MC LC

1.2. H thng truyn dn phn cp s cn ng b( SDH ).......................................................4

1.2.1. Khi nim v SDH.............................................................................................................................4
1.2.2. Cc c im ca SDH......................................................................................................................5
1.2.3. So snh s khc nhau gia PDH v SDH..........................................................................................5

1.3. Cu trc SDH.........................................................................................................................6

1.3.1. S khi b ghp..............................................................................................................6
1.3.2. Chc nng cc khi trong b ghp....................................................................................7
1.3.3. Cu trc khung SDH..........................................................................................................9
1.3.3.1. Khung VC-3 v VC-4.....................................................................................................................9
Cu to khung VC-3 v VC-4 nh hnh 1.2 sau y: ..........................................................................9
Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t truyn cc bit
trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn u tin v bit c trng s b nht truyn cui cng.
Nguyn tc ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH. .............................................................9
1.3.3.2. Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp.....................................................................10
1.3.3.3. Cu trc khung STM-1.................................................................................................................10
1.3.3.4. Cu trc khung STM-N................................................................................................................11

1.3.3.5. Ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1..........................................................12

1.3.3.7. Sp xp lung 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4............................................................................................13
1.3.3.8. Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1.............................................................................................................13
1.3.3.9. Sp xp VC-4 vo STM-1............................................................................................................13
..................................................................................................................................................................14
Hnh 1.7. Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1..........................................................................................................14
1.3.3.10. Ghp 63VC-12 vo STM-1........................................................................................................15

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

 n tt nghip i hc

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. S khi b ghp SDH tiu chun........................................................................7
Hnh 1.2. Cu trc khung VC-3 (a) v VC-4 (b)......................................................................9
Hnh 1.3. Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n v TU-n mc thp.........................................10
Hnh 1.5. Cu trc khung STM-N..........................................................................................12
Hnh 1.6. Cu trc VC-4 khi sp xp lung 140Mbit/s vo VC-4.........................................13

DANH MC BNG

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

 n tt nghip i hc

THUT NG VIT TT

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

ii

ADMX
Add/Drop Multiplexer
AIS
Alarm Indication Signal
n tt nghip iAsynchronous
hc
ATM
Transfer Mode
AU
AUG

Administrative Unit
Administrative Unit Group

B xen/r
Tn hiu ch th cnh bo
Phng thc truyn khng ng
b
Khi qun l
Nhm khi qun l

BSHR-2

2-fiber Bi-directional SelfHealingRing Protection

4-fiber Bi-directional SelfHealing Ring Protection

Mng vng t hi phc hai hng

2 si
Mng vng t hi phc 2 hng 4
si

cHEC
CID
COPA
CRC
CSF
CTRL

Core HEC
Channel Identifier
Connector Panel
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Client Signal Fail
Control word sent from source to
sink

Kim tra li u chnh

Nhn dng knh
Panen connector
Kim tra m vng d
Li tn hiu client
T m iu khin

DC
DNU
DVB
DWDM
DXC

Double-Row Subrack
Do Not Use
Digital Video Broadcast
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Digital cross-connect

Gi con hng i
Gi con hng n
Qung b hnh nh s
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc
sng mt cao
Kt ni cho s

eHEC
EOS
ESCON
EXI

Extension HEC
End of Sequence
Enterprise Systems Connection
Extension Header Identifier

Kim tra li u m rng

S tun t cui cng
Kt ni cc h thng lin hip
Nhn dng u m rng

FC-BBW
FCS
FDDI
FEC
FICON
FRL

Fibre Channel Broadband-2

Frame Check Sequence
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Forward Error Correction
Fibre Connection
Frame relay

Knh quang bng rng

Chui kim tra khung
Giao din d liu phn b quang
Sa li trc
Kt ni si quang
B tip sng khung

GFP
GFP-F
GFP-T
GID
GSM
HW
HDLC

Generic Frame Procedure

Frame Mapped GFP
Transparent GFP
Group Identification
Global System Mobile
Hardware
High-Level Data Link Control

HEC
HO

Header Error Check

High Order (SDH Traffic)

Th tc ng khung chung
GFP sp xp theo khung
GFP trong sut
Nhn dng nhm
H thng di ng ton cu
Phn cng
iu khin lin kt s liu tc
cao
Kim tra li u
Bc cao

