Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison Court case that decided who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the constutution Henry Clay Young Kentuckian, named Speaker of the House at age 34, was a War Hawk; He strongly supported the American System, fought in the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." He drafted the Compromise of 2850 with five main points, but died before it was passed. Essex Junto Powerful group of New England Federalist party lawyers that wanted to break away from America; term was coined by Hancock; Aaron Burr was rumored to be their new leader which let Hamilton damage Burrs reputation even further. Burr Conspiracy Rumor that Burr had connections to the New England secession and Burr joined with a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession

Impressment In which the British took American men and enlisted them into the British Navy by force; it created much tension between America and Britain; Violated Americas neutral rights and hurt their economy Chesapeake/Leopard Incident British warship the Leopard attacked US frigate the Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia, demanding men and then wounding and killing men aboard the Chesapeake Non-intercourse Act Act passed that repealed the embargo act and formally reopened trade with all nations except for Britain and France; it was intended to damage the economies of Britain and France, leading to more conflict and tension Macons Bill No. 2 Bill that restored trade with the rest of the world under the agreement that if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nation; this led to America beginning a nonimportation policy with Britain because Napoleon agreed to repeal France's commercial restrictions William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Governor if Indiana Territory who gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh's headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers; made a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe and also played part into driving Tecumseh into an alliance with the British War Hawks Party consisting mainly of men from the South and West; Name given to them by the opposing Federalist party; they advocated going to war with Britain due to Impressment Battle of Horseshoe bend Fought during the war of 1812 in central Alabama; a.k.a the Creek wars; These battles eradicated the Creek Indians who were allies with the British (the Red Creeks); land was opened for white settlers Hartford Convention Convention in which New England Federalists gathered to discuss their grievances concerning the War of 1812; located at Hartford, Connecticut; demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared; Hartford resolutions were " the death dirge of the Federalist party"

Treaty of Ghent Signed on 24 December 1814 in the Flemish city of Ghent; peace treaty that ended the war between Britain and America; opened up the Great Lakes region to American expansion Treaty of Greenville 1795 Signed in 1795; the confederacy gave up vast tracts of the old northwest; Created after the Battle of Fallen Timbers; in exchange for $10,000 and a reservation, the local Native American tribes gave the Americans the territory of the Ohio Valley Battle of New Orleans Threatened the entire Mississippi Valley; Gaunt and regulars, pirates, and Frenchmen, as well as militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee; British were overconfident and ended up losing over two thousand, killed and wounded in half an hour compared to around seventy Americans GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were enemies of the Federalists. Adams had to deal with the public dept that came from war preparations. Jefferson became one of the first victims of the Whispering Campaigns. He was accused of stealing from a widow and her children of a trust fund and having fathered several children by his own women slaves. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election was more important because it was supposedly a revolution, according to Jefferson. The Federalist Party stepped down from office without dissidence and there was a peaceful exchange of power. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. No, because they didnt take action with their power they held at the time.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" It wasnt a revolution in the sense that there was a massive upheaval of the government, but it restored the original spirit of the Revolution.

Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than a Democratic-Republican because he only removed one of the props of the Hamiltonian system, which was the excise tax. He ended up keeping the bank, which he, at first, strongly disagreed with. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? Marshalls purpose as Chief of Justice was to strengthen the power of the Federal Government. He claimed that the Judiciary Act of 1801 was unnecessary as the Supreme Court could determine if the laws were unconstitutional. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, Marshalls purpose was to decide whether it was constitutional to replace William Marbury, a Midnight Judge appointed by Adams, with James Madison, appointed by Jefferson. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? The extortion of the Barbary States forced Jefferson to buy protection. He dispatched his infant navy to the shores of Tripoli. In the Tripolitan Wars, several of the boats used in the Navy were small gunboats, which fascinated Jefferson greatly. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. If the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States, Napoleon possibly would have tried to take over America, as he did with many other countries. He sold Louisiana to the US, including the New Orleans area, to get money for his endeavors closer to home. James Monroe and Robert Livingston were the ones to make the deal with Napoleon to but Louisiana. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? The Louisiana Purchase allowed the US to be one whole country from sea to shining sea. It also avoided a possible conflict with France and an incommodious alliance with England. The new area allowed for more explorers, including Lewis and Clark, and new discoveries.

