H PHNG TRNH NNG CAO

Mc lc
Mc lc

1 Phng php cng i s

2 Phng php nh gi bt ng thc

3 Phng php t n ph

16

4 H phng trnh vi nhng phng trnh c bit

22

5 Phng php th

29

6 Phng php lng gic

34

7 H hon v vng quanh

37

8 Phng php dng o hm

45

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

Phng php cng i s

Phng php ny vi mc tiu l lm "trn" ha cc biu thc trong h. Ban u cc h s ca

tng phng trnh trong h cha th hin c mi quan h logic vi nhau, sau khi thm, bt,
cng, tr, nhn, chia ta lm cho chng "xch li gn nhau hn". chnh l cha kha ca rt
nhiu bi ton. Di y chng ta 8 cp n mt s bi ton nh vy.
<xy + y 2 + x 3y = 0
Bi tp 1.1. Gii h phng trnh : 2
.
x + xy 2y = 0
Gii
Tr hai v ca h ta c
(x y)(x + y 1) = 0.
T y ta c x = y hoc x + y 1 = 0. Thay vo ta tm c nghim ca h l


2 1
.
(x, y) = (0, 0), (2, 2), ,
3 3
8
<x2 + y 2 + xy = 3
.
Bi tp 1.2. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x + 2xy = 7x + 5y 9
Gii
Cng hai v ca phng trnh ta c
2x2 + y 2 + 3xy 7x 5y + 6 = 0 (y + 2x 3)(y + x 2) = 0.
T y ta c y + 2x 3 = 0 hoc y + x 2 = 0. Thay vo, v gii h ta c nghim
(x, y) = (1, 1), (2, 1).
8
<(x y) (x2 y 2 ) = 7
Bi tp 1.3. Gii h phng trnh :
(x + y) (x2 + y 2 ) = 175

Gii
R rng bi ton ny ch cn cng i s l c hng gii. Tht vy, cng hai v ca phng trnh
ta c
x3 + y 3 = 91
(1)
Thay kt qu (1) vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c
xy(x + y) = 84.
T hai phng trnh (1) v (2) gii ra ta c nghim ca h
(x, y) = (4, 3), (3, 4).

(2)

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

8
<y 3 x3 = 1
Bi tp 1.4. Gii h phng trnh : 5
x y 5 + xy = 0

Gii
Hnh thc bi ton ny lm ta ngh n bin i phng trnh th hai ca h v dng ng bc. Ta
c phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi

x5 y 5 + xy(y 3 x3 ) = 0 (x y) x4 + y 4 = 0 x = y.
Thay d kin ny vo phng trnh th nht ca h ta thy h v nghim.
8
2
2
2
2 2
>
>
<x (y + z) = (3x + x + 1)y z
Bi tp 1.5. Gii h phng trnh >y 2 (z + x)2 = (4y 2 + y + 1)z 2 x2
>
:z 2 (x + y)2 = (5z 2 + z + 1)x2 y 2
Gii
Bi ton ny gii bng hnh thc chia tng phng trnh ca h vi biu thc thch hp. Nhn xt:
cc tp sau (x, 0, 0), (0, y, 0), (0, 0, z) l nghim ca h phng trnh. Xt xyz 6= 0, ta bin i h
v dng
8

>
1
1
1 1 2
>
>
+
=3+ + 2
>
>
y z
x x
>
< 1 1 2
1
1
.
+
=4+ + 2
>
z x
y y
>

>
>
1 1 2
1
1
>
>
+
=5+ + 2
:
x y
z z
Cng ba phng trnh trn ta c

1 1 1 2
1 1 1

12 = 0.
+ +
+ +
x y z
x y z
T y ta tm ra c nghim ca h l

 

9 9 9
5 5 5
(x; y; z) =
, ; ; .
; ;
13 12 11
6 5 4
Bi ton di y c hng gii ging nh bi ton trn
8
2
2
>
>
<6x(y + z ) = 13yz
Bi tp 1.6. Gii h phng trnh >3y(z 2 + x2 ) = 5zx
.
>
:6z(x2 + y 2 ) = 5xy
H ny c nghim

 
 
 

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
(x; y; z) = 1; ;
, 1; ; , 1; ; , 1; ;
.
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

8
<x4 y 4 = 240
Bi tp 1.7. Gii h phng trnh : 3
x 2y 3 = 3(x2 4y 2 ) 4(x 8y)

Gii
Nhn phng trnh th hai vi 8 ri cng vi phng trnh th nht, ta c
x4 8x3 + 24x2 32x + 16 = y 4 16y 3 + 96y 2 256y + 256,
hay
(x 2)4 = (y 4)4 .
T y ta c x 2 = y 4 hoc x 2 = 4 y. T y ta tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (4, 2), (4, 2).
8
<x3 + 3xy 2 = 49
Bi tp 1.8. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x

Gii
Bi ton ny cng ging tng t nh bi ton trn. Nhn phng trnh th hai ca h vi 3 ri
cng vi phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c

(x + 1) (x 1)2 + 3(y 4)2 = 0.

T y gii ra ta tm c x = 1. T y tnh c y 2 = 16. Vy nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (1, 4), (1, 4).
8

12
>
>
x=2
< 1
x
+
3y

Bi tp 1.9. Gii h phng trnh >

.
12

>
y=6
: 1+
x + 3y
Gii
iu kin bi ton: x 0, y 0, x + 3y > 0. H cho c vit li nh sau
8
8
3
1
12
2
>
>
>
>
< y + x = 1
<1 x + 3y = x
> 3
.
12
6
1
12
>
>
>
=
: =
:1 +
x + 3y
y
y
x
y + 3x
Nhn hai phng trnh ca h, v theo v, ta c
9 1
12
=
(3x y)(9x + y) = 0 y = 3x.
y x
y + 3x
T y ta tm c nghim ca h l

(x, y) = 4 + 2 3, 12 + 6 3 .

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

8
<xy + x + 1 = 7y
Bi tp 1.10. Gii h phng trnh : 2 2
x y + xy + 1 = 13y 2

Gii
D thy y 6= 0 nn h cho tng ng vi
8
8
1 x
x
1
>
>
>
>
<x + + = 7
<x + y + y = 7
y y

>
x
1
>
1 2 x
2
>
>
x
+
+
=
13
= 13
:
: x+
y y2
y
y

Cng hai v ca h ta c

1
1 2
+ x+
x+
20 = 0.
y
y
1
1
T y gii ra x + = 5 hoc x + = 4. Thay vo gii nghim ca h l
y
y


1
(x, y) = 1;
, (3, 1).
3
8

1
>
< 3x 1 +
=2
x + y
Bi tp 1.11. Gii h phng trnh > 
.
: 7y 1 1 = 4 2
x+y

Gii
iu kin x 0, y 0, x2 + y 2 6= 0. D thy nu (x, y) l nghim ca h th x > 0, y > 0. Do
ta vit li h phng trnh di dng
8
2
1
>
>
<1 + x + y = 3x

>
1
4
2
>
=
:1
x+y
7y
Thc hin php tr ri php cng hai v ca phng trnh ta c

8
1
1
2
2
>
>
=
<
x+y
7y .
3x
>
1
2 2
>
:1 = +
7y
3x
Nhn hai phng trnh ca h ta c
1
8
1
=

(y 6x)(7y + 4x) = 0 y = 6x(v x > 0, y > 0).

x+y
3x 7y
Thay vo ta gii c nghim ca h l
(x, y) =

!
11 + 4 7 22 + 8 7
,
.
21
7

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

8
5
>
>
x2 (y z) =
>
<
3
Bi tp 1.12. Gii h phng trnh >y 2 (z x) = 3
>
>
:z 2 (x y) = 1
3

Gii
Nhn c ba v ca phng trnh ta c
x2 y 2 z 2 (y z)(x y)(z x) =

5
3

(3)

Cng ba v ca phng trnh ta c

5
x2 (y z) + y 2 (z x) + z 2 (x y) = ,
3
hay
5
(x y)(y z)(z x) = .
3
T (3) v (4) ta c x2 y 2 z 2 = 1. Xy ra hai trng hp

(4)

1. Trng hp xyz = 1, nhn phng trnh u vi y, phng trnh th hai vi x, ri cng li

ta c
5
5
3
xyz(y x) = y + 3x y x = y + 3x y = x.
3
3
2
Tng t ta c z = x. Thay vo ta c nghim

!
332 32
3 2
.
(x, y, z) =
,
,
3 2 3 3
x
. Thay vo h ta c nghim
2

!
132
3 2
3 2
, 3
,
.
(x, y, z) =
3
3 2 3

2. Trng hp xyz = 1, tng t ta c y = 3x, z =

Di y l mt s bi tp luyn tp.
8
<x2 + y 2 3x + 4y = 1
a) : 2
(Hng dn: nhn phng trnh th nht vi 3, ri tr cho phng
3x 2y 2 9x 8y = 3
trnh th hai) Nghim l

!
3 13
(x; y) =
;0 =
2
8

< x2 + y 2 + 2xy = 8 2
b) :

x+ y =4

!
13
; 4 =
2

3+

13

!
;0 =

3+

!
13
; 4 .
2

(Hng dn: nhn cn hai vo phng trnh th nht, ri tr cho

phng trnh th hai c x = y). Nghim ca h l (x, y) = (4, 4).

