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TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP

KHOA IN T
B MN: K THUT MY TNH

N MN HC
MN HC

H THNG NHNG
Nhm sinh vin : Nguyn Th Ha Nguyn Vn Hp Tng Quang Long Lp : K43DDK . Gio vin hng dn : Nguyn Vn Huy

AMH H thng nhng


Thi Nguyn 2011

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn


................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

Thi Nguyn, Ngy

Thng

Nm 2011

Gio Vin hng dn

(K ghi r h tn)

Nhn xt ca gio vin chm


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Thi Nguyn, Ngy

Thng

Nm 2011

Gio Vin hng dn

(K ghi r h tn)

MC LC 3.1 Thit k phn cng ....................................................................................31 B mn K thut my tnh 2

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

3.2 Thit k phn mm.....................................................................................31 TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................38

LI NI U Ngy nay, vic ng dng cho cc h thng nhng ngy cng tr nn ph bin: t nhng ng dng n gin nh iu khin mt cht n giao thng nh thi, m sn phm trong mt dy chuyn sn xut, iu khin tc ng c in mt chiu, thit k mt bin qung co dng Led ma trn, mt ng h thi gian thc.n cc ng dng phc tp nh h thng iu khin robot, b kim sot trong nh my hoc h thng kim sot cc my nng lng ht nhn. Cc h thng t ng trc y s dng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau nh cc h thng t ng hot ng bng nguyn l kh nn, thy lc, rle c in, mch in t s, cc thit b my mc t ng bng cc cam cht c kh... cc thit b, h thng ny c chc nng x l v mc t ng thp so vi cc h thng t ng hin i c xy dng trn nn tng ca cc h thng nhng. Vi mong mun gii thiu ng dng c bn ca h thng nhng trong i sng hin i, nhm chng em a ra m hnh thit k h thng iu khin n thng minh dng cho cc phng hp. Trong qu trnh thc hin n mn hc, nhm chng em c gng thit k sao cho m hnh l n gin nht, n nh nht; tuy nhin do vn thi gian v kinh nghim nn m hnh vn cn gp phi nhng vn cha th khc phc c.

Trn trng v chn thnh cm n!

B mn K thut my tnh

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy Nhm thc hin ti: Nguyn Th Ha Nguyn Vn Hp Tng Quang Long

CHUNG 1: PHN TCH BI TON 1.1. Kho st v phn tch bi ton Hin nay hu ht vic gim st v iu khin chiu sng trong cc phng cng cng c iu khin bng tay thng qua ng m cc cng tc, cc aptomat, cu dao.... iu ny kh thun li v n gin v ta c th bt tt n theo nhu cu s dng. Tuy nhin, do l phng cng cng nn vic bt tt n hu nh do ngi trc khu nh lm. V th h khng bit c chnh xc khi no th c ngi ti v khi no th mi ngi ra ht khi phng hoc h bit nhng v phi qun l nhiu phng nn h vn c in n ht ca trc, iu ny gy lng ph in rt ln, c bit trong hon cnh nc ta ang thiu in mt cch trm trng nh hin nay. Trn th trng hin nay c mt s thit b bt tt n thng minh, nh SmartLight do Hn Quc sn xut: c tch hp sensor cm ng hng ngoi thn nhit, n s t ng c bt khi c ngi i vo vng cm ng v tt khi khng c ngi.

B mn K thut my tnh

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 1.1: n thng minh Smartlight SmartLight ph hp vi mi nhu cu chiu sng thng minh ca bn ti sn cng, phng khch, phng ng, phng v sinh, cu thang, vn phng... gip bn bt tt n hon ton t ng, mang li s an ton, tin nghi v tit kim in... Tuy nhin thit b ny tch hp lun b iu khin vi n trong 1 sn phm. Do gi thnh cao v khng thch hp cho cc phng cn lng chiu sng ln, khng thay i c loi bng n theo yu cu. H thng gim st iu khin chiu sng s dng camera kt ni vi my tnh kim sot s ngi trong phng, qua pht lnh ng m cc cng tc t bt tt bng n.

B mn K thut my tnh

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 1.2: H thng camera gim st H thng ny gip vic bt tt n ni lp t mt cch chnh xc, t ng hoc bn t ng. Tuy nhin do s dng my tnh nn gi thnh ca h thng rt cao, mt khc khng gii quyt c vn tit kim in. V th n thng ch c s dng nhng ta nh cng ngh cao, nhng khu vc cn iu chnh chiu sng khng phi v mc ch tit kim in nng. H thng bt tt n t ng s dng cc IC s v mch Logic cho php ta da vo lng ngi vo ra ng ngt cc cng tc mt cch t ng.

B mn K thut my tnh

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 1.3: H thng bt tt n thng minh dng IC s H thng ny c cu to n gin, r, khng phi lp trnh m ch da vo cc mch Logic nhng tnh linh ng khng cao, kh chnh nh khi iu kin lm vic thay i, t c kh nng nng cp m rng h thng. Vi nhng phng hp cng cng, khi m lu lng ngi khng ln v c th kim sot c vic m ngi qua ca th ta hon ton c th p dng h thng n thng minh s dng Vi iu khin c lp trnh bt n khi c ngi v tt khi khng c ngi. iu ny va tin li cho mi ngi: ng dng cng ngh t ng ha vo cuc sng con ngi, m bo nh sng trong qu trnh lm vic, ngi qun l th tn thi gian ng thi gp phn gii quyt vn tit kim in nng trong thi k m nhu cu in tiu th vt qu kh nng cung cp ca cc nh my in hin nay. 1.2. La chn gii php 1.2.1 Gii php cng ngh Qua phn tch trn, nhm chng em a ra gii php xy dng h thng iu khin n thng minh cho cc phng hp: iu khin bt tt n qua vic B mn K thut my tnh 7

