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PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH GIO VIN : NGUYN MINH NHIN T : 0976566882
MT S K NNG GII H PHNG TRNH
Trong cc thi i hc nhng nm gn y , ta gp rt nhiu bi ton v h phng trnh . Nhm gip
cc bn n thi tt , bi vit ny ti xin gii thiu mt s dng bi v k nng gii chng
I.H S DNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG.
c im chung ca dng h ny l s dng cc k nng bin i ng nht c bit l k nng phn tch
nhm a mt PT trong h v dng n gin ( c th rt theo y hoc ngc li ) ri th vo PT cn li
trong h .
*Loi th nht , trong h c mt phng trnh bc nht vi n x hoc y khi ta tm cch rt y theo x
hoc ngc li
V d 1 . Gii h phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
x y 1 x y 1 3x 4x 1 1
xy x 1 x 2
+ + + +
'
+ +
Gii.
D thy x = 0 khng tha mn PT(2) nn t (2) ta c :
2
x 1
y 1
x
+ thay vo (1) ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
x 1 x 1
x x 3x 4x 1 x 1 2x 1 x 1 3x 1
x x
_
+ +
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
x 1
x 1 2x 2x x 1 x 1 3x 1 x 1 2x 2x 4x 0 x 0
x 2
+ +
'
Gii .
iu kin : x1 ; y0
PT (1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x xy 2y x y 0 x y x 2y x y 0 + + +
( t iu kin ta c x+y>0)
x 2y 1 0 x 2y 1 +
thay vo PT (2) ta c :
( )
( )
( ) y 2x 2y 2y 2 y 1 2y 2 0 do y 0 y 2 x 5 + + +
*loi th ba , a mt phng trnh trong h v dng phng trnh bc hai ca mt n , n cn li l
tham s
V d 3. Gii h phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
y = 5x 4 4 x 1
y 5x 4xy 16x 8y 16 0 2
+
'
+ +
Gii .
Bin i PT (2) v dng ( )
2 2
y 4x 8 y 5x 16x 16 0 + + +
1
PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH GIO VIN : NGUYN MINH NHIN T : 0976566882
Coi PT (2) l phng trnh n y tham s x ta c
2
' 9x t ta c nghim
( )
( )
y 5x 4 3
y 4 x 4
+
+ +
'
+ +
Gii .
D thy y=0 khng tha mn PT(1) nn HPT
( )
2
2
x 1
y x 4
y
x 1
y x 2 1
y
+
+ +
'
_ +
,
t
2
a b 2
x 1
a , b y x 2
ab 1 y
+ +
+
'
gii h ta c a=b=1 t ta c h
2
x 1 y
x y 3
+
'
+
H ny bn c c th gii d dng.
V d 5. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2
3
4xy 4 x y 7
x y
1
2x 3
x y
+ + +
'
Gii . iu kin : x +y 0
HPT
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
3
3 x y x y 7
x y
1
x y x y 3
x y
+ + +
'
+ + +
t ( )
1
a x y a 2 ; b x y
x y
+ +
+
ta c h
( )
( )
2 2
3a b 13 1
a b 3 2
+
'
+
2
PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH GIO VIN : NGUYN MINH NHIN T : 0976566882
Gii h ta c a=2 , b=1 ( do |a|2 ) t ta c h
1
x y 2 x y 1 x 1
x y
x y 1 y 0
x y 1
+ + +
+
' ' '
'
+
Gii .
T PT (2) ta c
8 4
x 1; y 1 x 1; y 1
Xt hm s ( ) [ ]
3
f t t 5t; t 1;1
c ( ) [ ]
2
f ' t 3t 5 0; t 1;1 <
do f(t) nghch bin trn
khong (-1;1) hay PT (1)
x y
thay vo PT (2) ta c PT :
8 4
x x 1 0 +
t a=x
4
0 v gii phng trnh ta c
4
1 5 1 5
a y x
2 2
+ +
t
*loi th hai , l dng h i xng loi hai m khi gii thng dn n c hai trng hp (1) v (2)
V d 7. Gii h phng trnh
2 y 1
2 x 1
x x 2x 2 3 1
y y 2y 2 3 1
+ + +
'
+ + +
Gii .
t
a x 1; b y 1
ta c h
( )
( )
2 b
2 a
a a 1 3 1
b b 1 3 2
+ +
'
+ +
Tr v vi v 2 PT ta c :
2 a 2 b
a a 1 3 b b 1 3 + + + + + +
(3)
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
2
2 t t
2
t 1 t
f t t t 1 3 ; f ' t 3 ln3
t 1
+ +
+ + + +
+
V
( )
2 2 2
t 1 t t t 1 t 0 f ' t 0, t + > + + > > do hm s f(t) ng bin trn R
Nn PT (3) a b thay vo PT (1) ta c
2 a
a a 1 3 + +
(4)
Theo nhn xt trn th
2
a a 1 0 + + >
nn PT (4)
( )
2
ln a a 1 a ln3 0 + +
( ly ln hai v )
Xt hm s
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
g a ln a a 1 a ln3; g' a ln3 1 ln3 0, a R
a 1
+ + < <
+
hay hm g(a) nghch bin trn R v do PT (4) c nghim a=0 nn PT (4) c nghim duy nht a=0
T ta c nghim ca h ban u l : x=y=1
IV.H S DNG PHNG PHP NH GI
Vi phng php ny, cn lu pht hin cc biu thc khng m v nm vng cch vn dng cc bt
ng thc c bn
3
PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH GIO VIN : NGUYN MINH NHIN T : 0976566882
V d 8 . Gii h phng trnh
2
3 2
2
2
3
2xy
x x y
x 2x 9
2xy
y y x
y 2y 9
+ +
'
+ +
Gii.
Cng v vi v hai PT ta c
2 2
3 2 2
3
2xy 2xy
x y
x 2x 9 y 2y 9
+ +
+ +
(1)
Ta c : ( )
2
3 2
3
3 3 2 2
2 xy 2 xy 2xy
x 2x 9 x 1 8 2 xy
2
x 2x 9 x 2x 9
+ +
+ +
Tng t
3 2
2xy
xy
x 2x 9
+
m theo bt ng thc Csi
2 2
x y 2 xy +
nn VT(1)VP(1)
Du bng xy ra khi
x y 1
x y 0
'
Gii.
HPT
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
y 2 x 3x 2
y 2 x 1 x 2 1
x 2 2 y 3y 2 x 2 2 y 1 y 2 2
+
' '
+
Nu x>2 t (1) suy ra y-2<0 diu ny mu thun vi PT(2) c (x-2) v (y-2) cng du
Tng t vi x<2 ta cng suy ra iu v l . Vy nghim ca h l x=y=2
Hy vng mt s v d trn s gip bn phn no k nng gii h . kt thc bi vit mi cc bn cng
gii cc h phng trnh sau
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3
2 2 3
3 2
2
4 2
3 2
x 2 3y 8
xy 3x 2y 16
1) 2)
x y 2x 4y 33 x y 2 6
2 x 2x y 1 x y 1
x 3y 9
3) 4)
y 4 2x 3 y 48y 48x 155 0
y 4x 1 ln y 2x
+
' '
+
+ +
+
'
+ +
+ + + +
'
3 2
2 2 2 2
x
2 2 2 2
3 2
y
2
x y 2 x x 2 x 4 y 1 y 3 y 5
5) 6)
x xy y y 0 x y x y 44
y
e 2007
x y 2x y 0 y 1
7) 8)
x 2x 3x 6y 12x 13 0
e 2007
x 1
+ + + + + + +
' '
+ + + + +
'
+ + +
'