IP
ISDN

Internet Protocol
Integrated Services Digital
Network

BSHR-4

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

LAPS
LCAS

Link Access Procedure SDH

Link Capacity Adjustment

Giao thc Internet

Mng s tch hp a dch v
iii

Th tc truy nhp kt ni SDH

C ch iu chnh dung lng

 n tt nghip i hc

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

iv

 n tt nghip i hc
u

Li ni

LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi v nhiu mt, cc ngnh cng nghip
khng ngng pht trin, trong ngnh in t vin thng c mt vai tr c
bit quan trng. Nhu cu s dng ca con ngi ngy cng tng c v s lng
v cht lng: cc dch v a phng tin mi xut hin ngy cng a dng v
yu cu v cht lng dch v ca ngi s dng cng ngy cng cao, kht khe
hn; cc ng dng yu cu bng thng ln, thi gian tng tc nhanh hn.
p ng nhng nhu cu trn cc cng ngh dn c pht trin ..
S ra i ca cng ngh SDH to mt bc ngot trong lnh vc vin
thng . Cng ngh SDH khc phc cc nhc im m cc th h trc khng
p ng c .
Trong khun kh ca ti nghin cu vi mc ch tm hiu cng ngh
mi, ti Trng i Hc Thnh , em chn ti l Nghin cu phn
mo u ca SDH .
Sau y, em xin gii thiu ni dung tm hiu ti gm :
Chng 1 : Tng quan v cng ngh SDH
Chng 2 : Phn mo u ca SDH
Mc d, ht sc c gng nhng cng ngh SDH l mt cng ngh mi,
v do hn ch v kh nng cng nh v thi gian nn bi tiu lun khng th
trnh khi nhng hn ch v thiu st, em rt mong c s ng gp ca cc
thy c v cc bn .
Em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n cc thy gio, c gio trong
khoa CNKT in T - Vin Thng vin thng v c bit l c Ths.Phm Th
Phng tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh bi tiu lun .

Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SDH
1.1. Gii thiu chung
Nh chng ta bit mng vin thng l mt tp hp cc trang thit b k
thut cung cp cc dch v vin thng cho ng s dng. V d: mng in
thoi cung cp dch v in thoi, mng in bo cung cp dch v in bo,
mng truyn s liu cung cp dch v truyn s liu v..v... Nhng do c im
lch s cc mng trn pht trin theo phng tin k thut tng i c lp
nhau. Nh s pht trin ca cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh tin hc, tng v
mng thng tin s a dch v c th phc v y nhu cu ca ngi s dng
ang dn c thc hin.
Trc nm 1970 mng in thoi truyn tn hiu thoi tng t (Analog)
v ghp knh theo tn s (FDM). Trn cc tuyn thng tin c ly di phng tin
truyn dn ch yu dng cp ng trc v vi ba .
u nhng nm 70, cc h thng truyn dn s bt u pht trin. Trn cc
h thng ny ch yu s dng ghp knh theo thi gian vi ng dng ca k
thut iu xung m, phng tin truyn dn dng cp si quang v vi ba s.
Nh k thut iu xung m tn hiu thoi c bng tn s t 0,3 3,4 kHz
c chuyn thnh tn hiu s c tc 64 kbit/s.
Nhng nu truyn ring bit mi knh 64 Kbit/s i xa s rt tn km. V
vy k thut ghp cc tn hiu 64 kbit/s theo k thut ghp knh theo thi gian
thnh cc lung s cp v sau li tin hnh ghp knh c cc lung s
bc cao hn. Cc cp truyn dn theo kiu ghp nh vy gi l cn ng b
(PDH). PDH tng c dung lng truyn dn, nhng vn cn mt s nhc
im nht nh.
Nh s pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng, nht l trong vic tm kim
c mt mi trng truyn dn l tng l cp si quang (c bng tn rt ln,
suy gim nh, khng b xuyn nhiu v..v..), cng ngh SDH ra i p ng
c nhu cu i hi v cht lng thng tin cng nh nhu cu a dch v ca
ngi s dng, ng thi gip cho ngi qun l khai thc mng c thun li
hn nh vic iu khin mng ch yu bng phn mm. H thng phn cp s
ng b SDH to ra mt cuc cch mng trong dch v vin thng, th hin mt

