1

B GIO DC V O TO
I HC NNG







NGUYN TH THY DNG





QUY NP TON HC: PHNG PHP V CC BI TON


CHUYN NGNH: PHNG PHP TON S CP
M S: 60.46.40











TM TT LUN VN THC S KHOA HC




Nng - Nm 2011


2
Cng trnh c hon thnh ti
I HC NNG









Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. NGUYN DUY THI SN




Phn bin 1: PGS.TSKH.TRN QUC CHIN


Phn bin 2: GS.TSKH. NGUYN VN MU








Lun vn c bo v ti Hi ng bo v chm Lun vn tt nghip Thc s
Khoa hc X hi v nhn vn, hp ti i hc Nng vo ngy 23 thng 10 nm
2011








C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
- Trung tm Thng tin - Hc liu - i hc Nng
- Th vin trng i hc S phm - i hc Nng

3
M U
1. L do chn ti
Phng php quy np ton hc l mt trong nhng hnh thc suy lun,
hn na, l mt phng php chng minh c in trong ton hc (mt s s gia
cho rng phng php ny c s dng t trc cng nguyn bi Plato,
Aristotle). C th ni y l mt trong nhng phng php chng minh c bn
v hiu qu, do vic a n vo chng trnh Ton trung hc ph thng l
tt yu. Bn cnh , vic thc hin cc bc chng minh quy np cn gip hc
sinh pht trin nng lc tr tu (tng hp, khi qut ha).
Hc sinh gii c th bit phng php quy np ton hc ngay t khi cn
hc cc lp trung hc c s, nhng ni chung th phi i n nm hc lp 11
cc em mi c lm quen ln u vi phng php (qua sch gio khoa
i s v Gii tch). V ch vi mt thi lng kh khim tn trong chng
trnh ton lp 11 (lng bi tp cng ht sc t i), ni chung kin thc v k
nng chng minh quy np ca hc sinh thng l cn hn ch.
T nhng l do , chng ti chn ti Quy np ton hc: phng
php v cc bi ton vi mong mun nghin cu, tch ly nhng kin thc cn
thit cho vic ging dy, c bit l vic ging dy cc hc sinh kh, gii.
2. Mc ch v nhim v nghin cu
Phng php quy np m cc em hc trung hc ph thng thng ch l
phng php c dng c in nh sau.
chng minh mt mnh cha bin P(n) l ng vi mi * n ta
tin hnh hai bc:
Bc 1. Ch ra rng mnh P(1) ng.
Bc 2. Vi mi * k , ta chng minh rng nu mnh P(k) ng th
mnh P(k + 1) cng ng.
Trong trng hp phi chng minh rng P(n) l ng vi mi s nguyn
dng n m (m l mt s nguyn dng cho) th bc 1 ta cn kim tra
mnh P(m) ng v gi nguyn bc 2 (nhng vi k m).
Tht ra, phng php quy np ton hc c nhiu bin th rt hay. Mt
trong cc bin th ngy nay c bit n di tn gi Quy np (li) kiu
Cauchy, do chnh Cauchy s dng ln u khi chng minh bt ng thc trung
bnh cng trung bnh nhn:
1 2
1 2
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

K
L (*)

4
vi mi s nguyn dng n 2 v vi mi b n s thc khng m a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
.
Vi n = 2, (*) c chng minh trc tip (ch dng kin thc trung hc c
s). Vi n tng qut, Cauchy chng minh rng nu (*) ng vi n = k (trong
, 2 * k ) th (*) cng ng khi n = 2k. Bng cch nh vy, ta thy (*)
ng vi mt dy tng v hn cc s nguyn dng n = 2
m
( * m ).
Cui cng, bc mu cht (thng c gi l bc li), Cauchy nhn
xt rng: nu (*) ng vi n = N ( * N , N > 2) th n cng ng khi 1. n N =
Cch chng minh l kh n gin: vi a
1
, a
2
, , a
N-1
0, xt
1 2 1
1
N
N
a a a
a
N

+ + +
=

K
(hoc
1
1 2 1
)
N
N N
a a a a

= L
v p dng (*) cho N s a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
0, ta c ngay bt ng thc
1 2 1
1
1 2
.
1
N
N
n
a a a
a a a
N

+ + +

K
L
T suy ra (*) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n 2.
thy mt bin th khc, trc tin chng ti xt mt bi ton kh kh
(i vi hc sinh gii Ton trung hc ph thng):
Bi ton (P
n
). Chng minh rng t 2 1 n s nguyn bt k ( * n ) ta
lun c th trch ra n s c tng chia ht cho n.
(Phng theo mt thi chn hc sinh gii Ton Trung Quc)
S lc li gii ca bi ton (P
n
):
- Chng minh rng nu kt lun ca (P
n
) v (P
m
) l ng ( , * n m ) th
kt lun ca (P
nm
) cng ng.
- Kim tra rng kt lun ca (P
n
) l ng khi n l s nguyn t (hoc n = 1).
Khi , v mi s nguyn dng ln hn 1 u c th phn tch thnh tch
ca cc s nguyn t (nh l c bn ca s hc) ta thy kt lun ca bi ton
(P
n
) ng cho mi s nguyn dng n.
Chng ti gi phng php dng trn y khi gii bi ton (P
n
) l quy
np phn r.
Trong lun vn ny, chng ti trnh by cc bin th khc nhau ca
phng php quy np ton hc v u t khng t thi gian tuyn chn cc
bi ton ( tng gp ti cc k thi) gii c bng cc phng php quy np
. Sau mi li gii chng ti cng thng c cc nhn xt nhm nu cc
hng gii khc, tng qut ha hoc phn tch cc sai st m hc sinh c th
vp phi. Chng ti hy vng xy dng nn mt t liu hu ch, c th s dng
c trong vic ging dy hc sinh gii cc cp khc nhau.

