12

Chng 2
2.1

Cng ngh tnh ton m my

Gii thiu cng ngh tnh ton m my

2.1.1 Qu trnh pht trin in ton m my (cloud computing [1]) l mt vn ang rt c quan tm nghin cu. Tuy nhin, n khng phi l mt s pht trin mi mang tnh cch mng. Thc ra n l mt s tin ha din ra trong sut mt vi thp k nh c trnh by trong hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1: S pht trin hng ti in ton m my

Xu th hng ti in ton m my bt u vo cui nhng nm 80 vi nhng khi nim v in ton li (grid computing [2]). in ton li, ph bin vi Globus Aliance vo nm 2003, gip cho vic phi hp hot ng ca cc h thng tnh ton nm phn tn vi nhau v mt a l tr nn d dng hn. So vi cng ngh ra i trc l my tnh cm (cluster computing [4]), in ton li c phm vi phn tn v hot ng rng hn, mi mt cluster c th tr thnh mt thnh phn tnh ton (node) trong h thng li. Cng ngh li khng i hi cc thnh phn

13

phi c s tng ng vi nhau v cu trc, nng lc x l. C th xem mi trng li l mt tp hp rng ln cc ti nguyn tnh ton v c cu trc phn tn, khng ng nht, mi ngun ti nguyn c th do mt t chc ring bit qun l. Ngi dng s thy mi trng li nh mt my ch o khng l vi h thng phn cng v h iu hnh bn di c o ha bi mt h thng trung gian (middleware [3]). Tuy nhin, chnh t vic c mt h tng hn tp nn h thng trung gian ca mt li tnh ton thng rt phc tp [5] v iu ny khin cho cc thao tc to lp, trin khai v qun l mt dch v trn mi trng li gp nhiu kh khn. Vo nhng nm 90, khi nim o ha c m rng, vt khi phm vi cc my ch o sang nhng cp cao hn ca s tru tng ha, u tin l nn tng o (virtual platform), v tip l ng dng o (virtual application). in ton theo nhu cu (utility computing) cung cp cc my cm (cluster) theo yu cu lm nn tng o cho cc ng dng. V tip ngay sau l phn mm nh mt dch v (software as a service SaaS) ra i v ph bin trong nm 2001, cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v phn mm trc tuyn. im chung ca in ton theo nhu cu v SaaS l ngi dng c th d dng ty chn nh mc s dng ca mnh v cng ch phi tr ph cho nh mc ny m thi. Khi nim in ton m my (cloud computing [1]) c pht trin t in ton li, in ton theo nhu cu v SaaS. Trong mi trng m my, cc ti nguyn in ton nh my ch, c th c nh hnh ng hoc c ct nh t c s h tng phn cng nn v tr nn sn sng tip nhn ti cng vic. Th mnh ca h thng m my nm kh nng qun l c s h tng cng vi s trng thnh v tin b ca cng ngh o ha qun l v s dng tt hn cc ti nguyn vt l thng qua s t ng ha vic cung cp, to bn sao, cn bng ti cng vic, gim st v x l yu cu thay i h thng. Cc ng dng chy trn mi trng m my s nm ti cc trung tm d liu c tnh m rng rt ln, trong cc ti nguyn in ton c th c cung cp ng v c chia s t c hiu qu v kinh t, v c th c truy cp t bt

