Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

III. Tm s hng trong khai trin nh thc Newton

1. Dng tm s hng th k
S hng th k trong khai trin (a + b)n l C kn- 1an- (k- 1)bk- 1.
V d 16. Tm s hng th 21 trong khai trin (2 - 3x)25 .
Gii
20 5
20
5 20 20 20
S hng th 21 l C252 (- 3x) = 2 .3 C25x .
2. Dng tm s hng cha xm
i) S hng tng qut trong khai trin (a + b)n l C knan- kbk = M(k).xf(k) (a, b cha x).
ii) Gii phng trnh f(k) = m k0, s hng cn tm l C kn0an- k0bk0 v h s ca s
hng cha xm l M(k0).
18
x 4
V d 17. Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin
+

2 x

Gii
18
x 4
18
- 1
- 1

S hng tng qut trong khai trin

l:
+
=
2
x
+
4x
(
)

2 x
k
C18
( 2- 1x )

18- k

( 4x- 1 )

k 3k- 18 18- 2k .
= C18
2
x

S hng khng cha x ng vi 18 - 2k = 0 k = 9.

9 9
2.
Vy s hng cn tm l C18
20

V d 18. Tm s hng cha x37 trong khai trin ( x2 - xy ) .

Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( x2 - xy )

20

l:

k
k 40- k k
C20
(x2)20- k(- xy)k = (- 1)k C20
x
y .
37
S hng cha x ng vi 40 - k = 37 k = 3.
3 37 3
x y = - 1140x37y3 .
Vy s hng cn tm l - C20
10

V d 19. Tm s hng cha x3 trong khai trin ( 1 + x + x2 ) .

Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( 1 + x + x2 )

10

10 C k xk(1 + x)k .
=
1 + x ( 1 + x ) l 10

Suy ra s hng cha x3 ng vi 2 k 3.

2 2
2
2 3
x (1 + x)2 = C10
(x2 + 2x3 + x4) nn s hng cha x3 l 2C10
x .
+ Vi k = 2: C10
3 3
3 3
x (1 + x)3 c s hng cha x3 l C10
x .
+ Vi k = 3: C10
3
2
+ 2C10
Vy s hng cn tm l ( C10
) x3 = 210x3 .

Nguyn Quang V
1

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

Cch khc:
Ta c khai trin ca ( 1 + x + x2 )

10

10 l:
=
1
+
x
1
+
x
(
)

0
1
2 2
3 3
10 10
C10
+ C10
x(1 + x) + C10
x (1 + x)2 + C10
x (1 + x)3 + ... + C10
x (1 + x)10 .
2 2
3 3
x (1 + x)2 v C10
x (1 + x)3 .
S hng cha x3 ch c trong C10
2 2
2
2 3
x (1 + x)2 = C10
(x2 + 2x3 + x4) 2C10
x .
+ C10
3 3
3
3 3
x (1 + x)3 = C10
(x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 + x6) C10
x .
+ C10
2 3
3 3
x + C10
x = 210x3 .
Vy s hng cn tm l 2C10
3. Dng tm s hng hu t
m

i) S hng tng qut trong khai trin (a + b)n l C kan- kbk = C k.a p .bq ( a, b l hu t).
n
n

ii) Gii h phng trnh

m

p
(k , 0 k n) k0 .
r

q

S hng cn tm l C kn0an- k0bk0 .

10
1

V d 20. Tm s hng hu t trong khai trin

+ 5

Gii
10

S hng tng qut trong khai trin

+ 3 5

10
1 1

k k
1 + 22.53
1 k 2 3

l
=
C 2 .5 .

32 10

S hng hu t trong khai trin tha iu kin:

k

k = 0
2

,
0

10

(
)
k = 6.
k

3
1 0
1
+ Vi k = 0: s hng hu t l
C10 =
.
32
32
1 6 3 2 2625
+ Vi k = 6: s hng hu t l
C 2 .5 =
.
32 10
2
1
2625
Vy s hng cn tm l
v
.
32
2

4. Dng tm h s ln nht trong khai trin Newton

Xt khai trin (a + bx)n c s hng tng qut l C knan- kbkxk .
Nguyn Quang V
2

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

t uk = Cnkan- kbk, 0 k n ta c dy h s l { uk } .
tm s hng ln nht ca dy ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: gii bt phng trnh

uk
1 ta tm c k0 v suy ra uk0 uk0+1 ... un .
uk+1

Bc 2: gii bt phng trnh

uk
1 ta tm c k1 v suy ra uk1 uk1- 1 ... u0 .
uk+1

Bc 3: s hng ln nht ca dy l max { uk0, uk1 } .