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

kim sot lng ngi ra vo phng. Thu nhn tn hiu ri x l tn hiu, khi c ngi vo phng, nu n ang bt th vn bt, n cha bt th bt n ln; khi mi ngi ra ht khi phng th tt n i. Trong qu trnh lm vic h thng lun hin th s ngi cn ang trong phng tin cho vic kim tra, theo di. 1.2.2 Gii php thit k pht hin ngi ra ta dng 2 b thu pht hng ngoi mc gn nhau t ca ra vo. X l, iu khin dng vi iu khin Pic: lp trnh Pic nhn tn hiu vo t 2 b Led hng ngoi, tnh ton x l a ra lnh bt tt n. hin th ta dng Led 7 thanh: ly tn hiu ra t Pic thng bo xem trong phng c bao nhiu ngi iu khin tt/m bng n nh transistor cp dng cho r le. 1.2.3 Cc yu cu H thng iu khin n thng minh ny p dng cho cc phng hp: S lng ngi trong phng ti a khng qu 99 ngi. Phng ch c mt ca ra vo. mt thi im ch c 1 ngi qua ca. Ca cao 2.5m, rng 2m. C ngi i vo th bt n v i ra ht th tt n. H thng c 2 ch lm vic t ng v bng tay. Lm vic vi in p 220V/50Hz. Sensor v cng ngh ty chn. C kh nng nng cp, ci tin. 1.2.4 Gii hn hn nh Lm vic c ban ngy ln ban m. Thu nhn tn hiu lin tc khi c ngi ra vo. Nhit mi trng: trong nh 100C n 400C. H thng cp in mi t u. B mn K thut my tnh 8

AMH H thng nhng CHNG 2: THIT K H THNG

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

2.1. S tng qut H thng iu khin n thng minh gm c 5 khi chnh.

Khi ngun

Khi cm bin

Khi x l

Khi chp hnh Khi hin th

Hnh 2.1: S tng qut h thng bt tt n thng minh Khi Ngun: Cung cp ngun cho h thng. Khi Cm bin: S dng sensor hng ngoi dng thu nhn tn hiu ngi vo ra phng, a tn hiu thu c vo chn Pic x l. nhn bit ngi i vo hay i ra ta dng 2 b thu pht hng ngoi mc gn nhau. Khi X l: Dng VDK Pic 16F877A ly tn hiu t cm bin, tnh ton, lu tr v a ra khi hin th v khi chp hnh. Khi Hin th: Ly tn hiu ra t chn Pic hin th s lng ngi hin ang trong phng trn Led 7 thanh.Khi Chp hnh: Nhn tn hiu t khi x l thc hin ng ct tip im mch ng lc.

B mn K thut my tnh

AMH H thng nhng 2.2. S Callgraph Chng trnh iu khin chnh

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Module X l Cm bin

Module X l Chng trnh Chp hnh Hin th

Cm bin

Hnh 2.2: S Callgraph ca h thng bt tt n thng minh 2.3. S c t

Hin th S ngi

C ngi

Bt n
Ngi ra

Phn lng ngi trong phng

Khng ngi Ngi vo

Tt n

Hnh 2.3: S c t ca h thng bt tt n thng minh B mn K thut my tnh 10

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

2.4. Cc module trong h thng 2.4.1. Module khi ngun Module ny to ra in p mt chiu t ngun xoay chiu 220V cung cp cho cc linh kin trong h thng. S dng bin p bin in p xoay chiu 220V thnh in p xoay chiu 12V, dng chnh lu t 12V xoay chiu sang 12V mt chiu, dng IC 7805 n p ly ra in p n nh 5V ng ra.
12V J2 220V~ 1 2 L1 1 D io t c a u + 4 1 C 1 C IN U 4 G N D 7805 3 V c c -5 V C 2 C 2

O U T

B ie n a p

Hnh 2.4.: Module ngun cp 2.4.2. Module cm bin B phn cm bin ca h thng s dng mch thu pht hng ngoi. Led pht hng ngoi ni vi ngun 1 chiu qua in tr R1, R2: pht ra nh sng hng ngoi truyn ti Led thu. Led thu hng ngoi c 3 chn: chn 3 v 1 ni vi ngun qua R3, R4 v t, chn 2 ly tn hiu ra a vo chn Vi x l. trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu hng ngoi truyn t khi pht c Led thu thu nhn, trn u ra 2 tn hiu mc cao (mc 1); khi c ngi i ct qua khin Led thu mt tn hiu, u ra 2 cho tn hiu mc thp (mc 0). c th phn bit c l ngi i vo hay i ra ta mc 2 b Thu- Pht song song v t cnh nhau. Tn hiu thu c t u ra ca 2 Led thu c a vo 2 chn Vi x l thc hin qu trnh tnh ton, kim tra, lu tr

B mn K thut my tnh

11

AMH H thng nhng


V c c -5 V
V c c -5 V

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

R 2

R 1

R 4 U 1

R 3

LED TH U 1 3 VSS VC C 2 TH 1

D 1 LED PH AT 1

O U T

U 2 3 VSS VC C

LED TH U 2 2 TH 2

D 2 LED PH AT 2

O U T

Module pht

Module thu

Hnh 2.5: Module thu pht hng ngoi 2.4.3. Module iu khin trung tm Khi iu khin trung tm dng vi iu khin Pic 16F877A. Khi c tn hiu ngt t b thu hng ngoi qua cc chn RB4 v RB5 ca cng B thi Vi iu khin s kch hot ngt cng B t RB4>>RB7, qua thut ton np Pic thc hin chng trnh iu khin a ti cc cng A, C, D tn hiu iu khin khi hin th (Led 7 thanh) v khi chp hnh (module ng lc). B to dao ng dng thch anh 20M cung cp ngn dao ng cho Pic B Reset cp ngun 5V v xc lp trng thi ban u cho Pic.

