ng ng, dy anken vi cng thc tng qut CnH2n. Anken n gin nht l C2H4, c tn thng gi l "tilen" v tn gi ca T chc ha hc l thuyt v ng dng quc t (IUPAC) l ten. Tip theo, ten trong dy ng ng anken lprpen (hay prpylen vi ba nguyn t cacbon), buten (hay butylen vi bn nguyn t cacbon), penten (hay pentylen vi nm nguyn t cacbon)... Trong trng hp t buten v cc anken ln hn, cc ng phn c th tn ti, ph thuc vo v tr ca lin kt i. V d buten c bn ng phn l: 1-buten (-butylen), cis-2-buten (cis-butylen), trans-2-buten (trans--butylen) v mtylprpen (isobutylen). Cc anken l ngun nguyn liu cho cng nghip ha du. im si ca cc anken tng ln khi mch cacbon ca chng di hn. Anken cn c gi l lfin hay olefin (t c, nhng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ha du) hoc cc hp cht vinyl. Cc anken v dn xut ca anken l nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut ha hc. Etilen l nguyn liu sn xut PE = Poli etilen dng lm bao b thc phm, l thuc, ti nha, ng nha, sn xut si PE. Etilen cn dng iu ch ru etylic v andehit axetic . Propilen dng sn xut ra PP=Poly propilen dng sn xut gng tay PP, si PP...

III. Lipit: ngha l hp cht bo, v l hp cht hu c a chc (cha nhiu nhm chc ging nhau). Chng gm nhng cht nh du n, m .... Chng c nht cao, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ester, chlorphorm, benzene, ru nng . Ging nh cc carbonhydrate, cc lipit c to nn t C, H v O nhng chng c th cha cc nguyn t khc nh P v N. Chng khc vi carbonhydrate ch cha O vi t l t hn. Hai nhm lipit quan trng i vi sinh vt l: nhm c nhn glycerol v nhm sterol. Cc nhn ny kt hp vi cc axit bo v cc cht khc to nn nhiu loi lipit khc nhau. Cht bo bao gm mt nhm cc hp cht ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c v thng khng ha tan trong nc. V mt ha hc, cht bo l triglycerides, este ca glycerol v mt vi loi axit bo. Cht bo c th tn ti dng rn hoc lng trong iu kin nhit phng ph thuc vo cu trc v thnh phn ca chng. Mc d cc t "du", "m" v "lipit" u dng ch cht bo, "du" thng c dng ch cht bo dng lng trong iu kin phng bnh thng, trong khi "m" l ch cht bo th rn trong iu kin phng bnh thng. "Lipit" c dng ch c cht bo th lng v rn, cng vi nhng cht lin quan khc, thng dng trong ng cnh y hc hoc ha sinh. "Du" thng c dng ch cht khng ha trn vi nc v c cm gic nhn, v d nh du m hay tinh du, bt k cu trc ha hc. Cht bo l mt dng lipit, chng c phn bit vi cc dng lipit khc bi cu trc ha hc v tnh cht vt l. Loi cht bo ny c vai tr rt quan trng i vi cc dng s sng, h tr cho cc chc nng cu trc v chc nng trao i cht. Chng l mt phn quan V d v cc loi cht bo ng vt c th n c l m ln, du c, b, m c voi. Chng c ly t cht bo trong sa v thc n, v di da, ca ng vt. Cc loi cht trng trong ch n ca cc sinh vt d dng (bao gm c con ngi). Cht bo v lipit c c chia nh trong c th bi cc enzym c gi l lipases sn sinh trong tuyn ty.bo thc vt n c c th k n phng, u nnh, hng dng, vng, da, du liu v b ca cao.