1 PHNG PHP CNG I S

8
<x + y + xy(2x + y) = 5xy
c) :
x + y + xy(3x y) = 4xy

(Hng dn: nhn xt x = y = 0 l nghim, xt xy 6= 0. Chia

mi phng trnh cho xy ri tr hai phng trnh ta c x = 2y 1). Nghim ca h l

!
!
1 51 9 51
1 + 51 9 + 51
(x, y) = (1, 1),
,
.
,
,
10
20
10
20

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

Phng php nh gi bt ng thc

Trong phn ny chng ta vn dng nhng bt ng thc c in, iu kin c nghim ca phng
trnh bc hai so snh hai v ca mt phng trnh ca h, t tm c iu kin cn h
c nghim.
8
2xy
>
>
= x2 + y
<x +
3
2 2x + 9
x
Bi tp 2.1. Gii h phng trnh >
.
2xy
2
>
=
y
+
x
:y +
3
y 2 2y + 9
Gii
Cng hai v ca phng trnh li ta c

3
Ta c

x2

2xy
2xy
= x2 + y 2 .
+
3
2
y 2y + 9
2x + 9

nn

x2 2x + 9 =

(5)

3
(x 1)2 + 8 2,

2|xy|
2|xy|
2xy

= |xy|.
3
2
x2 2x + 9
x2 2x + 9

Tng t

y2

2xy
e|xy|,
2y + 9

m theo bt ng thc Cauchy th x2 + y 2 2|xy| nn v tri ca (5) v phi ca (5). Vy du

bng xy ra khi x = y = 1 hoc x = y = 0. Th li thy hai gi tr ny l nghim ca h.
8
<y = x3 + 3x + 4
Bi tp 2.2. Gii h phng trnh :
.
x = 2y 3 6y 2
Gii
Ta vit li h phng trnh di dng
8
<y 2 = (x3 3x 2)
:x 2 = 2(y 3 3y 2)

8
<y 2 = (x + 1)2 (x 2)
:
x 2 = 2(y + 1)2 (y 2)

Nu x > 2 th t phng trnh u tin suy ra y < 2, mu thun vi phng trnh th hai. Tng
t cho x < 2. Vy x = 2, suy ra y = 2. Th li thy gi tr ny l nghim.
8
<x4 + y 2 = 698
.
Bi tp 2.3. Gii h phng trnh :
81
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
Gii

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

Gii s h phng trnh cho c nghim (x, y). Ta vit li phng trnh th 2 theo x
x2 + (y 3)x + (y 2)2 = 0.
phng trnh ny c nghim x th
7
= (y 3)2 4(y 2)2 0 1 y .
3
Tng t ta vit li phng trnh th 2 theo y
y 2 + (x 4)y + x2 3x + 4 = 0.
phng trnh ny c nghim vi y th
4
= (x 4)2 4(x2 3x + 4) 0 0 x .
3
T hai kt qu ny p dng vo phng trnh th nht ca h ta c
x4 + y 2

256 49
687
698
+
=
<
.
81
9
81
81

iu ny chng t h phng trnh cho v nghim.

8
x
1
>
>
= +1
>
>
xy
z
>
<1
y
Bi tp 2.4. Gii h phng trnh > = + 1 .
yz
x
>
>
z
1
>
>
= +1
:
zx
y
Gii
iu kin xyz 6= 0. Nhn thy nu mt trong ba s x, y, z c mt s m, chng hn x < 0 th
phng trnh th 3 v nghim. Nu hai trong s ba s x, y, z l s m, chng hn x < 0, y < 0 th
phng trnh th 2 v nghim. Vy ba s x, y, z cng du.
1. Xt trng hp x, y, z > 0 th ta vit li h nh sau
8
2
>
>
<z = x y + xy
x = y 2 z + yz
>
>
:y = z 2 x + zx

Cng ba phng trnh ta c

x + y + z = (x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x) + (xy + yz + zx) 6xyz.
Mt khc, ta bin i h v dng
8
z
>
>
=x+z
>
>
< xy
x
=z+x
>
yz
>
>
y
>
:
=z+y
zx

z
x
y
+
+
= 2(x + y + z),
xy yz zx

(6)

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

Th ta c
2(x + y + z) =

x2 + y 2 + z 2
(x + y + z)2

6xyz x + y + z.
xyz
3xyz

(7)

T (6) v (7) ta c x = y = z, t ta c nghim ca h trong trng hp ny l

!
2 2 2
.
(x, y, z) =
,
,
2 2 2
2. Trng hp x, y, z < 0 th bng cch chuyn v trng hp s dng ta tm thm c mt
nghim na l

!
2
2
2
.
(x, y, z) =
,
,
2
2
2
Cch 2. Xt trng hp x, y, z > 0.
Nu x y, chia hai v ca phng trnh th hai v th ba ca h ta c
x+y
x2
.
=
2
y
y+z
T y suy ra x z. Li chia phng trnh th nht cho phng trnh th hai ta c
x+z
z2
=
,
2
x
y+x
suy ra y z. T th x y z. Li chia phng trnh th nht cho phng trnh th ba ta
c
x+z
z2
,
=
2
x
y+z
suy ra x y. Vy ta phi c x = y = z. T li tm c nghim ca h nh cch 1.
8 y
>
30 2 + 4y = 2007
>
>
< xz
Bi tp 2.5. Gii h phng trnh >30 2 + 4z = 2007 .
y
>
>
:30 x + 4x = 2007
z2
Gii
T c im ca h suy ra x, y, z > 0. Gi s x = max{x, y, z} th ly phng trnh th ba tr
cho phng trnh th nht, ta c
8
x
<x3 = yz 2
y
x = y = z.
30 2 2 + 4(x y) = 0 30(x3 yz 2 ) + 4x2 z 2 (x y) = 0 :
z
x
x=y
T ta c nghim ca h l

1002 2 250971
x=y=z=
.
4

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

8
<3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 1
Bi tp 2.6. Gii h phng trnh : 2 2
x y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 = xyz(x + y + z)3

Gii
Ta c
1 = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (x + y + z)2 .
Ngoi ra, t phng trnh th hai ca h ta suy ra c xyz(x + y + z) 0. Do ta c
xyz(x + y + z) xyz(x + y + z)3 .
Kt hp vi phng trnh th hai, ta c
xyz(x + y + z) x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 .
Nhng ta li c
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 xyz(x + y + z).
T phi c x = y = z. Do h c nghim
 


1 1 1
1 1 1
, ,
, , , .
(x, y, z) =
3 3 3
3 3 3
8
<x2 + y 2 = 1

Bi tp 2.7. Gii h phng trnh :

.
125y 5 125y 3 + 6 15 = 0
Gii
Ta bin i phng trnh th 2 v dng
8

>
<y > 0
6 15
3
2
y (1 y ) =
> 6 4 4.32
125
:y x = 5
5

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy th

3 2 3 2
4.32
9
5
3 = 3(x + y ) = y + y + y + x + x 5 y 6 x4 y 6 x4 5 .
2
2
4
5
2

3
T ta y 2 = x2 . Do ta tm c nghim ca h l:
2

!
10 10
10
10
(x; y) =
;
,
;
.
5
5
5
5

Cch 2. T 125y 3 x2 = 6 15, suy ra y > 0. t t = y 515 th t > 0. Phng trnh th 2 c vit
li
3t5 5t3 + 2 = 0 (t 1)2 (3t3 + 6t2 + 4t + 2 = 0) t = 1.
T ta cng tm c nghim ca h.

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

8
<x5 + y 5 + z5 = 3
Bi tp 2.8. Gii h phng trnh : 6
x + y6 + z6 = 3

Gii
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwart ta c
(x5 + y 5 + z 5 )2 (x4 + y 4 + z 4 )(x6 + y 6 + z 6 ) x4 + y 4 + z 4 3.

(8)

Li p dng bt ng thc trn ta c

(x4 + y 4 + z 4 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x6 + y 6 + z 6 ) = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 3(x4 + y 4 + z 4 ),

hay
x4 + y 4 + z 4 3.

(9)

Kt hp (8) v (9) ta c x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 3 v nghim l

(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).
8
3
>
>
<x + y = 3x + 4
Bi tp 2.9. Gii h phng trnh >2y 3 + z = 6y + 6
>
:3x3 + x = 9z + 8

Gii
Ta bin i h phng trnh v dng
8
2
>
>
<(x 2)(x + 1) = 2 y
2(y 2)(z + 1)2 = 2 z
>
>
:3(z 2)(z + 1)2 = 2 x

Nu x > 2 th t phng trnh th nht suy ra y < 2, li theo phng trnh th 2 suy ra z > 2,
li theo phng trnh th ba th x < 2(v l).
Tng t cho trng hp x < 2. Vy x = 2, suy ra y = z = 2. Vy nghim ca h l
(x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2).
8
<(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 + 1) = y 7 + 1
Bi tp 2.10. Gii h phng trnh :
(y + 1)(y 2 + 1)(y 4 + 1) = x7 + 1

Gii
Ta vit li cc phng trnh trn di dng
6
5
4
x7 + x
+ x3 + x2 + x} = y 7 y 7 = x7 + g(x) v x7 = y 7 + g(y).
| + x + x {z
g(x)

Ta xt cc trng hp sau

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

1. Nu x > 0 th g(x) > 0, do y 7 = x7 + g(x) > x7 . Vy y > x. Li t y > x > 0 th
x7 = y 7 + g(y) > y 7 > x7 , h v nghim.
2. Nu x = 0 th y = 0. Vy (0, 0) l mt nghim ca h.
3. Nu x < 1 th g(x) = x(x + 1)(x4 + x2 + 1) < 0 nn y 7 = x7 + g(x) < x7 . Do y < x < 1.
Li t y < 1 th g(y) < 0, nn x7 = y 7 + g(y) < y 7 hay x < y. Vy h phng trnh v
nghim trong trng hp ny.
4. Nu x = 1 th ta tm c y = 1.
5. Nu 1 < x < 0 th g(x) < 0 v ta cng dn n v l nh cc trng hp trn.
Tm li, h phng trnh c hai nghim
(x, y) = (0, 0), (1, 1).

a)

b)

c)

d)

Di y l mt s bi tp luyn tp. Gii cc h phng trnh

8
2x2
>
>
=y
>
>
x2 + 1
>
<
3y 3
(Hng dn: p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc biu thc di
=z
4 + y2 + 1
>
y
>
>
>
4z 4
>
:
=x
z6 + z4 + z2 + 1
mu, suy ra x = y = z). Nghim ca h (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1).
8

1
1
1
>
< + + = 3 3
1 1 1
9
x
y
z
(Hng
dn:
s
dng
bt
ng
thc
+
+

). Nghim
>
a b c
a+b+c
:x + y + z = 1


1 1 1
, , .
ca h l (x, y, z) =
3 3 3
8
< x + y + z = 3
(Hng dn: Thc cht l i chng minh bt ng
3
:(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) = (1 +
xyz)3

thc (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) 1 + 3 xyz ). Nghim ca h l (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).