B mn K thut my tnh

12

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy


V c c -5 V

R 5 R ES V1 C 3 T13 Y 1 Z TB T14 C 5 BT

C 4

T13 T14 Vout

PVN 1 13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 O S C 1 /C L K IN O S C 2 /C L K O U T R R R R R R A A A A A A 0 1 2 3 4 5 R B 0 /IN T R B1 R B2 R B 3 /P G M R B4 R B5 R B 6 /P G C R B 7 /P G D 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 9 0 1 2 7 8 9 0 S S S S S S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R E R E R E M C

V1

/A N 0 /A N 1 /A N 2 /V R E F -/C V R E F /A N 3 /V R E F + /T 0 C K I/C 1 O U T /A N 4 /S S * /C 2 O U T R C 0 /T 1 O S O /T 1 C K I 0 /R D * /A N 5 R C 1 /T 1 O S I/C C P 2 1 /W R */A N 6 R C 2 /C C P 1 2 /C S */A N 7 R C 3 /S C K /S C L R C 4 /S D I/S D A L R */V P P R C 5 /S D O R C 6 /T X/C K R C 7 /R X/D T R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D 0 /P 1 /P 2 /P 3 /P 4 /P 5 /P 6 /P 7 /P S S S S S S S S P P P P P P P P 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TH 1 TH 2

L1 L2

11 12 31 32

VD D VSS VSS VD D

P IC 1 6 F 8 7 7 A

Hnh 2.6: Module iu khin trung tm 2.4.4. Module tng tc iu khin (hin th) tin cho vic kim tra theo di s ngi hin ang trong phng, ta s dng 2 Led 7 thanh mc chung Anot vi s ngi hin th ti a l 99 ngi. Tn hiu iu khin t Vi x l a ra cng C bt tt cc thanh Led t 1 n 7( tch cc mc dng) tng ng vi cc con s t 0 n 9 cn hin th. B mn K thut my tnh 13

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

hin th c hai Led ta dng thut ton qut Led vi tn hiu a ra t cng D quyt nh Led 1 hay Led 2 c bt.

7SEG 1

M P X 2 -C A

A B C D E F G D P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hnh 2.7 : Module hin th 2.4.5. Module chp hnh. B phn chp hnh c Role ni vi thit b in. Vi x l sau khi x l tn hiu s gi lnh iu khin ng m Transistor cp ngun cho cun dy ca Role (dng hoc p). n in c ni vi ngun 220V xoay chiu qua tip im ca Role, khi Role tc ng th n bt ln v ngc li n tt khi Role thi tc ng. m bo cho h thng c th lm vic c hai ch bng tay v t ng ta dng cng tc 3 v tr: v tr 1 l ch lm vic t ng, cn v tr 2 v 3 tng ng vi tt/ bt n.

B mn K thut my tnh

L1 L2

S S S S S S S

9 10

L1 L2

14

AMH H thng nhng


J1 220V~ 1 2

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

V c c -5 V

SW 1 D 3 D io t DEN

Vout

R 3

R ES

Q 1 N PN R 4 R ES

2 1

LS1 R ELAY 4 5

Hnh 2.8 : Module chp hnh ca h thng bt tt n thng minh 2.5.La chn linh kin. 2.5.1. Vi iu khin PIC16F877A a. S chn vi iu khin PIC 16F877A

B mn K thut my tnh

15

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy Hnh 2.9: S chn PIC 16F877A

b. Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin PIC 16F877A y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC16Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c di 14 bit. Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc hot ng ti a cho php l 20 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh chng trnh 8Kx14 bit, b nh d liu 368x8 byte RAM v b nh d liu EEPROM vi dung lng 256x8 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 33 pin I/O. Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit. Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc nng m da vo xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch sleep. Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler. Hai b Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung. Cc chun giao tip ni tip SSP (Synchronous Serial Port), SPI v I2C. Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9 bit a ch. Cng giao tip song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) vi cc chn iu khin RD, WR, CS bn ngoi. Cc c tnh Analog: 8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit. Hai b so snh. B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln. B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln. D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm. Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm. Np c chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming) thng qua 2 chn. Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong. Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh. Ch Sleep. C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.