Ch :
n gin trong tnh ton ta c th lm gn nh sau:

uk uk+1
k0 . Suy ra h s ln nht l C kn0an- k0bk0 .
Gii h bt phng trnh
uk uk- 1

17

V d 21. Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin ( 1 + 0,2x ) .

Gii
Khai trin ( 1 + 0,2x )

17

k
(0,2)k xk .
c s hng tng qut l C17

Ta c:
Ck (0,2)k C k+1(0,2)k+1
17
17
k
k
k- 1
C17(0,2) C17
(0,2)k- 1

17!
17!
5

k!( 17 - k ) ! (k + 1)!( 16 - k ) !

17!
17!
5

(k - 1)!( 18 - k ) !
k!( 17 - k ) !

5(k + 1) 17 - k

2 k 3.
18 - k 5k

2
2
+ Vi k = 2: h s l C17(0,2) = 5,44.
3
(0,2)3 = 5, 44.
+ Vi k = 3: h s l C17
Vy h s ln nht l 5,44.
10
2x
V d 22. Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin
1+

Gii
10

2x
1 k 10- k k k
10
1
C 3 2x .
Khai trin
c
s
hng
tng
qut
l
=
3
+
2x

(
)
1 +

10 10
10

Ta c:

Nguyn Quang V
3

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

10!
10!
3
2
Ck 310- k2k Ck+139- k2k+1
(k + 1)!( 9 - k ) !
10
10
k!( 10 - k ) !

k 10- k k
k- 1 11- k k- 1
C103 2 C10

10!
10!
3 2
3

2
(k - 1)!( 11 - k ) !
k!( 10 - k ) !
3(k + 1) 2(10 - k)
17
22

k
k = 4.
2(11 - k) 3k
5
5

Vy h s ln nht l

1
10

4 6 4
C10
32 =

1120
.
27

5. Dng tm h s cha xk trong tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn (tham

kho)
Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn vi cng bi q khc 1 l:
Sn = u1 + u2 + ... + un = u1

1 - qn
.
1- q

Xt tng S(x) = (1 + bx)m+1 + (1 + bx)m+2 + ... + (1 + bx)m+n nh l tng ca n s hng

u tin ca cp s nhn vi u1 = (1 + bx)m+1 v cng bi q = (1 + bx) .
p dng cng thc ta c:
S(x) = (1 + bx)m+1

1 - (1 + bx)n
(1 + bx)m+n+1 - (1 + bx)m+1
=
.
1 - (1 + bx)
bx

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha xk trong S(x) l

1
nhn vi h s ca s hng cha xk+1
b

trong khai trin (1 + bx)m+n+1 - (1 + bx)m+1 .

V d 23. Tm h s ca s hng cha x4 trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
4

15

S(x) = ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x ) + ... + ( 1 + x ) .

Gii
Tng S(x) c 15 4 + 1 = 12 s hng nn ta c:
(1 + x)12 (1 + x)16 - (1 + x)4
S(x) = (1 + x)
=
.
1 - (1 + x)
x
4 1-

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x4 l h s ca s hng cha x5 trong (1 + x)16 .

5
= 4368.
Vy h s cn tm l C16
Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
4
5
C 44 + C54 + C 64 + ... + C15
= C16
.
V d 24*. Tm h s ca s hng cha x2 trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
2

S(x) = ( 1 + x ) + 2( 1 + x ) + ... + 99( 1 + x )

Nguyn Quang V
4

99

+ 100( 1 + x )

100

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

Gii
Ta c:
98
99

S(x) = ( 1 + x ) 1 + 2( 1 + x ) + ... + 99( 1 + x ) + 100( 1 + x ) .

t:
2

f(x) = 1 + 2( 1 + x ) + 3( 1 + x ) + ... + 99( 1 + x )

2

98

F(x) = (1 + x) + ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x ) + ... + ( 1 + x )

+ 100( 1 + x )
99

+ ( 1+ x)

99

100

S(x) = f(x) + xf(x) v F / (x) = f(x) .

