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CHNG I: C HC
CH I : CHUYN NG C HC CHUYN NG U, KHNG U
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.
- Chuyn ng l s thay i v tr ca vt ny so vi vt khc c chn lm mc. Chuyn
ng ca mt vt mang tnh tng i
- Chuyn ng u l chuyn ng c nhng qung ng bng nhau trong nhng khong
thi gian bng nhau.
- Cng thc : v = s / t
- Vn tc trung bnh: vtb =
II -Bi tp vn dng
Tng qung ng
Tng thi gian
t1 = v v = 45 ph
2
1
* Sau khi gp nhau.
Gi thi gian gp nhau l t2 (h)
Ta c : v2t2 - ( v1t2 + 8) = 2
10
t2 = v v = 1h 15ph
2
1
1.2: Mt xung my xui dng t A - B ri ngc dng t B - A ht 2h 30ph
a) Tnh khong cch AB bit vn tc xui dng l 18 km/h vn tc ngc dng l 12 km/h
b) Trc khi thuyn khi hnh 30ph c mt chic b tri t A. Tm thi im v v tr nhng ln
thuyn gp b?
Gi :a) gi thi gian xui dng l t1 ngc dng l t2 ( t1 ; t2 > 0)
ta c:
1 1
AB AB
+
= 2,5 AB + = 2,5 AB = 18km
v1
v2
v1 v 2
b) Ta c v1 = v + vn ( xui dng )
v2 = v - vn ( ngc dng )
vn = 3 km
* Gp nhau khi chuyn ng cng chiu ( Cch gii ging bi 1.1)
S : Thuyn gp b sau 0,1 (h) ti im cch A l 1,8 (km)
* Gp nhau khi chuyn ng ngc chiu: (HS t lm)
1.3:a ) Mt t i na qung ng u vi vn tc v1 , i na qung ng cn li vi vn tc v2 .
Tnh vTB trn c on ng.
b ) Nu thay cm t "qung ng" bng cm t "thi gian" Th vTB = ?
c) So snh hai vn tc trung bnh va tm c a) v b)
Gi :a ) Gi chiu di qung ng l (s) th thi gian i ht qung ng l.
t=
s (v1 + v 2 )
s
s
+
=
2v1 2v 2
2v1v 2
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vTB =
- Vn tc TB l.
s 2v1v2
=
t v1 + v2
b ) Gi thi gian i ht c on ng l t* ta c.
t*
t * t * (v1 + v 2 )
+ v2 =
2
2
s = v1 2
Vn tc TB l :
vtb =
s v1 + v 2
=
2
t*
s
= 12km/h
t
s2
= 14,4 km/h
t2
1
qung ng i, ngi ny mun n ni sm hn 30 pht. Hi qung ng
4
s
=2h
v
1
s
1
= h
qung ng: t1 =
4
4v 2
3
Thi gian cng li phi i
qung ng n sm hn d nh 30 pht
4
1 1
t2 = 2 - + = 1h
2 2
Thi gian i c
Vn tc phi i qung ng cn li l:
3
s
v2 = s2 = 4 = 3.60 = 45 km/h
t2
t2
4.1
s (km)
(h)
60 15
1,5 0,5
60
1,5
= 45 km/h
0,5
1,5
(h)
s2
s2
s1
B
A
Nc
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Li gii:
- Gi A l im thuyn lm ri phao.
v1 l vn tc ca thuyn i vi nc
v2 l vn tc ca nc i vi b.
Trong khong thi gian t1 = 30 pht thuyn i c : s1 = (v1 - v2).t1
Trong thi gian phao tri c mt on : s2 = v2t1
- Sau thuyn v phao cng chuyn ng trong thi gian (t) i c qung ng s 2 v s1 gp
nhau ti C.
Ta c: s1 = (v1 + v2) t
; s2 = v2 t
Theo bi ta c : s2 + s2 = 5
hay
Mt khc :
v2t1 + v2t = 5
s1 - s1 = 5
(1)
hay (v1 + v2) t - (v1 - v2).t1 = 5
(2)
T (1) v (2) t1 = t
5
T (1) v2 = 2t = 5 km/h
1
III.Bi tp t luyn.
1.7:Mt ngi i xe p i na qung ng u vi vn tc v1 = 12km/h, na cn li i vi vn tc
v2 no . Bit rng vn tc trung bnh trn c qung ng l 8 km/h. Hy tnh vn tc v 2.
1.8: Mt ngi i xe p t A vi vn tc 12 km/h. Cch 10 km. Mt ngi i b vi vn tc 4
km/h, h i cng chiu nn ngp nhau ti C. Tm thi im v v tr gp nhau.
1.9 :Lc 7h mt ngi i xe p vn tc 10km/h xut pht t A. n 8h mt ngi i xe my vn tc
30km/h xut pht t A. n 9 h mt t i vn tc 40 km/h xut pht t A. Tm thi im v v tr
3 xe cch u nhau ( h i cng chiu)
1.10:Hai on tu chuyn ng u trong sn ga trn hai ng st song song nhau. on tu A di
65m, on tu B di 40m. Nu 2 tu i cng chiu, tu A vt tu B trong khong thi gian tnh t
lc u tu A ngang ui tu B n lc ui tu A ngang u tu B l 70 giy. Nu 2 tu i ngc
chiu th t lc u tu A ngang u tu B n lc ui tu A ngang ui tu B l 14 giy.Tnh vn
tc ca mi tu?
1.11:Mt ngi d nh i b mt qung ng vi vn tc khng i 5km/h. Nhng i n ng
na ng th nh c bn o xe p i tip vi vn tc khng i 12km/h, do n sm d nh
28 pht. Hi thi gian d nh i lc u?
