MCH LC TNG T (ANALOG FILTER)

1. Gii thiu:
1.1. nh ngha: Mch lc tn s - mt loi mch chn lc tn s c bit, l mt b phn rt quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Mt cch nh tnh, c th nh ngha mch lc tn s l nhng mch cho nhng dao ng c tn s nm trong mt hay mt s khong nht nh i qua v chn cc dao ng c tn s nm trong nhng khong cn li. V mt kt cu c th nh ngha, mch lc tn s l mt bn cc c suy gim c tnh a() = 0 trn mt, hay mt s khong nht nh ca thang tn s gi l di thng ca mch (cho i qua) v a() = trong nhng khong cn li gi l di chn (b chn li). Cc nh ngha trn r rng, l xc nh mt mch lc tn s l tng. i vi cc mch chn lc tn s thc t, s ty tng trng hp c th, ta s quy nh cc gii hn thch hp cho di thng v di chn. 1.2. Phn loi: 1.2.1. Theo cu to: gm 2 loi mch chnh sau y a. Mch lc th ng (passive filter): mch lc ch gm cc linh kin th ng nh in tr R, cun cm L, t in C. Thng thng c 3 loi mch lc chnh: - Mch lc RC. - Mch lc LC. - Mch lc RLC. Mch RC thng c dng nhiu v linh kin r v chim t din tch. Cn mch lc RLC t thng dng v c in cm L kh tiu chun ha, d gy ra hin tng h cm v c gi tr rt ln khi lm vic lc tn s thp, lm cho chi ph t, li cng knh. Nhn chung, mch lc th ng thng c ng dng cho vic chn lc tn s cao (c > 100 KHz) do hn ch cc gi tr ca linh kin. Mc d mch n gin v d lp, song nhc im ca nhng mch lc ny l phm cht mch thp, lm suy gim nng lng qua n m khng c kh nng khuch i, kh phi hp tng tr khi lp vo cc mch chc nng khc. b tc cc nhc im trn, ngi ta thm vo cc phn t khuch i nh transistor, vi mch c th khuch i tn hiu, phi hp tng tr, iu chnh suy gim. b. Mch lc tch cc (active filter): c xy dng t cc phn t R,C vi cc b khuch i thut ton, cc mch lc tch cc lm vic tt tn s thp (< 100 KHz) v c rt nhiu u im so vi mch lc th ng m ta xt trn nh phm cht cao, hot ng n nh, v rt d thc hin, do gi thnh cng h. Tuy nhin, khi tn s tng ln, th b khuch i gy ra nhiu phin toi lm gim h s khuch i v gy lch pha gia tn hiu vo v ra, lm thay i c trng ca mch lc. Ngoi ra, nu bin ca tn hiu vo ln th khuch i thut ton gy ra hin tng bo ha; trong khi bin qu nh th li gy n. Tm li mi loi mch lc ch u vit trong mt di tn, trong mt phm vi no y m thi. Do , ty thuc vo mc tiu s dng m la chn cho ph hp. 1.2.2. Theo chc nng: da vo vic mch lc chn la nhng di tn s no hot ng, ta chia ra lm 4 mch lc chnh sau - Mch lc thng thp (low-pass filter) - Mch lc thng cao (high-pass filter) - Mch lc thng di (band-pass filter) - Mch lc chn di (band-reject filter) Chi tit ca cc mch lc trn s c cp trong phn sau. 1.3. ng dng ca mch lc. Mch lc c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t: -Mch lc c th ng dng trong ngun ATX loi b cc nhiu cao tn bm theo ng in AC 220V. - Trong cc mch chn lc tn s nh: i FM, AM, .