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x2 ca S(x) bng tng h s s hng cha x v x2 ca f(x),

bng tng 2 ln h s s hng cha x2 v 3 ln h s s hng cha x3 ca F(x).
Tng F(x) c 100 s hng nn ta c:
F(x) = (1 + x)

1 - (1 + x)100 (1 + x)101 - (1 + x)
=
.
1 - (1 + x)
x

3
4
Suy ra h s s hng cha x2 v x3 ca F(x) ln lt l C101
v C101
.
3
4
+ 3C101
= 12582075 .
Vy h s cn tm l 2C101
Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
2
3
4
2C22 + 3C23 + 4C24 + ... + 99C299 + 100C100
= 2C101
+ 3C101
.
*
V d 25 . Tm h s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
2

S(x) = ( 1 + x ) + 2( 1 + x ) + ... + (n - 1) ( 1 + x )

n- 1

+ n( 1 + x ) .

Gii
Ta c:

n- 2
n- 1

S(x) = ( 1 + x ) 1 + 2( 1 + x ) + ... + (n - 1) ( 1 + x )
+ n( 1 + x )
.

t:
2

f(x) = 1 + 2( 1 + x ) + 3( 1 + x ) + ... + (n - 1) ( 1 + x )
2

F(x) = (1 + x) + ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x ) + ... + ( 1 + x )

n- 2

n- 1

+ n( 1 + x )

+ ( 1+ x)

n- 1

S(x) = f(x) + xf(x) v F / (x) = f(x) .

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x ca S(x) bng tng h s s hng khng cha x v cha
x ca f(x), bng tng h s s hng cha x v 2 ln h s s hng cha x2 ca F(x).
Tng F(x) c n s hng nn ta c:
F(x) = (1 + x)

1 - (1 + x)n
(1 + x)n+1 - (1 + x)
=
.
1 - (1 + x)
x

Suy ra h s s hng cha x v x2 ca F(x) ln lt l C2n+1 v C 3n+1.

Nguyn Quang V
5

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

Vy h s cn tm l C2n+1 + 2Cn3+1 =

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6

Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + (n - 1)2 + n2 =

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

BI TP

Tm s hng trong cc khai trin sau

29) S hng th 13 trong khai trin (3 - x)25
30) S hng th 18 trong khai trin (2 - x2)25
12
1

31) S hng khng cha x trong khai trin x +

12
28

3
32) S hng khng cha x trong khai trin
x x + x 15

a
3
33) S hng cha a, b v c s m bng nhau trong khai trin
+

21
b

Tm h s ca s hng trong cc khai trin sau

12
x 3

34) H s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin -

3 x
4

1
12
5

35) H s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin + x

x3

36) H s ca s hng cha x8 trong khai trin

1 + x2(1 - x) 8

37) H s ca s hng cha x5 trong khai trin ( 1 + x + x2 + x3 )

10

38) H s ca s hng cha x3 trong khai trin (x2 - x + 2)10

39) H s ca s hng cha x4 trong khai trin (1 + x + 3x2)10
40) H s ca s hng cha x3 trong khai trin:
S(x) = (1 + x)3 + (1 + x)4 + (1 + x)5 + ... + (1 + x)50

41) H s ca s hng cha x3 trong khai trin:

S(x) = (1 + 2x)3 + (1 + 2x)4 + (1 + 2x)5 + ... + (1 + 2x)22

42) Tm h s ca s hng cha x10 trong khai trin (1 + x)10(x + 1)10 .