Cht bo cn thit cho s sng ca ng vt v thc vt trong nhiu mt. Chng thng c bit n nh nng lng t thc n. Rt nhiu c quan trong c th d tr thc n di dng cht bo. in hnh nh cc loi thc vt cha ng cht bo nh mt loi thc n trong thi k phi/mm. rut non nh tc dng xc tc ca cc enzym lipza v
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dch mt cht bo b thu phn thnh cc acid bo v glyxerol ri c hp th vo thnh rut. Mi dng cht bo th hin mt phn quan trng trong mng t bo ca c th, gip bo v cc t bo sng. Mng t bo ging nhau bao quanh c th cng vi t bo, gip cho mi t bo trong c th c th lm cng vic m khng cn n s can thip khng cn thit ca cc t bo khc. Cht bo khng ha tan vi nc, nhng chng c kh nng ha tan cc cht khc nh vitamin A, D, E, v K. Ngoi ra cht bo gip: 1. Ngn nga x va ng mch bng cch kt hp vi cholesterol to cc ester c ng, khng bn vng v d bi xut ra khi c th. 2. iu ha tnh bn vng ca thnh mch: nng cao tnh n hi v h thp tnh thm ca thnh mch. 3. C lin quan n c ch chng ung th. 4. Cn thit cho cc chuyn ho cc vitamin nhm B. 5. Mt s t chc nh: gan, no, tim, cc tuyn sinh dc c nhu cu cao v cc acid bo cha no, nn khi khng c cung cp t thc n th cc ri lon s xut hin cc c quan ny trc tin. 6. Cht bo tham gia vo cu trc ca tt c cc m, l thnh phn thit yu ca t bo, ca cc mng c th v c vai tr iu ha sinh hc cao. No b v cc m thn kinh c bit giu cht bo. Cc ri lon chuyn ha cht bo nh hng n chc phn nhiu c quan k c h thn kinh. 7. Thiu axit bo omega-3 dn n nh hng kh nng nhn thc, kh nng nhn... 8. Cht bo cung cp cc axit bo thit yu khng no a ni i, chui di l tin cht ca mt lot cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao nh prostaglandin, leukotrienes, thromboxanes Cc eicosanoids ny l cc cht iu ha rt mnh 1 s t bo v chc nng nh: kt dnh tiu cu, co mch, ng ng ng mch Botalli 9. Trong c th cht bo l ngun d tr nng lng ln nht. 10. Cht bo ko di thi gian thc n d dy v i qua ng tiu ha, to cm gic no sau khi n. Mt khc cht bo to cm quan ngon lnh cho thc phm.

mt

IV. Plime: l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh (gi l xch) lin k t vi nhau.V d:

do cc mt xch NH [CH2]6 CO lin kt vi nhau to nn H s n c gi l h s polime ha hay polime ha. Cc phn t to nn tng mt xch ca polime c gi l monomer. Poolime c dng sn xut mt s vt liu sau: 1) Cht do: l nhng v t liu polime c tnh d o - Tnh do l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn ngoi v vn gi nguyn c s bin dng khi thi tc dng - C mt s cht do ch cha polime song a s cht do c cha thnh phn khc ngoi polime bao gm cht n (nh mui than, cao lanh, mn ca, bt aming, si thy tinhlm tng mt s tnh nng cn thit ca cht do v h gi thnh sn phm) v cht do ha (lm tng tnh do v d gia cng hn) Mt s polime dng lm cht do Polietilen (PE)

PE l cht do mm, c dng lm mng mng, bnh cha, ti ng Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)

PVC l cht do cng, cch in tt, bn vi axit, c dng lm vt liu in, ng dn nc, da gi c) Poli(metyl metacrylat) (thy tinh hu c PEXIGLAS)

Poli(metyl metacrylat) l cht do cng, trong sut, khng vnn c gi l thy tinh hu c. Dng ch to knh my bay, t, knh bo him, dng lm rng gi d) Poli(phenol fomanehit) (PPF) (xem thm bi i cng v polime) PPF c ba dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit Nha novolac: - un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi xc tc axit c nha novolac mch khng phn nhnh (cu ni metylen CH2 c th v tr ortho hoc para) - Nha nhit do, d nng chy, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, dng sn xut vecni, sn Nha rezol: - un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l mol 1 : 1,2 c xc tc kim. Nha rezol khng phn nhnh, mt s nhn phenol c gn nhm CH2OH v tr s 4 hoc 2 - Nha nhit rn, d nng chy, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c dng sn xut sn, keo, nha rezit Nha rezit (nha bakelit): - un nng nha rezol 150oC c nha rezit (hay nha bakelit) c cu trc mng li khng gian - Khng nng chy, khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, dng sn xut in, v my 2) Vt liu compozit Khi trn polime vi cht n thch hp thu c vt liu mi c bn, chu nhittng ln so vi polime thnh phm. l vt liu compozit - Cht nn (polime): c th dng nha nhit do hay nha nhit rn - Cht n: phn tn (nhng khng tan) vo polime. Cht n c th l: si (bng, ay, aming, si thy tinh) hoc cht bt (silicat, bt nh (CaCO3), bt tan (3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O)) 3) T: l nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh

Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp T poliamit (c nhiu nhm amit CONH)

polieste

(c

nhiu

nhm

este)

T vinylic (c nhiu nhm polivinyl)

3) Cao su: l vt liu polime c tnh n hi - Tnh n hi l tnh bin dng khi chu lc tc dng bn ngoi v tr li dng ban u khi lc thi tc dng - C hai loi cao su: cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp a) Cao su thin nhin (polime ca isopren) Cu trc:

Cng thc cu to: Tt c cc mt xch

isopren

n = 1500 15000 cu hnh cis nh sau:

Tnh cht v ng dng: - Cao su thin nhin ly t m cy cao su, n hi tt (nh cu trc cis iu ha), khng dn nhit v in, khng thm kh v nc, khng tan trong nc, etanolnhng tan trong xng v benzen - Cao su thin nhin cho phn ng cng H2, Cl2, HCl, c bit l cng lu hunh to cao su lu ho c tnh n hi, chu nhit, lu mn, kh tan trong dung mi hn cao su khng lu ha. Cao su tng hp Cao su buna, cao su buna S v cao su buna N :

- Cao su buna c tnh n hi v bn km cao su thin nhin. Khi dng buta-1,3-ien 10oC, polime sinh ra cha 77% n v trans-1,4 v 7% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2). Cn 100oC sinh ra polime cha 56% n v trans-1,4 v 25% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng h p 1,2)

Cao su buna S Cao su buna S c tnh n hi cao

Cao su buna N Cao su buna N c tnh chng du tt Cao su isopren - Trng hp isopren c h xc tc c bit, ta c poliisopren gi l cao su isopren, cu hnh cis chim 94 %, gn ging cao su thin nhin

- Ngoi ra ngi ta cn sn xut policloropren v polifloropren. Cc polime ny u c c tnh n hi nn c gi l cao su cloropren v cao su floropren. Chng bn vi du m hn cao su isopren

4) Keo dn: l vt liu polime c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu ging nhau hoc khc nhau m khng lm bin i bn cht cc vt liu c kt dnh Mt s loi keo dn tng hp thng dng Keo dn epoxi: gm 2 h p phn: Polime lm keo c cha hai nhm epoxi hai u - Cht ng rn thng l cc triamin nh H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2 Keo dn ure fomanehit

Poli(ure fomanehit)
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V. Hyrocacbon thm : hay cn gi l aren bao gm benzen v ng ng ca n, hyrocacbon thm nhiu nhn, hp cht thm khng cha vng benzen. Tn gi "thm" xut pht t ch nhng hp cht u tin tm c thuc loi ny c mi thm khc nhau. Tn thm vn c gi cho n ngy nay, mc du nhm hyrocacbon thm bao gm c nhng hp cht khng c mi thm. Chng th hin tnh cht thm tng t benzen. Hirocacbon thm l loi hyrocacbon mch vngc tnh cht thm m benzen l in hnh v quan trng nht. 1)Benzen (tn khc: PhH, hoc benzol) l mt hp cht hu c c cng thc ho hc C6H6. Benzen l mt hyrocacbon thm, trong iu kin bnh thng l mt cht lng khng mu, mi du ngt d chu, d chy. Benzen tan rt km trong nc v ru.[1] Benzen cng c kh nng chy to ra kh CO2 v nc, c bit c sinh ra mui than. Ngy nay mt lng ln benzen ch yu : Sn xut styren cho tng hp polymer. Sn xut cumen cho vic sn xut cng lc axeton v phenol. Sn xut cyclohexan tng hp t nilon. Lm dung mi, sn xut dc liu.