8
<x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0
2
:2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0 (Hng dn: rt y t phng trnh th nht, nh gi thu c

1 y 1. Ri bin i phng trnh th hai v 7(x 1)2 + 1 + y 3 = 0). Nghim ca h

phng trnh l (x, y) = (1, 1).
8
<xy 3 = 9
e) :
(Hng dn: nhn xt x, y u dng, vn dng bt ng thc Cauchy di
x + 3y = 6
dng x + 3y = x + y + y + y). H phng trnh v nghim.

2 PHNG PHP NH GI BT NG THC

8

>
< x + y + z = 2000
f) > 1
(Hng dn, dng
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
:
3x + 2y 3y + 2z 2z + 3x
x + 2y + 2z 2x + y + 2z 2x + 2y + z
4
1 1
, chng minh v tri phng trnh th hai ln hn v phi ca
bt ng thc +
a b
a+b


2006 2006 2006
phng trnh th 2). Nghim ca h l (x, y, z) =
.
,
,
9
9
9

3 PHNG PHP T N PH

Phng php t n ph

im quan trng nht trong h dng ny l pht hin n ph a = f (x, y), b = g(x, y) c ngay
trong tng phng trnh hoc xut hin sau mt php bin i hng ng thc c bn hoc php
chia cho mt biu thc khc 0 vi mc
8 ch a h cho v dng quen thuc, gii c.
<x2 + 1 + y(x + y) = 4y
.
Bi tp 3.1. Gii h phng trnh : 2
(x + 1)(y + x 2) = y
Gii
D thy y = 0 khng tha mn h phng trnh, ta vit li h di dng
8 2
x +1
>
>
+y+x=4
<
y2

.
>
x +1
>
:
(y + x 2) = 1
y
8
2
<a + b = 2
x +1
t a =
. Gii h ny ta c a = b = 1. T ta
, b = x + y 2 ta c h :
y
ab = 1
tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (1, 2), (2, 5).
8
3
>
2
2
>
=7
<4xy + 4(x + y ) +
(x + y)2
Bi tp 3.2. Gii h phng trnh >
1
>
=3
:2x +
x+y
Gii
iu kin x + y 6= 0. Ta vit li h phng trnh di dng
8
3
>
2
2
>
=7
<3(x + y) + (x y) +
(x + y)2
1
>
>
+xy =3
:x + y +
x+y
t a = x + y +

1
x+y

(|a| 2), b = x y ta c h
8
<3a2 + b2 = 12
:a + b = 3

Gii h ny ta c a = 2, b = 1. T tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (1, 0).
8
<x2 2xy + x + y = 0
Bi tp 3.3. Gii h phng trnh : 4
x 4x2 y + 3x2 + y 2 = 0

3 PHNG PHP T N PH

Gii
Ta bin i h phng trnh v dng
8
<(x2 + y) + x(1 2y) = 0
:(x2 + y)2 + 3x2 (1 2y) = 0
t a = x2 + y, b = x(1 2y) th ta c h
8
<a + b = 0
:a2 + 3bx = 0

T phng trnh th nht ta c a = b. Thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c

a2 3ax = 0 a = 0 hoc a = 3x.
1. Trng hp a = 0 th x2 + y = 0 hay y = x2 . Thay vo phng trnh u tin ca h ta c
x(2x2 + 1) = 0 x = 0(suy ra y = 0).
2. Trng hp a = 3x ta c x2 + y = 3x hay y = 3x x2 . Thay vo phng trnh ban u ca
h ta c
x3 3x2 + 2x = 0 x = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
T ta tm c cc nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 2).
Cch 2. Rt y t phng trnh th nht ca h ta c
x2 + x
.
y=
2x 1
Thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c
4x6 12x5 + 10x4 6x3 + 4x2 = 0.
Phn tch phng trnh ny ta c

2x2 (x 1) (x 2) 2x2 + 1 = 0 x = 0,

x = 1,

x = 2.

T ta cng tm c nghim ca h.
Cch 3. Nhn thy h c nghim (x, y) = (0, 0). Vi x 6= 0, chia phng trnh th nht ca h
cho x, chia phng trnh th hai ca h cho x2 ta c
8 2
2
8
x
+
y
y
>
>
>
= (2y 1)2
<x + = 2y 1
<
x
x2
> 2
.
2
>
x +y
:x2 + y = 4y 3
>
:
= 6y 3
x2
x
T y ta c (2y 1)2 = 6y 3, v tip tc ta tm c nghim ca h.

3 PHNG PHP T N PH
8
1 1
>
>
<x + y = 9
!
!

Bi tp 3.4. Gii h phng trnh > 1

1
1
1
>
+
1+
1+
= 18
:
3
3
3 y
3 y
x
x

Gii
1
1
t a =
,b =
, h phng trnh tr thnh
3
3
x
y
8
8
<a3 + b3 = 9
<(a + b)3 3ab(a + b) = 9
:(a + b)(1 + a)(1 + b) = 18 :(a + b)(1 + a + b + ab) = 18

Gii h ny ta tm c (a, b) = (1, 2), (2, 1). T ta tm c nghim ca h l


 

1
1
.
, 1 , 1,
(x, y) =
8
8
8
1 1
>
>
<x + y + + = 5
x y
.
Bi tp 3.5. Gii h phng trnh >
1
1
2
2
>
:x + y + 2 + 2 = 9
x
y
Gii
iu kin xy 6= 0. t u = x +

1
x

(|u| 2), v = y +

1
y

8
<u + v = 5
:u2 + v 2 = 13

(|v| 2), th ta c

Gii h ny ta tm c (u, v) = (2, 3), (3, 2). T ta c nghim ca h l

!
!

!
!
3 5
3+ 5
3 5
3+ 5
;1 ,
;1 .
(x; y) = 1;
, 1;
,
2
2
2
2
8
<16x3 y 3 9y 3 = (2xy y)(4xy 2 + 3)
Bi tp 3.6. Gii h phng trnh : 2 2
.
4x y 2xy 3 + y 2 = 3
Gii
t a = 2xy, b = y th ta c h phng trnh
8
<2a3 9b3 = (a b)(2ab + 3)
:a2 ab + b2 = 3
Th phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht ta c a = 2b. T ta c nghim ca h
(x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1).

3 PHNG PHP T N PH
8
< 7x + y + 2x + y = 5
Bi tp 3.7. Gii h phng trnh :
2x + y + x y = 2

Gii

iu kin min{7x, 2x} y. t a = 7x + y, b = 2x + y th h phng trnh c vit li

di dng
8
<a + b = 5
(1)
:b + x y = 2 (2) .
Nhn thy a2 b2 = 5x, kt hp vi (1) suy ra b =

5x
, th vo (2) ta c
2

5x
+ x y = 2 x = 2y 1.
2
Li th ngc gi tr ny vo (2) ta c

11 77
5y 2 + y 1 = 2 y =
.
2
T , nghim ca h l
(x, y) =
8

>
4
>
< x

Bi tp 3.8. Gii h phng trnh >

>
:4y

11 77
.
10 77,
2

!
1 2 x+ y
=2
+
4
x + y !
.
1 2 x+ y
=1

4
x+y

Gii
Nu
0 hoc y = 0 hoc x = y = 0 th h v nghim. Do iu kin ca h l x, y > 0. t
x =
x = u, y = v(u, v > 0), h cho tr thnh
8

8 
2
1
1
>
1
2u
+
v
>
>
+ 2
=2
< u
< + =
2
v
2
4 u +v 
> 2u
1
2u
+
v
1
4u + 2v .
>
: v
>

2
=
1

=
:
4 u + v2
u
v
u2 + v 2
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh ta c
2v(u2 + 2v 2 ) u(u2 + 2v 2 ) = 0 (2v u)(u2 + 2v 2 ) = 0 u = 2v.
T ta tm c nghim ca h l

(x, y) = 64 17 + 12 2 , 16 17 + 12 2 .