Nguyn Quang V
6

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

2

0
T suy ra gi tr ca tng S = ( C10
) + ( C101 ) + ... + ( C10
10 )

0 10
1 9
2 8
9 1
10 0
C20 + C10
C20 + C10
C20 + ... + C10
C20 + C10
C20
43) Rt gn tng S = C10
2

0
2007
44) Rt gn tng S = ( C2007
) + ( C12007 ) + ... + ( C2006
2007 ) + ( C2007 )

Tm s hng hu t trong khai trin ca cc tng sau

45)

16 + 3

46)

10
1
5

47) + 5

3+ 32

2
48)

10

Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin ca cc tng sau

49) ( 1 + 2x )

11
1 2x
50)
+

3
2

21

51) ( 1 + 0,5x )

100

HNG DN
13 12
29) C12
253 x

8 34
30) - C17
252 x

32) S hng tng qut ca

x3 x + x

4
28k
12- k ) k 3(
C12x
x 15

6
= 924 .
31) C12

12
28

15

12
28
4

l
=
x3 + x 15

16
1-

k
5
.
C12x

Suy ra s hng khng cha x ng vi k tha 1 -

k
= 0 k = 5.
5

5
= 792.
Vy s hng khng cha x l C12

a
3
33) S hng tng qut ca
+

Suy ra 7 34)

21
1 b
3

=
a b
3

1
6

+a

21
1 1

6b2

7 2k

l C k a7- 2b- 2+ 3 .

21

5 5
k
7 2k
=- +
k = 9 . Vy s hng cn tm l C9 a2b2 .
21
2
2
3

55
9

35) 495.

2
8 = x2(1 - x) + 18
36)
1
+
x
(1
x)

= C 08x16(1 - x)8 + ... + C 48x8(1 - x)4 + C 38x6(1 - x)3 + ... + C 88 .

Nguyn Quang V
7

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x8 ch c trong 2 s hng C 48x8(1 - x)4 v C 38x6(1 - x)3 .
+ C 48x8(1 - x)4 = C 48x8 ( C 04 - C14x + ... + C44x4 ) nn c h s cha x8 l C 48C04 .

+ C 38x6(1 - x)3 = C 38x6 ( C 03 - C13x + C23x2 - C 33x3 ) nn c h s cha x8 l C 38C23 .

Vy h s cn tm l C 48C04 + C38C23 = 238.
37) ( 1 + x + x2 + x3 )

10

= ( 1+ x)

10

( 1 + x2 )

10

0
10
0
1 2
10 20
= ( C10
+ C110x + ... + C10
10x ) ( C10 + C10x + ... + C10x ) .

Thc hin php nhn phn phi ta suy ra h s ca s hng cha x5 ch c trong 3 s
hng:
2 5
3
5
0 5
C110.C10
x , C10
.C110x5 v C10
.C10
x .
2
3
5
0
+ C10
.C110 + C10
.C10
= 1902 .
Vy h s cn tm l C110.C10
10

38) (x2 - x + 2)10 =

2 - x(1 - x)

0 10
2 8 2
3 7 3
10
10
= C10
2 - ... + C10
2 x (1 - x)2 - C10
2 x (1 - x)3 + ... + C10
10x (1 - x) .
2 8 2
2 x (1 - x)2 v
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x3 ch c trong 2 s hng C10
3 7 3
- C10
2 x (1 - x)3 .
2 8 2
2 8 2
2 8
2 x (1 - x)2 = C10
2 (x - 2x3 + x4) - 2C10
2 l h s ca s hng cha x3 .
+ C10
3 7 3
3 7
2 x (1 - x)3 c h s ca s hng cha x3 l - C10
2.
+ - C10
2 8
3 7
2 - C10
2 = - 38400.
Vy h s cn tm l - 2C10
39) (Tng t) 1695.
40) p dng cng thc cp s nhn cho tng 48 s hng ta c:

S(x) = (1 + x)3

1 - (1 + x)48 (1 + x)51 - (1 + x)3

=
.
1 - (1 + x)
x

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x3 l h s ca s hng cha x4 ca (1 + x)51 .

4
= 249900 .
Vy h s cn tm l C51
41) p dng cng thc cp s nhn cho 20 s hng ta c:
S(x) = (1 + 2x)3

1 - (1 + 2x)20 (1 + 2x)23 - (1 + 2x)3

=
.
1 - (1 + 2x)
2x
1
2

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x3 l h s ca s hng cha x4 ca (1 + 2x)23 .

1
2
10
10 = C 0 + C1 x + +... + C10x10 C 0 x10 + C1 x9 + ... + C10
42) (1 + x) (x + 1)
( 10 10
) ( 10
10
10
10 ) .
4 4
Vy h s cn tm l C23
2 = 70840.