2) Toluen: hay cn gi l mtylbenzen hay phenylmtan, l mt cht lng trong sut, khng ha tan trong nc. Toluen l mt hyrocacbon thm c s dng lm dung mi rng ri trong cng nghip. Toluen ch yu c dng lm dung mi ha tan nhiu vt liu nh sn, cc loi nha to mng cho sn, mc in, cht ha hc, cao su, cht kt dnh Trong ngnh ha sinh, ngi ta dng toluen tch hemoglobin t t bo hng cu. Toluen ni ting cn v t n c th iu ch TNT: C7H8 + 3HNO3 -> C7H5(NO2)3 + 3H2O 3) Phenol : l cht rn, tinh th khng mu, c mi c trng, nng chy 43 C. lu ngoi khng kh, phenol b oxi ha mt phn nn c mu hng v b chy ra do hp th hi nc.
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Phenol t tan trong nc lnh, tan trong mt s hp cht hu c. Phenol rt c, gy bng nng khi ri vo da. Phenol tan v hn 660C. Phenol l dn xut ca benzene. Phenol c dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: Cng nghip cht do: phenol l nguyn liu iu ch nha phenol formaldehyde. Cng nghip t ha hc: T phenol tng hp ra t polyamide. Nng dc: T phenol iu ch c cht dit c di v kch thch t thc vt 2,4 - D ( l mui natri ca axit 2,4 iclophenoxiaxetic). Phenol cng l nguyn liu iu ch mt s phm nhum, thuc n (axit picric). Do c tnh dit khun nn phenol c dng trc tip lm cht st trng, ty u, hoc iu ch cc cht dit nm mc (ortho - v para - nitrophenol) Phenol c pht hin vo nm 1834, khi n c chit xut t nha than , vn l ngun chnh cho n khi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip ha du. Cc cht st trng c tnh ca phenol c s dng bi Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912) trong k thut phu thut tin phong ca ng v cht kh trng, mc d kch ng da do tip xc lin tc vi phenol cui cng dn n vic thay th v khun (vi trng min ph) cc k thut trong phu thut. Lister quyt nh rng nhng vt thng mnh phi c ra sch. ng sau c ph nhng vt thng vi mt ming gi hoc lint c bo him trong carbolic acid. N cng l thnh phn hot cht trong mt s thuc gim au ng ung nh Chloraseptic phun cng nh Carmex . Phenol cng l thnh phn chnh ca khi carbolic Ball , mt thit b trn th trng ti London vo th k 19 nh l bo v ngi s dng chng li bnh cm v cc bnh khc. Th chin th hai Tim phenol c i khi c s dng nh mt phng tin nhanh chng thc hin . c bit, phenol c s dng nh mt phng tin git ngi ca c quc x trong th chin th hai . c s dng bi c quc x vo nm 1939 nh mt phn ca n git cht m du chng trnh, phenol, r tin v d lm v nhanh chng gy cht ngi, tr thnh c t tim ca s la chn thng qua nhng ngy cui cng ca cuc chin. Mc d Zyklon-B bt vin, pht minh bi Gerhard Lenz , c s dng trong cc phng hi ngt tiu dit cc nhm ln ca ngi dn, pht xt c c bit rng tiu dit ca cc nhm nh hn l kinh t hn thng qua tim ca tng nn nhn, mt lc, vi phenol. tim Phenol c trao cho hng ngn ngi dn trong cc tri tp trung , c bit l Auschwitz12