1.12:Mt ngi i b v mt ngi i xe p cng xut pht t A i trn mt ng trn c chu vi
1800m. Vn tc ngi i xe p l 15 m/s, ca ngi i b l 2,5 m/s. Hi khi ngi i b i c
mt vng th gp ngi i xe p my ln.
1.13:Mt chic xung my chuyn ng xui dng nc mt qung ng AB l 100km. Bit vn
tc ca xung l 35km/h v ca nc l 5km/h. Khi cch ch 10km th xung b hng my, ngi li
cho xung tri theo dng nc n ch. Tnh thi gian chic xung my i ht on ng AB .
Bi 1.14Mt ng t i t A n B vn tc ban u 32 m/s. bit c sau mi giy vn tc li gim
i mt na. hi sau bao lu th n B, bit AB = 60 km.
Sau 3 giy sau k t lc sut pht mt ng t khc sut pht t A vi vn tc 31m/s ui
theo. Hy xc nh v tr v thi im gp nhau.
CH II: S CN BNG LC, LC MA ST, QUN TNH
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.
- Lc l mt i lng vect c biu din bng
3 mt mi tn c:
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+ Gc l im t ca lc.
+ Phng chiu trng vi phng, chiu ca lc.
+ di biu th cng ca lc theo t xch cho trc.
- Hai lc cn bng l hai lc cng t ln mt vt c cng bng nhau, c cng phng
nhng ngc chiu.
- Lc ma st xut hin ti b mt tip xc, ngc chiu vi chuyn ng ca vt. (C ma st
trt, ma st ln, ma st ngh)
- Qun tnh l tnh cht gi nguyn vn tc ca vt. Qun tnh ca mt vt ph thuc vo vn tc
v khi lng ca vt.
II -Bi tp t luyn.
2.1:
Hc sinh A v hc sinh B dng dy cng ko mt vt. nng c vt y hc sinh A ko
mt lc F1 = 40 N, hc sinh B ko lc F2 = 30 N (F1 F2) Hc sinh C mun
A
mt mnh ko vt ln th phi dng dy ko theo hng no v c ln l B
bao nhiu? (Biu din lc ko ca hc sinh C trn cng hnh v)
2.2:Mt u tu ha ko on tu vi lc 300 000N. Lc cn tc dng vo
on tu (lc ma st ng ray v sc cn ca khng kh) l 285 000N. Hi
lc tc dng ln on tu l bao nhiu v hng nh th no?
P
2.3:Mt l xo xon di 15cm khi treo vt nng 1N. Treo thm mt vt nng 2N
vo th di ca l xo l 16cm.
a) Tnh chiu di t nhin ca l xo khi cha treo vt nng vo.
b) Tnh chiu di l xo khi treo vt nng 6N.
2.4:Mt u tu khi khi hnh cn mt lc ko 10 000N, nhng khi chuyn ng thng u trn
ng st th ch cn mt lc ko 5000N.
a) Tm ln ca lc ma st khi bnh xe ln u trn ng st. Bit u tu c khi lng 10
tn. Hi lc ma st ny c ln bng bao nhiu phn ca trng lng u tu ?
b) on tu khi khi hnh chu tc dng ca nhng lc g ? Tnh ln ca hp lc lm cho
u tu chy nhanh dn ln khi khi hnh .
2.5:Mt t chuyn ng thng u khi lc ko ca ng c t l 800N
a) Tnh ln ca lc ma st tc dng ln bnh xe t (b qua lc cn khng kh)
b) Khi lc ko ca t tng ln th t s chuyn ng nh th no nu coi lc ma st l khng i ?
c) Khi lc ko ca t gim i th t s chuyn ng nh th no nu coi lc ma st khng i ?
2.6:t mt chn nc trn gc ca mt t giy mng. Hy tm cch rt t giy ra m khng lm
dch chn. Gii thch cch lm .
2.7 : Ngi ta dng mt mt phng nghing ko mt vt c khi lng 50kg ln cao 2m.
a) Nu khng c ma st th lc ko l 125N. Tnh chiu di ca mt phng nghing.
b) Thc t c ma st v lc ko vt l 150N. Tnh hiu sut ca mt phng nghing
CH III : P SUT, P SUT CHT LNG, P SUT CHT KH BNH THNG NHAU.
F
S
II -Bi tp vn dng
3.1: Mt ngi th ln mc b o ln chu c mt p sut ti a l 300 000N/m2. Bit trng lng
ring ca nc l 10000 N/m3.
a) Hi ngi th c th ln c su nht l bao nhiu mt?
4
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b)Tnh p lc ca nc tc dng ln ca knh quan st ca o ln c din tch 200cm 2 khi ln
su 25m.
* Gi :
P = dh
a)
ADCT:
b)
P = d.h P =
h=
p
d
F
F = P.S
S
S: a) 30m b) 5 000N
3.2:Mt bnh thng nhau cha nc bin. ngi ta thm xng vo mt nhnh. Mt thong hai
nhnh chnh lch nhau 18mm. Tnh cao ca ct xng, cho bit trng lng ring ca nc bin l
10 300 N/m3, ca xng l 7000 N/m3
h
* Gi :
h
1
- Ta c PA = PB d1h1 = d2h2
h2
m ;
h 2 = h1 - h
A
B
d1h1 = d2(h1 - h)
h1 =
d2h
d 2 d1
S : 5,6 cm
3.3: Mt ngi nng 60kg cao 1,6 m th c din tch c th trung bnh l 1,6m2 hy tnh p lc ca
kh quyn tc dng ln ngi trong iu kin tiu chun. Bit trng lng ring ca thy ngn l
136 000 N/m3 .
Ti sao ngi ta c th chu ng c p lc ln nh vy m khng h cm thy tc dng
ca p lc ny?