2. L thuyt v mch lc:

2.1. Khi nim cc mch: ta s xt c th tng mch mt. 2.1.1 Mch lc thng thp: a. nh ngha: Mch lc ny cho php cc dao ng c tn s nh hn tn s ct fc i qua (f < fc), nhng tn hiu c tn s ln hn u b mch hp th nng lng v u ra tn hiu s nh hn, khi tn s f cng ln, tn hiu s cng b v tin dn ti 0. C th hiu ngn gn di th quan h gia h s in p ( ) vi tn s lm vic f ca mch nh sau:

b. Cc thng s ca mch: - Hm truyn t (p ng tn s ca mch): biu th mi quan h gia in p u ra vi in p t vo u mch. Thng thng tn hiu u vo c chu k dng sin, cho nn biu din c r rng, hm truyn t c vit sau khi mch c bin i sang min tn s phc s (thng qua bin i Laplace). ( ) Hm truyn t mch lc thng thp bc 1: ( ) ( ) (hm truyn t chun ha)

Hm truyn t mch lc thng thp bc 2: ( ) ( ) (hm truyn t chun ha)

Trong : Ko h s ca mch (vi mch lc tch cc, y l h s khuch i) c tn s ct a h s c trng ca mch (ph thuc vo phm cht ca mch) - Biu din hm truyn t trn th Bode: Hm truyn t mch lc thng thp bc 1: Bin i t min tn s phc s sang min tn s ( )
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[khng c th nguyn]

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Ti tn s ct c | ( )| bin b gim i ln, hay nng lng tn hiu b gim i mt na (hay ( ) | | bin gim i 3 dB dc 3 dB).

Khi < c, th Khi > c, th ( ) | ( )|

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, tn hiu i qua , tn hiu u ra s rt b, bin dn ti 0.

Hm truyn t mch lc thng thp bc 2:

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t ( ) (sau ny s bit n l g) Nhn xt: H s c trng ca mch a nh hng rt ln ti th c tuyn bin , nhng vn m bo tnh cht lc ch cho tn hiu < c i qua, cn li cc tn hiu > c u cho ra tn hiu rt b v tin v 0 khi tn s cng tng. 2.1.2. Mch lc thng cao: a. nh ngha: Ngc li vi mch lc thng thp, mch lc ny ch cho php cc dao ng c tn s ln hn tn s ct fc i qua (f > fc), nhng tn hiu c tn s nh hn u b mch hp th nng lng v u ra tn hiu s nh hn, khi tn s f cng nh, tn hiu s cng b v tin dn ti 0.

b. Cc thng s ca mch: - Hm truyn t (p ng tn s ca mch): Hm truyn t mch lc thng cao bc 1: ( ) ( ) (hm truyn t chun ha)

Hm truyn t mch lc thng cao bc 2: ( ) ( ) (hm truyn t chun ha)

Trong : K h s ca mch (vi mch lc tch cc, y l h s khuch i) c tn s ct a h s c trng ca mch (ph thuc vo phm cht ca mch) - Biu din hm truyn t trn th Bode: Hm truyn t mch lc thng cao bc 1: Bin i t min tn s phc s sang min tn s ( ) ( ) | ( )|
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c tuyn tn s bin : | | | ( )| [khng c th nguyn]

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Ti tn s ct c i mt na (hay ( Khi > c, th Khi < c, th ( ) | ( )|

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, bin b gim i ln, hay nng lng tn hiu b gim | | bin gim i 3 dB dc 3 dB). )| )|
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, tn hiu i qua , tn hiu u ra s rt b, bin dn ti 0.

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Hm truyn t mch lc thng thp bc 2:

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t ( ) Nhn xt: H s c trng ca mch a cng nh hng rt ln ti th c tuyn bin tng t i vi mch lc thng cao v vn m bo tnh cht lc ch cho tn hiu > c i qua, cn li cc tn hiu < c u cho ra tn hiu rt b v tin v 0 khi tn s cng tng. Ch : - th Bode ca hai mch lc thng thp v thng cao i xng nhau qua trc = c khi cng cc h s K, a. - Hm truyn t chun ha ca mch lc thng thp ( )