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

k thut tin tin c th p ng c y cc yu cu ca nh thu bao,

ngi khai thc cng nh cc nh sn xut. Vic a SDH vo s dng khng
nhng cho php to ra mt thit b truyn dn c tiu chun ha c qui m
quc t, m cn gip tha mn cc yu cu ang tng nhanh v knh truyn dn
linh hot hn, c dung lng ln hn v v cc knh truyn dn bng rng.
Cc tiu chun v SDH thc s bt u vo nm 1985 ti M. Khi u l
cc n lc nhm to ra mt giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h
thng truyn dn khc nhau (theo tiu chun chu u hoc Bc M). Sau cc
tiu chun ny c m rng dn ln s dng cho mng hin ti, cho c cc
loi tn hiu trong tng lai cng nh c tnh c cho mc ch vn hnh v
bo dng.
Nm 1990, theo quyt nh ca ETSI (Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u)
mt th h mi ca lot khuyn ngh G707, G708, G709 ra i, ng thi cc
khuyn ngh v thit b ghp knh, giao tip quang, thit b vng thu bao, thit
b qun l mng c ph duyt, tip tc nghin cu cc khuyn ngh v thit b
ni cho, cu trc mng.
Mt c im quan trng ca cc tiu chun mi l cc knh tn hiu s
ring bit c th c ghp v tch ra khi mt tn hiu SDH t mc phn cp
cao hn m khng cn phi tch knh i vi tn hiu tng, kh nng tch v
ghp knh m khng lm thay i dng s liu chnh ny s cho php to ra cc
mng vng.
Khi cc tiu chun SDH c xc nh, cc nh pht minh ra n tnh
n nhng s pht trin thy trc theo hng ca cc mng s thng nht ha
a dch v bng rng (B - ISDN), chng hn nh ch chuyn giao khng
ng b (ATM) v cc mng thnh ph (MAN).
Cc thnh phn ca mng SDH trong tng lai, chng hn nh thit b
ng dy ng b (155 Mbit/s n 2.5 Gbit/s hoc cao hn), cc b ghp lung
xen/r thng minh, cc b ghp lung linh hot, cc h thng kt ni cho kt
hp vi h thng qun l mng s gip to ra cc mng truyn dn mm do.
Bng vic s dng chuyn mch ca cc kt ni tn hiu s v chuyn mch bo
v ng dy, mng SDH s tn dng ti a kh nng truyn dn sn c. Cc
mng linh hot cn cho php gim st v iu hnh mng mt cch hiu qu

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

cng nh ci tin cc phng n bo dng duy tr h thng. C hai yu t trn

u gip cho vic gim bt cc chi ph vn hnh.
Mng bng rng SDH cho php truyn a cc tn hiu TV cht lng cao,
c th kt hp mng vng (LAN) vi mng thnh ph (MAN), c th cung cp
dch v video hi ngh, in thoi thy hnh, cu truyn hnh ... v cc ng dng
khc cho cc lung s tc t 1,544 Mbit/s n 155,520 Mbit/s, gii quyt c
bn cc nhc im ca PDH, m ra mt k nguyn mi cho cng ngh vin
thng.
1.2. H thng truyn dn phn cp s cn ng b( SDH )
1.2.1. Khi nim v SDH
SDH c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s cc tiu chun ca mng
thng tin quang ng b SONET, nm 1988 cc tiu chun ca SDH nh tc
bit, kch c khung tn hiu, cu trc b ghp, trnh t sp xp cc lung nhnh
c ITU-T ban hnh.
Tc bit ca SDH gm c:
STM-1 =

155,52 Mbit/s

STM-4 = 4 x STM-1 = 622,08 Mbit/s

STM-8 = 8 x STM-1 = 1244,16 Mbit/s
STM-12 = 12 x STM-1 = 1866,24 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 16 x STM-1 = 2488,32 Mbit/s
STM-64 = 64 x STM-1 = 9953,28 Mbit/s
n nm 1990 ITU-T chnh thc ban hnh cc tiu chun ca SDH :
G.707, G708 v G709, cho bit chi tit cc tiu chun quc t bao hm cc qu
trnh ghp ng b v truyn dn ng b. Cc chun ha a ra mt s khuyn
ngh trong bao gm cc tc truyn dn s cn ng b (loi tr 8 Mbit/s).
Cc tn hiu nhnh c th c gi trong mt container kch c tiu chun v
c t vo mt v tr d dng nhn dng trong cu trc ghp. Cu trc ghp
cng cung cp cc knh qun l mng gn vo.

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

1.2.2. Cc c im ca SDH

u im ca SDH

Giao din ng b thng nht, nh vy m trn mng SDH c th s

dng cc chng loi thit b ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau.
Nh vic s dng cc con tr m vic tch/ghp cc lung nhnh tn
hiu STM-N n gin v d dng.
C th ghp c cc loi tn hiu khc nhau mt cch linh hot,
khng ch tn hiu thoi m c cc tn hiu khc nh t bo ATM, Data
u c th ghp vo khung SDH.
SDH cho php p ng c tt c cc dch v mi nh ATM,
FDDI, DQDB.
Thng qua vic s dng cu hnh vng kn (Ring Network), ni cho
mt li, bo v m:n, gim st cht lng m SDH t c an ton
cao v tin ti mng thng minh.
Dung lng cc byte dnh cho qun l v bo dng ln. Cc knh
qun l mng cung cp cc kh nng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng
(OAM) cho php mng c qun l c hiu qu.
Phn t mng SDH hot ng da trn mng SDH v cu trc ghp
knh ca SDH cho php gim ng k s lng thit b, do chi ph lp
t, i dy gim ng k. ng thi cc giao tip quang cho php nng
cao kh nng truyn n trn 100 km m khng cn pht lp tc 2,5
Gbit/s.