Birkenau . Khong mt gram l gy t vong. Tim c qun l bi bc s y khoa , h tr l , hoc i khi cc bc s t nhn; tim nh ban u c tim tnh mch , thng cnh tay, nhng tim trc tip vo tim , to ra gn nh ngay lp tc ci cht sau c thng qua. Mt trong nhng t nhn ni ting s c thc hin vi mt liu tim phenol ti Auschwitz l Thnh Maximilian Kolbe , mt linh mc Cng gio ngi tnh nguyn tri qua ba tun v i v mt nc vo v tr ca t nhn khc. VI. Anhit-xeton 1) Anhit: Anehyt hay andehit l hp cht trong ha hu c c nhm chc cacbandehit: R-CHO. Tn andehit (aldehyde) gc t ting La Tinh alcohol dehydrogenatus c ngha: ru c kh hyr. - Fomanehit c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut nha phenolfomanehit, nha urefomanehit. - Dung dch nc ca fomanehit (fomon) c dng lm cht ty u, ngm mu ng vt lm tiu bn, dng trong k ngh da giy do c tnh st trng. - Anhit axetic c dng sn xut axit axetic lm nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh sn xut - Nhiu anhit c ngun gc thin nhin c dng lm hng liu trong cng nghip thc phm, m phm nh geranial (trong tinh du hoa hng), xitrolenal (trong tinh du bch n), vanilin, piperonal, 2) Xeton: l mt hp cht hu c, trong nhm cacbonyl C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 gc hidrocacbon. Cng thc tng qut R-CO-R'. Xeton n gin nht l axeton CH3-CO-CH3. Axeton c dng lm dung mi trong qu trnh sn xut nhiu hp cht trong cng nghip m phm, lm nguyn liu tng hp clorofom, ioofom, Xclohexanon c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut mt s polime nh t capron, nilon-6,6. VII. Ankadien: l nhng hidrocacbon khng no, mch h, c hai ni i trong phn t. Cng thc tng qut l CnH2n-2 (n3). Ankadien lin hp cng cc dn xut ca n dng iu ch cao su nhn to. Ankadien lin hp l ankadien c hai ni i cch nhau bi mt ni n.

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T butadien-1,3 iu ch c cao su buna, buna-S, buna-N. T isopren iu ch c cao su isopren. T cloropren iu ch c cao su cloropropren VIII. Axit cacboxylic: l mt loi axit hu c cha nhm chc cacboxyl, c cng thc tng qut l R-C(=O)-OH, i khi c vit thnh R-COOH hoc R-CO2H trong R- l gc hydrocarbon no hoc khng no. Loi axt cacboxylic n gin nht l no, n chc, k hiu R-COOH trong R- l gc hydrocarbon thm ch ch l 1 nguyn t hydro. ng dng Axit axetic Axt axetic l nguyn liu tng hp polyme (V d nh: polivinyl axetat, xenluloz axetat ...), nng dc(thuc dit c natri monocloaxetat, cc cht kch thch tng trng v lm rng l nh 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T,...), cng nghip nhum (nhm axetat, crm axetat, st axetat,...) v mt s ha cht hay dng trong i sng nh axeton, etyl axetat, isoamyl axetat, v.v... Dung dch axit axetic 3-6% thu c khi ln men gim cho dd ng, ru etylic... dng lm gim n. Axit lauric, Axit panmitic, Axit stearic v Axit oleic Cc axit lauric n-C11H23COOH, panmitic n-C15H31COOH, stearic n-C17H35COOH v oleic cis-CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2] 7COOH c trong thnh phn du m ng vt v thc vt di dng trieste ca glixerol. Mui natri ca chng c dng lm x phng. Cc axit panmitic v stearic c trn vi paraphin lm nn. Axit benzoic Axit benzoic c dng nhiu ch to phm nhum. Y hc v cng nghip thc phm dng axit ny lm thuc st trng v bo qun thc phm. Mt s dn xut triclo ca axit benzoic c dng lm cht dit c trong nng nghip. Axit oxalic HOOC-COOH v axit manlonic HOOC-CH2-COOH

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Axit oxalic kh ph bin trong gii thc vt di dng mui. Trong nc tiu ngi v ng vt c mt lng nh canxi oxalat. Axit oxalic c tnh kh; phn ng oxi ha axit oxalic thnh CO2 nh tc dng vt KMnO4 c dng trong ha phn tch. Axit malonic ch nhm metylen ling ng, d tham gia phn ng ngng t kiu croton, mt khc d b ddecaboxxyl ha bi nhit, sinh ra axit axetic. Este ietyl malonat CH2(COOC2H5)2c dng trong tng hp hu c, c bit l tng hp axit cacboxylic tng 2 cacbon t dn xut halogen. IX. Ankin: trong ha hu c l mt hydrocacbon khng no cha t nht mt lin kt ba gia cc nguyn t cacbon - cacbon. Nhng alkin n gin nht, ch vi mt lin kt ba, to thnh mt dy ng ng, dy ankin vi cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2. Axetilen l ankin thng dng nht. Acetylen (tn h thng: ethyne) l hp cht ha hc vi cng thc C2H2. N l mt hydrocarbon v l alkyne n gin nht. Cht kh khng mu ny c s dng rng ri lm nhin liu v tng hp cc hp cht khc. N khng n nh dng tinh khit v do thng c trong mt dung dch. Acetylene tinh khit khng mi, nhng loi ph bin trn th trng thng c mi do tp cht.