, thay

ta c ( )

l hm truyn t chun ha ca mch lc thng cao. Ta c th suy ra: ( ) lc thng thp ( ) lc thng cao Trong thit k mch lc, t cc thng s mch cho ngi ta c th thit lp ra hm truyn t ca lc thng thp, t suy ra hm truyn t ca cc loi mch lc chc nng khc. y v d l thng cao, ngi ta t K(p) lc thng thp, dng php bin i ngi ta suy ra p ng tn s lc thng cao. 2.1.3. Mch lc thng di: a. nh ngha: mch chn lc tn s trong mt khong (di thng) tn hiu trong di tn s i qua, vi nhng tn hiu ngoi khong di thng , tn hiu i ra s b gim bin v tin dn v khng khi tn s tn hiu cng i xa di thng. C hai loi mch lc thng di ch yu:
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Mch lc bng thng rng: vng di thng ca mch tng i rng, ti cc gi tr tn s trong , h s in p nh nh ca tn hiu vo ra gn nh khng i, to thnh 1 on thng t tn s ct di fc1 n tn s ct trn fc2. Vi cc tn s cn li h s in p gim nhanh. Mch lc bng thng hp: vng di thng ca mch rt b, c ch t 3 10 Hz, do vy hai tn s ct rt gn nhau. Trong khong di thng c mt tn s trung tm fc (fc1 < fc < fc2) m h s in p ti l ln nht, cho nn mch c tnh chn lc tn s rt cao, c ng dng trong vic chng nhiu khi thu cc tn hiu c nhiu tp nhiu hay trong d tinh chnh tn hiu.

b. Cc thng s ca mch: - Hm truyn t (p ng tn s ca mch): ( ) ( ) (hm truyn t chun ha)

Trong : | | | | B di thng ca mch c tn s trung tm c1, c2 tn s ct di v tn s ct trn a, b h s c trng ca mch (ph thuc vo phm cht ca mch) - Biu din hm truyn t trn th Bode: ( ) ( )
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c tuyn tn s bin : | ( )|
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| ( )| | | . Nh vy ti tn s trung tm c th tn hiu i ra c bin suy gim t nht. Vi cc gi tr , tn hiu u ra bt u gim so vi tn s trung tm cho ti tn s ct di c1 v tn s ct trn c2 th bin tn hiu gim ln so vi ti c (gim i 3 dB). Khi ngi ta ly khong tn s gia c1 v c2 l di thng nng lng tn hiu lm vic tn s c u ra khng b suy gim qu nhiu. Ch : Xt hm truyn t ( ) ( ) ( ) , t ta c:

ca mch lc thng thp bc 1.

Tng t vi hm truyn t chun ha ( ) ( )

Nh vy ta c mi quan h bin i t mch lc thng thp sang mch lc thng di trong thit k. 2.1.4. Mch lc chn di: a. nh ngha: mch khng cho tn hiu ra ti khong tn s ca n (di chn), cn li cc tn s khc u cho i qua. Tng t mch lc thng di, cng c 2 loi mch lc chn di ph bin.

b. Cc thng s c bn: - Hm truyn t ( )

( )

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(hm truyn t chun ha)

Trong : | | | | B di chn ca mch c tn s trung tm c1, c2 tn s ct di v tn s ct trn a, b h s c trng ca mch (ph thuc vo phm cht ca mch) - Biu din hm truyn t trn th Bode: ( ) ( )
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c tuyn tn s bin : | (

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Khi 0 ( Khi = c ( Khi (

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Qua th ta thy vi hm truyn t ny mch c tnh chn lc tn s cn chn rt tinh, iu c vai tr quan trng trong mch lc bng chn hp. Tuy nhin, n li khng cn thit trong thc t. Ch : Xt p ng tn s ( ) ( ) ( )
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t ca mch lc thng cao bc 1.

ta c:

Tng t vi hm truyn t chun ha ( )

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Nh vy ta c mi quan h bin i t mch lc thng cao sang mch lc chn di trong thit k.