Cc nhc im ca SDH

Vic hiu chnh Byte-Byte lm tng Jitter hn kiu Bit-Bit ca PDH.

S lng byte trong phn mo u ln, do vy hiu sut truyn tin
thp.
ng h phi c cung cp t ngoi .
1.2.3. So snh s khc nhau gia PDH v SDH
C th tm tt s khc nhau gia k thut PDH v k thut SDH nh sau:

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

PDH
B dao ng ni dao ng t do
Ghp knh khng ng b
C cu trc khung c trng cho
mi cp
Ghp lung theo nguyn l xen bit

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

SDH
Dao ng ni c iu khin ng b
vi ngun ng h ngoi
Ghp knh ng b
Cu trc khung khng ng nht

Ghp lung theo nguyn l xen byte

ng b theo nguyn l hiu chnh
ng b theo nguyn l xen bit
dng/m/zero xen byte
Truy xut lung ring l sau khi
Truy xut trc tip t lung tc cao
gii ghp n cp tng ng
hn
Tc chun ho ch ln n 140
Cu trc khung ng nht t cp c s
Mbit/s.
155,52 Mbit/s n cp cao hn.
Mi quan h gia khung truyn vi S dng con tr ghi li quan h pha
cc khung nhnh khng c ghi
tng khung nhnh vi lung tng, do
li, do khng th truy nhp trc c th truy nhp trc tip n tng
tip n tng knh nhnh m khng nhnh m khng cn phi tch knh
cn tch knh.
hon ton.
H thng SDH c thit k ch
SDH c kh nng vn chuyn hu ht
yu dnh cho tn hiu thoi nn
cc dng tn hiu ang s dng ng
khng p ng cc dch v bng
thi p ng cc dng tn hiu mi nh
rng tng lai.
ATM

1.3. Cu trc SDH

1.3.1. S khi b ghp
B ghp SDH c ITU-T la chn v dng ch to thnh thit b nh
hnh v 1.1. Qu trnh ghp cc lung nhnh thnh lung tng STM-N gia
Chu u v Bc M khc nhau ch: Chu u s dng khi AU-4, cn Bc
M s dng khi AU-3.

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

Hnh 1.1. S khi b ghp SDH tiu chun

C hai phng php hnh thnh tn hiu STM-N. Phng php th nht qua
AU-4 v phng php th hai qua AU-3. Phng php th nht c s dng
Chu u v mt s nc khc trong c Vit Nam, phng php th hai c
s dng ti Bc M, Nht v mt s nc khc. Tn hiu AU-4 c hnh thnh
t mt lung nhnh 139264 kbit/s, hoc 3 lung nhnh 34368 kbit/s, hoc 63
lung nhnh 2048 kbit/s thuc phn cp s PDH ca Chu u. AU-3 c to
thnh t mt lung nhnh 44736 kbit/s, hoc t 7 lung nhnh 6312 kbit/s hoc
t 84 lung nhnh 1544 kbit/s. Cng c th s dng 63 lung 1544 kbit/s
thay th cho 63 lung 2048 kbit/s ghp thnh tn hiu STM-1 qua TU-12,.,AU-4.
1.3.2. Chc nng cc khi trong b ghp
Container C-n (n=1,,4)
Trc khi cc lung thng tin ng b hay cn ng b c a vo
khung STM-1 u phi c chn vo mt Container. Thut ng Container
dng ch dung lng truyn ng b mng. n v kch thc ca Container
tnh bng byte. Kch thc ny c truyn trong mi 125 s.
S bit trong 125 s ca lung s lun lun nh hn kch thc ca
Container tng ng ca n. cc lung s vo va vn vi cc Container i
hi phi chn thm tng bit hoc tng byte vo ( chn dng, chn khng hay
chn m).
Container o VC n
7