5
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
3.1 i tng nghin cu: Quy np ton hc v cc bi ton lin quan.
3.2 Phm vi nghin cu: Cc dng ton s dng phng php quy np ton hc.
4. Phng php nghin cu
C bn s dng phng php nghin cu ti liu (sch, bo v cc ti liu
trn internet c lin quan n ti ca lun vn) thu thp thng tin v trnh
by li theo mt th khp kn; tp hp cc dng ton phc v cho yu cu ca
ti, tm hiu cch gii v phn loi.
5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
Xy dng mt gio trnh c tnh h thng, khp kn v c th ging dy
c cho cc hc sinh chuyn ton bc trung hc ph thng.
Xy dng c mt h thng cc bi ton (c v mi) vi cc mc
kh d khc nhau.
6. Cu trc lun vn
Lun vn ny c chia lm ba chng.
Chng 1. Quy np ton hc, nguyn l sp th t tt. Trong chng
ny, chng ti trnh by h tin Peano, mt s dng ca nguyn l quy np
ton hc v nguyn l sp th t tt trn tp cc s nguyn dng. Cui chng
l mt tuyn chn cc bi ton p dng.
Chng 2. Mt s bin th ca php quy np. Trong chng ny,
chng ta gp cc bin th khc nhau ca php quy np, c bit l quy np li
(quy np kiu Cauchy), quy np phn r v cc v d p dng.
Chng 3. Quy np siu hn. Chng cui ny gii thiu tng quan v
tp c sp th t tuyn tnh, kiu th t; tp c sp th t tt, s th t;
nh l v php quy np siu hn, dy siu hn.

6
CHNG 1. QUY NP TON HC, NGUYN L SP TH T TT
1.1 CCH TIP CN TIN I VI CC S T NHIN,
NGUYN L QUY NP
Cc s nguyn dng c th c trnh by bng phng php tin
nh sau. Cc khi nim c chp nhn (l nguyn thy) gm c bn thn tp
*, s 1 v khi nim s tip sau ca mt s nguyn dng. Ni nm na,
ngha quy np ca khi nim nm ch: m l s tip sau ca n nu m l s
nguyn dng trc tip theo sau s nguyn dng n. Nh vy, 2 l s tip sau
ca 1, 3 l s tip sau ca 2, v. v...
Cc tin sau y hp thnh h tin cho cc s nguyn dng.
Tin I: 1 l mt s nguyn dng, tc l 1 *.
Tin II: 1 khng phi l s tip sau ca bt k mt s nguyn dng no.
Tin III: i vi mi s nguyn dng n c ng mt s nguyn dng
m sao cho m l s tip sau ca n.
Tin IV: Nu mt s nguyn dng m l s tip sau ca mt s nguyn
dng n v nu m cng l s tip sau ca mt s nguyn dng k th n k = .
Tin V (Nguyn l quy np): Nu A l mt tp hp con ca tp hp *
cc s nguyn dng sao cho:
1 , A (1.1)
v i vi mi s nguyn dng n:
nu n A v m l s tip sau ca n th , m A (1.2)
th mi s nguyn dng u thuc , A tc l *. A =
H tin trn do Peano a ra vo nm 1891. H tin l xy
dng tt c cc nh l ca s hc trn cc s nguyn dng. Mi khi nim
khc dng trong s hc cc s nguyn dng nh php tnh cng v php tnh
nhn, quan h nh hn v.v... u c th c nh ngha thng qua nhng
iu c chp nhn trong h tin .
By gi chng ta xt xem php cng v php nhn cc s nguyn dng c
th nh ngha c nh th no thng qua h tin Peano. Theo tin III,
i vi mi s nguyn dng n c ng mt s nguyn dng m sao cho m l
s tip sau ca n. K hiu s tip sau ca n l ' n . Php cng cc s nguyn
dng c nh ngha bi:
1 ' n n + = vi mi *, n (1.3)
' ( ) ' n m n m + = + vi mi * n v *. m (1.4)

7
Hai cng thc ny to thnh nh ngha quy np ca php cng cc s
nguyn dng. Ta s chng minh rng i vi mi mt cp cc s nguyn
dng , n m th tng n m + ca chng c xc nh bng cch ny. Gi n l mt
s nguyn dng bt k v A l tp hp cc s nguyn dng m m tng n m +
c xc nh. Do (1.3) tng 1 n + c xc nh v do 1 A . By gi gi s
m A , tc l tng n m + c xc nh. Do (1.4) tng ' n m + cng c xc nh
nn ' m A . Nh vy gi thit (1.1) v (1.2) ca nguyn l quy np c tha
mn i vi tp hp A. Theo nguyn l ny mi s nguyn dng l thuc A
v do tng n m + c xc nh i vi mi s nguyn dng m. V trong
chng minh trn, * n l bt k nn tng n m + c xc nh i vi mi cp
, n m cc s nguyn dng.
H sau y cho ta mt nh ngha quy np ca php nhn cc s nguyn dng:
1 n n = vi mi * n (1.5)
' ( ) n m n m n = + vi mi , * n m . (1.6)
Ta s chng minh rng tch n m c xc nh i vi mi cp cc s nguyn
dng , n m. Gi n l mt s nguyn dng bt k v A l tp hp tt c cc s
nguyn dng m m tch n m c xc nh. Do (1.5), tch 1 n c xc nh v v
vy 1 A . Nu m A , tc l n m c xc nh th theo (1.6) tch ' n m cng c
xc nh, tc l ' m A . Nh vy cc gi thit ca nguyn l quy np c tha mn
bi tp hp A. Vy ta kt lun rng mi s nguyn dng l thuc A, tc l tch n m
c xc nh i vi mi cp , n m cc s nguyn dng.
Qun h nh hn i vi cc s nguyn dng c th c xc nh nh
php cng nh sau:
n m < khi v ch khi c mt s nguyn dng k sao cho . m k n + = (1.7)
Quan h nh hn hoc bng c nh ngha sau mt cch hin nhin.
Khi c php cng trn tp hp cc s nguyn dng, ta c th pht biu
li tin V di dng (thng hay c s dng nht):
nh l 1.1.1 (Nguyn l quy np ton hc)
Gi s P l mt tnh cht c xc nh trn tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
dng sao cho
(1) P (1 c tnh cht P) (1.8)
v
i vi mi s nguyn dng n, nu ( ) P n th ( 1) P n + (nu n c tnh cht
P th 1 n + cng c tnh cht P). (1.9)