Li gii:- iu kin tiu chun p sut kh quyn l 76 cmHg
P = d.h = 136 000. 0,76 = 103 360 N/m2
Ta c P =
F
F = P.S = 165 376 (N)
S
F1 26000
=
= 20 000N/m2
S1
1,3
F2
450
=
= 22 500N/m2
S2
0.02
1
3
F
2
=
8 =
8 = 100 000 000 N/m
S
3.10
10
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Theo cng thc P =
F
F
1200000
S=
=
= 12 m2
S
P
100000
S: 12 m2
III-Bi tp t luyn.
3.7:t mt bao go 60 kg ln mt ci gh bn chn c khi lng 4 kg. din tch tip xc vi mt
t ca mi chn gh l 8 cm2. Tnh p sut cc chn gh tc dng ln mt t.
3.8:Khi lng ca em hc sinh l 40 kg, din tch ca c hai bn chn l 4dm 2. Hy tnh p sut ca
c th em ln mt t khi ng thng. Lm th no tng p sut ln gp i mt cch nhanh
chng v n gin.
3.9:Toa xe la c trng lng 500 000 N c 4 trc bnh st, mi trc bnh c 2 bnh xe, din tch
tip xc ca mi bnh vi mt ray l 5cm2.
a) Tnh p sut ca toa ln ray khi toa trn ng bng.
b) Tnh p sut ca toa ln nn ng nu tng din tch tip xc ca ng ray v t vt vi
mt ng (phn chu p lc) l 2m2.
3.10:a) Tnh chiu cao gii hn ca mt tng gch nu p sut ln nht m mng c th chu c
l 110 000N/m3. Bit trng lng ring trung bnh ca gch v va l 18400N/m3.
b) Tnh p lc ca tng ln mng, nu tng dy 22 cm, di 10m v cao nh trn a)
3.11:ng knh pit tng nh ca mt kch dng du l 3 cm. Hi din tch ti thiu ca pt tng ln
l bao nhiu tc dng mt lc 100 N ln pt tng nh c th nng c 1 t khi lng 2.000
kg?
3.12:Mt my ln kho st y bin c th tch 16cm3, trong khng kh trng lng l 300 000N.
My c th ng trn mt t nm ngang nh 3 chn, din tch tip xc ca mi chn vi t l
0,5m2. Xc nh p sut ca my ln trn mt t.
My lm vic y bin c su 200m nh ng trn 3 chn a hnh bng phng. Xc
nh p sut ca my ln y bin.
Tm p lc ca nc bin ln ca s quan st ca my nm cch y bin 2m. Bit din tch ca
s l 0,1m2. Trng lng ring ca nc bin l 10 300N/m3.
3.13:Mt chic tu b thng 1 l su 2,8m. Ngi ta t mt ming v p vo l thng t
pha trong. Hy tnh xem cn t mt lc c n ln l bao nhiu gi ming v nu l thng rng
150cm2. Bit trng lng ring ca nc l d = 10 000N/m3.
CH IV : LC Y C-SI-MT, IU KIN NI CA VT
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.- Mi vt nhng vo cht lng (hoc cht kh) u b y t di ln
mt lc ng bng trng lng phn cht lng (Cht kh) b vt chim ch.
- Cng thc: FA = d.V
- iu kin ni ca vt.
+ Vt ni ln khi;
P < FA dv < dn
+ Vt chm xung khi;
P > FA dv > dn
+ Vt l lng khi;
P = FA dv = dn
II.Bi tp vn dng:
Bai 4.1: Mt qu cu bng ng c khi lng 100 g th tch 20 cm 3. Hi qu cu rng hay c?
Th vo nc n ni hay chm? (Bit khi lng ring ca ng l 8 900 kg/m 3 , trng lng ring
ca nc l 10 000 N/m3)
* Li gii:a) Gi s qa cu c.
ADCT: D =
m
V
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- Tm V qua cng thc: FA = d.V
( d = 10Do)
- Lp t s: D = m / V
4.3:Mt ming thp c mt l hng bn trong. Dng lc k o trng lng ca ming thp trong
khng kh thy lc k ch 370N. Hy xc nh th tch ca l hng? Trng lng ring ca nc l
10 000N/m3: ca thp l 78 000N/m3
Li gii:
Lc y Acsimet do nc tc dng ln ming thp :
F = P1- P2 = dn V
(1)
Trong , P1; P2 ln lt l ch ca lc k khi ming thp trong khng kh v trong nc: d n l
trng lng ring ca nc v V l th tch ming thp.
T (1) rt ra:V =
P1 P2
th tch ny l th tch ca khi thp c cng vi th tch vi l hng
dn
P1 P2
P
1 Trong P1 l trng lng ring thp trong khng kh (b qua lc
dn
d1
V2 =
370 N 320 N
370 N
= 0,00026m 3
3
10000 N / m
78000 N / m 3
V2 = 260 cm3
4.4a) Mt kh cu c th tch 10m3 cha kh hir, c th ko ln trn khng mt vt nng bng bao
nhiu? Bit khi lng ca v kh cu l 10 kg. Khi lng ring ca khng kh Dk = 1,29kg/m3, ca
hir DH= 0,09 kg/m3,
b) Mun ko mt ngi nng 60 kg bay ln th kh cu phi c th tch bng bao nhiu?
Li gii:a) Trng lng ca kh Hi r trong kh cu:
PH = dH.V = 9N
Trng lng ca kh cu:
P = Pv + PH = 109N
Lc y c - si - mt tc dng ln kh cu:
F1 = dk.V = 129N
Trng lng ti a ca vt m kh cu c th ko ln l:
P = F1 - P = 20N
b) Gi th tch ca kh cu khi ko ngi ln l Vx, Trng lng ca kh Hir trong kh cu khi l
:PH = dH.Vx
Trng lng ca ngi: Pn = 600N
Lc y c-si-mt: F = dK,Vx
Mun bay ln c kh cu phi tha mn iu kin sau.