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

VC-n l mt khi thng tin gm phn ti trng do cc TUG hoc C-n tng
ng cung cp v phn mo u tuyn POH.
POH c s dng xc nh v tr bt u ca VC-n, nh tuyn, qun l
v gim st lung nhnh, m bo cc mc tin cy vn chuyn container t
ngun n ch. Trong trng hp sp xp khng ng b cc lung nhnh vo
VC-n th phi tin hnh chn bit. Tu thuc vo kch c, mt VC c th c
truyn vo STM-1 hoc c chn vo mt VC ln hn a vo khung
STM-1. iu ny to nn s khc bit gia cc VC cp cao (HOVC) v cc VC
cp thp (LOVC). Cc VC cp thp l VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, cc VC cp cao l
VC-3, VC-4.

n v lung nhnh TU-n

TU l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt Container o cng mc v mt con

tr khi nhnh ch th khong cch t con tr khi nhnh n v tr bt u
ca Container o VC-3 hoc VC-n mc thp.
Theo cc n v lung nhnh TU ta c cc con tr tng ng sau :
TU-3 con tr TU-3( TU-PTR-3)
TU-2 con tr TU-2( TU-PTR-2)
TU-12 con tr TU-12( TU-PTR-12)
TU-11 con tr TU-11( TU-PTR-11)

Nhm n v lung nhnh TUG-n (n=2,3)

TUG-n c hnh thnh t cc khi nhnh TU-n hoc t TUG mc thp

hn. TUG-n to ra s tng hp gia cc container o mc thp v container o
mc cao hn.
Ta c cc TUG l : TUG-2 v TUG-3, trong :
- TUG-3 c to thnh t 7xTUG-2 hoc 1xTU-3.
- TUG-2 c to thnh t 4xTU-11 hoc 3xTU-12 hoc 1xTU-2.

Khi n v qun l mc AU-n

AU-n l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt VC-n cng mc v mt con tr

khi qun l ch th khong cch t con tr khi qun l n v tr bt u ca
container o cng mc. Cc con tr c thm vo cc container cp cao nh
VC-3, VC-4 gi l con tr AU-PTR to thnh n v qun l AU .

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

Chc nng ca cc con tr AU-PTR l ghi nhn quan h pha gia khung
STM-1 v VC tng ng, ngoi ra cn c dng hiu chnh khi cn thit.
C hai loi con tr AU-PTR l AU-PTR-4 v AU-PTR-3. V STM-1 truyn ba
VC-3 trong khung STM-1 nn s c 3xAU trong STM-1. Cng c th xen ba
VC-3 vo mt VC-4 ri a vo STM-1 thng qua AU-4.

Nhm cc khi qun l AUG

Nhiu AU c th c ghp xen k tng byte ti mt nhm n v qun l

AUG. Cu trc khung ca AUG chnh l cu trc khung ca STM-1 khi cha c
mo u vng SOH. Mt AUG c th cu thnh t 1x AU-4 hoc 3xAU-3.

Module truyn ti ng b mc N STM-N (N=1, 4, 16, 64)

STM-N cung cp cc kt ni lp on trong SDH, bao gm phn ti trng

l N x AUG v phn u on SOH ng b khung, qun l v gim st cc
trm lp v cc trm ghp knh.
1.3.3. Cu trc khung SDH
Theo khuyn ngh G709, cc khung tn hiu trong SDH c t chc thnh
khi thng tin c 9 dng x n ct v c chu k l 125s.
1.3.3.1. Khung VC-3 v VC-4
Cu to khung VC-3 v VC-4 nh hnh 1.2 sau y:

Hnh 1.2. Cu trc khung VC-3 (a) v VC-4 (b)

Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri qua phi v t trn xung
di. Trnh t truyn cc bit trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht
truyn u tin v bit c trng s b nht truyn cui cng. Nguyn tc
ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH.

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

1.3.3.2. Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp

c im ca cc khung VC-n v TU-n mc thp l s byte rt t so vi
VC-n v TU-n mc cao. V vy phi sp xp thnh a khung c 4 khung s
dng mt s byte mo u tuyn v mt con tr nh hnh 1.3.
Trong mi a khung VC-n mc thp c 4 byte VC-n POH, c k hiu l
V5, J2, N2, v K4.