3 PHNG PHP T N PH
8
2
>
>
<x(y + z) = x + 2
Bi tp 3.9. Gii h phng trnh >y(z + x) = y 2 + 3
>
:z(x + y) = z 2 + 4

Gii
t
a+c
b+c
a+b
,y =
,x =
.
2
2
2

a = x + y + z; b = x y + z; c = x + y z z =
Thay vo ta c h phng trnh

8
>
>
<a(b + c) = 4
b(c + a) = 6
>
>
:c(a + b) = 8

Cng ba phng trnh li ta c ab + bc + ca = 9. T ta nhn c

8
8
8

15
15
>
>
>
a
=
ab
=
1
a
=

>
>
>
<
<
<
5
5
hoc >b = 315
.
ac = 3 >b = 315
>

>
>
>
:c = 15
:bc = 5
:c = 15
Vy h phng trnh c nghim

!
2 15 3 15 4 15
2 15 3 15 4 15
(x, y, z) =
=
.
,
,
,
,
3
5
15
3
5
15
8
<x3 + 8y 3 4xy 2 = 1
.
Bi tp 3.10. Gii h phng trnh : 4
2x + 8y 4 2x y = 0
Gii
Xt y = 0 ta c x = 1. Xt y 6= 0, t x = ty ta c
8
<y 3 (t3 4t + 8) = 1
:y 3 (2t4 + 8) = 2t + 1

Chia hai v ca phng trnh ta c

t3 8t2 + 12t = 0 t = 0 hoc t = 6 hoc t = 2.
Thay vo ta tm c nghim ca h l

 

1
1
3
1
(x, y) = (1, 0), 0,
, 1,
,
,
.
3
2
2
25 2 3 25


Di y l mt s bi tp luyn tp. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

3 PHNG PHP T N PH
8
< x + y = 9
1. :

3
x+ 3y =5

(Hng dn: t u =

6
x, v = 6 y, ta c mt h i xng ca u, v).

Nghim ca h l (x, y) = (64, 1), (1, 64).

8
< 2x + y x + 4y = 1

2. :
(Hng dn: t y = 2x + y, v = x + 4y). Nghim ca h
2x + y + x = 3
l (x, y) = (1, 2).

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

H phng trnh vi nhng phng trnh c bit

Trong mt s loi h phng trnh, th cha kha gii nm trong c im ca mi phng

trnh trong h. Cng c khi cn phi khai thc mt cch c lp tng phng trnh mt. Di
y l mt s loi h nh vy.
8
<2xy + 3x + 4y = 6
.
Bi tp 4.1. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x + 4y 2 + 4x + 12y = 3
Gii
Phng trnh th nht ca h vit c di dng
(x + 2)(2y + 3) = 0.
T suy ra c x = 2 hoc 2y + 3 = 0. Thay vo ta tm c nghim ca h l

 
 
 

1
3
7
3
(x, y) = 2,
, 2, , 2, , 6; .
2
2
2
2
8

< x+y+ x+3= y3

.
Bi tp 4.2. Gii h phng trnh :
x

x+y+ x=x+3
Gii
iu kin x > 0, y 3. Ta bin i phng trnh th nht ca h

x + y (x + 3)
x
x + y (x + 3)
x + y (x + 3)

=
x
x+y x+3
!
1
1

(y 3)

=0
x+y x+3 x
x+y+

x+3=

Xt hai trng hp
a) Trng hp 1: y = 3 thay vo phng trnh hai ca h ta c

x + 3 + x = x + 3.
Bnh phng hai v, ta nhn thy phng trnh ny v nghim.
b) Trng hp 2:

1
1

= 0 hay x + y x + 3 = x. T y ta c h
x+y x+3 x
8
< x + y x + 3 = x
:x + y + x = x + 3 .

Tr hai v ca h, ri gii, ta tm ra c nghim ca h l

(x, y) = (1, 8).

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

8
<x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy zx xy = 3
Bi tp 4.3. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x + y 2 + yz zx 2xy = 1

Gii
Mt phng trnh trong h c vit li nh sau
8
<(x + y)2 z(x + y) + z 2 3 = 0
:(x y)2 z(x y) + 1 = 0

Xem phng trnh th nht nh l phng trnh bc hai ca x + y, th c nghim, phi c

= z 2 4 0 z 2 4.
Tng t cho phng trnh th hai ta c z 2 4. Vy phi c z 2 = 4. T y ta tm c nghim
ca h l
(x, y, z) = (1, 0, 2), (1, 0, 2).
8
>
<x 1 = y 1
x
y .
Bi tp 4.4. Gii h phng trnh >
:2y = x3 + 1
Gii
iu kin xy 6= 0. T phng trnh th nht ca h ta c
x2 y y = xy 2 x (x y)(xy + 1) = 0.
1. Trng hp 1: x = y, thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c
x3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0 x = 1.
1
2. Trng hp 2: xy + 1 = 0 y = , thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c
x
x4 + x + 2 = 0.
Phng trnh ny v nghim v


1
x 2x + 1 + x + x + 1 + x = (x 1) + x +
2
4

Vy h c mt nghim l
(x, y) = (1, 1).
8
<x4 x3 y + x2 y 2 = 1
Bi tp 4.5. Gii h phng trnh : 3
.
x y x2 + xy = 1
Gii

2

+ x2 +

3
> 0.
4

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

Phng trnh th hai c phn tch thnh

(x2 + 1)(xy 1) = 0 xy = 1.
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c
x4 x2 = 0.
T y tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1).
8
>
<x 1 = y 1
x
y
Bi tp 4.6. Gii h phng trnh >
:(x 4y)(2x y + 4) = 36

Gii
iu kin xy 6= 0. Phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li di dng
xy =

y 2 + xy + x2
(y x)(y 2 + xy + x2 )

x
=
y
hoc
= 1.
x3 y 3
x3 y 3

1. Trng hp x = y, th vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c

x2 + 4x 16 = 0.
T tm c nghim trong trng hp ny l
(x, y) = (6, 6), (2, 2).
y 2 + xy + x2
= 1 th do y 2 + xy + x2 > 0 vi mi xy 6= 0 nn nu (x, y) l
x3 y 3
nghim ca h th xy < 0. Mt khc phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi

2. Trng hp

2x2 + 4y 2 9xy + 4x 16y = 36 2(x + 1)2 + 4(y 2)2 9xy = 18.

Do xy < 0 nn phng trnh ny v nghim. Vy nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (6, 6), (2, 2).
8



< x + 1 + x2 y + 1 + y 2 = 1
Bi tp 4.7. Gii h phng trnh :
x 3x 2xy + 1 = 4xy + 3x + 1

Gii

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

Ta c

1 + y 2 > y 2 = |y| y 1 + y 2 y > 0.

Tng t

1 + x2 x > 0.

Khi phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li

x + 1 + x2 = 1 + y 2 y

x + y + 1 + x2 1 + y 2 = 0
x2 y 2
x+y+
=0

1 + x2 + 1 + y 2



(x + y) 1 + x2 + 1 + y 2 + x y = 0
x + y = 0.
Thay y = x vo phng trnh th hai ta c

x 3x +

2x2



3
3
1
1
2
+ 2 = x 4 + + 2 .
+ 1 = 4x + 3x + 1 x|x|
+
x x2
x x
2

1. Xt x > 0, th ta c

1
1
3
3
+ 2 + 2 = 4 + + 2 .
x x
x x

3 + 37
.
Gii phng trnh ny ta c x =
14

3 37
2. Xt x < 0m tng t ta tm c x =
.
14
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l
!
!

3 37 3 + 37
3 + 37 3 + 37
,
,
,
.
(x, y) =
14
14
14
14
8
<(2x2 1)(2y 2 1) = 7 xy
Bi tp 4.8. Gii h phng trnh :
2
x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0

Gii
Phng trnh th hai ca h c vit li di dng
x2 + (y 7)x + y 2 6y + 14 = 0.
phng trnh ny c nghim th
7
= (y 7)2 4y 2 + 24y 56 0 1 y .
3

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

Ngoi ra, phng trnh th hai ca h cn c vit di dng

y 2 + (x 6)y + x2 7x + 14 = 0.
phng trnh ny c nghim th
= (x 6)2 4x2 + 28x 50 0 2 x
Phng trnh th nht c vit li


1
2x
x

10
.
3


1
7
2y
= .
y
2

1
vi t 1. D dng chng minh c hm ny l hm tng. Do , vi
Xt hm s z = 2t
t
1
7
1
x 2 th 2x , v y 1 th 2y 1. T suy ra
x
2
y



1
7
1
2x
.
2y
x
y
2
Vy h phng trnh c nghim
(x, y) = (2, 1).
8
1
2
1
>
+
=
<
2
2
1 + 2xy
1 + 2y
Bi tp 4.9. Gii h phng trnh > 1 + 2x

: x(1 2x) + y(1 2y) = 2

9

Gii
Phng trnh ny gii c quyt nh nh phng trnh th nht ca h. Thc t l ta cn chng
minh
2
1
1

+
.
2
1 + 2xy
1 + 2y
1 + 2x2
Ta c bt ng thc sau
1
1
2
vi 0 a, b 1.
+ 2
2
a
b
1 + ab
1
Do phng trnh th hai ta suy ra 0 x, y . T suy ra
2
1
1
2
.
+

1 + 2x2 1 + 2y 2
1 + 2xy

(10)

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy th



1
1
.