8
Khi , mi s nguyn dng u c tnh cht P.
Dng nguyn l quy np ta cng chng minh c:
nh l 1.1.2 (Nguyn l sp th t tt)
Trong mi tp hp khng rng cc s nguyn dng c mt s nh nht,
tc l mt s nh hn mi s khc trong tp hp.
nh l 1.1.3
Gi s A l mt tp hp con ca tp hp tt c cc s nguyn dng sao cho
1 A (1.10)
v
vi mi s nguyn dng n, nu k A i vi tt c cc s nguyn dng
k n th 1 n A + . (1.11)
Khi , mi s nguyn dng u thuc A, tc l *. A =
Nhn xt 1.1.1
Nguyn l quy np ton hc dng tin V l mt h qu logic ca nh
l 1.1.3. chng minh iu ny, ta gi s rng nh l 1.1.3 l ng v A l
mt tp hp con bt k ca * tha mn cc iu kin (1.1) v (1.2) trong tin
V. iu kin (1.1) trng vi iu kin (1.10). Nu iu kin (1.2) c tha
mn th iu kin (1.11) tt nhin cng c tha mn. V vy, p dng nh l
1.1.3 ta kt lun rng mi s nguyn dng u thuc A. Do , nh l 1.1.3
ko theo tin V.
nh l sau y cng thng c p dng khi chng minh quy np.
nh l 1.1.4
Gi s A l mt tp hp con ca tp hp * tt c cc s nguyn dng sao cho
1 A v 2 A (1.12)
v
vi mi s nguyn dng 1, n > nu 1 n A v n A th 1 n A + . (1.13)
Khi , mi s nguyn dng u thuc A.
nh l 1.1.5
Gi s ( ) P n l mt hm mnh ca bin n bin thin trn tp hp * tt
c cc s nguyn dng sao cho
(1) P ng (1.14)
v
vi mi s nguyn dng n, nu ( ) P k ng i vi mi s nguyn dng k n
th ( 1) P n + cng ng. (1.15)

9
Khi , ( ) P n ng i vi mi s nguyn dng . n
Tin V v nh l 1.1.4 cng c th c pht biu li mt cch
tng t. Cn ch rng: khi lm vic vi cc s t nhin (thay v cc s
nguyn dng), (1.8) v (1.14) ta xt P(0) thay cho P(1). chng minh mt
mnh cha bin P(n) l ng vi mi s t nhin n m (m l mt s t
nhin cho), ta tin hnh hai bc:
Bc 1 (thng c gi l bc c s). Ch ra rng mnh P(m) ng.
Bc 2 (bc quy np). Vi mi s t nhin k m, ta chng minh rng
nu mnh P(k) ng th mnh P(k + 1) cng ng.
1.2. CC V D P DNG
Cch chng minh mt nh l ton hc c dng n nguyn l quy np
ton hc thng c gi l php quy np. Cc v d v nhng cch chng
minh ny p dng cho cc bi ton t hp s c trnh by di y:
V d 1.2.1
Vi mi s t nhin n, s tp hp con ca mi tp hp gm n phn t l 2
n
.
V d 1.2.2
i vi mi cp s t nhin , n k m , k n s t hp chp k ly t n phn
t (ca mt tp hp
n
A cho trc) bng .
n
k
| |
|
\

V d 1.2.3
Cho a v b l hai s thc phn bit c tng l mt s dng. Chng minh rng

1
2 ( ) ( )
n n n n
a b a b

+ > + (1.22)
vi mi s t nhin 1. n >
V d 1.2.4
Cho 0. a b > Chng minh rng
1
( 1)
n n n
n a b na b

+ (1.26)
vi mi s nguyn dng n; hn na, du ng thc xy ra trong (1.26) khi v
ch khi a b = hoc 1. n =
V d 1.2.5
Vi mi s nguyn dng n, k hiu 2 2 2 ... 2 .
n
n
R = + + + +
14444244443
du cn
Chng minh rng
1
1
cos ,
2 2
n n
R

=
2
2
2
1
2
sin

=
n
n
R

(1.28)
khi 3. n

10
Nhn xt 1.2.1
Tht ra, nu ta quy c
0
: 0 R = ( cng thc truy hi
1
2
n n
R R

= + cn c hiu
lc khi 1), n = th vn c:
2
1
sin 2
2 2
n n
R

= khi 2, n =
1
1
cos
2 2
n n
R

= khi { } 1; 2 . n
V d 1.2.6
Vi mi s t nhin 2, n ta c bt ng thc:

2
4 (2 )!
1 ( !)
n
n
n n
<
+
(1.29)
V d 1.2.7 (IMO 1957)
Cho hm s * * : f tha iu kin:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 f n f f n + > vi mi n * . (1.31)
Chng minh rng ( ) f n n = vi mi
*
n .
Nhn xt 1.2.2
Sau khi chng minh c ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
min 1 , min 2 d A f d A f = = = = , ta c th
tip tc li gii theo mt hng khc nh sau: Nu ( ) 1 2 f th ( ) ( )
2
1 f f A
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 f f d f = , mu thun vi (1.7). Vy ( ) 1 1 f = . D thy hm
: * * g cho bi cng thc ( ) ( ) 1 1 g n f n = + cng tha mn
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 g g n g n < + . Theo chng minh trn, ta c ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 2 g f = = . Bng cch
nh vy, ta c ( ) f n n = vi mi * n .
V d 1.2.8
Tm tt c cc hm s : f tha mn iu kin:
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mf n nf m m n f m n + = + + (1.32)
vi mi m, n .
Nhn xt 1.2.3
Ta c th gii bi ton theo cch khc (khng dng nguyn l sp th t
tt): Sau khi chng minh c (1.33), t ( ) : ( ) (0) ( ), g n f n f n = ta thy
hm s : g tha mn iu kin:
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mg n ng m m n g m n + = + + (1.32)
v
2
( ) 0 g m = (1.33)
vi mi m, n .
Trong (1.32), chn , m n = ta c

11
2
( ) (2 ) g m g m = (1.34)
(vi mi * m v do ) vi mi . m Ly
2 2
, 2 m k n k = = v dng (1.33),
(1.34), ta thy:
2 2 4 4
(1.32') ( ) 3 (5 ) ( ) 3 (5 ) k g k k g k g k g k = = (1.35)
vi mi *. k Theo (1.33), (0) 0 g = nn (1.35) cn ng vi mi . k
T , bng quy np, ta c:
4 1
4
3
( ) 3 5 3
n
n
n n
g k g k

| |
=
|
\
M vi mi s t nhin n.
Suy ra: ( ) 0 g k = vi mi s t nhin k; tc l, hm s f hng trn (khp) .
Th li!