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n v TU-n mc thp

1.3.3.3. Cu trc khung STM-1
Cu trc khung STM-1 nh hnh :

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc khung STM-1

10

Khoa: CNKT in T - Vin Thng

Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

Khung STM-1 gm 2430 byte c xp thnh mt ma trn c 9 hng mi

hng ghp 270 ct. Thi gian cho mi khung STM-1 l 125 s .
Khung STM-1 gm ba khi :
Khi mo u vng SOH(Section Overhead).
Khi con tr (Pointer) .
Khi ti trng .
Khi SOH gm (8x9) bytes, chia lm hai phn :
- RSOH ( Regenerator SOH).
- MSOH (Multiplexing SOH).
Cc byte RSOH ghp t ct mt n ct 9 thuc dng 1 n dng 3 dng
cho qun l, gim st cc trm lp. Cc byte MSOH ghp t ct 1 n ct 9
thuc dng 5 n dng 9 dng qun l, gim st cc trm ghp knh.
Phn ti trng c 9 dng x 261 ct c s dng ghp 1 VC-4 hoc 3
VC-3 hoc 63 VC-12
Con tr khi nhnh AU-3 hoc AU-4 t ti dng 4 v c 9 byte. Mi quan
h v pha gia vng ti trng v khung STM-1 c ghi li trong con tr. V tr
cc lung s khi chuyn vo khung STM-1 s c con tr ghi nhn chnh xc.
V vy, sau khi c c ni dung con tr ta c th truy xut n cc lung
ring r m khng cn phi phn knh hon ton tn hiu STM-1 .
1.3.3.4. Cu trc khung STM-N
Tn hiu SDH vi tc cao hn tc c bn thu c thng qua ghp
byte xen byte tn hiu STM-1, v tc ca tn hiu STM-N l Nx155,52 Mbit/s
( N l s nguyn dng).
Nguyn l ghp knh trong khung STM-N :
Trong qu trnh ghp knh cc byte trong vng ti trng ca cc
STM cp thp hn c ghp xen k tng byte v ti trc tip vo vng
ti d liu ca khung STM-N m khng cn b m .
Cc byte mo u SOH ca khung STM-N c to thnh t cc
byte mo u SOH ca NxSTM-1 ring l .
Cc byte con tr ca NxSTM-1 ring l c ghp vo khung
STM-N ti v tr thch hp. Trong qu trnh ghp v tr ca tn hiu hu
ch ca tng STM-1 ring l c th thay i so vi v tr ban u ca n

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thch hp vi s khc nhau v pha gia STM-1v STM-N. Mi gi tr

con tr ca cc lung ring l phi c iu chnh cho ph hp theo s
khc nhau v pha ghp vo.
Theo nguyn l ghp knh l NxSTM-1 s cho khung STM-N. Nh
vy, nu ghp MxSTM-N vo khung ln hn s c STM-NxM.

Hnh 1.5. Cu trc khung STM-N

1.3.3.5. Ghp cc lung nhnh PDH vo khung STM-1
Qu trnh ghp knh SDH chia lm hai giai on :

Sp xp cc lung nhnh vo cc gi tng ng.

Ghp cc gi vo khung STM-N.

i vi mi loi tn hiu c cch sp xp tng ng, vic sp xp nh r v

tr cc bit chn in y cc trng tin, ng thi cho php b s lch tn
gia SDH v PDH bng vic hiu chnh.
1.3.3.6. Sp xp lung 34 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-3
Khi h thng SDH c dng truyn ti tn hiu 34 Mbit/s, tn hiu ny
s c xp vo C-3, POH v C-3 to nn VC-3. Vic sp xp tn hiu cn ng
b 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3 phi s dng phng php sp xp khng ng b.
VC-3 gm 9 byte POH v mt trng tin 9 hng x 84 ct chia thnh 3
khung con, mi khung gm:
+ 1431 bit thng tin.
+ 2 b 5 bit iu khin chn (C1, C2).
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Lp: HLT IN T 12 K4

+ 2 bit chn (S1, S2).

+ 573 bit nhi c nh (R).
VC-3 c xp vo TU-3, mi TU-3 xp va mt TUG-3. TUG-3 hay TU3 l mt khi 86 ct d liu mi ct c cha 9 bytes. Ct th nht cha con tr
TU-3. Con tr ny c xc nh im bt u ca VC-3 trong 85 ct cn li.
1.3.3.7. Sp xp lung 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4
Khi lung tn hiu PDH 140Mbit/s c a vo mng SDH, n s c
xp vo VC-4. Mt VC-4 s c lp y hon ton tn hiu 140 Mbit/s v byte
qun l ca n (POH) nh trong hnh v 1.6.
Mi VC-4 gm 9 byte(1 ct) POH v mt trng tin 9 x 260 byte. Trng
tin ny dng ti tn hiu 140Mbit/s c chia thnh 9 hng. Mi hng c
chia thnh 20 khi mi khi gm 13 byte .