2
1 + 2y 2
1 + 2x

1
1+2x2

+
2

1
1+2y 2

2

2
1+2xy

2

2
.
1 + 2xy

(11)

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

Cng (10) v (11) ta c

1
1

+
2
1 + 2y 2
1 + 2x

4
1
1
2

.
2
2
1 + 2xy
1 + 2xy
1 + 2y
1 + 2x

Do du bng xy ra khi x = y. T thay vo ta tm c nghim ca h l

!
!
9 + 73 9 + 73
9 73 9 73
,
.
,
,
(x, y) =
36
36
36
36
8
>
x+y+z =6
>
>
<
Bi tp 4.10. Gii h phng trnh >xy + yz + zx = 12 .
2 2 2
>
>
: + + =3
x y z
Gii
iu kin xyz 6= 0. Kt hp phng trnh th hai v phng trnh th ba ca h ta c
xyz = 8.
Vy b s (x, y, z) tha mn x + y + z = 6, xy + yz + zx = 12, xyz = 8 nn n l nghim ca
phng trnh bc ba
t3 6t2 + 12t 8 = 0 (t 2)3 = 0 t = 2.
Vy h phng trnh c mt nghim l
(x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2).
Di y l mt s bi tp dng ny. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
8
<x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
(Hng dn: nhn xt |z| 1 t phng trnh th
1. : 2
x + y 2 2xy + 2yz 2xz + 1 = 0
nht, t phng trnh th hai suy ra |z| 1, suy ra |z| = 1). H phng trnh v nghim.
8
1 1 1
>
>
< + + =2
1 1
2. > x2 y 1 z
(Hng dn: T c im ca h suy ra , l nghim ca phng trnh
x y
>
: 2 =4
xy z


1
1
1
1
4 + 2 = 0, ri suy ra z = ). H phng trnh c nghim
bc hai t2 (2 )t +
z  2
z
2

1 1 1
(x, y, z) =
, , .
2 2 2
8
<xy + x + y = x2 2y 2

3. :
(Hng dn: phn tch phng trnh th nht di dng
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
(x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0, suy ra x = 2y + 1). Nghim ca h l (x, y) = (5, 2).

4 H PHNG TRNH VI NHNG PHNG TRNH C BIT

8
<y 2 = (5x + 4)(4 x)
4. : 2
y 5x2 4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0

(Hng dn: phng trnh th hai c phn tch




4
thnh (y 5x 4)(y 4 + x) = 0). H c nghim (x, y) = (0, 4), (4, 0), , 0
5
8
3
>
<x2 + y 2 + z 3 =
1
2
5. >
(Hng dn: x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh 4t3 3t = ,
3
1
2
:xy + yz + zx = xyz =
4
8
ta tm nghim
 thuc on [-1,1],v th t = cos , chng t c ba nghim). H c nghim

5
7
(x, y, z) = cos , cos , cos
v cc hon v ca n.
9
9
9
8
>
<x2 + y 2 + 8xy = 16
x+y
6. >
(Hng dn: phn tch phng trnh th nht v dng: (x + y
: x + y = x2 y

4)(x2 + y 2 + 4(x + y)) = 0). H c nghim (x, y) = (3, 7), (2, 2)

5 PHNG PHP TH

Phng php th

Phng php ny dnh cho cc h phng trnh m c mt phng trnh cho php ta c th biu
din c bin ny thng qua bin kia, hoc mt biu thc thng qua cc biu thc khc. Ri th
vo phng trnh cn li tm nghim.
8
<x2 + 3x2 y + y 2 = 5
Bi tp 5.1. Gii h phng trnh : 2
.
2x + y = 3
Gii
Th y = 3 2x2 t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht ta c
x2 + 3x2 (3 2x2 ) + (3 2x2 )2 = 5 x4 x2 2 = 0 x2 = 2.
T y ta tm c nghim ca h l

2; 1 = 2; 1 .
(x; y) =
8
<x2 (y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 3x2 4x + 1
Bi tp 5.2. Gii h phng trnh :
xy + x + 1 = x2

Gii
D thy x = 0 khng tha mn phng trnh th 2. Do x 6= 0, t phng trnh th hai ta c
x2 1
y+1=
. Thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c
x

2
x2 1
2x 1
x+
= 3x2 4x 1
x
x
x
(x2 1)(2x2 1) = (x 1)(3x 1)
(x 1)(2x3 + 2x2 4x) = 0
Gii ra ta c x = 1, x = 0(loi), x = 2. T tm c nghim ca h l


5
(x, y) = (1, 1), 2, .
2
8
>
>
<xy + x 3y = 4
.
Bi tp 5.3. Gii h phng trnh >yz + z 5y = 9
>
:zx 5x 3z = 6
Gii
Nhn xt y 6= 1. T phng trnh th nht ca h ta c
x=

4 + 3y
.
y+1

5 PHNG PHP TH

T phng trnh th hai ca h ta c

z=

9 + 5y
.
y+1

Thay hai kt qu ny vo phng trnh th ba ta c

(4 + 3y)(9 + 5y) 5(4 + 3y) 3(9 + 5y)

= 6.
(y + 1)2
y+1
y+1
1
5
Gii phng trnh ny ta c y = , y = . T y ta tm c nghim ca h l
3
3

 

9 1
3 5
(x, y, z) =
, , 11 , , , 1 .
2 3
2 3
Cch 2. Ta c th phn tch h v dng
8
<(xy x2 )2 + x3 y = 1
:(xy x2 ) + x3 y = 1

n y t u = x2 + xy, v = x3 y ri gii tip ta cng tm ra nghim.

8
<x4 + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
.
Bi tp 5.4. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x + 2xy = 6x + 6
Gii
Rt xy =

6x + 6 x2
t phng trnh th hai, th vo phng trnh th nht ta c
2

2
2
6x + 6 x2
4
2 6x + 6 x
x + 2x .
+
= 2x + 9
2
2
x(x + 4)3 = 0.

Gii phng trnh trn ta tm ra nghim x = 0 hoc x = 4. T y ta c nghim ca h l



17
.
(x, y) = 4,
4
8
< 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 2xy = 16
Bi tp 5.5. Gii h phng trnh :
.

x+ y =4
Gii
Bi ton ny chng ta gii thiu mt li gii trong phn phng php cng i s. Di y
ta trnh by thm mt li gii da vo php th. Trc tin bnh phng c hai phng trnh ta
c
8
8

<x2 + y 2 + 2xy + 2 (x2 + y 2 ).2xy = 128

<(x + y)2 + 2 [(x + y)2 2xy] .2xy = 128
:
.

:x + y + 2xy = 16
x + y = 16 2 xy

5 PHNG PHP TH

Th x + y t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht ta c

(16 2 xy)2 + 2 [(16 2 xy)2 2xy] .2xy = 128

128 32 xy + 2xy + [256 64 xy + 2xy] .2xy = 64

64 16t + t2 + (128 32t + t2 ).t2 = 32(t = xy 0)

t4 32t3 + 128t2 = (t2 16t + 32)

8
<t2 16t + 32 0
:2
t 32t3 + 128t2 = (t2 16t + 32)2
82
t 16t + 32 0
>
>
<2
>6 t = 4
>
:4 t = 4
3
t = 4.
T ta tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (4, 4).
8
<x3 8x = y 3 + 2y
Bi tp 5.6. Gii h phng trnh : 2
x 3 = 3(y 2 + 1)

Gii
H cho c vit li di dng
8
<x3 y 3 = 2(4x + y)
:x2 3y 2 = 6

8
<3(x3 y 3 ) = 6(4x + y)
: 2
x 3y 2 = 6

Th 6 = x2 3y 2 t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht ta c

3(x3 y 3 ) = (x2 3y 2 )(4x + y) x3 + x2 y 12xy 2 = 0 x(x 3y)(x + 4y) = 0.
T ta tm c cc nghim ca h l
!

!
6
6
6
6
,
, 4
,
.
(x, y) = (3, 1), (3, 1), 4
13 13
13
13
8
>
>
<x + y + z = 0
Bi tp 5.7. Gii h phng trnh >x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 50
.
>
:x7 + y 7 + z 7 = 350

Gii

5 PHNG PHP TH

Bnh phng phng trnh th nht, kt hp vi phng trnh th hai ta c

xy + yz + zx = 25.

(12)

T phng trnh th nht c z = (x + y) thay vo phng trnh th ba ta c

x7 + y 7 (x + y)7 = 350 xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 50.

(13)

Li thay z = (x + y) vo phng trnh (12) ta c

x2 + xy + y 2 = 25.

(14)

Kt hp hai phng trnh (13) v (14) ta c

xyz = 2.
Vy chng t x, y, z tha mn

8
>
>
<x + y + z = 0
xy + yz + zx = 5
>
>
:xyz = 2

Vy x, y, z l ba nghim ca phng trnh

t3 5t 2 = 0.
T ta tm c nghim ca h l

(x; y; z) = 2; 1 2; 1 + 2 v cc hon v ca n.
8
<x2 + xy + x = 1
Bi tp 5.8. Tm tt c cc cp s thc dng tha mn h phng trnh : 2
y + xy + x + y = 1

Gii
T phng trnh u tin suy ra 0 < x < 1, th y =
phng trnh th hai ta c


1
x
x



1 x x2
t phng trnh th nht vo
x


1
1 = 1 x3 2x2 x + 1 = 0.
x

3
2
0
2
t f (x) =
 x 2x x + 1 lin tc trn on [0, 1] v f (x) = 3(x x) x 1 < 0, x
1
f (1) < 0. Chng t trn khong (0, 1) phng trnh x3 2x2 x + 1 c mt nghim
(0, 1), f
2 


1
duy nht x0
, 1 . t x = 2 cos
0 < < 3 th phng trnh c vit li
2

8 cos3 4 cos2 4 cos + 1 = 0

2(4 cos3 3 cos ) 2(2 cos2 1) + 2 cos 1 = 0
2 cos 3 2 cos 2 + 2 cos 1 = 0
2 sin . cos 3 2 sin . cos 2 + 2 sin cos sin = 0
sin 4 = sin 3