B mn K thut my tnh

16

AMH H thng nhng c. S khi vi iu khin PIC 16F877A

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 2.10 : S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A d. T chc b nh Cu trc b nh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A bao gm b nh chng trnh (program memory) v b nh d liu (data memory) . B nh chng trnh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A l b nh flash , dung lng b nh 8k word (1 word= 14bit) v c phn thnh nhiu trang (t B mn K thut my tnh 17

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

page 0 n page 3) .Nh vy b nh chng trinh c kh nng cha c 8*1024 =8192 lnh (v mt lnh sau khi m ha s c dung lng 1 word (14 bit). m ha c a ch ca 8k word b nh chng trnh , b m chng trnh c dung lng 13 bit (PC<12:0>) . Khi vi iu khin reset , b m chng trnh s ch n a ch 0000h (reset vector). Khi c ngt xy ra , b m chng trnh s ch n a ch 0004h (interrupt vector). B nh chng trnh khng bao gm b nh stack s c cp c th trong phn sau. B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhiu bank. i vi PIC16F877A b nh d liu c chia ra lm 4 bank. Mi bank c dung lng 128 byte, bao gm cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFG (Special Function Register) nm cc vng a ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc ch chung GPR (General Purpose Pegister) nm vng a ch cn li trong bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR thng xuyn c s dng (v d nh thanh ghi STATUS) s c t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip thun tin trong qu trnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. Stack khng nm trong b nh chng trnh hay b nh d liu m l mt vng nh c bit khng cho php c hay ghi. Khi lnh CALL c thc hin hay khi mt ngt xy ra lm chng trnh b r nhnh, gi tr ca b m chng trnh PC t ng c vi iu khin ct vo trong stack. Khi mt trong cc lnh RETURN, RETLW hat RETFIE c thc thi, gi tr PC s t ng c ly ra t trong stack, vi iu khin s thc hin tip chng trnh theo ng qui trnh nh trc. B nh Stack trong vi iu khin PIC h 16F87xA c kh nng cha c 8 a ch v hot ng theo c ch xoay vng. Ngha l gi tr ct vo b nh Stack ln th 9 s ghi ln gi tr ct vo Stack ln u tin v gi tr ct vo b nh Stack ln th 10 s ghi ln gi tr 6 ct vo Stack ln th 2. Cn ch l khng c c hiu no cho bit trng thi stack, do ta khng bit c khi no stack trn. Bn cnh tp lnh ca vi iu khin dng PIC cng khng c lnh POP hay PUSH, cc thao tc vi b nh stack s hon ton c iu khin bi CPU.

B mn K thut my tnh

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AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

e. Cc cng xut nhp ca PIC16F877A Cng xut nhp (I/O port) chnh l phng tin m vi iu khin dng tng tc vi th gii bn ngoi. S tng tc ny rt a dng v thng qua qu trnh tng tc , chc nng ca vi iu khin c th hin mt cch r rng. Mt cng xut nhp ca vi iu khin bao gm nhiu chn (I/O pin), ty theo cch b tr v chc nng ca vi iu khin m s lng cng xut nhp v s lng chn trong mi cng c th khc nhau. Bn cnh , do vi iu khin c tch hp sn bn trong cc c tnh giao tip ngoi vi nn bn cnh chc nng l cng xut nhp thng thng, mt s chn xut nhp cn c thm cc chc nng khc th hin s tc ng ca cc c tnh ngoi vi nu trn i vi th gii bn ngoi. Chc nng ca tng chn xut nhp trong mi cng hon ton c th c xc lp v iu khin c thng qua cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n chn xut nhp . Port A Port A (RPA) bao gm 6 I/O pin. y l cc chn hai chiu (bidirectional pin), ngha l c th xut v nhp c. Chc nng I/O ny c iu khin bi thanh ghi TRISA (a ch 85h). Mun xc lp chc nng ca mt chn trong PortA l input, ta set bit iu khin tng ng vi chn trong thanh ghi TRISA v ngc li, mun xc lp chc nng ca mt chn trong Port A l output, ta clear bit iu khin tng ng vi chn trong thanh ghi TRISA. Thao tc ny hon ton tng t i vi cc PORT cn li. Bn cnh Port A cn l ng ra ca b ADC, b so snh, ng vo analog ng vo xung clock ca Timer0 v ng vo ca b giao tip MSSP (Master Synchronous Serial Port). Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n Port A bao gm: Port A (a ch 05h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong Port A. TRISA (a ch 85h) : iu khin xut nhp. CMCON (a ch 9Ch) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh. CVRCON (a ch 9Dh) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh in p. ADCON1 (a ch 9Fh) : thanh ghi iu khin b ADC. Port B B mn K thut my tnh 19

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Port B (RPB) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l TRISB. Bn cnh mt s chn ca Port B cn c s dng trong qu trnh np chng trnh cho vi iu khin vi cc ch np khc nhau. Port B cn lin quan n ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0. Port B cn c tch hp chc nng in tr ko ln c iu khin bi chng trnh. Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n Port B bao gm: Port B (a ch 06h,106h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong Port B TRISB (a ch 86h,186h) : iu khin xut nhp OPTION_REG(a ch 81h,181h): iu khin ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0 Port C PortC (RPC) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l TRISC. Bn cnh Port C cn cha cc chn chc nng ca b so snh, b Timer1, b PWM v cc chun giao tip ni tip I2C, SPI, SSP, USART. Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n Port C: Port C (a ch 07h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong Port C TRISC (a ch 87h) : iu khin xut nhp. Port D Port D (RPD) gm 8 chn I/O, thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l TRISD. Port D cn l cng xut d liu ca chun giao tip PSP (Parallel Slave Port). Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port D bao gm: Thanh ghi Port D : cha gi tr cc pin trong Port D. Thanh ghi TRISD : iu khin xut nhp. Thanh ghi TRISE : iu khin xut nhp Port E v chun giao tip PSP. Port E Port E (RPE) gm 3 chn I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l TRISE. Cc chn ca PortE c ng vo analog. Bn cnh Port E cn l cc chn iu khin ca chun giao tip PSP. Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Port E bao gm: Port E : cha gi tr cc chn trong PortE. TRISE : iu khin xut nhp v xc lp cc thng s cho chun giao tip B mn K thut my tnh 20