F > Pv + PH + Pn
dkVx > 100 + dHVx + 600
Vx (dk - dH) > 700
700
Vx > d d = 58,33 m3
k
H
III -Bi tp t luyn.
Hnh 4.1
4.5:Trn a cn bn tri c mt bnh cha nc, bn phi l
gi c cheo vt (A) bng si dy mnh nh (hnh 4.1). Khi qu nng cha chm nc cn v tr
thng bng. Ni di si dy vt (A) chm hon ton trong nc. Trng thi cn bng ca vt b ph
v. Hi phi t mt qa cn c trng lng bao nhiu vo a cn no, 2 a cn c cn bng
tr li. Cho th tch vt (A) bng V. Trng lng ring ca nc bng d
4.6:Mt chic tu ch go chon 12 000 m3 nc cp bn bc go ln b. Sau khi bc ht go ln
b, tu ch cn chon 6 000m3 nc. Sau ngi ta chuyn 7210 tn than xung tu. Tnh:
a) Khi lng go bc ln b
b) Lng chon nc ca tu sau khi chuyn than xung.
c) Trng lng tu sau khi chuyn than. Khi lng 7
ring ca nc l 1030kg/m3.
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4.7:Mt khi nc hnh lp phng mi cnh 10 cm ni trn mt nc trong mt bnh thy tinh.
Phn nh ln mt nc c chiu cao 1 cm.
a) Tnh khi lng ring ca nc .
b) Nu nc tan ht thnh nc th mc nc trong bnh c thay i khng?
4.8:Mt khi g hnh hp ch nht tit din y l 40 cm2, cao 10 cm. C khi lng 160g
a) Th khi g vo nc, tm chiu cao ca khi g ni trn mt nc. Bit khi lng ring ca
nc l 1000 kg/m3
b) By gi khi g c khot mt l hnh tr gia c tit din 4 cm 2 su h (cm) v lp y ch c
khi lng ring 11 300 kg/m3 . khi th vo nc ta thy mc nc ngang bng vi mt trn ca khi
g. Tm su (h) ca l khot.
4.9:Mt cc nh c t qu cu nh ni trong bnh cha nc
4.1). Mc nc (h) thay i ra sao nu ly qu cu ra th vo
nc? Kho st cc trng hp.
a) Qu cu bng g c khi lng ring b hn ca nc.
(hnh
bnh
b) Qu cu bng st.
4.10:Trong bnh hnh tr tit din So cha nc, mc nc c
cao 20 cm. Ngi ta th vo bnh mt thanh ng cht, tit din
cho n ni thng ng th mc nc dng ln thm 4cm
Hnh 4.1
chiu
u sao
a) Nu nhn chm thanh trong nc hon ton th mc nc trong bnh l bao nhiu so vi
y. Bit khi lng ring ca thanh v nc ln lt l: 0,8 g/cm 3 ; 1g/cm3
b) Tm lc tc dng n thanh xung khi thanh chm hon ton trong nc. cho th tch ca
thanh l 50cm3
4.11:Trn thanh mnh, ng cht, phn b u
khi lng c th quay quanh trc O trn. Phn di
ca thanh nhng trong nc, khi cn bng thanh nng
0
nghing nh hnh v (Hnh 4.2), mt na chiu di
nm trong nc. Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca
cht lm thanh .
CH V:
CNG C HC, CNGHnh
SUT.
4.2 TP
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.
- iu kin c cng c hc l phi c lc tc dng v c qung ng dch chuyn. Cng
thc: A = F.s
- Cng sut c xc nh bng cng thc hin c trong mt n v thi gian. Cng thc:
P=
A
t
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F1 = k1.10.m1
F2 = k2.10.m2
- T (1) v (2) ta c: F2 =
m2
500
.F1 =
.100 = 500N
m1
100
A1
. 100% = 75%
A
A
= F.v = 20000 W = 20kW
t
2
d 0 (do l trng lng ring ca nc d o=10
3
2 4500
.
= 20 cm = 0,2 m
d o .S
3 150
2
2
- Trng lng khi g l: P = dgVg = d 0 Vg = 10000.0,0045 = 30 N
3
3
F .S
30.0,2
- V lc nng khi g bin thin t 0 n 30 N nn : A =
=
= 3 (J)
2
2
hc =
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FA = doVg = 10 000.0,0045 = 45 N
- Phn g ni trn mt nc l : 10 cm = 0,1 m
* Cng nhn chm khi g trong nc: A =
F .S
45.0,1
=
= 2,25 (J)
2
2
* Cng nhn chm khi g xung y h: A = F.S = 45.(0,8 - 0,3) = 22,5 (J)
* Ton b cng thc hin l
A = A1 + A2 = 2,25 + 22,5 = 24,75 (J)
S:
a) 3 (J)
b) 24,75 (J)
III -Bi tp t luyn.
5.6: Mt khi g hnh hp ch nht, tit din y 100cm 3 , chiu cao 20cm c th ni trong nc
sao cho khi g thng ng. Bit trong lng ring ca g d g=
3
dn(dn l trong lng ring ca nc
4
dn=10 000N/m 3 ). Tnh cng ca lc nhc khi g ra khi mt nc, b qua s thay i ca mc
nc.
5.7:Mt ming g hnh tr chiu cao h, din tch y S ni trong mt cc nc hnh tr c din tch
y gp i so vi din tch y ming g. Khi g ang ni, chiu cao mc nc so vi y cc l l
,trng lng ring ca g dg =
1
dn (dn l trng lng ring ca nc). Tnh cng ca lc dng
2
mv 2
2
10
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- Trong cc qu trnh c hc, ng nng v th nng c th chuyn ha ln nhau, nhng c nng
c bo ton. ( Wt + W = hng s)
II -Bi tp vn dng.
6.1:Mi tn c bn i t ci cung nh nng lng ca mi tn hay ca cnh cung ? l dng
nng lng no ?