= .
7

5 PHNG PHP TH

Vy h phng trnh c nghim

(x, y) =

!
2 cos 7 1
1
;
.
2 cos 7 4 cos2 7

6 PHNG PHP LNG GIC

Phng php lng gic

Mt s loi h phng trnh "ny sinh" t mt s h thc lng gic, cho nn i vi lp h ny

th thut ton ngc li l "lng gic ha" c xem l con ng duy nht cng ph. Di
y l mt s v d.
8
2
>
>
<2x + x y = y
Bi tp 6.1. Gii h phng trnh >2y + y 2 z = z .
>
:2z + z 2 x = x
Gii
Nhn xt (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) l nghim ca h. Xt xyz =
6 0, vit li h phng trnh di dng
8 2x
>
=y
>
2
>
1

x
>
< 2y
=z .
>
1 y2
>
>
>
: 2z = x
1 z2
t x = tan , thay vo ta c h

8
>
>
<y = tan 2
z = tan 4
>
>
:x = tan 9

T ta c c tan = tan 8. Gii ra ta c = k (k Z). Cho k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ta c

7
cc nghim ca h l
 


2
2
3
6

, tan ; tan ; tan

,
(x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0), tan ; tan ; tan
7
7
7
7
7
7
 


4
3
6
5

2
, tan ; tan ; tan
,
tan ; tan ; tan
7
7
7
7
7
7

 

5
3
6
6
5
3
tan ; tan ; tan
, tan ; tan ; tan
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
3
2
>
>
<x 3x = y(3x 1)
Bi tp 6.2. Gii h phng trnh >y 3 3y = z(3y 2 1) .
>
:z 3 3z = x(3z 2 1)
Gii

1

Nhn xt x = khng tha mn h. t x = tan vi ,

, 6= . Thay vo ta
2 2
6
3
c h
8
>
>
<y = tan 3
.
z = tan 9
>
>
:x = tan 27

6 PHNG PHP LNG GIC

T y suy ra tan = tan 27, gii c = k

. Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l

26

(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0),


3 9
, ,
v cc hon v ca n,
(x, y, z) =
26 26 26



3 9
v cc hon v ca n.
(x, y, z) = , ,
26 26
26
8 




>
<3 x + 1 = 4 y + 1 = 5 z + 1
x
y
z
Bi tp 6.3. Gii h phng trnh >
:xy + yz + zx = 1


Gii
T phng trnh th nht suy ra x, y, z cng du. Nhn xt l nu (x, y, z) l nghim th
(x, y, z) cng l nghim ca h, nn ta c th gi s x, y, z u dng. t
x = tan

B
C
A
, y = tan , z = tan ,
2
2
2

A, B, C (0, ).

Th t phng trnh th hai suy ra A + B + C = A, B, C l 3 gc ca mt tam gic. Gi R

l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Phng trnh th nht c vit li
6
8
10
=
=
a = 12R, b = 16R, c = 20R.
sin A
sin B
sin C
Vy tam gic ABC vung ti C nn z = 1, t tm c x = 31 , y = 12 . Vy nghim ca h l
 


1 1
1 1
, , 1 , , , 1 .
(x, y, z) =
3 2
3 2
8

< 2(x y) (1 + 4xy) = 3

Bi tp 6.4. Gii h phng trnh : 2
.
x + y2 = 1
Gii
Do x2 + y 2 = 1 nn x, y [1, 1]. t x = sin , y = cos vi [0, 2]. Khi phng trnh
u tin c bin i thnh

2 (sin cos ) (1 + 2 sin 2) = 3.

Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c 6 nghim thuc min [0, 2]. T nghim ca h l

 
 

13
13
37
37
61
61
(x, y) = sin
, cos
, sin
, cos
, sin
, cos
36
36
36
36
36
36

 
 

17
17
41
41
65
65
sin
, cos
, sin
, cos
, sin
, cos
.
36
36
36
36
36
36
8

<x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 = 1
Bi tp 6.5. Gii h phng trnh :
.
(1 x)(1 + y) = 2

6 PHNG PHP LNG GIC

Gii
iu kin |x| 1, |y| 1. t x = cos , y = cos vi , [0, ]. Khi h phng trnh tr
thnh
8
8
<cos sin + cos sin = 1
< + =
2

:(1 cos )(1 + cos ) = 2

:sin cos sin cos 1 = 0 .
Gii h ny ta c =

, = 0. Do h phng trnh c nghim duy nht

2
(x, y) = (0, 1).

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

H hon v vng quanh

8
>
>
<f (x) = g(y)
y l nhng h c dng >f (y) = g(z)
>
:f (z) = g(x)

. i vi nhng h ny ta lun tp trung vo chng minh

h ch c nghim khi cc bin bng nhau. Di y l mt s h phng trnh cng vi cch chng
minh .
8
3
2
>
>
<x + 3x + 2x 5 = y
Bi tp 7.1. Gii h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 = z .
>
:z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 = x
Gii
t x = max{x, y, z}. Xt hai trng hp sau
1. x y z, th t h trn ta c
8
<x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 x
:z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 z

8
<(x 1) ((x + 2)2 + 1) 0
:
(z 1) ((z + 2)2 + 1) 0

8
<x 1
:
1z

2. x z y, th t h trn ta c
8
<x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 x
:y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 y

8
<(x 1) ((x + 2)2 + 1) 0
:
(y 1) ((y + 2)2 + 1) 0

8
<x 1
:
1y

C hai trng hp u cho x = y = z = 1. Th li thy (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) l nghim ca h

phng trnh.
8
2
>
>
<x = y + 1
Bi tp 7.2. Gii h phng trnh >y 2 = z + 1 .
>
:z 2 = x + 1
Gii
Ta c x + 1 = z 2 0 x 1. Tng t cho y 1, z 1. Do vai tr hon v vng quanh
nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x = max{x, y, z}.
1. Nu x > 0 th t phng trnh th ba suy ra z 2 > 1, nhng do z 1 nn suy ra z > 1, t
z > 0. Tng t ta cng c y > 0. V x z > 0 nn t phng trnh th nht v phng
trnh th ba ta c
y x.
Do phi c x = y, t suy ra c x = y = z.
2. Xt x 0 th ta c y, z 0, ta c
0 x y x2 y 2 y + 1 z + 1 y z
0 z y z2 y2 x + 1 z + 1 x z

x = y = z.

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

Tm li ta lun c x = y = z. Vy h c nghim l

!
1+ 5 1+ 5 1+ 5
1 5 1 5 1 5
(x, y, z) =
,
.
,
,
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
3
2
>
>
<y 6x + 12x 8 = 0
Bi tp 7.3. Gii h phng trnh >z 3 6y 2 + 12y 8 = 0 .
>
:x3 6z 2 + 12z 8 = 0
Gii
Cng tng v ba phng trnh ta c
(x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 = 0.
1. Nu x > 2 th t phng trnh th nht,
y 3 = 6x(x 2) + 8 > 8 y > 2.
Li t phng trnh th hai ta c
z 3 = 6y(y 2) + 8 > 2 z > 2.
Vy
(x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 > 0(v l).
2. Nu x < 2 th t phng trnh th ba ta c
6z(z 2) = x3 8 < 0 0 < z < 2.
Vi 0 < z < 2, kt hp vi phng trnh th hai ta c
9y(y 2) = z 3 8 < 0 0 < y < 2.
Vy
(x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 < 0(v l).
Vy x = 2, thay vo phng trnh th nht c y = 2, thay vo phng trnh th hai c z = 2. Vy
nghim ca h l
(x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2).
8
2
2
>
>
<2x(y + 1) = y(y + 9)
Bi tp 7.4. Gii h phng trnh >2y(z 2 + 1) = z(z 2 + 9) .
>
:2z(x2 + 1) = x(x2 + 9)
Gii

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

H phng trnh c vit li di dng

8
>
>
>
x=
>
>
>
<
y=
>
>
>
>
>
>
:z =
t f (t) =

t(t2 + 9)
,
2(t2 + 1)

y(y 2 + 9)
2(y 2 + 1)
z(z 2 + 9)
2(z 2 + 1)
x(x2 + 9)
2(x2 + 1)

t R. Gi s x = max{x, y, z} th x y nn

f (y) f (z)
z(z 2 + 9)
y(y 2 + 9)

2(y 2 + 1)
2(z 2 + 1)
y(y 2 + 9)(z 2 + 1) z(z 2 + 9)(y 2 + 1) 0
(y 3 z 2 + y 3 + 9z 2 y + 9y) (z 3 y 2 + z 3 + 9y 2 z + 9z) 0

(y z) (yz 3)2 + (y z)2 0

yz
Lp lun tng t ta cng c c z x. Vy x y z x. Suy ra phi c x = y = z. T y
ta gii c nghim ca h l

(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), 7, 7, 7 , 7, 7, 7 .
8
2
2
>
>
<36x y 60x + 25y = 0
Bi tp 7.5. Gii h phng trnh >36y 2 z 60y 2 + 25z = 0 .
>
:36z 2 x 60z 2 + 25x = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng vi

8
60x2
>
>
y
=
>
>
36x2 + 25
>
<
60y 2
z
=
>
36y 2 + 25
>
>
>
60z 2
>
:x =
36z 2 + 25

Hin nhin h ny c nghim (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0). Di y ta xt x, y, z 6= 0. T c im ca h

suy ra x, y, z > 0. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
y=

60x2
60x2
60x2

=
= x.
36x2 + 25
60x
2 36x2 .25

Tng t ta thu c y x z y. Suy ra x = y = z. T suy ra h c mt nghim na l

5
x=y=z= .
6

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8
2
2
>
>
<tan x + 2 cot 2y = 1
Bi tp 7.6. Gii h phng trnh >tan2 y + 2 cot2 2z = 1
>
:tan2 z + 2 cot2 2x = 1

Gii
S dng cng thc

cot 2x =

1 tan2 x
2 tan x

t a = tan2 x, b = tan2 y, c = tan2 z th ta c h sau

8
1
>
>
2a + b + = 4
>
>
b
<
1
2b + c + = 4
>
c
>
>
1
>
:2c + a + = 4
a

(1 tan2 x)2
.
4 tan2 x

Do a, b, c l cc s dng, ta c
2a = 4 b

1
4 2 = 2 a 1.
b

Tng t cho cc bin cn li b 1, c 1.