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

PSP ADCON1: thanh ghi iu khin khi ADC. f. Ngt (Interrupt) PIC16F877A c n 15 ngun to ra hot ng ngt c iu khin bi thanh ghi INTCON (bit GIE). Bn cnh mi ngt cn c mt bit iu khin v c ngt ring. Cc c ngt vn c set bnh thng khi tha mn iu kin ngt xy ra bt chp trng thi ca bit GIE, tuy nhin hot ng ngt vn ph thuc vo bit GIE v cc bit iu khin khc. Bit iu khin ngt RB0/INT v TMR0 nm trong thanh ghi INTCON, thanh ghi ny cn cha bit cho php cc ngt ngoi vi PEIE. Bit iu khin cc ngt nm trong thanh ghi PIE1 v PIE2. C ngt ca cc ngt nm trong thanh ghi PIR1 v PIR2. Trong mt thi im ch c mt chng trnh ngt c thc thi, chng trnh ngt c kt thc bng lnh RETFIE. Khi chng trnh ngt c thc thi, bit GIE t ng c xa, a ch lnh tip theo ca chng trnh chnh c ct vo trong b nh Stack v b m chng trnh s ch n a ch 0004h. Lnh RETFIE c dng thot khi chng trnh ngt v quay tr v chng trnh chnh, ng thi bit GIE cng s c set cho php cc ngt hot ng tr li. Cc c hiu c dng kim tra ngt no ang xy ra v phi c xa bng chng trnh trc khi cho php ngt tip tc hot ng tr li ta c th pht hin c thi im tip theo m ngt xy ra. i vi cc ngt ngoi vi nh ngt t chn INT hay ngt t s thay i trng thi cc pin ca PORTB (PORTB Interrupt on change), vic xc nh ngt no xy ra cn 3 hoc 4 chu k lnh ty thuc vo thi im xy ra ngt. Cn ch l trong qu trnh thc thi ngt, ch c gi tr ca b m chng trnh c ct vo trong Stack, trong khi mt s thanh ghi quan trng s khng c ct v c th b thay i gi tr trong qu trnh thc thi chng trnh ngt. iu ny nn c x l bng chng trnh trnh hin tng trn xy ra. Ngt INT Ngt ny da trn s thay i trng thi ca pin RB0/INT. Cnh tc ng B mn K thut my tnh 21

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

gy ra ngt c th l cnh ln hay cnh xung v c iu khin bi bit INTEDG (thanh ghi OPTION_ REG <6>). Khi c cnh tc ng thch hp xut hin ti pin RB0/INT, c ngt INTF c set bt chp trng thi cc bit iu khin GIE v PEIE. Ngt ny c kh nng nh thc vi iu khin t ch sleep nu bit cho php ngt c set trc khi lnh SLEEP c thc thi. Ngt do s thay t trng thi cc PIN trong Port B Cc pin PORTB<7:4> c dng cho ngt ny v c iu khin bi bit RBIE (thanh ghi INTCON<4>). C ngt ca ngt ny l bit RBIF (INTCON<0>). 2.5.2. Led Hng Ngoai a. Led pht Diode quang thng c ch to bng gecmani v silic . Hnh 4 trnh by cu to ca diode quang ch to bng silic .dng lm b ch th tia ln cn bc x hng ngoi.

Hnh 2.11: Cu to diode hng ngoi Nguyn l + P N R t P N R t

Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l lm vic ca diode quang B mn K thut my tnh 22

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Led hng ngoi c th lm vic hai ch : ch bin i quang in v ch ngun quang in. Nguyn l trong ch bin i quang in: Lp p c mc vo cc m ca ngun in, lp n mc vo cc dng. Phn cc ngc nn khi cha chiu sang ch c dng in nh b chy qua ng vi dng in ngc (cn gi l dng in ti). Khi c quang thng dng in qua mi ni p-n tng ln gi l dng in sng. Nguyn l lm vic ca diode trong ch ngun pht quang in( pin mt tri): Khi quang thng , cc in tch trn mi ni p-n c gii phng to ra sc in ng trn 2 cc ca diode, do lm xut hin dng in chy trong mch. Tr s sc in ng xut hin trong ngun pht quang in ph thuc vo loi ngun pht v tr s ca quang thng. b. Led thu Cu to

Hnh 2.13: Cu to led thu Nguyn l Gi s iu kin phn cc cho IC hon chnh ,khi IC nhn tn hiu iu khin t diode pht quang, mch khuch i OP-amp ca ca IC s bin i dng in thu c t diode ra in p( in p ny c khuch i). Tn hiu in p c a n Smith triger to xung vung, xung ny c nhim v kch transistor ng ra hot ng, lc ng ra chn s 2 ca IC mc thp, tn

B mn K thut my tnh

23

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

hiu ng ra tc ng mc 0, c th c dng iu khin gin tip mt ti no . Khi ngn nh sng chiu vo th ngc li khng hot ng dn dng. 2.5.3. Led 7 oan a. Cc khi nim c bn Trong cc thit b, bo trng thi hot ng ca thit b cho ngi s dng vi thng s ch l cc dy s n thun, thng ngi ta s dng Led 7 on . Led 7 on c s dng khi cc thng s khng i hi qu phc tp, ch cn hin th s l , chng hn Led 7 on c s dng hin th nhit phng, trong cc ng h trong cc ng h treo tng bng in t, hin th s lng sn phm c kim tra sau mt cng on no . b. S v tr cc Led : Cc in tr 330 l cc in tr bn ngoi c kt ni gii hn dng in qua Led nu Led 7 on c ni vi ngun 5V.