Hnh 1.6. Cu trc VC-4 khi sp xp lung 140Mbit/s vo VC-4

1.3.3.8. Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1
Qu trnh ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua TUG-3 nh hnh 1.7. VC-3 gm 85
ct x 9 dng, khi TU-3 ghp 3 byte con tr TU-3 l H1, H2 v H3 vo u cc
dng 1,2,3.
1.3.3.9. Sp xp VC-4 vo STM-1

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Khung VC-4 gm 261 ct x 9 dng. Khi AU-4 ghp 9 byte con tr AU-4
vo ct 1 n ct 9 thuc dng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Pha ca VC-4 khng c
nh trong AU-4, v tr byte u tin ca VC-4 c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr
con tr AU-4. Tn hiu AU-4 c t trc tip vo AUG. Khi STM-1 ghp
cc byte SOH vo ct 1 n ct 9 thuc cc dng 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ca khung
STM-1.

Hnh 1.7. Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1

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1.3.3.10. Ghp 63VC-12 vo STM-1

Mi khung C-12 c 34 byte. Khi VC-12 ghp thm mt byte VC-12 POH
to thnh khung VC-12 c 35 byte. C 4 khung VC-12 to mt a khung
VC-12. Khi TU-12 ghp vo u khung VC-12 th nht, th 2, th 3 mt byte
con tr TU-12 v byte d tr vo u khung th t to thnh a khung TU12. Nh vy mi khung TU-12 c 4 ct x 9 dng. Trnh t ghp 63 tn hiu TU12 vo khung STM-1 nh hnh 1.8.

270 ct
SOH

STM-1

AU4-PTR

VC-4

SOH

125 s
9 ct

AU-3

261 ct

4 AU4-PTR

VC-4
125 s
261 ct

VC-4

9 dng

P
O
H

9 dng

x7
TUG-2

63xVn

S S S S S S

125 s
12 ctx7+2ct=86 ct
ct

x3
TUG-3

N P I
N P I
N P I

N
P
I

21xVn

S S

125 s
4 ctx3=12ct

VnVnVn

a khung TU-12

9 dng
125 s

x3

4 ct

36 byte

V2
VC-12
V3
VC-12

Vn

TU-12

V1
VC-12

9 dng
125 s

V4
VC-12

500 s

Hnh 1.8. Ghp 63 VC-12 vo khung STM-1

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Khung TUG-2 c 12 ct x 9 dng, v vy ghp 3 TU-12 s c mt tn

hiu TUG-2. Trong khung TUG-2 c 3 byte con tr TU-12 c k hiu l Vn,
tip theo ghp 7 TUG-2 c mt TUG-3. V 7 TUG-2 ch c 84 ct nn khi
TUG-3 phi n thm 3 byte con tr khng c hiu lc NPI v 15 byte khng
mang thng tin vo ct th nht v ct th hai. T ct th 3 n ct 86 dnh
ghp 7 TUG-2. Khung TUG-3 cha 21 byte con tr TU-12 (k hiu Vn), cc ct
c nh s th t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ch r cc byte trong ct ny thuc TUG-2
tng ng.
Tip theo ghp 3TUG-3 vo khung VC-4, ba khung TUG-3 c 258 ct nn
khi VC-4 phi ghp thm VC-4 POH vo ct u tin, n 18 byte khng
mang thng tin vo ct th hai v ct th ba, t ct th t n ct 261 l cc
byte ca 3 TUG-3. Trong khung VC-4 c 9 byte NPI v 63 byte con tr TU-12
(k hiu l Vn). Khi AU-4 ghp 9 byte con tr AU-4 vo dng 4 thuc ct 1
n ct 9 ca khung STM-1. Khung AUG hon ton ging khung AU-4. Cui
cng, khi STM-1 ghp cc byte SOH hnh thnh khung STM-1. Quy nh 3
byte NPI l 1001SS1111100000, trong 2 bit SS=11 ch th trong khung
TUG-3 cha cc con tr TU-12.
1.4. Kt lun
Ngay t khi mi xut hin cng ngh SDH vi nhng u im ca n to
c nhiu thnh cng trong cng ngh truyn dn, nhng theo xu hng pht trin
ca cng ngh n lc cng ngh SDH truyn thng khng p ng yu cu cc
dch v d liu cho khch hng. Trc nhng yu cu , dn ti phi pht trin mng
truyn dn ln mt mc cao hn vi hiu qu truyn dn, kh nng thch ng vi
cc loi hnh dch v linh hot hn. Di s thc y , mng SDH th h mi ra
i. Trn c s mng SDH truyn thng, mng SDH th h mi chng t c hiu
qu truyn dn lu lng vi s tr gip ca cc giao thc GFP, VCAT v LCAS.
Cng ngh SDH th h mi ny s c trnh by c th trong chng sau.