2.2. iu kin ca hm truyn t cho php xy dng mch: y chng ta xt cho cc hm truyn t chun ha H(p) 2.2.1. iu kin tng qut ca mch hai cc Hm truyn t di dng t s hai biu thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) Hm truyn t di dng tch cc tha s: ( )( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) hoc ( )
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Hm truyn t phi l hm thc dng: ) Cc h s phi thc Ai, Bj, K1, K2 vi cc nghim n hoc cp nghim phc lin hp. ) i vi cc im cc v im khng 1) Hiu gia bc ln nht ca t v mu v hiu gia bc nh nht ca t v mu ch c th ln nht l 1. 2) Hm truyn t khng c im cc v im khng nm bn phi ca mt phng phc. 3) Cc nghim trn trc o phi n v gi tr thng d ca hm ti phi thc dng. ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )( )] ( ) ) Phn thc ca H(j) sau khi bin i ( ) ( ), k hiu l Re{H(j)}, phi khng m ( ) ( ) v i . iu tng ng vi nu ( ) | ( )| th . 2.2.2. iu kin c th cho mch bn cc: STT Mch bn cc H(p) I.A
( )

I.B

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II.A

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II.B

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III

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iu kin cho php ) Cc h s thc, Ai c th < 0. 2) Cc im cc ko nm mp phi, cc im khng ty . ) Cc h s thc, Ai c th < 0. 1 ) m n 2) Cc im cc ko nm mp phi, gc O v , cc im khng ty . ) Cc h s thc, Ai c th < 0. 1 ) m n 2) Cc im cc ko nm mp phi, cc im khng ty . ) Cc h s thc, Ai c th < 0. 1 ) m n 2) Cc im cc ko nm mp phi, cc im khng ty . ) Cc h s thc, Ai c th < 0. 1 ) m n 2) Cc im cc ko nm mp phi, cc im khng ty . ) | ( )|

2.3. nh hng ca im cc, im khng ln hm truyn t: 2.3.1. Khi qut:

( ) im khng im khng gc ta (z = 0) Lm tng c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn 1 ( ) v gim c tuyn bin cho cc tn s nh hn 1 ( ). ( ) im cc im cc gc ta (p = 0) Lm tng c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn 1 v gim c tuyn bin cho cc tn s nh hn 1.

( )

im khng nm trn trc thc (z =

( )

im cc nm trn trc thc (p =

Ch lm tng c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s cn li. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi, min tng c tuyn bin b gim i. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri.

Ch lm gim c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s cn li. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri.

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( ) ( ) )( ) ( ) Cp im cc i xng qua trc thc thuc bn tri mt phng phc ch lm gim c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s nh hn c. ti tn s ct c c tuyn nh ln r rt v tng cao khi . im khng quay cng v gn trc o, nh ln tng bin ti c cng ln. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri. Cp im cc nm trn trc o i xng nhau qua gc ta O ( ). Lm gim c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s nh hn c. Ti tn s ct c v ln cn, c tuyn c nh ln r rt v tng nhanh. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri.

Cp im khng i xng qua trc thc thuc bn tri mt phng phc ch lm tng c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s nh hn c. ti tn s ct c c tuyn b tt xung gim v gim su khi . im khng quay cng v gn trc o, su gim bin ti c cng ln. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri. Cp im khng nm trn trc o i xng nhau qua gc ta O ( ). Lm tng c tuyn bin cho cc tn s ln hn c, gi nguyn c tuyn cho cc tn s nh hn c. Ti tn s ct c v ln cn, c tuyn b tt xung gim v gim rt su. Khi c cng tng (im khng cng ri xa gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn phi. Khi c cng gim (im khng li gn gc O) th c tuyn b dch sang bn tri.

( )

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2.3.2. p dng khi qut vo cc mch c th: a. Mch lc thng thp: Mch lc thng thp bc 1 c hm truyn t chun ha: ( ) ch c mt im cc duy nht ti p = -1. Cc thnh phn trong mch ch lm thay i n gi tr tn s ct c, th c tuyn bin ch b x dch ch v hnh dng khng thay i. Mch lc thng thp bc 2 c hm truyn t chun ha: ( ) c im cc l nghim t pt a > 2: phng trnh mu lun phn tch c thnh nhn t bc n c cc nghim thc m (nm bn tri mt phng phc), tng t nh mch lc thng thp bc 1, chng ta khng xt n na. a < -2: phng trnh mu lun phn tch c thnh nhn t bc n c cc nghim thc dng (nm bn phi mt phng phc), khng tha mn iu kin hm truyn t cho php loi. -2 a 0: nghim l cp phc lin hp bn phi mt phng phc khng tha mn iu kin. 0 a 2: nghim l cp phc lin hp bn tri mt phng phc, tha mn iu kin
( )( )