14

c u thng qua cc thit b c kt ni mng. S ph bin ca cc thit b di ng thng minh, kt ni khng dy tc cao v cc giao din Web 2.0 phong ph bin m hnh in ton m my qua mng khng ch tr thnh hin thc m cn l mt cch gim mc phc tp ca h tng cng ngh thng tin. 2.1.2 nh ngha in ton m my C rt nhiu nh ngha c a ra theo nhiu gc nhn khc nhau v mt h thng tnh ton m my [28]. Vi mc tiu xc nh cc bn cht thc s ca mt h thng m my, gio s Rajkumar Buyya [22] a ra mt nh ngha kh hon chnh nh sau: in ton m my l mt dng h thng song song phn tn bao gm tp hp cc my ch o kt ni vi nhau, cc my ch o ny c cp pht t ng v th hin nh mt hay nhiu ti nguyn tnh ton c lp da trn s ng thun mc dch v (service-level agreement) c thit lp thng qua qu trnh m phn gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp. in ton m my r rng l mt hng pht trin mi ca cc trung tm d liu (data center). Cc my ch trong trung tm d liu mi ny c o ha bng cc cng ngh o ha v c cp pht ng ty theo nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ca ngi dng tha mn mt s ng thun c th mc dch v. S ng thun ny c thit lp v c th s dng nh mt dch v c th m rng (composable service) thng qua cng ngh web 2.0. 2.1.3 Cc i tng hot ng trn m my Hnh 2.2 m t cc i tng v cc hot ng cng nh mi quan h ca chng trn h thng m my.

15

Hnh 2.2: Cc i tng hot ng trn m my [23]

Cc dch v trn m my in ton c nhng nh cung cp dch v (service provider SP) xy dng v cung cp cho ngi dng thng qua cc giao din da trn Internet (Internet-base). Cc h thng m my hng ti vic chuyn hot ng cp pht nn tng tnh ton c yu cu v cho cc dch v host. Cc c s h tng ny c cung cp nh mt dch v bi cc nh cung cp c s h tng (infrastructure provider IP). Chnh iu ny lm tng linh ng v gim chi ph cho nhng nh cung cp dch v khi trin khai dch v cho khch hng. 2.1.4 Cc dch v c cung cp trn h thng m my Ty theo loi nng lc c cung cp, ta c th chia cc dch v c cung cp trn h thng m my thnh ba dng nh sau 2.1.4.1 C s h tng nh mt dch v (Infrastructure as a Service IaaS) Nhng nh cung cp c s h tng qun l mt tp hp ln cc ti nguyn tnh ton nh cc b lu tr hay b x l. Thng qua cc cng ngh o ha, cc ti nguyn ny c th c chia nh, gn hay thay i kch thc mt cch linh ng xy dng mt h thng theo kiu ad-hoc ty thuc vo nhu cu ca khch hng, m y l cc nh cung cp dch v.

16

2.1.4.2 Nn tng nh mt dch v (Platform as a Service PaaS) Cc h thng m my thay v ch cung cp c s h tng nh mt dch v, n cn c th a ra thm mt tng tru tng ha cung cp nn tng phn mm cn thit cho cc h thng c th thc thi c. Kch thc ca ti nguyn phn cng ty thuc vo yu cu ca cc dch v cn thc thi v c to ra mt cc trong sut. 2.1.4.3 Phn mm nh mt dch v (Software as a Service SaaS) Cui cng, cn c nhng dch v hng ti phc v trc tip cho cc nhu cu a dng ca ngi dng c trin khai trn m my in ton. y l mt s la chn thay th cho vic thc thi mt ng dng trn cc b. Mt v d c th thy c ca dng dch v ny l cc ng dng vn phng trc tuyn.

2.2

Mt s cng ngh nn tng

2.2.1 Cng ngh Web service Web service l mt cng ngh c s dng rng ri trin khai m hnh SOA vo thc t, n a ra m hnh lin lc, trao i gia ng dng vi ng dng trn c s ngn ng c t XML. Web Service l nn tng ca h thng m my, cung cp giao din tng tc vi ngi dng. Web Service s dng ngn ng Web Services Description Language (WSDL) m t ni dung v cch s dng service; s dng protocol SOAP trao i cc thng ip gia cc Web service. S dng ngn ng c t Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) cho php cc nh cung cp Web service ng k service ca mnh v cho php ngi s dng Web service tm c nh cung cp tha iu kin mong mun. Ngoi ra, cn mt s chun v nh ngha v trin khai cht lng dch v ca Web service ang c xy dng nh WS-Security, WS-Reliable Messaging, WSCoordination, v WS-Transaction,