6.2:Mun ng h chy, hng ngy ta nn dy ct cho n. ng h hot ng sut mt ngy nh
dng nng lng no ?
6.3:Ti sao khi ca thp ngi ta phi cho mt dng nc chy lin tc vo ch ca? y c s
chuyn ha v truyn nng lng no no sy ra?
CHNG II: NHIT HC
CH VII: CU TO CHT - CC HNH THC TRUYN NHIT
CHT RN - LNG - KH
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.
* Cu to cht.
- Cc cht c cu to t nhng nguyn t, phn t.
- Gia cc nguyn t, phn t c khong cch
- Gia cc nguyn t, phn t c lc lin kt
- Cc nguyn t, phn t lun chuyn ng hn n khng ngng
- Nhit ca vt cng cao th cc nguyn t, phn t cu to ln vt chuyn ng cng nhanh
* Nhit nng l tng ng nng ca cc phn t cu to ln vt. Nhit nng ca vt c th thay i
bng hai cch; Thc hin cng v truyn nhit
* Nhit lng l phn nhit nng m vt nhn c hay mt bt i trong qu trnh truyn nhit
* C 3 hnh thc truyn nhit : dn nhit, i lu v bc x nhit
- Cht rn dn nhit tt, Trong cht rn, kim loi dn nhit tt nht. Cht lng v cht kh dn
nhit km.
- i lu l s truyn nhit bng cc dng cht lng hoc kh, l hnh thc truyn nhit ch
yu ca cht lng v cht kh.
- Bc x nhit l s truyn nhit bng cc tia nhit i thng. Bc x nhit c th xy ra c
trong chn khng
II -Bi tp vn dng.
7.1:Ti sao khi rt nc nng vo cc thy tinh th cc dy d b v hn cc mng? Mun cc khi
b v khi rt nc si vo th ta phi lm nh th no?
7.2: un nc bng m nhm v bng t trn cng mt bp la th nc trong m no si nhanh
hn?
7.3: Ti sao v ma lnh khi s tay v ming ng ta cm thylnh hn khi s tay vo ming g? C
phi nhit ca ng thp hn ca g khng?
7.4: Ti sao ban ngy thng c gi thi t bin vo t lin. Cn ban m th li c gi thi t t
lin ra bin.
7.5: Khi b ng v cc nc th c hin tng khuch tn xy ra. Vy khi b ng vo c khng
kh th c hin tng khuch tn xy ra khng? ti sao?
7.6: Nhit bnh thng ca c th ngi l 37oC. tuy nhin ngi ta cm thy lnh khi nhit
ca khng kh l 25oC v cm tht rt nng khi nhit khng kh l 37 0C. Cn trong nc th ngc
li, nhi 370C con ngi cm thy bnh thng, cn khi 25 0C ngi ta cm thy lnh. Gii
thch nghch l ny nh th no?
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- Phng trnh cn bng nhit : Q ta ra = Q thu vo
Qi
m =
Q2
= 0,074kg = 74g
Vy nc cn li : m = m1- m = 26g
8.2 :a) Tnh lng du cn un si 2 lt nc 20 0C ng trong m bng nhm c khi lng 200g
bit nhit dung ring ca nc v nhm l C1 = 4200J/kg.K ; C2 = 880J/kg.K, nng sut ta nhit ca
du l Q = 44.106J/kg v hiu sut ca bp l 30%
b) Cn un thm bao lu na th nc ha hi hon ton. bit bp du cung cp nhit mt cch
u n v k t lc un cho n khi si mt thi gian l 15 pht. Bit nhit ha hi ca nc l L =
2,3.106J/kg.
Li gii :a) Nhit lng cn cung cp cho nc tng nhit t 200C n 1000C l
Q1 = m1.C1(t2 - t1) = 672 kJ
Nhit lng cn cung cp cho n nhm tng nhit t 200C n 1000C l
Q2 = m2.C2(t2 - t1) = 14.08 kJ
Nhit lng cn cung cp tng cng un nc si l
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 686,08 kJ
Do hiu sut ca bp l 30% nn thc t nhit cung cp cho bp du ta ra l
Q =
Q
686080
.100% =
.100% = 2286933,3 (J)
H
30%
2286933
m = q = 44.10 6 0,05 kg
b) Nhit lng cn cung cp nc ha hi hon ton 1000C l
Q3 = L.m1 = 4600 kJ
Lc ny nhit lng do du cung cp ch dng nc ha hi cn m nhm khng nhn nhit na
do ta thy : Trong 15 pht bp du cung cp mt nhit lng cho h thng l Q = 686080 J.
cung cp mt nhit lng Q3 = 4600000J cn tn mt thi gian l :
t=
Q3
4600000
.15 ph =
.15 ph = 100,57pht 1h41pht
Q
686080
8.3 :Mt bp du un 1l nc ng trong m bng nhm khi lng m2 = 300g th sau thi gian t1 =
10 ph nc si. Nu dng bp v m trn un 2l nc trong cung iu kin th sau bao lu ni
si ?Cho nhit dung ring ca nc v nhm l C 1= 4200J/kg.K ; C2= 880 J/kg., Bit nhit do bp
cung cp mt cch u n
Li gii :
Gi Q1 v Q2 l nhit lng cung cp cho nc v m nhm trong 2 ln un, ta c :
Q1=(m1C1 +m2C2).t
Q2=(2m1C1 +m2C2).t
12
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( m1,m2 l khi lng nc v m trong ln un u)
Mt khc, do nhit ta ra mt cch u n ngha l thi gian T un lu th nhit ta ra cng
ln. Do d :
Q1=k.T1 : Q1=k.T2
( k l h s t l no )
T suy ra :
k.T1 = ( m1C1 + m2C2) t
k.T2 = ( 2m1C1 + m2C2) t
Lp t s ta c :
T2 2m1C1 + 2m2 C 2
m1C1
=
=1+
T1
m1C1 + m2 C 2
m1C1 + m2 C 2
m1C1
Hay T2 = (1+
) T1
m1C1 + m2 C 2
T2 = (1 +
4200
4200 + 0,3.880
8.4 :Dn hi nc 1000C vo mt bnh cha nc ang c nhit 200C di p sut bnh thng.
a) Khi lng nc trong bnh tng gp bao nhiu ln khi nhit ca n t ti 1000C
b) Khi nhit t c 1000C, nu tip tc dn hi nc 100 0C vo bnh th c th lm
cho nc trong bnh si c khng? Cho nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K ; Nhit ha hi
ca nc l 2,3.106J/kg.