Hnh 2.14: S chn 7 SEG-COM-ANODE v hnh nh minh ha c. Kt ni vi Vi iu khin: Ng nhn tn hiu iu khin ca Led 7 on c 8 ng, v vy c th dng 1 Port no ca Vi iu khin iu khin Led 7 on. Nh vy Led 7 on nhn mt d liu 8 bit t Vi iu khin iu khin hot ng sng tt ca tng Led n trong n, d liu c xut ra iu khin Led 7 on thng B mn K thut my tnh 24

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

c gi l "m hin th Led 7 on". C hai kiu m hin th Led 7 on: m dnh cho Led 7 on c Anode(cc +) chung v m dnh cho Led 7 on c Cathode(cc -) chung. Chng hn, hin th s 1 cn lm cho cc Led v tr b v c sng, nu s dng Led 7 on c Anode chung th phi t vo hai chn b v c in p l 0V(mc 0) cc chn cn li c t in p l 5V(mc 1), nu s dng Led 7 on c Cathode chung th in p(hay mc logic) hon ton ngc li, tc l phi t vo chn b v c in p l 5V(mc 1). Phn cng c kt ni vi 1 Port bt k ca Vi iu khin, thun tin cho vic x l v sau phn cng nn c kt ni nh sau: Px.0 ni vi chn a, Px.1 ni vi chn b, ln lt theo th t cho n Px.7 ni vi chn h. 2.5.4. Transistor a. nh ngha Transistor c hnh thnh t ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N ,nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau. Cu trc ny c gi l Bipolar Junction Transitor (BJT) v dng in chy trong cu trc ny bao gm c hai loi in tch m v dng (Bipolar ngha l hai cc tnh). Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc, lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B (Base), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp. Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht (Emitter) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp (Collector) vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c.

Hnh 2.15: Hnh nh transistor B mn K thut my tnh 25

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

b. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transitor: Trong ch tuyn tnh hay cn gi l ch khuych i, Transitor l phn t khuych i dng in vi dng Ic bng ln dng bazo (dng iu khin ) Trong l h s khuych i dng in : IC = .IB 2.5.5. T in T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng.

Hnh 2.16: Mt s loi t in 2.5.6. Rle Rle l mt cng tc iu khin t xa n gin, n dng mt dng nh iu khin mt dng ln v vy n c dng bo v cng tc nn cng c xem l mt thit b bo v. Mt rle in hnh iu khin mch v c iu khin ngun. Kt cu rle gm c mt li st ,mt cun t v mt tip im.

Hnh 2.17: Cu to mt R le n gin v hnh nh Role 5V B mn K thut my tnh 26

AMH H thng nhng 2.5.7.

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

IC n p 7805 l mt mch tch hp b iu chnh in p. y l mt dng IC ca h 78xx iu chnh in p tuyn tnh c nh. Ngun in p trong mch c th c bin ng v s khng cho lng in p c nh. Cc vi mch iu chnh in p duy tr in p u ra ti mt gi tr khng i. Cc xx trong 78xx cho bit lng in p c nh n c thit k cung cp: 7805 cung cp ngun +5 V...

Hnh 2.18: IC n p 7805

B mn K thut my tnh

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AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

2.6.S nguyn l ca mch. Cc module c kt ni vi nhau theo s hnh v.


V c c -5 V C 3 T13 R 5 R ES C 4 V c c -5 V V c c -5 V Y 1 Z TB T14 C 5 BT A B C D E F G D P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S S S S S S S L1 L2 L1 L2 9 10 V1 7SEG 1 M P X 2 -C A

J1 220V~ 1 2

R 2

R 1

R 4 U 1 3

R 3 T13 T14 LE D TH U 1 VSS VC C 2 TH 1 Vout 13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V1 1

PVN 1 O S C 1 /C L K IN O S C 2 /C L K O U T R R R R R R A A A A A A 0 1 2 3 4 5 R B 0 /IN T R B1 R B2 R B 3 /P G M R B4 R B5 R B 6 /P G C R B 7 /P G D

D 1 LED PH AT 1

O U T

R E R E R E M C

/A N 0 /A N 1 /A N 2 /V R E F -/ C V R E F /A N 3 /V R E F + /T 0 C K I/C 1 O U T /A N 4 /S S * /C 2 O U T R C 0 /T 1 O S O /T 1 C K I 0 /R D * /A N 5 R C 1 /T 1 O S I/C C P 2 1 /W R * /A N 6 R C 2 /C C P 1 2 /C S * /A N 7 R C 3 /S C K /S C L R C 4 /S D I/S D A L R */V P P R C 5 /S D O R C 6 /T X /C K R C 7 /R X/D T R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D 0 /P 1 /P 2 /P 3 /P 4 /P 5 /P 6 /P 7 /P S S S S S S S S P P P P P P P P 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 S S S S S S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TH 1 TH 2

V c c -5 V

SW 1 D 3 D io t DEN

U 2 VSS VC C 3 D 2 LED PH AT 2

LE D TH U 2 2 TH 2 11 12 31 32

L1 L2

Vout

R 3

R ES

Q 1 N PN R 4 R ES

2 1

LS 1 R ELAY 4 5

O U T

VD D VSS VSS VD D

P IC 1 6 F 8 7 7 A

12V J2 220V~ 1 2 L1 1 D io t c a u + 4 1 C 1 C IN U 4 G N D 7805 3 V c c -5 V C 2 C 2