Nu t a = 2 0 1 v c gi l h s suy gim (hoc lch cng hng ca mch) v = - cos vi . Khi chy t 1 0, cc im cc t trn trc tung quay v gn trc o nh hnh v, nh ln ca c tuyn ti c cng tng, dn n vic mt n nh ca mch lc thng thp ti tn s ct. b. Mch lc thng cao: Mch lc thng cao bc 1, bn t xt. Mch lc thng cao bc 2 c hm truyn t chun ha. ( ) gm cp im khng z = 0, im cc l nghim ca pt Tng t nh lc thng thp, ta s ch xt trong 0 a 2. Hai im khng lm thay i t mch lc thng thp ban u thnh mch lc thng cao. Cc im cc cng gn trc o th c tuyn ti c cng nh ln mch mt tnh lc thng cao m gn nh b chuyn thnh lc thng di tinh ti tn s ct c. Cho nn h thng chn mch c lch cng hng t 0,5 n 1 bo m tnh cht lc ng ca mch. c. Mch lc thng di: ( ) mt im khng z = 0, im cc l nghim ca pt Xt trong 0 a 2: Do ch c 1 im khng gc ta nn tc ng khng mnh so vi mch lc thng cao, kt qu l cc tn s xung quanh tn s ct u c s gim c tuyn bin nh. Vic lc tn s ct cng tinh ph thuc vo gi tr 0, khi cc im cc cng gn ti trc o, v mch lc ny thc hin chc nng lc di thng hp. Xt trong a > 2: hm truyn t chun ha c th c vit thnh ( )
( )( )

, hm mch c th hiu l mt mch lc thng thp ni tip

vi mt mch lc thng cao. Nu a cng ln th th 2 mch tch xa nhau, khi phn di thng ca mch lc rng ln, v mch thc hin lc di thng rng.

d. Mch lc chn di: ( )

( )

hai im khng ti trc o

, im cc l nghim

ca pt Do c hm (1 + p2) <hai im khng i xng nm trn trc o> nn ti tn s ct c c tuyn tt xung gim su. Cn hm <hai im cc i xng qua trc thc> li c xu hng tng c tuyn ln nhanh ti tn s ct khi a 0 im cc cng di chuyn v li gn trc o (cng li gn im khng) th kh nng chn lc cng gim. n khi im cc trng vi im khng (a = 0) th hai c tuyn trit tiu nhau, kt qu l thu c mt ng thng, mch khng cn chc nng lc.

3. Cc mch lc c bn:
3.1. Mch lc th ng: ch gm cc linh kin th ng R, L, C. Nh mc gii thiu, chng ta bit c 3 mch ph bin xy dng t 3 linh kin trn l mch lc RC, LC v RLC. Sau y ta s i vo phn tch tng qut. 3.1.1. Mch RC: a. Mch lc thng thp: K(s) = Tn s ct: ( ) Tn s ct:
( )

b. Mch lc thng cao: K(s)= Tn s ct: ( ) Tn s ct: c. Mch lc thng di: ( )

( ) ( )

Tn s trung tm: 3.1.2. Mch LC: Mch lc thng thp: K(s)= Tn s ct: Mch lc thng cao: K(s)= Tn s ct :

3.1.3. Mch RLC: a. Mch lc thng thp: ( ) Tn s ct:

lch cng hng ca mch: Phm cht ca mch: ( ) Tn s ct:

lch cng hng ca mch: Phm cht ca mch: ( ) Tn s ct:

( ) (

vi
( )

Phm cht ca mch:

vi

b. Mch lc thng cao: ( ) Tn s ct:

lch cng hng ca mch: Phm cht ca mch: c. Mch lc thng di: ( ) Tn s trung tm: Tn s ct di: Tn s ct trn: Phm cht mch: ( ) Tn s trung tm: Tn s ct di:

( ) ( ) lch cng hng: Di thng: | | ( )

Tn s ct trn: Phm cht mch: d. Mch lc chn di: ( ) Tn s trung tm: Tn s ct di: Tn s ct trn: Phm cht mch:

lch cng hng: Di thng: | |

( )