Li gii :
a) Gi m l khi lng ca nc ban u trong bnh. m l khi lng hi nc dn vo cho ti khi
nhit nng ln 1000C.
Nhit lng nc hp th : Q1 = mc (t1- t2)
Nhit lng hi ta ra : Q2 = L.m
Khi c cn bng nhit khi lng nc trong bnh tng ln n ln. t PT cn bng nhit : mc (t1- t2) =
L.m
C (t1 t )
m + m'
m'
= 1+
= 1+
m
m
L
4200(100 20)
n = 1+
= 1,15
2,3.10 6
n=
m2 =
t1 t
.m1 = 5 (kg)
t t2
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(Ly nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K ; Ca nhm l 880J/kg.K ; nng sut ta nhit ca du
ha l 46.106J/kg)
* Gi :Q1 = m1c1(t2 - t1)
Q2 = m2c2(t2 - t1)
Q = Q 1 + Q2
m=
Qtp =
Qtp
q
Q.100%
H
S : 0,051 kg
C hai bnh cch nhit, bnh mt cha 4 kg nc nhit 20 0c. Bnh hai cha 8 kg nc
400c. Ngi ta trt mt lng nc (m) t bnh 2 sang bnh 1. Sau khi nhit bnh 1 n
nh, ngi ta li trt lng nc (m) t bnh 1 vo bnh 2. Nhit bnh 2 sau khi n nh l
380C. hy tnh lng nc (m) trt trong mi ln v nhit bnh 1 sau ln th nht ?.
Li gii:Khi trt mt lng nc m (kg) t bnh 2 sang bnh 1. nc bnh 1 c nhit cn bng l
t1.ta c: m.c.(t2 - t1) = m1c.(t1- t1)
hay:
m.(t2 - t1) = m1.(t1- t1)
(1)
sau khi trt tr m (kg) t bnh 1 sang bnh 2 ta li c:
(m2 - m).c.(t2 - t2) = m.c(t2 - t1) hay: m2t2 - m2t2 - mt2 + mt2 = mt2- mt1
m1 .(t 1' - t 1 )
4.( 24 20)
=
= 1 (kg)
'
t 2 t1
40 24
S: m = 1 (kg) t1 = 240 c
III -Bi tp t luyn :
8.10: Trn (n) cht c khi lng ln lt l (m 1 ; m2 ; m3 mn) c nhit dung ring l (c1 ; c2 ; c3
cn) cc nhit (t1 ; t2 ; t3 tn) vo vi nhau. Tnh nhit cui cng ca hn hp ? (B qua s mt
nhit).
8.11:
Th mt ming ng c khi lng 200g v mt chu cha 5 lt nc 30 0C. Tnh nhit
cui cng ca hn hp trong hai trng hp.
a) B qua s mt nhit
b) Hiu xut ca qu trnh truyn nhit ch t 40%
8.12 :Mt bp du c hiu sut 30%.
a). Tnh nhit lng m bp ta ra khi lng du ha chy ht l 30g?
b). Tnh nhit lng c ch v nhit lng hao ph?
c). Vi lng du trn c th un si c bao nhiu lt nc t 30 0C nng n 1000C (nhit
lng do m hp th khng ng k).
8.13:Mt thau nhm c khi lng 0,5kg ng 2kg nc 200C.
a) Th vo thau nc mt thi ng c khi lng 200g ly l ra. Nc nng n 21,2 0C.
Tm nhit ca bp l. Bit nhit dung ring ca nhm, nc, ng ln lt l C 1 = 880J/kg.K; C2 =
4200J/kg.K; C3 = 380J/kg.K. B qua s ta nhit ra mi trng.
b) Thc ra trong trng hp ny nhit lng ta ra mi trng l 10% nhit lng cung cp
cho thau nc. Tm nhit thc s ca bp l ?
c) Nu tip tc b vo thau nc mt thi nc c khi lng 100g 0 oC. Nc c tan
ht khng ? (Bit nhit nng chy ca nc l = 3,4.106J/kg
8.14 :
Mun c 100 lt nc nhit 350C th phi bao nhiu lt nc ang si vo bao nhiu
lt nc nhit 150C. Ly nhit dung ring ca nc l
4 190 J/kg.K
0
8.15:Dng mt bp du ha un si 2 lt nc t 15 C th mt 10 pht. Hi mi pht phi dng
bao nhiu du ha? Bit rng ch c 40% nhit lng do du ta ra lm nng nc. (Ly nhit dung
ring ca nc l 4 190J/kg.K v nng sut ta nhit ca du ha l 46.106 J/kg)
CH IX
NG C NHIT. TP
I - Mt s kin thc cn nh.
14
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- ng c nhit l ng c trong mt phn nng lng ca nhin liu b t chy c
chuyn ha thnh c nng (ng c n 4 k l loi thng gp nht hin nay)
- Hiu sut : H =
A
Q
. 100%
II -Bi tp vn dng.