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Chng III. Thit b SURPASS v ng dng ti H Ni

CHNG II
PHN MO U TRONG SDH
2.1. Gii thiu
hiu mng SDH, qun l v vn hnh ta phi tm hiu cu trc phn
lp ch / t, cc chc nng qun l mng hay truyn ti v mo u cng
khc nhau cc lp khc nhau. V c cc lp sau :
on ti sinh ( cn gi l on lp ).
on ghp knh ( cn gi l on ghp ).
Tuyn.
Trong cc phn lp ca SDH c cc phn mo u :
Mo u on ( SOH ) : .Mo u on ti sinh RSOH
Mo u on ghp knh MSOH
Mo u tuyn ( POH ) : LO POH
HO POH

Hnh 2.1 on v tuyn trong SDH

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Chng III. Thit b SURPASS v ng dng ti H Ni

2.2 Mo u on ( SOH )
2.2.1 Mo u on ti sinh RSOH
Mo u on lp RSOH ( Regenerator Section Overhead ) ch cha cc
thng tin phc v theo yu cu ca cc phn t trn 2 u ca on lp .

Hnh 2.2 RSOH trong STM 1

RSOH chim 3 hng u ca cc ct 1 9, trong cu trc khung STM-1, ch
nng ca cc byte trong RSOH nh sau :
Cc byte trng ( ) l d tr cho quc gia v quc t .
Cc byte A1, A2 ng b khung, 6 byte ny c cu trc c nh
v c cu trc nh phn nh sau A1 (11110110) v A2 (00101000).
Khi ghp cc STM-1 thnh STM-N, cc byte ny u c mt trong
cu trc ca n.
Byte C1: nhn dng khung STM-1. BYTE ny mang s th t ca
khung STM-1 trong STM-N.

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 n tt nghip i hc
lun

Kt

KT LUN
Vi nhng u im vt tri, vi s tch hp gia cc dch v truyn thng v
cc dch v mi. Cng ngh SDH th h sau m ra trong tng lai mt mng truyn
dn y ha hn. Bng vic tn dng mng SDH hin c, SDH th h sau cho php
cc nh cung cp trin khai cc cng ngh mi ch bng cch thay th cc node bin
ca mng. Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu, n gii quyt c mt s
vn sau:
Xu hng pht trin ca mng truyn dn, a ra tng quan v cng
ngh SDH hin c vi cc u nhc im ca n dn ti a ra mng SDH th
h sau.
Cc vn k thut c bn ca cng ngh SDH th h sau t vic
ng gi cc tn hiu ti vic iu khin hot ng ca tuyn.
Cc thit b s dng trong mng SDH th h mi v kh nng s
dng trong mng vin thng Vit Nam c th l thit b SURPASS hiT7070 ca
SIEMENS v ng dng ti H Ni.
Do cng ngh SDH th h sau l mt cng ngh mi. Bn cnh do thi
gian nghin cu v khng c iu kin tm hiu thc t nhiu nn bn n ch
yu mang tnh l thuyt ch cha trnh by c c th y cc c im trin
khai trn thc t. Em rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca thy c v cc bn. Xin
chn thnh cm n!

Sinh vin
Nguyn Th Thanh

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

83

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kho

Ti liu tham

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS. Bi Trung Hiu, H thng truyn dn ng b s-SDH, NXB Bu
in, 2001.
[2] TS. Cao Phn, Ghp knh PDH v SDH, Bi ging hc vin cng ngh bu
chnh vin thng, 2000.
[3] P. Tomsu, C. Schmutzer, Next Generation Optical Networks, Prentice
Hanll, 2002.
[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y, Generic framing procedure (GFP),
2003.
[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322, Network node interface for the
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 2003.
[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305, Link capacity adjustment scheme
(LCAS)for virtual concatenated signals, 2004.
[7] WWW.trendcomms.com, Migration to Next Generation SDH, 2005.
[8] WWW.cisco.com, White paper, efficient and flexible transport of nextgeneration data services over sonet/sdh using GFP, VCAT and LCAS, 2005.
[9] http://www.jdsu.com/brazil/technicaresources/technologydocuments/whiteape
r/nextgenwpae1205.pdf.
[10] WWW.cisco.com, White paper, Defining the Multiservice Switching Platform

(MSSP), 2002.
[11] M. Scholten, et al, Data Transport Applications Using GFP, IEEE
Communications Magazine, May 2002.
[12] D. Cavendish et al, New Transport Services for Next-Generation
SONET/SDH Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002.
[13] Thit b SURPASS hiT7070, SIEMENS, 2004.

Nguyn Th Thanh-D2002VT

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