O U T

B ie n a p

Hnh 3.1 S mch nguyn l 2.7.Thut ton iu khin. Chng trnh c nhim v: Kim tra xem ngi i vo phng hay i ra khi phng Vi iu khin thc hin ngt cng B chung trnh iu khin thc hin Gii thut: Chng trnh iu khin c thc hin da trn ngt INTERRUPT ca vi iu khin. Chng trnh chnh hon ton khng tham gia vo vic thc hin iu khin, chng trnh chnh c chc nng duy nht l thc hin ngt mch B mn K thut my tnh 28

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

cho cng B thc hin iu khin. Cc cng B c thc hin ngt l t B4 ->B7. u tin ta b tr 2 b thu pht hng ngoi gn nhau theo phng to thnh mt phng song song vi mt t, b thu pht u tin ni vi cng B4 ca vi x l, b thu pht th 2 ni ti cng B5 ca vi x l. Khi c ngi i qua, bit c ngi i vo hay ra khi phng. Ta cn xem xt xem tn hiu b thu pht th nht b gin on trc hay tn hiu ca b thu pht hng ngoi th 2. Nu m tn hiu b thu pht th nht b gin on trc th c ngha l ngi i vo phng, nu tn hiu b thu pht th 2 b gin on trc th c ngha l ngi i ra khi phng. Vi x l ( c th l chng trnh chnh ) s thc hin ngt cng B thc hin on chng trnh.

B mn K thut my tnh

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AMH H thng nhng S thut ton

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Trong : B4=input_pin(B4): tn hiu t Led thu 1 Hnh 3.2: S thut ton B5=input_pin(B5):tn hiu t Led thu 2 Khi to S ng: s lng ngi ang trong phng Chng trnh np vo Vi iu khin Pic 16F877A Ngt t B4->B7 vit chng trnh iu khin ta s dng ngn ng C vit trn phn Chng Tng s mm CCS v chy m phng trong Proteus. Chng trnh trnh gm cc chng trnh ngi ln 1 B4=0 con Bt ttchnh n void den(ng), chng trnh con Hin th Led void led(ng), chng trnh con m ngi vo int Sdauvao(), chng trnh con m ngi ra int daura(), chng trnh con Ngt thay i trng thi cc chn B4->B7 v S S ng> chng trnh Chnh. =1 Hin th 10 phn Cc hng s v bin trong chng trnh : Mng LED7[10] gm s ngi t, mi phn t tng ng vi 1 con s t 0 n 9 m Led 7 on s hin th. Bt in Ngt t B4->B7 Bin chy i dng cho vng lp qut Led. Bin ng biu th cho s ngi ang trong phng. BinSL1, L2 hin th cc Led7 on 1 v 2 tng ng B5=0 vi ch s hng chc v hng n v ca s ngi trong phng. Bin vao, ra thu nhn tn hiu t u ra ca hai Led thu 1 v 2 : bnh thng vao=ra=1, khi c ngi ct qua b thu pht 1 th vao=0, qua b thu pht 2 thGim ra=0. s Hai bin x v y xc nhn xem c tn S hiu i qua 2 b thu pht hay khng ngi i 1 trong ng >0 mt lt ngi vo hoc ra: ban u x=y=0, khi ngi ct qua Led thu 1 th x=1 ; khi ngi ct qua Led thu 2 th y=1 ; khi ngi i qua c 2 b thu pht S 1,2 th ci t li : x=y=0 v chun b cho 1 lt mi. Chng trnh s dng ngt thay i trng thi cng B : khi c bt k s S ng thay i trng thi no trn cc chn B4-> B7 ca cng B th chng trnh s =0 sinh ra ngt. Trong bi ny, ty vo tn hiu thu c cc cng B4 v B5 chng trnh ngt s gi cc chng Tttrnh in con dauvao hay l chng trnh con daura. Chng trnh ngt s tr v gi tr l s ngi trong phng ng. Chng trnh chnh c vng lp v hn gip h thng c th lm vic lin tc, t gi tr ng c tr v t chng trnh ngt, chng trnh chnh s gi cc hm den(ng) v Led(ng) thc hin vic ng ct in v hin th. Star t

B mn K thut my tnh

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AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

CHNG 3: XY DNG H THNG 3.1 Thit k phn cng Vi n mn hc H thng nhng vi ti l H thng bt tt n thng minh dng cho cc phng hp, vic thit k phn cng ca mch h thng c th c chia lm 5 khi c bn l : - Khi ngun - Khi cm bin hng ngoi - Khi hin th - Khi rle chp hnh - Khi iu khin 3.2 Thit k phn mm M lp trnh : #include<16f877A.h> //thu vien cho Pic #use delay(clock=20M) // khai bao su dung tre int8 const LED7[10]={0xC0,0xF9,0xA4,0xB0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xF8,0x80,0x90}; //mang hien thi cac so tu 0 den 9 long i,L1,L2,ng,x,y,vao,ra; //khai bao cac bien //============================================// void den(ng){ if (ng==0) output_a(0); //xuat ra cong a gia tri 0 : tat den else output_a(1); //xuat ra cong a gia tri 1 : bat den } //============================================// B mn K thut my tnh 31

