Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison In this case when Madison tried to resign Marbury (a midnight judge) from his position, Marbury sued. Being that Marbury was a Federalist, Marshall dismissed his case. He justified this by saying how according to the Judiciary Act of 1789, his appeal was unconstitutional. This showed the authority of the Supreme Court over the Constitution. Henry Clay Secretary of state. Member of House of Representatives and Senate. Led US into war of 1812 Essex Junto A group of New England Federalists that disliked the government and wished to secede from the US. Burr Conspiracy Burr was a former competitor of Jefferson in the elections of 1800. He planned to secede New England from America. When Hamilton ruined his planned, he challenged him to an old fashion duel. With this, Burr killed Hamilton. Impressment The British were attacking American ships and stealing their sailors. The sailors would be forced into serving the Crown again until they died.

Chesapeake/Leopard Incident Chesapeake was attacked by the British. Ultimately resulted in 3 deaths and 18 injuries. Non-intercourse Act Act passed by Congress to make up for the Embargo Act. It allowed trade nationally, except to France and Britain. Macons Bill No. 2 Also passed by Congress, it got rid of embargo completely. Refer to Causes of War of 1812 Chart for further detail. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Henry Harrison basically destroyed almost all of the Shawnee settlements, leading to Tecumseh to forming an alliance with the Brits. Refer to Causes of War of 1812 for more details. War Hawks Hot headed youths from the south and west who were eager to go into war with Britain. Wished to get rid of the Indian Threat. Refer to Causes of 1812 Chart for more details. Battle of Horseshoe bend Andrew Jackson led an army that destroyed all of the Southwest Indians. Hartford Convention Called by Massachusetts in 1814, when they believed that the Capture of New Orleans was imminent. Discussed their grievances and what they wished for a government to be, and when they heard news of the victories, they were shamed. Refer to War of 1812 for more details. Treaty of Ghent Signed in 1814, was a mutual draw between Britain and America. It was merely an agreement to stop fighting. Refer to War of 1812 for more details. Treaty of Greenville 1795 Made with the Indians, where they would give up their territory in the Old Northwest for $20,000, along with a $9,000 income, and an acknowledgement of their sovereign status. Battle of New Orleans Third attack by the British in 1814, where Gaunt and Jackson were in command. One of the biggest defeats of British. Even though the war had ended two weeks ago, it still was a great victory, and started nationalism and self-confidence of the nation. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign

1.

What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Because Adams was unwilling to go to war with France, the war preparations already made only put them more at a disadvantage, for it only increased their debt, leading to a creation of more disliked taxes. Even though Adams was titled the Father of the American Navy, many mocked the navy. This was due to the fact that war preparations seemed more extravagant than necessary. As for Jefferson, instead of attacking his political stance, the Federalists attacked his character. They accused him of taking a trust fund from a widow and her children. Perhaps most famous of all, they accused him of having illicit affairs with his slaves (which was true). The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. In some ways yes, but in other ways no. It was important for it was a peaceful transfer of power, where as previously before a transfer of power would occur through extreme measures. This also was the end of the Federalist party. But, when Jefferson became president, he didnt get rid of Federalist principles. In fact, he began to make decisions that a Federalist president would make instead of a Jeffersonian. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Although they only had power for a short time, they made a huge impact on the way government is set up. They made the idea of loose construction, where the government must be flexible in order to function efficiently. Despite Jefferson being a Jeffersonian, he goes against many of his own beliefs, and runs the government according to Federalist beliefs. Although the party does die, a lot of its principles remained.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" It was minorly revolutionary. Despite the end of the Federalist party, its principles were still kept alive throughout Jeffersons presidency. Also, Jefferson started a precedent of sending a clerk to bestow his messages onto the Congress, for he felt it was monarchial if he went himself. For the first time ever, there was a one party government, for this wasnt for long. The only thing that unified the Democratic Republicans was their opposition of the Federalists. With them gone, they began to divide among themselves as well. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. When he was president, Jefferson went against many of his partys beliefs. He kept many of the federalists in his office, and fired only a few. He kept most of Hamiltons economic plan, except for the excise tax, despite being so against it. He also bought the Louisiana Territory, despite being reminded that presidents could not by land according to the Constitution. Although, by accepting some Federalist regimes, he showed that a two party system could work without total chaos. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary

Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? He was one of the midnight judges, meant to keep Federalism alive. He shaped the legal system far greater than any other figure. He was a very strict federalist, and while the Federalist party died, it lived on through him. He was able to effectively do this for he had great power as a Supreme Court Justice. He made this clear during the Marbury v. Madison case, when he was able to dismiss a case with a justification of it being unconstitutional. This showed how a SCJ would have the last say in the constitution (judicial review). Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson had paid the blackmail money, being forced to buy protection. The pasha of Tripoli was dissatisfied with his part of the blackmail money, so he declared war on the US. After four years of fighting, Jefferson finally managed to get a peace treaty in 1805. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. Half of America would we filled with French people, and America would only be a portion of the continents. Without the Louisiana Purchase, our country would remain very small. Another way is that France could have been a dominant power today, if they had kept the land. With so much land, and already being a superior country, they would easily dominant most of the world. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? Due to this purchase, there was much westward expansion. And also, they had managed to get rid of a major foreign power within their land, making it easy to separate themselves from them. And after the Lewis and Clark expedition, many would travel far and settle in places they previously were not able to settle in before. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? When America had claimed its neutrality concerning wars, France and Britain continued to compete against each other. England had issued the Orders in Council, which shut down French controlled ports that managed shipping. To retaliate, the French seized all merchant ships. The Americans were now unable to trade with either of the countries, which did much harm to their economy. Along with this, they were victims of British Impressment.

The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Most of the public opposed the embargo, especially those involved with the trading industry. The embargo basically stopped all trade, which was ruinous for their business. This created much dispute and dislike towards Jefferson. Eventually, to soothe them, the Non-Intercourse act was established. Despite this, their economy was still damaged by the embargo. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Congress had already repealed the embargo act with Macons Bill No. 2. This repeal meant to convince Britain or France to rid of its commercial restrictions. So, Napoleon took the opportunity to make a deal with America, where they would continue their embargo towards Britain, but continue trade with France. After the refusal of Britain to lift their restrictions, Madison (current president of the time) accepted the deal. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? Most of the war hawks were young people, who were fired up with ambition and war readiness. Along with war, they wished to rid of the Indian threat. Concerning the Indians, Tecumsuh and the Prophet were famous Shawnee Indians, where their settlements were burned from by William Henry Harrison, which annihilated the Indian confederacy they had hoped to rebuild. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? Going into war would ultimately result in problems for their party. They disliked that they had sided with the French (specifically Napoleon, who they disliked) and were going against the Brits once again. They also were against the gain of Canada, for it would up the vote of their opposing party, the Democratic-Republicans. Because of the decision to go into war, they were near committing treason.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement An agreement where in the Great Lakes area, American and Britain militaries had naval battles. Limited Naval dominance for US and Canada Second Bank of the United States The second bank of the US, constructed by Federalist principles. A private corporation that took place of the former prototypical BUS Francis Cabot Lowell Had smuggled textile designs from Britain to America, and built worlds first factory that turned cotton into cloth with machinery. Gekoed start up industrial living. Era of Good Feelings From 1820-1825, where the Federalist party was wiped out, leaving only one party left. During Monroes presidency. Rose feelings of nationalisms Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain gave Floridian claims to America. Panic of 1819 It was the end of the Era of Good Feelings. America began to gain more economic crises, and were no longer trading with Europe. The second BUS also caused economic hardships, due to overspeculation. Tallmadge Amendment Document that recognized Missouri as a state. This caused many troubles, for it tampered with

the balance of the 11 and slave states. Missouri Compromise Missouri was a slave state, so in order to balance the free/slave states once again, they took a part of Massachusetts and called it Maine, which would be a free state. John Marshall Was a Supreme Court Justice, extremely important as he influenced much of the legal system, justified a judiciary review. Continued Federalist lives on. Latin American Revolution A rebellion in the Spanish colonies concerning social hierarchy. The lover class rebelled against the upper. Monroe Doctrine A bold statement that wanted non-intervention of foreign affairs. Europe shouldnt get involved with America. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The US army was successful, but they made many terrible decisions. For example, instead of attacking Canadas central city, they dispersed and attacked smaller one. The ultimately FAILED in their invasions. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Although they did have a lot of falls, in the end they were the winners. They won the last battles, such as the Battle of New Orleans (despite being fought when the war was over). Despite the capitol and the White House being burned down, the Brits still was unable to capture the capitol. This was great for America. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. It was not advantageous. Although they ceased fighting, the grievances of America were ignored and not addressed. But the US had a not a single inch of land lost mentality, so I suppose it was okay. America did consider it a US victory to have this treaty, and so the war ended in a draw. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention

4.

What did the Hartford Convention do? It was called by Massachusetts for they thought that the capture of New Orleans was imminent. So the New England Federalists listed their grievances and what changes they wanted for the government. In the end, they were shamed for New Orleans was not captured, and America had a victory.

The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? One of the lnog term affects were the nationalism it had brought on to the states. At the same time, there was division among the states, as people began to leer at the New England Federalists. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? There was an increase in culture, where they could proudly state of American products. For example, there were American writers such as Washington Irving and James Cooper, who specialized in nationalism. There was a national bank that handled national funds. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? It was in terms of social things, for there was increased nationalism, but there was much division in the political parties which would cause further trouble. Even the Democratic-Republican party began to split up. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. Due to over speculation, the banks became moer and more in debt for they kept loaning money that they could not get back. Because of this, America experienced economic depression. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.

The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning

16

How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?

Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?

Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.