12
CHNG 2. MT S BIN TH CA PHP QUY NP
2.1 QUY NP LI
Php quy np c nhiu bin th rt hay. Mt trong cc bin th ngy
nay c bit n di tn gi quy np li (cn c gi l quy np kiu
Cauchy), do chnh Cauchy s dng ln u khi chng minh bt ng thc
trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn:
1 2
1 2
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

K
L (2.1)
vi mi s nguyn dng n 2 v vi mi b n s thc khng m a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
.
Vi n = 2, (2.1) c chng minh trc tip (ch dng kin thc trung hc
c s). Vi n tng qut, Cauchy chng minh rng nu (2.1) ng vi n = k
(trong , 2 * k ) th (2.1) cng ng khi n = 2k. Bng cch nh vy, ta
thy (2.1) ng vi mt dy tng v hn cc s nguyn dng n = 2
m
( * m ).
Cui cng, bc mu cht (thng c gi l bc li), Cauchy nhn xt
rng: nu (2.1) ng vi n = N ( * N , N > 2) th n cng ng khi 1. n N = Cch
chng minh cng kh n gin (nhng tinh t): vi a
1
, a
2
, , a
N-1
0, xt
1 2 1
1
N
N
a a a
a
N

+ + +
=

K
(hoc
1
1 2 1
)
N
N N
a a a a

= L
v p dng (2.1) cho N s a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
0, ta c ngay bt ng thc
1 2 1
1
1 2
.
1
N
N
n
a a a
a a a
N

+ + +

K
L
T suy ra (2.1) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n 2.
Ta c th tng qut ha tng ca Cauchy thnh:
nh l 2.1.1 (Nguyn l quy np li)
Cho
1
( )
k k
m

=
l mt dy v hn cc s nguyn dng m lim .
k
k
m

= Gi s
( ) P n l mt hm mnh ca bin n bin thin trn tp hp * tt c cc s
nguyn dng sao cho
( )
k
P m ng (2.2)
vi mi *; k hn na,
vi mi s nguyn dng 1, n > nu ( ) P n ng th ( 1) P n cng ng.
(2.3)
Khi , ( ) P n ng i vi mi s nguyn dng . n




13
V d 2.1.1
Dng phng php quy np li, chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
1
n
n n
i
i
i
i
n
x
x
=
=

+
+

(2.4)
vi mi dy s hu hn ( ) [ ]
1
0, 1 (2 ).
n
i
i
x n
=

Nhn xt 2.1.2
C th dng bt ng thc Jensen:
1 1
1 1
( )
n n
i i
i i
f t f t
n n
= =
| |

|
\


i vi hm s
1
( ) :
1
nt
y f t
e
= =
+
lin tc v lm trn na khong 0, t < ri
i bin : ln ( )
i i
t x i = c mt cch chng minh khc cho (2.4) trong trng
hp ( ]
1
( ) 0,1 .
n
i i
x
=
Trng hp
1
0,
n
i
i
x
=
=

(2.4) ng mt cch hin nhin!

V d 2.1.2
Dng phng php quy np li, chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
1
n
n n
k
k
k
k
n
x
x
=
=

+
+

(2.6)
vi mi dy s hu hn ( ) [ ]
1
0, 1 (2 ).
n
i
i
x n
=

2.2. QUY NP PHN R
thy mt bin th khc, trc tin chng ti xt mt bi ton kh kh
(i vi hc sinh gii Ton trung hc ph thng):
Bi ton (P
n
). Chng minh rng t 2 1 n s nguyn bt k ( * n ) ta
lun c th trch ra n s c tng chia ht cho n.
(Phng theo mt thi chn hc sinh gii Ton Trung Quc)
Li gii ca bi ton (P
n
) s c trnh by qua cc bc nh sau (xem
cc b 2.2.1-2.2.2):
- Chng minh rng nu kt lun ca (P
n
) v (P
m
) l ng ( , * n m ) th
kt lun ca (P
nm
) cng ng.
- Kim tra rng kt lun ca (P
n
) l ng khi n l s nguyn t (hoc n = 1).
T ta s thy kt lun ca bi ton (P
n
) ng cho mi s nguyn dng n.
Chng ti mo mui gi phng php lm ny l php quy np phn r.
V thc s, ta c:

14
nh l 2.2.1 (Nguyn l quy np phn r)
Gi s ( ) P n l mt hm mnh ca bin n bin thin trn tp hp * tt
c cc s nguyn dng sao cho
(1) P v ( ) P p ng (2.9)
vi s nguyn t p; hn na,
vi mi cp s nguyn dng m v n, nu ( ) P m v ( ) P n u ng
th ( ) P mn cng ng. (2.10)
Khi , ( ) P n ng i vi mi s nguyn dng . n
B 2.2.1
Nu kt lun ca (P
n
) v (P
m
) l ng ( , * n m ) th kt lun ca (P
nm
) cng ng.
B 2.2.1
Kt lun ca (P
n
) l ng khi n l s nguyn t hoc n = 1.
V d 2.2.1
Vi mi cp s nguyn dng a, m m m > 1, ta u c:
( )
(mod );
m m m
a a m

(2.15)
trong , ( ) m l s s nguyn dng nguyn t cng nhau vi m v khng
vt qu m (phi-hm Euler).
2.3. MT S V D V CC BIN TH KHC CA PHP QUY NP
Trong mc ny ta xt thm mt s bin th khc ca php quy np thng
qua cc v d c th.
V d 2.3.1
Tm tt c cc hm : * * f tha mn ng thi cc iu kin:
(a) (2) 2 f = ;
(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) f mn f m f n = vi mi
*
, ; m n
(c) ( ) ( ) f m f n < vi mi m < n.
V d 2.3.2
Tm tt c cc hm * * : f tha mn ng thi cc iu kin:
(a) (2) 2 f = ;
(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) f mn f m f n = vi mi s nguyn dng , m n nguyn t cng nhau;
(c) ( ) ( ) f m f n < vi mi m < n.