America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? American Trading ships were caught between the Naval affairs between France and Britain. The London government set up a series of Order in Council, which closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the ships stopped at a British port. To counter this, Napoleon demanded that all merchant ships be captured, including American vessels. The British also seized vessels for manpower. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Democratic-Republicans opposed the Embargo Act because it called for the use of the National bank, it promoted industry and was bad for farmers, and it was against France, while they were pro-French. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon lied to the US and said that French commercial restrictions were removed, and James Madison, the new president, announced that France was open for trade with America. This meant that America was misled siding against Great Britain. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The War Hawks wanted to wipe out the Indians who threatened the pioneer settlers. Tecumseh, also known as The Prophet, brought the tribes east of the Mississippi together to never surrender to whites. At the Battle of Tippecanoe, William Henry Harrison was victorious and caused the Indians to go to Great Britain for backup. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? New England opposed the War of 1812 because they wanted a free sea. Federalists opposed the war because they were pro-British and if Canada was seized, then there would be more land for an agrarian-based society.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement Between Britain and the US; severely limited naval armament on the lakes where several British nautical munitions and fortifications still lingered, and placed the foundation for a demilitarized frontier between the British North America and the US. Second Bank of the United States Established in 1816, it had more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank. Loans were used to back the American industrial revolution after the War of 1812. Francis Cabot Lowell former Boston trader who smuggled British textile factory goods back into America, and built the first factory able to convert raw cotton into cloth by power machinery; created a work force nearly completely of unmarried women in a healthy environment. Era of Good Feelings The period right after the War of 1812 in which nationalism, industrial growth, and expansionism unified the country and brushed aside political/sectional separations Adams-Onis Treaty Spain surrendered Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. agreed to uphold the $5 million in reparations caused by Jackson, and momentarily relinquished its hold on Texas. Panic of 1819 Intense regressions in cotton prices, reduction of credit intended to limit inflation, a congressional directive needing hard currency to pay for the purchase of land, and the many factories closing because of foreign competition. As a result, there were demands for the democratization of state constitutions, ending limitations on voting and holding office, and resentment toward banks and "privileged" businesses and monopolies.

Tallmadge Amendment In 1819, Representative Tallmadge suggested an amendment for Missouri's admittance to the Union, which the House approved but the Senate disapproved. The amendment would have outlawed the additional introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have required the liberation of slaves' children born after the admittance of the state. Missouri Compromise Slavery was outlawed by congress in the remaining Louisiana Territory north of 36 30, excluding Missouri. John Marshall Made the decision in the Marbury v. Madison case, his decision incited the Jeffersonians to stand up. He was the Chief of Justice and believed that the Judiciary Act of 1801 was unnecessary. Latin American Revolution Revolutionary wars for the independence of Latin America, they were against European rule which led to the Latin American states becoming independent. Monroe Doctrine Stated "The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." The U.S. would take any alien conflict to the authority of standing American nations as a hostile action. "Our policy in regard to Europe is not to interfere in the internal concerns for any of its powers. This had little instant effects, but it signified nationalism in the US growing. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The US Navy did better than expected. American Naval Officer Oliver Hazard Perry took control of the Great Lakes. His victory inspired the despairing American cause. An American fleet led by Thomas Macdonough was in deep trouble, but Macdonough unexpectedly turned the tables and seized victory. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The United States did not fight the war effectively because they did not succeed in defending Washington. While Andrew Jackson was celebrating, the Royal Marines was victorious in every battle, except for the Battle of New Orleans.

The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. Yes, the Treaty of Ghent was advantageous for the United States because it was an basically an armistice and no land was lost. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention was meant to discuss complaints and seek reimbursement for their damages. It demanded monetary support from Washington to pay costs for lost trade and amendments to the constitution were proposed. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? England was unable to make claims on the US any longer, the Native Americans were severed from significant contact with outside nations, many other countries recognized the US as a powerful country, and the Monroe Doctrine was created. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? There was a birth of a uniquely national literature. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper achieved worldwide acknowledgement, considerably as the nations first writers of significance to use American scenes and themes. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? The Tariff of 1816 was the first tariff in America what was made primarily for protection against British economic hostilities. Henry Clay was best known for his American System which was a series of protective tariffs and federally funded canals and highways, such as the Erie Canal. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? The country was peaceful and the economy was flourishing when Monroe after his inauguration in 1817. Everywhere he went, he was greeted with a warm welcome. A Federalist newspaper in Boston called the Columbian Sentinel announced that an Era of Good Feelings had commenced.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was the beginning of a depression that lasted for two years, caused by widespread rumor, the slack loaning of state banks, a deterioration in European demand for American staple merchandises, and negligence within the second Bank of the United States. The Panic of 1819 worsened social divisions within the United States and was often referred to as the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Cheap land appealed to many European settlers. The Embargo Act also stimulated the desire for more land. Victory over the Native Americans opened up massive amounts of unclaimed land as well. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Request for statehood was explosive because there was a large debate on whether it should be a slave-holding state or not. The number of slave-holding states to non-slave-holding states was equal, and the addition of Missouri would make it unbalanced. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. Both the North and the South were at a standstill point in their economical/ industrial/ agricultural development. Improvement wasnt needed, but there was still room for it. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." John Marshalls statement meant that whatever acts, bills, or amendments that are being passed may be passed as long as they are not prohibited in the constitution. This explained his reasoning behind Loose Construction of the Constitution. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall made the Supreme Court a center of authority. Marshall made a number of significant verdicts concerning Federalism, influencing the balance of power between the states and the federal government in the early years of the government.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. John Quincy Adams accomplished little in the area of foreign dogma, but Andrew Jackson was influential in the seizure of Florida and dealt with the Native Americans in the Carolinas. Jackson also contributed to the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? George Canning, the British foreign secretary, proposed that the US combine with Britain in a joint declaration forsaking any interest in obtaining Latin American land, and explicitly cautioning the European dictators to stay away from the Latin American republics. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? The United States didnt have a great standing army but that didnt mean that they were weak from a military standpoint. They were victorious against the British and Tunis pirates where Europe was not. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine declared that additional efforts by European countries to lay claim to land or impede with American states would be taken as acts of hostility calling for U.S. intervention. It prevented outside countries for invading the US.