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

void led(ng){ L1=(ng/ 1) % 10; // Lay so hang don vi L2=(ng/ 10) % 10; // Lay so hang chuc for(i=0;i<100;i++){ output_c(LED7[L2]); output_d(1); delay_ms(1); output_d(0); // dua ma so hang chuc ra cong C, bat LED 1, tre 1ms roi tat output_c(LED7[L1]); output_d(2); delay_ms(1); output_d(0); // dua ma so hang don vi ra cong C, bat LED 2, tre 1ms roi tat } } //============================================// int dauvao(){ //ctr con dau vao if ((x==0)&&(y==0)){ //neu bat dau di vao thi thuc hien x=1; //ghi nhan da qua senso 1 if (ng!=99) ng++; //neu so nguoi con nho hon 99 thi dem tang } else if ((x==0)&&(y==1)){ //neu la cuoi cua qua trinh di ra x=1; //ghi nhan da qua senso 1 } } //============================================// int daura(){ //ctr con dau ra if ((x==0)&&(y==0)){ //neu bat dau di ra va con nguoi trong phong y=1; //ghi nhan da qua senso 2 if (ng!=0) ng--; //neu so nguoi con lon hon 0 thi dem giam } else if((x==1)&&(y==0)){ //neu la cuoi cua qua trinh vao y=1; //ghi nhan da qua senso 2 } } //============================================// B mn K thut my tnh 32

AMH H thng nhng #INT_rb

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy //khai bao ngat thay doi trang thai cong B

long vaora(){ //ctr ngat cong B vao=input(pin_b4); //gan bien vao doc du lieu vao chan B4 tu senso 1 ra=input(pin_b5); //gan bien vao doc du lieu vao chan B5 tu senso 2 if (vao==0) dauvao(); //neu co tin hieu vao thi cho chay ctr con dau vao else if (ra==0) daura(); //neu co tin hieu ra thi cho chay ctr con dau ra if ((x==1)&&(y==1)&&(vao==1)&&(ra==1)){ //khi ca 2 sense deu da co tin hieu thi cai dat lai x=0; y=0; } return ng; } //============================================// void main(){ x=y=0; ng=0; //Gan cac gia tri ban dau set_tris_a(0); //Cong A la cong ra set_tris_b(0xff); //Cong B la cong vao set_tris_c(0); //Cong C la cong ra set_tris_d(0); //Cong D la cong ra enable_interrupts(INT_rb); //cho phep ngat ngoai dem vach enable_interrupts(GLOBAL); //cho phep ngat toan cuc while (1){ led(ng); den(ng); } } //lien tuc kiem tra senso va dieu khien den //goi ham hien thi den led //goi ham bat tat den

B mn K thut my tnh

33

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

3.3. Kt qu m phng. Khi cha c ngi no trong phng, cng tc 3 v tr t v tr 1- Bt tt n theo ch t ng : Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 00, r le cha tc ng, n cha sng.

Hnh 3.1 : Trng thi ban u ca h thng Khi c ngi vo phng, senso 1 c tn hiu trc, Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 01, r le tc ng, n c bt.

B mn K thut my tnh

34

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 3.2 : Khi c ngi vo phng Khi c thm ngi vo phng, senso 1 li c tn hiu trc, Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 02, r le vn tc ng, n vn sng.

Hnh 3.3 : Khi c thm ngi vo phng Khi c ngi ra khi phng, senso 2 c tn hiu trc, Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 01, r le vn tc ng, n vn sng.

B mn K thut my tnh

35

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Hnh 3.4 : Khi c ngi ra khi phng Khi ang c ngi trong phng, Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 01, r le ang tc ng, n ang sng, mun tt n ta gt cng tc sang v tr s 2 : n tt.

Hnh 3.5 : Khng ch tt n khi ang c ngi

B mn K thut my tnh

36

AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

Khi khng c ngi trong phng, Led 7 thanh hin th s ngi trong phng l 00, r le cha tc ng, n cha sng ; mun bt n ta gt cng tc sang v tr s 3, n sng.

Hnh 3.1 : Khng ch bt n khi khng c ngi NH GI V KT LUN H thng bt tt n thng minh dnh cho cc phng hp s dng thu pht hng ngoi v vi x l Pic c bn p ng c yu cu mn hc. H thng hot ng tng i n nh v c kh nng nng cp ci tin hoc dng cho cc mc ch khc : chiu sng cu thang, hnh lang, chng trm... Tuy nhin, h thng vn cn nhng khuyt im cha th khc phc c: khi c hn 1 ngi i vo (ra) song song vi nhau th vn ch nhn bit c 1 ngi. Hay nhng trng hp ngi i cha vo hn quay ra hoc cha ra hn tr vo th h thng s b li. h thng ny ng dng c trong thc tin th cn nhiu vn cn gii quyt : cc li nhn bit k trn, chng nhiu cho Sensor, m bo kh nng ng ct ngun xoay chiu 220V hoc cao hn... Nu gii quyt c nhng vn ny th kh nng ng dng ca h thng l rt ln ph hp vi yu cu t

B mn K thut my tnh

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AMH H thng nhng

GVHD Nguyn Vn Huy

ng ngy cng cao ca i sng cng nh vic tit kim in trong hon cnh thiu in hin nay.

TI LIU THAM KHO Bi ging H thng nhng B mn K thut My tnh, H K thut Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn 2010 Bi ging Vi x l- Vi iu khin B mn K thut My tnh H K thut Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn 2009 S chn linh kin - Dng Minh Tr - Nh xut bn KH-KT- 09/2005 Mt s ti liu khc trn mng: dientuvietnam.net picvietnam.com sites.google.com/site/ktmttn picat.dieukhien.net

B mn K thut my tnh

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