15
Nhn xt 2.3.1
Trong li gii trn, bc quy np thc s tin ln, bt ng thc
( )
2
2 0 3 n n n n n n > > l rt cn thit. Chnh v vy, bc c s cn
kim tra t nht l vi 1 3; n nu khng, php quy np cha thnh cng!

CHNG 3. QUY NP SIU HN
3.1 TP C SP TH T TUYN TNH, KIU TH T
3.1.1 Sp th t tuyn tnh
Cho tp hp X c sp th t bi mt quan h hai ngi . Quan h th
t c gi l mt quan h th t tuyn tnh nu n tha mn iu kin lin
thng sau y:
x y hoc y x vi mi , . x y X (3.1)
Nh vy php sp th t tuyn tnh trn mt tp hp X ( c cho trc) l
phn x, bc cu, phn i xng v lin thng trn . X
Nu quan h l mt quan h sp th t tuyn tnh trn X th ta ni rng
sp th t tuyn tnh X v cp c th t ( , ) X c gi l mt tp hp c
sp th t tuyn tnh (hay mt xch).
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh th ta ni rng x ng
trc y nu x y v ; x y khi , ta k hiu . x y p Bng cch , ta thu c
mt quan h hai ngi p trn X m iu kin sau y c tha mn i vi hai
phn t , x y bt k ca : X
nu x y th x y p hoc . y x p (3.2)
iu kin ny c suy trc tip t (3.1) v t nh ngha ca quan h p trn . X
V d 3.1.1.1
Cho
0
R l mt tp hp con bt k ca tp hp tt c cc s thc. Quan
h khng ln hn trn
0
R sp th t tuyn tnh tp hp . Tng t, quan
h khng b hn trn
0
R sp th t tp hp mt cch tuyn tnh.
Nh vy,
0
( , ) R v
0
( , ) R l nhng v d v cc tp hp c sp th t
tuyn tnh, tc l cc xch.
V d 3.1.1.2
Cho l tp hp tt c cc s phc v l mt quan h hai ngi trn
c xc nh nh sau: Vi
1 1
( , ) x y v
2 2
( , ) x y bt k trong .
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
(( , ) ( , )) (( ) (( ) ( ))) x y x y x x x x y y < = (3.3)

16
Do (3.3), quan h xy ra gia hai s phc
1 1
( , ) x y v
2 2
( , ) x y khi v ch khi
phn thc
1
x ca s th nht nh hn phn thc
2
x ca s kia, hoc nu cc
phn thc ca c hai s l bng nhau th phn o
1
y ca s th nht khng ln
hn phn o
2
y ca s kia . D dng th li c quan h c xc nh nh
vy trn sp th t tuyn tnh tp hp . Nh vy ( , ) l mt xch trong
l mt tp hp tt c cc s phc v l quan h trn c xc nh
bi cng thc (3.3).
V d 3.1.1.3
Cho T l tp hp tt c cc s thc, gi s rng vi mi , t T
{
t
z = : } z t < trong l tp hp tt c cc s phc. iu ny xc nh
mt h cc ch s cc tp hp con ca . Ta bit rng h R tt c cc tp
hp ,
t
t T l c sp th t bi quan h bao hm. D dng th li c
quan h bao hm ny trong h R sp th t tuyn tnh R. V vy ( , ) R l xch
mt. Tuy nhin cn phi nhn mnh quan h bao hm thng ch sp th t cc
h nhng tp hp.
nh l 3.1.1.1
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh v nu A X th
( , ) A A cng l mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh.
Mt phn t
0
x X ca mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ( , ) X c
gi l phn t ln nht nu

0
x x vi mi x X (3.4)
Thay cho phn t ln nht ta cn ni phn t sau cng
nh l 3.1.1.2
Vi mi phn t
0
x ca mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ( , ), X
nhng iu kin sau y l tng ng vi nhau:

0
x l phn t sau cng (3.5)

0
x x p vi mi { }
0
\ x X x (3.6)

0
x l mt phn t cc i, tc l
0 0
(( ) ( ))
x X
x x x x

(3.7)
nh l 3.1.1.3
Vi mi phn t
0
x ca mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ( , ) X th
nhng iu kin sau y l tng ng

0
x l phn t u tin (3.9)

17
0
x x p vi mi { }
0
\ x X x (3.10)

0
x l mt phn t cc tiu, tc l
0 0
(( ) ( ))
x X
x x x x

(3.11)
nh l 3.1.1.4
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh v nu X l mt tp hp
hu hn khng rng th ( , ) X c mt phn t u tin v mt phn t sau cng.
3.1.2 Php ng cu ca cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh
Hai tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ( , ) X v ( *, *) X c gi l ng
dng hay ng cu v c k hiu bi cng thc ( , ) ( *, *) X X nu c mt
hm mt i mt : * f X X nh x X ln * X v cng tha mn iu kin sau
y i vi bt k , x y X
x y khi v ch khi ( ) * ( ) f x f y (3.12)
V d 3.1.2.1
Cho l tp hp tt c cc s nguyn, xt ( , ) trong l quan h
khng ln hn trn . Cng cho l tp hp tt c cc s nguyn v * l mt
quan h trn c xc nh nh sau: Vi bt k , m n , * m n khi v ch
khi m l mt s chn v n l mt s l, hoc n m v , m n u l chn, hoc
m n v , m n u l l.
Quan h * sp th t tuyn tnh v cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn ( , )
v ( , *) l ng cu. V cho : f l mt hm c xc nh nh sau:

2 1 khi 0,
( )
2 khi 0,
k k k
f k
k k k
+

=

<

Hm : f l hm mt i mt v cng tha mn iu kin vi cc s
nguyn bt k , m n .
( ) ( ( ) * ( )) m n f m f n
nh l 3.1.2.1
Nu cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh v l ng cu vi nhau th cc
tp hp X v * X l tng ng .
By gi ta s chng minh iu kin (3.12) c th c thay th bng mt
iu kin yu hn, l:
nh l 3.1.2.2
Cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ( , ) X v ( *, *) X l ng cu vi
nhau khi v ch khi c mt hm mt i mt : * f X X nh x X ln * X v
cng tha mn iu kin sau:

18
Nu x y th ( ) * ( ) f x f y vi mi , x y X (3.13)
Gi s rng : * f X X l hm mt i mt nh x X ln * X v tha mn iu
kin (3.13). Cng gi s rng cng thc x y khng ng i vi mt vi phn
t , x y ca . X iu ny v tnh phn x ca quan h cho . x y T nhng iu
kin (3.1) ta cng suy ra . y x iu ny v (3.13) cho ( ) * ( ) f y f x . V f l mt
hm mt i mt v x y nn ( ) ( ). f y f x Do cng thc ( ) * ( ) f x f y khng
ng v cng thc ny cng vi ( ) * ( ) f y f x s ko theo ( ) ( ). f x f y = iu ny
tri vi ( ) ( ). f y f x Nh vy ta chng minh c nu x y khng ng th
( ) * ( ) f x f y cng khng ng. T iu kin (3.13) ko theo l iu kin (3.12)
c tha mn i vi hm f v nh l 3.1.2.2 c chng minh.
Trong trng hp cc tp hu hn th nh l o ca nh l 3.1.2.1 cng ng
nh l 3.1.2.3
Nu ( , ) X v ( *, *) X l cc tp hp hu hn c sp tuyn tnh v nu
* X X = th ( , ) ( *, *) X X .
nh l 3.1.2.4
Cc cng thc sau y ng i vi cc xch bt k ( , ) X , ( *, *) X v ( ', ') X
( , ) ( , ) X X (3.14)
(( , ) ( *, *)) (( *, *) ( , )) X X X X (3.15)
(( , ) ( *, *)) (( *, *) ( ', ')) (( , ) ( ', ')) X X X X X X (3.16)
Nhn xt 3.1.2.2
Theo nh l 3.1.2.3, hai tp hu hn c sp th t tuyn tnh m cng
c n phn t th ng cu vi nhau v v vy chng s cng kiu th t. Kiu
cc tp hp hu hn c sp th t tuyn tnh m u c n phn t s c k
hiu l n. Kiu ca tp hp rng c k hiu l .
Cc kiu th t sau y ca cc tp hp v hn c sp th t tuyn tnh gi
mt vai tr rt quan trng: Kiu tp hp tt c cc s t nhin, c sp th t tuyn
tnh bi quan h khng ln hn (k hiu l ), kiu tp hp cc s nguyn m
c sp th t tuyn tnh bi quan h khng ln hn (k hiu l * ), kiu tp
hp tt c cc s hu t c sp th t tuyn tnh bi quan h khng ln hn (k
hiu l ), kiu tp hp tt c cc s thc c sp th t tuyn tnh bi quan h
khng ln hn (k hiu l ). Ch rng cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh
kiu l m c, c mt phn t th nht v khng c phn t sau cng, cc tp
hp c sp th t tuyn tnh kiu * l m c, c mt phn t sau cng v

19
khng c phn t th nht, cc tp hp c sp th t tuyn tnh kiu l m
c v khng c phn t th nht cng khng c phn t sau cng, cc tp hp
c sp th t tuyn tnh kiu c lc lng continum v khng c phn t th
nht hoc khng c phn t sau cng.
3.2 TP C SP TH T TT, S TH T
3.2.1 Quan h sp th t tt, s th t
Cho tp hp X c sp th t bi mt quan h hai ngi . Quan h th
t xc lp mt s sp th t tuyn tnh c gi l sp tt nu n tha mn
iu kin:
(w) vi mi tp hp con khng rng A ca tp hp X th tp hp c sp th
t tuyn tnh ( , ) A A c mt phn t u tin.
Nu l mt quan h c sp tt trn X th ta cng ni rng l sp
th t tt X v cp c sp th t ( , ) X c gi l mt tp hp c sp tt.
Cc kiu th t ca cc tp hp c sp th t tt c gi l cc s th
t. Cc s th t bao hm kiu th t ca tp hp rng th c k hiu l 0.
V d 3.2.1.2
T nh l 3.1.1.4 suy ra rng nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t
tuyn tnh v nu X l mt tp hp khng rng hu hn th ( , ) X c sp th
t tt. Nh vy mi tp hp hu hn c sp th t tuyn tnh l c sp th
t tt. Ta bit (theo nh l 3.1.2.3) nhng tp hp hu hn hai phn t c
sp th t tuyn tnh th u ng cu vi nhau. T suy ra rng cc kiu th
t ca cc tp hp hu hn c sp th t tuyn tnh u l cc s th t. Theo
quy c th s th t (kiu th t) ca mt tp hp c sp th t tt c n
phn t c k hiu l . n Khng mt kiu th t no trong s *, , l mt
s th t c.
nh l 3.2.1.1
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt v nu A X th ( , ) A A
cng l mt tp hp c sp th t tt.
Nhn xt 3.2.1.1 Cho ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt v x X . Nu x
khng phi phn t sau cng trong X th tp hp
{ } { } : ( ) ( ) : y X x y x y y X x y = p l khng rng. V tp hp ny l mt tp
hp con ca X nn theo nh l 3.2.1.1 ta suy ra n c sp th t tt v v
vy n c mt phn t u tin. Phn t ny c gi l phn t tip sau ca x
v n theo ngay sau x . T ta c nh l v phn t tip sau ko theo:

20
nh l 3.2.1.2
Mi phn t x ca mt tp hp c sp th t tt, tr phn t sau cng,
nu c, u c mt phn t tip sau.
Nu
0
x l phn t u tin ca mt tp hp c sp th t tt th tp hp
ny khng c phn t x no m
0
x x p , v v vy
0
x khng phi phn t tip sau
ca bt k phn t no ca tp hp ny. Mt tp hp c sp th t tt c th
c nhng phn t khc vi phn t u tin v khng phi l nhng phn t tip
sau ca bt k phn t no.
V d 3.2.1.3
Cho X l mt tp hp gm cc s c dng
1
1 ( 1, 2,...) n
n
= v s 1. Tp hp
X l c sp th t tt, bi quan h khng ln hn. S1 khng phi phn t
u tin ca X cng khng phi phn t tip sau ca bt k phn t no ca . X
Cho ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt. Mt tp hp con Y X c gi
l khong ban u ca X nu iu kin sau c tha mn vi mi , : x y X
(( ) ( )) ( ) y Y x y x Y (3.19)
iu kin ny ni rng khi Y cha mt phn t y th n cng cha mi
phn t x X m . x y
nh l 3.2.1.3
i vi mi khong ban u Y ca mt tp hp c sp th t tt ( , ) X
trong X Y th c mt phn t y ca X sao cho:
{ } { } : ( ) ( ) : Y x X x y x y x X x y = = p (3.20)
nh l 3.2.1.4
Cho ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt v R l h cc khong ban
u ca X khc vi . X Khi :
quan h bao hm s sp th t tuyn tnh h R (3.24)
( , ) X l ng cu vi ( , ) R (3.25)
nh l 3.2.1.5
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt v nu ( *, *) X l mt tp
hp c sp th t tuyn tnh ng cu vi ( , ) X th ( *, *) X cng l mt tp
hp c sp th t tt.



21
nh l 3.2.1.6
Nu ( ) , X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt v nu R l h tt c cc
khong ban u ca X khc vi X th quan h bao hm s sp th t tt h
R v ( ) , X l ng cu i vi ( ) , R .
nh l 3.2.1.7
Mi hm : * f X X xc lp mt php ng cu gia hai tp hp c
sp th t tt ( ) , X v ( ) *, * X s nh x mt khong ban u bt k ca tp
hp trc ln mt khong ban u ca tp hp sau.
3.2.2 So snh cc s th t
Cho , X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt kiu v ( *, *) X l mt tp
hp c sp th t tt kiu . Ta ni s th t nh hn s th t tp hiu l
< (3.26)
Nu tp hp ( ) , X l ng cu vi mt khong ban u ca tp hp ( *, *) X
khc vi ( *, *) X . Nh vy mi tp hp c sp th t tt kiu l ng cu
vi mt khong ban u ca bt k mt tp hp c sp th t tt no loi .
Ta vit:
< (3.27)
Thay cho < hoc =
S th t nh hn bt k s th t no.
nh l 3.2.2.1
Vi mi s thc
( ) < (3.30)
nh l 3.2.2.2
i vi nhng s th t bt k , ,
Nu < v < th < (3.33)
nh l 3.2.2.3
Vi cc s th t bt k ,
Nu < th ( ) < (3.34)
Tht vy nu < v < u xy ra th theo nh l 3.2.2.2 ta s c <
v iu ny l khng th c (theo nh l 3.2.2.1)
nh l 3.2.2.4
i vi cc s t nhin bt k , th mt trong nhng iu kin sau y
s xy ra , , < = < (3.35)

22
nh l 3.2.2.5
i vi cc tp hp c sp th t tt bt k ( , ) X v
1
( , ) Y th mt
trong nhng iu kin sau y l ng:
, , X Y X Y Y X < = < (3.40)
nh l 3.2.2.6
i vi cc s th t bt k , , th:
(3.41)
Nu v th (3.42)
Nu v th = (3.43)
hay (3.44)
3.2.3 Tp hp cc s th t
Vi mi s th t ta k hiu ( ) Z l tp hp tt c cc s th t nh hn . Ta c:
nh l 3.2.3.1
Tp hp ( ) Z l tp hp c sp th t tt thnh kiu bi quan h
nh l 3.2.3.2
Mi tp hp s th t u c sp th t tt bi quan h
nh l 3.2.3.3
i vi tp hp Z cc s th t, s c mt s th t, s th t ny ln
hn bt k s th t no trong . Z
nh l 3.2.3.4
Khng c tp hp tt c cc s th t
Nhn xt 3.2.3.1 Nh vy khng th xy dng c mt tp hp tt c cc s
th t cng nh khng th xy dng c mt tp hp tt c cc tp hp vy.
3.2.4 Lc lng ca cc s th t. Bn s ( ) N m
Lc lng ca mt tp hp c sp th t tt bt k c kiu th t th
c gi l lc lng ca s th t . R rng l lc lng ca khng ph
thuc vo vic chn tp hp c sp th t tt v bt k hai tp hp c sp
th t tt no ng cu vi nhau cng c cng lc lng.
nh l 3.2.4.1
Vi mi bn s , m th lc lng ca tp hp tt c cc s th t vi
m khng ln hn hoc khng bng bn s , m tc l
( ( ) ) N m m (3.48)



23
3.2.5 nh l v php qui np siu hn. Cc dy siu hn
nh l sau y gi l nh l v php qui np siu hn. l mt s m
rng nguyn l quy np cc s t nhin.
nh l 3.2.5.1
Cho ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt bt k. Nu ( ) x l mt
hm mnh bin thin trn X m tha mn nhng iu kin sau:
Phn t th nht ca X tha mn hm mnh ( ) x (3.49)
Vi mi , y X nu mi z X m z y v z y tha mn hm mnh ( ) x
th y cng tha mn ( ) x (3.50)
Th mi phn t ca X tha mn hm mnh ( ). x
nh l 3.2.5.2
Nu c mt dy siu hn ( ) x
<
tt c cc phn t ca mt tp hp, th tp hp
ny c th l c sp th t tt tc l c mt quan h sp th t tt . X Trng hp
ring, nu dy l mt i mt th c mt quan h sp th t tt X thnh loi .
nh l 3.2.5.1
Nu ( , ) X l mt tp hp c sp th t tt bi thnh kiu th c
mt dy mt i mt ( ) x
<
tt c cc phn t ca . X
Trong s cc s th t ta tch ring ra cc s c dng 1. + Chng c
gi l c lp. Nhng iu sau y khng ng: vi mi s th t s c mt s
th t sao cho 1, = + mt v d l s chng hn. Cc s th t khc 0
khng c lp th c gi l cc s gii hn.
nh l sau y l mt cch pht biu khc ca nh l quy np siu hn.
nh l 3.2.5.4
Cho ( ) x
<
l mt dy siu hn mt i mt tt c cc phn t ca mt
tp hp . X Nu ( ) x l mt hm mnh bin thin trn X tha mn nhng
iu kin:
o
x tha mn hm mnh ( ) x (3.52)
Vi mi s th t c lp 1, = + < nu x

tha mn ( ) x th x

tha mn
( ) x (3.53)
Vi mi s th t gii hn < nu vi mi s th t < m x

tha mn
( ) x th x

tha mn ( ) x (3.54)
Th mi s hng ca dy ( ) x
<
tc l mi phn t ca X u tha mn hm
mnh ( ). x