Nu ba s a, b, c khc nhau i mt, gi s b = min{a, b, c} th ly phng trnh th nht tr
phng trnh th hai ta c


1
2(a b) + (c b)
1 = 0.
bc
Do b 6= c v b = min{a, b, c}, cng vi b, c 1 nn v tri ca phng trnh nhn gi tr dng.
Do khng th xy ra trng hp ny.
Gi s hai trong ba s bng nhau, khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a = b th:
2c = 4 a

1
1
= 4 b = 2a a = b = c.
a
b

Tm li, ba s a, b, c phi xy ra a = b = c, thay vo gii ta c



1 1 1
(a, b, c) = (1, 1, 1), , ,
.
3 3 3
Do ta tm c
x=

+ k x = + k(k R).
4
6

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l

(x, y, z) = + k, + l, + m ,
4
4
4

+ k, + l, + m , k, m, l l cc s nguyn.
6
6
6

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8
5
4
2
>
>
<x x + 2x y = 2
Bi tp 7.7. Gii h phng trnh >y 5 y 4 + 2y 2 z = 2
>
:z 5 z 4 + 2z 2 x = 2

Gii
D dng on c nghim ca h l x = y = z = 1.
Nu x > 1 th
2 = z 5 z 4 + 2z 2 x > z 5 z 4 + 2z 2 ,
hay
(z 1)(z 4 + 2z + 2) < 0.


3
1 2
2
V z + 2z + 2 = z
+ (z + 1)2 + > 0 nn z < 1. Lp lun tng t th vi z < 1 th
2
4
y > 1. Li tip tc ta c nu y > 1 th x < 1(v l).
Nu x < 1 th lp lun tng t ta cng dn n iu v l.
Vy x = 1 nn d dng tm ra nghim ca h l
4

(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).

8
3
2
>
>
<x + 3x + 2x 5 = y
Bi tp 7.8. Gii h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 = z
>
:z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 = x

Gii
Cng ba phng trnh ca h ta c
(x3 + 3x2 + x 5) + (y 3 + 3y 2 + y 5) + (z 3 + 3z 2 + z 5) = 0,
hay
(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 5) + (y 1)(y 2 + 4y + 5) + (z 1)(z 2 + 4z + 5) = 0.

(15)

1. Nu x > 1 th z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 > 1 hay (z 1)(z 2 + 4z + 6) > 0. Suy ra z > 1. Li t z > 1,

lp lun tng t ta c y > 1. Vy x, y, z > 1, iu ny mu thun vi 15.
2. Tng t nu x < 1 th y < 1, z < 1 cng mu thun vi (15).
Vy x = y = z = 1 chnh l nghim duy nht ca h.
8
2
3
>
>
<x (x + 1) = 2(y x) + 1
Bi tp 7.9. Gii h phng trnh >y 2 (y + 1) = 2(z 3 y) + 1
>
:z 2 (z + 1) = 2(x3 z) + 1
Gii

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

Ta chuyn h phng trnh trn v dng nh sau

8
3
3
2
>
>
<2y = 2x + x + 2x 1
2z 3 = 2y 3 + y 2 + 2y 1
>
>
:2x3 = 2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 1

y l h hon v vng quanh. Nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}.

Ta c
xy
2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 1 2x3 + x2 + 2x 1
2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 2x3 + x2 + 2x
(z x)(2z 2 + 2zx + 2x2 + z + x + 2) 0





1 2
1 2
2
(z x) (z + x) + z +
0
+ x+
2
2
z x.
Vy z = x, suy ra x = y = z. T h c nghim l

1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
,
,
,
,
(x, y, z) =
,
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
>
x = (y 1)2
>
>
>
<y = (z 1)2
.
Bi tp 7.10. Gii h phng trnh >
2
z
=
(t

1)
>
>
>
:t = (x 1)2
Gii
Do h phng trnh hon v nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s x = min{x, y, z, t}. T
iu kin ca h suy ra x, y, z, t 0. Ta xt hai trng hp
1. Nu x > 1 th x, y, z, t > 1, khi
yx
(z 1)2 (y 1)2
zy
(t 1)2 (z 1)2
tz
(x 1)2 (t 1)2
x t.
Do x = y = z = 1, ta tm c nghim l

!
3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5
(x, y, z, t) =
,
,
,
.
2
2
2
2

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

2. Nu 1 x 0 th
0 x 1 1
1 (x 1)2
1t0
0 t 1 1
1 (t 1)2
1z0
0 z 1 1
1 (z 1)2
1 y 0.
Tc l lc ta c 1 x, y, z, t 0. Khi , t z x, suy ra
(t 1)2 (y 1)2
yt
(z 1)2 (x 1)2
xz
(y 1)2 (t 1)2
t y.
(16)
Tc l x = z v y = t, suy ra

8
<x = (y 1)2
:y = (x 1)2

Gii ra ta nhn cc nghim sau

(x, y) =

3 5 3 5
, (0, 1), (1, 0).
,
2
2

Tm li, h cho c bn nghim

3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
(x, y, z, t) =
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
, (0, 1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1, 0).
Di y l mt s bi tp luyn tp. Gii cc h phng trnh
8
3
2
>
>
<x 9(y 3y + 3) = 0
a) >y 3 9(z 2 3z + 3) = 0
(Hng dn: cng ba phng trnh li c (x 3)3 + (y 3)3 +
>
:z 3 9(x2 3x + 3) = 0
(z 3)3 = 0, lp lun suy ra x = y = z). Nghim ca h l (x, y, z) = (3, 3, 3).

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8
2
>
>
<4x = y + 1
b) >4y = z 2 + 1
>
:4z = x2 + 1

(Hng dn: nhn xt x, y, z > 0, gi s x = max{x, y, z}. T x z > 0, suy

ra y x. Do x = y = z). Nghim ca h l

(x, y, z) = 2 + 3, 2 + 3, 2 + 3 , 2 3, 2 3, 2 3 .
8


1
1
>
>
x1 =
x2 +
>
>
2
x2 
>
>
>
<x2 = 1 x3 + 1
2
x3
c) >
(Hng dn: Nhn xt cc nghim x1 , . . . , xn cng du, nu (x1 , . . . , xn )
>

>
>


>
1
1
>
>
x1 +
:xn =
2
x1
l nghim th (x1 , . . . , xn ) cng l nghim. Xt cc nghim dng, dng bt ng thc
Cauchy suy ra xi 1, i = 1, n cng vi cng tt c cc phng trnh li ta suy ra
nghim). Nghim ca h l

(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (1, 1, . . . , 1), (1, 1, . . . , 1).

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Phng php dng o hm

Trong nhiu loi h phng trnh c cha cc phng trnh, m tm ra nghim hoc cc mi
quan h ni ti cn phi s dng tnh n iu ca hm s. V cng c o hm l mt cng c
mnh cho vic khng nh tnh n iu ca hm s. Nhng bi tp thuc dng ny nhn chung l
cc bi tp kh. Kh khng phi ch cng thc tnh o hm m l vn dng cng c o hm
ra sao trong phng trnh. Cng nn nhc li, trong k thi i hc khi A, 2010 va qua, cu kh
nht l h phng trnh, m gii 8
phi dng o hm, c nc ch c mt th sinh c 30/30.

< x 1 y = 8 x2
.
Bi tp 8.1. Gii h phng trnh :
(x 1)4 = y
Gii
iu kin x 1, y 0. Th y t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht ta c

x 1 (x 1)2 = 8 x2 ,
hay

x 1 = x3 + x2 2x + 9.
3

(17)

Xt hm s f (x) = x + x 2x + 9 (x 1) c f (x) = 3x
+ 2x 2 < 0, x 1. Suy ra
hm f (x) lun nghch bin khi x 1. Mt khc hm s g(x) = x 1 lun ng bin khi x 1.
Do phng trnh (17) nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht. Nhn thy x = 2 l nghim ca
phng trnh (17). Vy h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht
(x, y) = (2, 1).
8
3
2
>
>
<2x + 2y + 3y + 3 = 0
Bi tp 8.2. Gii h phng trnh >2y 3 + 2z 2 + 3z + 3 = 0
>
:2z 3 + 2x2 + 3x + 3 = 0

Gii
T phng trnh th nht ca h ta suy ra



3 2 15
15
3
3 15
3

x = y

x
< .
4
16
16
16
4
3
Tng t cho y, z. Vy ta gii hn c min x, y, z < .
4
H cho c th vit li di dng
8
>
>
<x = f (y)
1
3
,
vi
f
(t)
=

2t2 + 3t + 3.
y
=
f
(z)
>
2
>
:z = f (x)
Ta c 2t2 + 3t + 3 > 0, t R. Tnh
2
1
f 0 (t) = (4t + 3)(2t2 + 3t + 3) 3 .
6

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

3
Gii phng trnh f 0 (t) = 0 t = . Lp bng bin thin ca hm f (t) ta c:
4
3
3
f (t) tng vi t v f (t) gim vi t .
4
4
Gi s (x, y, z) l mt nghim ca phng trnh, khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s
3
3
x = max{x, y, z}. V x, y, z < v f (t) l hm tng trn min t < nn khi
4
4
xy
f (y) f (z)
yz
f (z) f (x)
z x.
Vy phi c x = y = z. T ta tm c nghim ca h l
(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).
8
3
2
>
>
<x + 3x 3 + ln(x x + 1) = y
Bi tp 8.3. Gii h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 3 + ln(y 2 y + 1) = z
>
:z 3 + 3z 3 + ln(z 2 z + 1) = x

Gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}.
Xt hm s f (x) = x3 + 3x 3 + ln(x2 x + 1) c min xc nh trn ton b R, th h c vit
li di dng
8
>
>
<y = f (x)
z = f (y) .
>
>
:x = f (z)
Tnh

3x2 x + 2
2x 2
2
=
3x
+
> 0, x R.
x2 x + 1
x2 x + 1
T suy ra hm f (x) ng bin trn ton b R. Nu (x, y, z) l mt nghim ca h th
f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 3 +

xy
f (x) f (y)
yz
f (y) f (z)
z x.
Vy ta phi c x = y = z. Thay vo ta c
x3 + 2x 3 ln(x2 x + 1) = 0.
V hm s h(x) = x3 + 2x 3 ln(x2 x + 1) = 0 ng bin trn R nn c nghim duy nht
x = 1. Vy h c nghim duy nht
(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

8

<(4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y = 0

Bi tp 8.4. Gii h phng trnh : 2

4x + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7

Gii
3
5
iu kin x , y . Phng trnh th nht ca h c th vit li di dng
4
2

(4x2 + 1)2x = (5 2y + 1) 5 2y.

t u = 2x, v = 5 2y th ta c
(u2 + 1)u = (v 2 + 1)v

(18)

Hm f (t) = t(t2 + 1) c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn f (t) lun ng bin trn R, suy ra phng
trnh (18) c nghim u = v hay
8
>
<x 0

2x = 5 2y >
5 4x2 .
:y =
2
Th y vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c


5
4x +
2x2
2
2

Nhn thy x = 0 hay x =

2

+ 2 3 4x 7 = 0.

(19)

3
khng l nghim ca phng trnh. Xt hm s
4
2


5
2
2
+ 2 3 4x 7,
2x
g(x) = 4x +
2

c

4
5
2
g (x) = 8x 8x
2x
2
3 4x


4
3
= 4x(4x2 3)
< 0 trn 0,
.
4
3 4x


 
1
3
Suy ra hm s g(x) nghch bin trn 0, . Ta c g
= 0, nn phng trnh (19) c nghim
4
2
1
duy nht x = . T h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
2


1
(x, y) =
,2 .
2
8
>
2
>
<x 2x + 6 log3 (6 y) = x
Bi tp 8.5. Gii h phng trnh > y 2 2y + 6 log3 (6 z) = y .

>
: z 2 2z + 6 log (6 x) = z
3
0

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gii
iu kin x, y, z < 6. Ta vit li phng trnh di dng
8
x
8
>

log
(6

y)
=
>
3
>
>
2
x 2x + 6
>
>
<
<f (y) = g(x)
y
log3 (6 z) = 2
>f (z) = g(y)
>
y 2y + 6
>
>
z
>
:f (x) = g(z)
>

log
(6

x)
=
: 3
z 2 2z + 6

trong
f (t) = log3 (6 t),

g(t) =

t
vi t (, 6).
t2 2t + 6

D thy hm f (t) l hm nghch bin, cn hm s g(t) l hm ng bin trn (, 6). Nu (x, y, z)

l nghim ca h, khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Khi
xy
f (x) f (y)
g(z) g(x)
zx
f (z) f (x)
g(y) g(z)
yz
f (y) f (x)
g(x) g(y)
x y.
Vy phi c x = y, t suy ra x = y = z. H c nghim l
(x, y, z) = (3, 3, 3).
8

<x + x2 2x + 2 = 3y1 + 1

Bi tp 8.6. Gii h phng trnh :

y + y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1

Gii
Tr hai phng trnh ta c

x + 3x1 + x2 2x + 2 = y + 3y1 + y 2 2y + 2.

t f (x) = x + 3x1 + x2 2x + 2, th

f 0 (x) = 1 + 3x1 . ln 3 +
v
1+

x1
> 0,
x2 2x + 2

x1
x1

1
+
0.
|x 1|
x2 2x + 2

(20)

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Chng t f (x) l hm ng bin trn R. Do phng trnh (20) suy ra x = y. Thay vo phng
trnh th nht ca h c

x 1 + (x 1)2 + 1 = 3x1 t + t2 + 1 = 3t vi t = x 1.
Ly logarit hai v ta c
ln(t +
t g(t) = ln(t +

t2 + 1) = t. ln 3 ln(t + t2 + 1) t. ln 3 = 0.

t2 + 1) t. ln 3 th
g 0 (t) =

1
ln 3.
+1

t2

1
Do 2
1 v ln 3 > 1 nn g 0 (t) < 0, hay g(t) l hm nghch bin. Vy phng trnh
t + 1
ln(t + t2 + 1) t. ln 3 = 0 c nghim duy nht t = 0. T y suy ra h phng trnh c duy nht
nghim
(x, y) = (1, 1).
8
<x3 (2 + 3y) = 1
Bi tp 8.7. Gii h phng trnh : 3
.
x(y 2) = 3
Gii
R rng nu y =

2 khng tha mn h, vy y 6=
x=

y3

2. T phng trnh th hai ta c

3
,
2

thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c

27 (2 + 3y)
= 1.
(y 3 2)3
t hm s
f (y) =
th

27 (2 + 3y)
1
(y 3 2)3

81 (8y 3 + 6y 2 + 2)
.
(y 3 2)3

3
Kho st s bin thin ca hm f (t)
ta
thy
trong
min
(,
2) phng trnh ch c mt nghim

3
duy nht l 1, cn trong min ( 2, +) th phng trnh cng c mt nghim duy nht, nhn
thy nghim duy nht ny l 2. Vy h cho c hai nghim


1
(x, y) = (1, 1), , 2 .
2
8 1x2
<2 x2 2y = xy 3
Bi tp 8.8. Gii h phng trnh :
.
2
(x2 y + 2x)2 2x2 y + 1 4x = 0
f 0 (y) =

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gii
iu kin x 6= 0. Ta vit li phng trnh th hai
[x(xy + 2)]2 2[x(xy + 2)] + 1 = 0 x(xy + 2) = 1 y =

1 2x
.
x2

Thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c

2

1x2
x2

12x
x2

1 1
.
2 x

Nhn xt
1 x2 1 2x
2
1 1
1 2x 1 x2

.
x2
x2
x
2 x
2x2
x2
Do ta c
12x
1 x2
1 2x
= 2 x2 +
.
(21)
2
x
x2
t
1
Xt hm s f (t) = 2t + c f 0 (t) = 2t ln 2 + > 0, t nn f (t) l hm ng bin nn phng
2
2
trnh (21) suy ra
1 2x
1 x2
=
.
2
x
x2
T y d dng tm ra nghim ca h l


3
(x, y) = 2, .
4
8
<x5 + xy 4 = y 10 + y 6

Bi tp 8.9. Gii h phng trnh :

.
4x + 5 + y 2 + 8 = 6

1x2
x2

Gii
Hin nhin y 6= 0. Chia c hai v ca phng trnh th nht cho y 5 6= 0 ta c
5
x
x
+ ( ) = y 5 + y.
y
y

(22)

Hm s f (t) = t5 + t c f 0 (t) = 5t4 + 1 > 0, t nn hm f (t) lun ng bin. Do phng trnh

x
(??) phi xy ra = y x = y 2 . Th x = y 2 vo phng trnh th hai ta c
y

4x + 5 + x + 8 = 6.
Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c x = 1. H phng trnh c nghim
(x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1).
8

< 1 + 42xy 512x+y = 1 + 22xy+1

Bi tp 8.10. Gii h phng trnh : 3
y + 4x + 1 + ln(y 2 + 2x) = 0

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gii
iu kin y 2 + 2x > 0. t t = 2x y th phng trnh th nht ca h tr thnh

1 + 4t
1 + 2t+1
1 + 4t .51t = 1 + 2t+1
=
.
5t
5

Dng cng c hm s d dng chng minh v tri ca phng trnh l hm nghch bin, v phi
l hm ng bin nn phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht t = 1. T ta c 2x y = 1
y+1
, thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c
x=
2
y 3 + 2y + 3 + ln(y 2 + y + 1) = 0.
V tri ca phng trnh l hm ng bin nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht y = 1. Vy
nghim ca h l
(x, y) = (0, 1).
Di y l mt s bi tp luyn tp. Gii cc h phng trnh
8
8
3
2
3
>
>
x
+
x
+
2x
=
2y
+
1
>
>
<f (x) = g(y)
<
3
2
3
1. >y + y + 2y = 2z + 1 (Hng dn: Vit phng trnh v di dng >f (y) = g(z)
>
>
:f (z) = g(x)
:z 3 + z 2 + 2z = 2x3 + 1

vi

f (t) = t3 + t2 + 2t, g(t) = 2t3 + 1. Hai hm s trn u l hm ng bin, lp lun suy ra

x = y = z. Cn gii phng trnh t3 t2 2t + 1 = 0, chng t phng trnh c ba nghim
thuc khong (2, 2), ri th bin t = 2 cos u, u (0, )). H phng trnh c nghim
 3 3 3   5 5 5 
(x, y, z) = 2 , 2 , 2
, 2 ,2 ,2
, 2 ,2 ,2
.
7 7 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
<x3 5x = y 3 5y
2. : 8
x + y4 = 1

(Hng dn: nhn xt |x| 1, |y| 1. Ta c hm s f (t) = t3 5t

nghch bin trn |t| 1, nn phng trnh th nht phi c x = y.) H phng trnh c
nghim
s
s
s
s

5 4 1 + 5
5
5
4 1 +
4 1 +
4 1 +
,
,
,
.
(x, y) =
2
2
2
2