Nguyn Quang V
8

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

Thc hin php nhn phn phi ta suy ra h s ca s hng cha x10 l:

( C100 )

.
+ ( C110 ) + ... + ( C10
10 )

Mt khc (1 + x)10(x + 1)10 = (1 + x)20 c h s ca s hng cha x10 l C10

20 .
Vy S = C10
20 = 184756.

0
10
0
1
20 20
+ C110x + ... + C10
43) (1 + x)10(1 + x)20 = ( C10
10x ) ( C20 + C20x + ... + C20x ) .

Thc hin php nhn phn phi ta suy ra h s ca s hng cha x10 l:
0 10
9
2 8
9 1
0
C10
C20 + C110C20
+ C10
C20 + ... + C10
C20 + C10
10C20 .
Mt khc (1 + x)10(1 + x)20 = (1 + x)30 c h s ca s hng cha x10 l C10
30 .
Vy S = C10
30 .
44) S = C2007
4014

45) S hng cn tm l C7416.32 = 5040.

46) S hng cn tm l C9923 = 8 v C9333.2 = 4536.

1
1
5 2
v 5 C10
103 .5 = 25 .
243
3
3
1 0 10 1024 - 1 5 6
1
2 2
2 =
48) S hng cn tm l 2 C10
, 2 C102 .3 = - 5376 v 2 C10
102 .3 = 4 .
9
3
3
3
2 6
14
49) H s ln nht l C14
50) H s ln nht l 6 C11
.
212
3
1 66 66
1 66
2 =
C100 .
51) H s ln nht l 100 C100
2
234

47) S hng cn tm l

0
C10
=

10

Bi 1. Tm h s ca s hng cha x , x +
x

40

Bi 2. a)Tm s hng x , Trong khai trin x + 2

x

31

28
3

b)Trong khai trin x x + x 15 Tm s hng khng cha x bit : Cnn + Cnn1 + Cnn 2 = 79

Bi 3.Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin 3 x + 4

x

21

1
Bi 4 Tm h s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin x5 + 3 2
x

43

Bi 5.Bit trong khai trin x C h s ca s hng th 3 bng 5

3

Hy tnh s hng ng gia trong khai trin

Nguyn Quang V
9

Tm h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton

n

Bi 6 Cho khai trin x3 +

3
.Bit tng ca ba s hng u itn trong khai trin
3 2
x

bng 631 .Tm h s ca s hng c cha x5

n

1
Bi 7.Bit tng h s ca ba s hng u tin trong khai trin x 3 x + 15 28 bng 79
x

.Tim s hng khng cha x

n

n +1
n
1

Bi 8. Tm h s x trong khai trin : 3 + x5 Bit Cn+ 4 Cn +3 = 7 ( n + 3)

x

Bi 9. Bit tng cc h s trong khai trin ( 1 + x 2 ) bng 1024 .Tm h s ca x12

n

Bi 10.Bit tng cc h s trong khai trin ( 1 + 2 x ) bng 6561. Tm h s ca x4

n

10

x
Bi 11. tm h s ca x y trong khai trin xy +
y

Bi 12.Trong khai trin

xy 2 + xy

12

Tm s hng cha x v y sao cho s m ca x v y

L cc s nguyn dng
Bi 13.Tm cc hng t l s nguyn trong khai trin

3+ 3 2

Bi 14.C bao nhiu hng t l s nguyn trong Khai triin

(
4

124

125

733

64

P ( x ) = ( 1 + x ) + ( 1 + x ) + ... + ( 1 + x ) =
9

Bi 16. Khai trin a thc

19

3+ 45

Bi 15.Tm cc hng t l s nguyn trong khai trin ( 3 + 3 7 )

Bi 16.C bao nhiu hng t l s nguyn trong khai trin

10

14

A0 + A1 x + ... + A14 x14

Tnh A9
n

x
x 1

Bi 17. Cho khai trin : 2 2 + 2 3 Bit Cn3 = 5Cn1 v s hng th 4 bng 20n .Tim x v n

a
+
Bi 18. Trong khai trin : 3
b

b
3
a

tm s hng cha a,b c s m bng nhau

Nguyn Quang V
10