9.1:u thp ca mt ba my c khi lng 12 kg nng ln thm 200C sau 1,5 pht hot ng. Bit
rng ch c 40% c nng ca ba chuyn ha thnh nhit nng ca u ba. Tnh cng v cng sut
ca ba, ly nhit dung ring ca thp l 460J/kg.K
* Gi :Nhit lng ba thp thu vo: Q = mc(t2 - t1)
T cng thc: H =
Q
Q.100%
A
.100% A =
Cng sut ca ba: P =
S: 3 kW
A
H
t
36 km/h s i
c bao nhiu km? Bit hiu sut ca ng c l 25%; Nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 4,6.10 7J/kg,
Khi lng ring ca xng l 700 kg/m3
* Gi :Nhit lng do xng ta ra: Q = q.m ( m = D.V)
Cng ca ng c : A = Q.H
Thi gian xe i l: t =
A
p
Qung ng xe i l : s = v.t
S: 101 km
Bai 9.3:ng c mt my bay c cng sut 2.10 6 W v hiu sut 30% . Hi vi 1 tn xng my bay
c th bay c bao nhiu lu? Nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 4,6.107J/kg
* Gi :Q = q.m
t=
A = Q.H
A
p
S: 1h55p
9.4:Tnh hiu xut ca mt ng c t bit rng khi t chuyn ng vi vn tc 72 km/h th ng
c c cng sut 20 kW v tiu th 20 lt xng chy 200km
Gi :v = 72km/h = 20m/s; s = 200km = 200000 m
p = 20kW = 20000 W ; V = 20 l = 0,02 m3
Q = m.q = D.V.q = 0,7.103.0,02.46.106 = 644.106 J
A = P.t = P.
H=
s
2.10 5
= 2.10 4.
= 2.108 J
v
20
A
2.10 8
=
= 31%
Q 644.10 6
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9.6:Tnh lng than m mt ng c nhit tiu th mi gi. Bit rng mi gi ng c thc hin mt
cng l 40500kJ, nng sut ta nhit ca than l 3,6.107J/kg v hiu sut ca ng c l 10%.
9.7:Mt my bm nc sau khi chy ht 10 lt du (khong 8kg) th a c 700m 3 nc ln cao
8m. Tnh hiu sut ca my bm , bit nng sut ta nhit ca loi du l 4,6.10 7 J/kg.
9.8:Vi 2 lt xng, mt xe my cng sut 1,6 kW chuyn ng vi vn tc 36km/h s i c bao
nhiu km. Bit hiu sut ca ng c l 25%. Nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 4,6. 10 7J/kg. Khi
lng ring ca xng l 700 kg/m3.
9.9:Mt t chy 100km vi lc ko khng i l 700N th tiu th ht 6 lt xng. Tnh hiu xut
ca ng c t . Bit nng sut ta nhit ca xng l 4,6.107J/kg
HNG DN GII V P S
CHNG I: C HC
CH I
CHUYN NG C HC CHUYN NG U, KHNG U. TP
1.7:S : 6 km/h
1.8: S; t = 1,25 h. im gp nhau cch A l 15 km
1.9:Gi thi gian tnh t lc t i l t (h)
Ta c PT : 30t + 30 - (10t + 20) = (10t + 20) - 40t t = 1/5 (h) = 12 pht
- Khi :
Xe my cch A l 36 km Xe p cch A l 22 km
t cch A l 8 km
( HS t tm thm mt p s na khi t gia xe p v xe my)
1.10:- Khi hai tu i cng chiu :
70vA - 70 vB = 65 + 40
- Khi hai tu i ngc chiu :
14vA + 14vB = 65 + 40
vA = 4,5 m/s ;
vB = 3 m/s
1.11:- Thi gian d inh i l : AB / 5
- Thi gian i b l : AB / 10
- Thi gian i xe p l : AB / 24
PT :
AB AB AB 7
+
=
5
24 15
10
AB = 8 km
- Thi gian d nh i l 1,6 km/h
1.12: - Tnh thi gian ngi i b ht mt vng l bao nhiu ?
- Thi gian ngi i xe ht mt vng l bao nhiu?
- V s ng i ca hai chuyn ng, giao ca hai s l s ln gp nhau.
1.13:S: 1h 42 ph
1.14:
giy th
1
2
3
4
5
6
vn tc
32
16
8
4
2
1
qung ng
32
48
56
60
62
63
Theo bng th ng t 1 mt 4(s) i ht 60(m). hai ng t gp nhau sau 2(s) k t khi ng t
2 sut pht, im gp nhau cch B l 2 (km).
CH II:
2.1:
- K tia Bx //0A ; tia Ay // 0B . Giao ca hai tia ny l imC
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c) Khi Fk < Fms th t chuyn ng chm dn
2.6:S : Git nhanh t giy ra. Do qun tnh chn nc cha kp thay i vn tc nn s khng b .
2.7 : S : a) 8 m b) 83 %
CH III
P SUT, P SUT CHT LNG, P SUT CHT KH.
BNH THNG NHAU.
3.7: S: 200 000N/m
3.8: S:
10000 N/m2 - Co mt chn ln, (din tch b p gim 2 ln nn p sut s tng ln 2
ln)
3.9: S: a) 125 000 000 N/m2
b) 250 000 N/m2
3.10: S: a) h = 6m
b) F = 534,3 N
3.11:
S: 1400 cm2
3.12:S:
Pmd = 200 000 N/m2
Pb = 90 133,5 N/m2
Fnb = 815 760 N
3.13: S: 420N
CH IV:
LC Y C-SI-MT, IU KIN NI CA VT
4.5:Khi ni di u si dy vt (A) ngp hon ton trong nc vt (A) chu tc dng ca lc
Acsimet: FA=V.d do a cn bn phi b: nh i mt mt trng lng P= FA. Mt khc, theo
nguyn l tc dng v phn tc dng khi vt (A) b nc tc dng th vt (A) cng tc dng mt lc
ng FA. Lc ny c chuyn i nguyn vn n p xung a cn bn tri lm cho da cn nng
thm ng bng FA . Kt qu l cn bn tri nng hn 2FA=2.V.d. Mun cn c thng bng
tr li phi t trn a cn bn phi mt qu cn c trng lng ng bng 2.V.d
4.6: S: a) 6180 tn go
b) 13 000 m3
c) 133 900 N
3
4.7: S: a) 900 kg/m
b) Mc nc khng thay i.