24
Cc k hiu sau y s c dng: vi mi tp hp Z v vi mi s th
t , gi ( , ) Z l tp hp tt c cc dy ca : ( ) f Z Z vi . Dy rng
cng c gi thit l thuc ( , ). Z nh l sau y gi l nh l v nh
ngha bng quy np siu hn.
nh l 3.2.5.5
Vi mi tp hp , Z mi s th t v mi hm ( , ) Z Z th c ng
mt dy siu hn f c xc nh vi cc s th t sao cho
( ) ( ( )) f h f Z = vi mi (3.55)
Trc khi chng minh nh l ny ta gii thch ngha ca n. nh l
ni rng nu Z l mt tp hp bt k v nu l mt s th t bt k th vi
mi hm h lin kt mt yu t ca Z vi mi dy cc phn t ca Z c kiu
(gm c dy rng), c ng mt dy siu hn ( ) f Z

= sao cho vi mi
s th t , s hng th , ( ) f z

= l gi tr ca hm h dy f thu hp
v ( ), Z tc l dy ( ) . Z

Trng hp ring ta c:
( )
o
z h = ( y k hiu dy rng)
1
(( ))
o
z h z =
2 1
(( , ))
o
z h z z =
. . . . . .
1 1
(( , ,..., ))
n o n
z h z z z
+
=
. . . . . .
(( ) ) z h z
<
=
Chng minh:
Trc ht ta chng minh rng c nhiu nht mt hm f tha mn iu
kin (3.55). Gi s rng g cng l mt dy c xc nh i vi tt c cc s
th t tha mn iu kin (3.55), tc l sao cho
( ) ( ( )) g h g Z = vi (3.56)
Gi ( ) x l mt hm mnh bin thin trn tp hp tt c cc s th t
v c xc nh nh sau:
tha mn ( ) x khi v ch khi ( ) ( ) f g = (3.57)
S th t 0 tha mn ( ) x v (0) (0) (0). f h g = = Gi s rng tha mn
( ) x vi mi s th t . < iu ny v (3.57) ko theo ( ) ( ) f g = vi
< tc l ( ) ( ). f Z g Z = iu ny v t (3.55), (3.56) cho ( ) ( ) f g = , nh

25
vy tha mn hm mnh ( ) x . p dng nh l (3.2.5.1) v quy np siu hn
ta suy ra mi s th t u tha mn ( ). x T theo (3.57) suy ra . f g =
By gi gi s
0
l s th t nh nht m i vi n khng c mt hm f no
tha mn iu kin (3.55). T iu ny v phn nh l chng minh trn ta
suy ra vi mi s th t
0
< c ng mt hm f

tha mn iu kin:
( ) ( ( )) f h f Z

= vi mi s th t (3.58)
Ta suy ra vi ,
( 1) f Z f

+ = (3.59)
trong ( 1) Z + l tp hp tt c cc s th t khng ln hn . Nh vy
( ) ( ) f f

= vi <
suy ra ( ) ( ) f Z f Z

= vi (3.60)
Mt dy f c xc nh trn tp hp tt c cc s th t
0
v c cc s
hng trong Z c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( ) f f

= vi
0
<
0
0
( ) (( ( ) ) f h f


<
= .
Ta s chng minh dy f c xc nh nh vy s tha mn iu kin (3.54).
Tht vy, nu
0
< th theo (3.61), (3.58) v (3.60) ta s c cng thc sau:
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( )) ( ) f f h f Z h f Z f

= = = = (3.62)
suy ra ( ) ( ) f Z f Z

= vi
0
< (3.63)
T (3.63), (3.61) v (3.58) cho
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( )) f f h f Z h f Z

= = = vi
0
< (3.64)
V
0
( ) ( ( )) f Z f


<
= nn theo nh ngha (3.61),
0 0
( ) ( ( )). f h f Z = iu ny
v (3.64) ko theo f tha mn iu kin (3.55), tc l c mt dy f xc nh
vi mi s th t
0
< v c cc s hng trong Z tha mn (3.55) v iu ny
mu thun vi gi thit. Vy nh l c chng minh xong.
(3.61)

26
KT LUN

1) V mt l lun: Lun vn nghin cu kh su cc dng ca php quy np.
trnh by h tin Peano, mt s dng ca nguyn l quy np ton
hc v nguyn l sp th t tt trn tp cc s nguyn dng. Cui
chng l mt tuyn chn cc bi ton p dng.
gp cc bin th khc nhau ca php quy np, c bit l quy np li
(quy np kiu Cauchy), quy np phn r v cc v d p dng.
gii thiu tng quan v tp c sp th t tuyn tnh, kiu th t; tp c
sp th t tt, s th t; nh l v php quy np siu hn, dy siu hn.
2) V mt thc tin: Khi hon thnh lun vn, tc gi c gng bm st
nhng dng thi chn hc sinh gii trong nc, khu vc v quc t. Hy
vng lun vn c th l mt tp ti liu tham kho c ch cho hc sinh v
gio vin ti cc trng THPT chuyn.
3) Hng m rng ti: Hy cn nhiu bi ton thi chn hc sinh gii
cn o su vi php quy np, nhng do cc hn ch v thi gian v nng
lc, chng ti cha c iu kin nghin cu k. Chng ti s tip tc
nghin cu v mng ny trong thi gian ti.