( ) ( ) lch cng hng: Di chn: | | ( )

3.2. Mch lc tch cc: 3.2.1. Mt s mch lc xy dng t mch lc th ng: a. Mch lc thng thp: i vi mch lc thng thp th ng RC, ngi ta cho tn hiu u ra i qua khuch i thut ton nhm tng tn hiu ln sau khi b hp th nng lng mch trc . Nh hnh bn, h s khuch i ca KTT bng 1, tn hiu i ra ging nh tn hiu u vo. Nhng v d tn hiu trc khi i vo mch lc, n phi i qua nhiu mch khc lm gim bin , tn hao nng lng, cho nn vic khuch i tn hiu l cn thit. Hnh bn cnh l mch lc thng thp b sung thm KTT, tn hiu ra khuch i khng o vi h s , hm truyn t ca mch l: ( ( ) Tn s ct vn c bo m l )

, b khuch i khng lm nh hng ti cc thng

s chnh, ch c chc nng khuch i tn hiu. Cn i vi mch ny, thc cht n vn l mch lc thng thp b sung KTT, song tn hiu ra khuch i o vi h s , v hm truyn t ca mch ny l: ( ) ( )

Khc vi mch khng o trn, mch ny c h s khuch i ph thuc vo tn s ct ca

mch do hai i lng u ph thuc vo R2. Chnh v vy, mch ny t khi c s dng. b. Mch lc thng cao: Tng t ta cng c mch lc thng cao da trn mch th ng RC c lp thm b khuch i thut ton u ra tn hiu. y b KTT thc hin khuch i khng o vi h s , hm truyn t d dng vit c l: ( )
(

Mch ny lc cng vi b KTT khuch i o, h s khuch i v tn s ct quan h vi nhau thng qua R2 cho nn vic thay i thng s mch cng gp bt li, mch ny cng khng c s dng nhiu.

c. Mch lc thng di: Cch lp mch thng dng xy dng t cc mch lc th ng v ni tip 1 lc thng thp v 1 lc thng cao, km theo l b KTT s cho ta 1 mch lc thng di vi di thng t tn s ct lc thng cao ( ) n tn s ct

lc thng thp (

). i vi hnh bn ), mch lc

b KTT khng o (

tng i n nh, h s khuch i c lp vi cc tn s ct. Do mch lc th ng c phm cht thp cho nn mch ny thng p ng cho khong di thng rng, tc lc bng thng rng. Xt mch y, b KTT o ph thuc vo c hai tn s ct trn di ca di thng. Mc d mch c v t linh kin, gn hn song tnh khng n nh khi thay thng s linh kin lm cho mch t ng dng trong thc t. C hai mch lc trn u l lc thng di nhng ch s dng trong lc bng thng rng, khng th ch to mch lc vi bng thng hp. Cng nh cc mch th ng ni chung, phm cht ca cc mch ny thng thp km, m ngi ta cao phm cht mch thit k mt mch lc mong mun. Thng s cng cao, mch lc cng tinh v p ng tt. thc hin c tiu ch ta khng th dng mch ny m phi s dng cc dng mch khc cao cp hn s c xt trong phn tip theo.

3.2.2. Cc dng mch lc tch cc u vit hn: a. Dng mch Sallen-Key: (Sallen-Key topology) Tng qut: Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff v dng in ti cc nt: Nt : K h s khuch i tnh ) Nt : ( ) ( V Nt ( V ( ) : ( (
( )(

(KTT l tng) ) ) ( )(
) (

( ) )
)

) ( )

Sau y ta i vo c th tng mch mt. Mch lc thng thp: Thay cc gi tr vo hm truyn t tng qut ta c: ( ) ( ) Tn s ct: H s suy gim: Phm cht mch: H s khuch i tnh: Nu nh ly ( )
( ( ) ( )( ) ( )

, hm truyn t tr thnh:
)

Tn s ct trong trng hp ny bng:

Nu ly tip th v , m bo mch cn tnh n nh (iu kin hm truyn t cho php) th K phi nh hn 3. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng mch khuch i m nh hnh bn K = 1, khi tn hiu ra ging vi tn hiu vo, khng khuch i nhm trnh hin tng bo ha. Mch lc thng cao: Thay cc gi tr vo hm truyn t tng qut ta c: ( )
( )( ) ( )

 ( ) Tn s ct:

H s suy gim: Phm cht mch: H s khuch i tnh: Mch lc thng di: Dng 1:

Thay cc gi tr vo hm truyn t tng qut ta c: ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )

* (

) (

) +

Tn s trung tm: H s suy gim: Phm cht mch: Bng thng:

( (

) ) ( (

) )

))

rng di thng ph thuc vo h s khuch i tnh K, v vy c th thay i R3, R4 nhm iu chnh di thng, tuy nhin phi tha mn iu kin mch cn gi tnh n nh. Dng 2: ( )

Tn s trung tm: H s suy gim: Phm cht mch: Di thng:

Mch lc c phm cht Q khng ph thuc vo tn s trung tm, di thng B ch ph thuc vo h s khuch i tnh K c th iu chnh R3, R4 nhm co ngn di thng, khi phm cht Q s tng, mch lc bng thng hp tinh hn, song phi p ng iu kin K < 3 trnh s bt n nh. b. Dng mch Rauch MFT: (Multiple Feedback Topology) Tng qut: Do u vo ca khng o b khuch i l tng b ni t , ng thi . Vit cc phng trnh Kirchhoff v dng in ti cc nt sau:

Nt Nt

: :

) , ta c: )
)

Thay vo phng trnh nt ( ( )

(

Hm truyn t lun c du tr, cho nn tn hiu ra lun ngc pha so vi tn hiu vo. Mch lc thng thp:

Hm truyn t: ( ) ( )

Nu nh cho cc in tr bng nhau v bng R, hm truyn t c th vit gn li thnh: ( ) Tn s ct:

H s suy gim ca mch: Phm cht mch:

H s khuch i mch: Ko = -1 tn hiu b ngc pha nhng vn gi bin . Mch lc thng cao: Hm truyn t: ( ) ( )
( )

Nu cho cc t in bng nhau v bng C, th hm truyn t c th c vit li thnh: ( ) Tn s ct:

H s suy gim ca mch: Phm cht mch:

H s khuch i mch: K = -1 tn hiu b ngc pha nhng vn gi bin . Mch lc thng di:

Hm truyn t: ( )

Nu cho cc t in bng nhau v bng C, ta c:

 ( ) Tn s trung tm: H s suy gim: : Phm cht mch: Di thng: H s khuch i tnh: Mch lc cho php thay i Q, K v c mt cch c lp. Di thng B v h s K khng ph thuc vo R2 c th thay i R2 iu chnh c m khng lm nh hng ti B v K. Vi mch c phm cht Q thp, mch c th lm vic m khng cn ti R2, song khi Q ph thuc vo K (K = 2Q2). c. Mch lc chuyn gia thng di v chn di: thng c thc hin bi hai b KTT ni vi nhau. Trong KTT A1 lm nhim v khuch i vi sai, KTT A2 lm nhim v chuyn i tr khng. Xt KTT A2, ta thy b khuch i c hi tip n khng tr khng in th ti ca vo o . M (KTT l tng) . Ta c: ( ) ( ) C: {
( )

thay vo pt trn ta suy ra ( ) Xt mch hnh di khi bin i mch KTT A2 thnh tr khng tng ng Z. Ti nt : Ti nt ( ) :

Thay gi tr Z vo hm truyn t va ri, ta c kt qu l: ( ) Tn s trung tm:

Nu nh ta thay i gi tr in tr R4 hoc R5 th khng nhng ta c th thay i tn s trung tm v rng di thng ca mch chn di m cn thay i c bn cht ca mch lc na. C th nu chn cc in tr trn cng nh th mch t lc chn di bng chn hp tr thnh mch lc thng di bng thng rng. Bi v, vi vic thay i cc gi tr in tr trn th tr khng Z tng ng ca b chuyn i tr khng thay i tnh cht: t dn c tnh cht cm khng thnh dn c tnh cht dung khng.