4.8: S: a) 6cm
b) 5,5cm
4.9: Li gii
a) - Khi ly qu cu ra khi nc. th tch nc b chim gim i mt lng:
P
4.10
(3)
- V qu cu chm nn D > Do
- T (1) v (3) V2 < V1 (Mc nc trong bnh gim xung)
S a) 25 cm
b) 0.1N
4.11: S: D =
3
Dn
4
CH V:
5.6:
S: 1,124 J
5.7:
S: A =
5.8:
5.9:
5.10:
5.11:
S: a) 2N
b) 3,22 (J)
S: a) 5100 W b) 136 ng
S : A = A1 + A2 = 1902 (J)
S: a) A = dVh = 216.106 (J) b) P = 60 kW
5.12: S:
3
dn S h2
16
a) P =
A
F .s
=
= F.v F = P/v = 73600N b) A = 4416 kJ
t
t
17
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Cu 5.13: S: a) P = 1000W
b) A = 3 600 000 J
CH VI: C NNG, S CHUYN HA V BO TON C NNG
6.1:S: Ca cnh cung. l th nng n hi
6.2:S: Nh th nng ca dy ct.
6.3:S: Khi ca c nng chuyn ha thnh nhit nng lm cho li ca v ming thp nng ln.
ngi ta cho nc chy vo lm gim nhit ca li ca v ming thp.
CHNG II: NHIT HC - CH VII
CU TO CHT- CC HNH THC TRUYN NHIT CHT RN - LNG - KH
7.1:S: Thy tinh dn nhit km ln khi rt nc nng vo cc dy th phn bn trong nng ln n ra
trc d lm v cc. nu cc c thnh mng th cc nng ln u hn khng b v. cc khi b v
nn trng cc bng mt t nc nng trc khi rt nc si vo
7.2:S: m nhm si nhanh hn v nhm dn nhit tt hn.
7.3:S: V ng dn nhit tt hn g. Khi tay s vo ming ng nhit t c th c phn tn
nhanh nn ta cm thy lnh. Tht ra khng phi nhit ming ng thp hn g.
7.4: - Ban ngy thng c gi thi t bin vo t lin v bui sng khi c mt tri si m,. phn
t lin nng ln nhanh hn ngoi bin do vy phn khng kh nng t lin bay ln c thay th
bi khi khng kh lnh hn ngoi bin trn vo to thnh gi t bin thi vo. Khi m xung th
t lin li lnh i nhanh hn ngoi bin. do vy khi khng kh nng ngoi bin li bay ln v thay
th vo l khi khng kh li t lin trn ra to thnh gi t t lin thi ra bin.
7.5:Khi b ng vo c nc th tan nhanh. Tc l hin tng khuch tn xy ra d dng.. Khi b
ng vo cc khng kh th khng tan. Tc l hin tng khuch tn khng xy ra. V trong cht
lng lc lin kt ca cc phn t ng d b ph v hn khi trong ct lng.
7.6Con ngi l mt h nhit, t iu chnh c quan h cht ch vi mi trng xung quanh. Cm
gic nng v lnh xut hin ph thuc vo tc bc x nhit ca c th. Trong khng kh, tnh dn
nhit km, c th con ngi trong qu trnh tin ha thch ng vi nhit TB ca khng kh
khong 250C. Nu nhit khng kh h xung thp hoc nng cao ln th s cn bng tng i ca
h ngi - khng kh b ph v v xut hin cm gic nng hay lnh.
i vi nc, kh nng dn nhit ca nc ln hn rt nhiu so vi khng kh nn khi nhit
ca nc l 250C ngi ta cm thy lnh ri. Khi nhit ca nc l 37 0C s cn bng nhit din
ra v con ngi khng cm thy lnh cng nh nng.
CH VIII:
CC CNG THC TNH NHIT LNG
PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT + TP
8.10: Nhit lng ta ra.
Q1 = m1c1(t1 - tx)
Q2 = m2c2(t2 - tx)
...........................
...........................
Q n = m n c n (t n t x )
Q n = m n c n (t x t n )
Qta ra = Q1 + Q2 + ...+ Q 2
- Cn bng phng trnh thu gn rt tx
S:
tx =
m1c1t1 + m 2 c 2 t 2 + ... + m n c n t n
m1c1 + m 2 c 2 + ... + m n c n
8.11:
Gi :
b) H = Q .100%
tp
n
2
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tx = 30,2oC
8.12:
S : a) 1 320 000 (J)
b) Qi = 396 000 (J)
c) m = 1,3 kg
8.13:
S : a) 160,78oC
b) 174,74oC
c) C tan ht
8.14:
m1 + m2 = 100 kg
(1)
Q1 = m1c( t3 - t2)
Q2 = m2c( t2 - t1)
(2)
Q.100%
H
Qtp
Q
CH IX
NG C NHIT + TP
9.5:
9.6:
9.7:
9.8:
S: 6,7 lt
S: 11.25 kg
S: H = 15%
S: 101 km
Bai 9.9:
Q = q.m
H=
A
Q
S : 36%
Ch
Chng I. C Hc
1-2-3
4
5- 6-7
p sut, p sut cht lng, p sut cht kh. Bnh thng nhau + Bi tp
8-9-10
Lc y c-si-mt, iu kin ni ca vt + Bi tp
10-11-12
19
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13
14
15-16-17
18-19-20
ng c nhit + Bi tp
TI LIU THAM KHO
20