Kh axetilen sinh ra khi cho t n tc dng vi nc c dng lm nguyn liu trong n x oxi-axetilen hn ct kim loi do nhit ngn la c th ln ti 30000c. sn xut c mt chic xe p ngi ta phi s dng ht 3kg t n. Vic hn, ct kim loi bng n oxi-axetilen c dng khi ng mi hoc sa cha cc con tu song, bin, hay xy dng sa cha cc cy cu, cc cng trnh xy dng. Khi cn ct, ph cc con tu b h hng tn dng st, thp c phc v cho ngnh luyn kim cn thp ngi ta cng dng n x oxi-axetilen. Khi cng nghip ch bin ha hc du m cha pht trin th kh axetilen t t n cng l nguyn liu chnh ca cng nghip sn xut cc hp cht hu c. Kh axetilen cho tc dng vi hidroclorua c vinyclorua, sau trng hp vinyclorua to ra polivinyclorua (PVC). PVC dng sn xut ra mng mng, bao b, da gi, thng ng ha cht, si chu ha cht, cc cu kin xy dng Cng trn c s cho kh axetilen tc dng vi hidroclorua ngi ta c cc cng nghip tip theo chuyn i thnh butadien sn xut cao su nhn to v hng lot monome c gi tr cng nghip nh acrilonitril, vinylaxetat, este ca axit acrylic

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Trng hp vinylaxetat ri thu phn ngi ta thu c polivinylancol. T polime ny ko thnh si bn, p, chu c ho cht v thi tit, c ht m cao c gi l vinylon. Nh vy axetilen l nguyn liu quan trng gii quyt tt vn mc - Ngi ta cn dng kh axeilen t t n sn xut mui than gi l mui axetilen. Sau khi loi b cc tp cht, kh axetilen c cha vo cc bn ln ri dng nhit cao phn hu axetilen to ra cacbon (C) tinh khit. Mui axetilen l nguyn liu cao cp dng cho cc ngnh in t, sn, mc in, ch to thp cng, chi than, ch bin cao su. Ngnh sn xut pin tiu th rt nhiu mui than, bnh qun sn xut 1 triu chic pin R20 phi cn t 2,7 n 3 tn mui than axetilen. Nh my t n Trng Knh (Hi Phng) l c s u tin trong nc sn xut mui than axetilen cung cp ch o ngnh pin v cc ngnh kinh t khc. Trn y, chng ta tm hiu c mt s ng dng ca cc hp cht hu c trong thc t. Trong cuc sng hng ngy cc hp cht hu c khng trc tip c s dng nhng cng t cc hp cht hu c chng ta sn xut c cc vt dng s dng cho i sng. Cc ankan, anken,v cc dn xut, ng phn c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut dng. c bit l Lipit, cht bo c tm quan trng i vi cuc sng ca chng ta. Hng nm, nhu cu v cc sn phm ch bin t du m ln ti 100 triu tn. Nhu cu ln nh vy cho ta thy lipit, thnh phn ch o ca cc sn phm ch bin t du m, ng mt vai tr quan trng to ra gi tr dinh dng v to ra cc tnh cht chc mong mun cho cng ngh thc phm. Thc n giu lipit l ngun nng lng m c cn thit cho ngi lao ng nng, cn thit cho thi k phc hi dinh dng i vi ngi m. Chnh v th chng ta cn phi bit s dng ng cch v hp l cc ngun hp cht hu c trong thin nhin.

Ti liu tm kim trn: https://vi.wikipedia.org

PH LC Li m u..trang 02 I) Ankantrang 03 II) Ankentrang 05 III) Lipit.trang 06 IV) Polimetrang 09

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V) Hidrocacbon thmtrang 15 VI) Anhit-xeton.trang 18 VII)Ankadien.trang 19 VIII) Axit cacbonxilic..trang 20 IX) Ankintrang 21 Kt lun..trang 22

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