17

u im ca dch v Web so vi cc cng ngh khc: Dch v Web l c lp vi nn tng v ngn ng (platform-independent v language-independent), bi v n s dng ngn ng chun XML. Ngha l, chng trnh chy trn my khch c th c lp trnh bng C++ v chy trn h iu hnh Windows, trong khi dch v Web c vit bng Java v chy trn Linux. Hu ht cc dch v Web dng giao thc HTTP trao i thng ip (nh: service request v response). iu ny cho php ta c th xy dng cc ng dng phm vi ton cu dng Internet lm phng tin truyn thng Nhc im khi dng dch v Web: Hiu qu: Bi v mi d liu trao i vi dch v Web u dng XML nn chc chn s cng knh v km hiu qu hn so vi cc ng dng s dng m nh phn. Tuy nhin vi s tng tc mnh m ca cng ngh my tnh in t, tc v hiu qu ca cc ng dng da trn dch v web ngy cng c ci thin. Tnh phong ph: Hin ti, cc dch v Web mi ch cung cp mt vi dng dch v c bn. Phn tip theo s trnh by tm tt v cc khi nim lin quan n web service. 2.2.1.1 SOA SOA l mt hng tip cn mi trong kin trc phn mm ng dng, trong , mt ng dng c cu thnh t mt tp cc thnh phn c lp, phn tn, phi hp hot ng vi nhau c gi l cc service. im mu cht ca SOA l cc chc nng ca service c cng b di dng mt giao din chun. Chi tit ci t c th cc chc nng c che du, v ngi dng dch v cng khng cn quan tm n; ngi dng ch gi s dng cc chc nng ca dch v thng qua cc phng thc cng b trn giao din.

18

Cng vi s h tr ca cc dch v c bn nh lp lch truy xut ti nguyn (scheduler service), ch mc (index service), tm kim ti nguyn (discovery service), ng dng c th xc nh thi gian thc thi ca cc dch v c chc nng ging nhau t nhiu ngun, t chn ra ci tt nht s dng, p ng nhu cu ca ng dng. 2.2.1.2 SOAP SOAP (giao thc truy cp i tng gin n) l giao thc triu gi cc i tng da trn nn giao thc HTTP v nh dng XML. Giao thc SOAP cho php cc thnh phn i tng v ng dng Internet c th d dng trao i vi nhau thng qua chun HTTP. Ni cch khc, SOAP l giao thc c xy dng da trn giao thc sn c HTTP. Nu nh HTTP ch cung cp c ch gi nhn (get/post) d liu th mt cch thun ty th SOAP s gip ta nhn gi d liu theo m hnh XML c cu trc v d x l hn. 2.2.1.3 WSDL WSDL l mt dng ngn ng XML dng m t mt Web Service. Mt ti liu WSDL cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho mt my khch (client) c th tng tc vi Web Service. Cu trc ti liu WSDL Gc ca mt ti liu WSDL l cc phn t (element) nh dng. Gm c 4 phn t sau: Data types: Cc kiu chnh ca thng tin c chuyn i. Operations : Cc endpoint dch v hay cc chc nng m mun h tr Messages : Cc loi thng ip gi/nhn Message formats : nh dng ca thng ip 2.2.1.4 UDDI UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) c a ra vo nm 2000, xut pht t d on trong tng lai ngi s dng cc dch v web s lin

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lc vi cc nh cung cp thng qua mt h thng mi gii. Bt k ngi no cn mt dch v, s lin lc vi dch v mi gii ny v la chn dch v thch hp. Thc th danh b (directory) UDDI l mt tp tin XML dng m t doanh nghip v cc dch v m doanh nghip cung cp. 2.2.2 Cng ngh o ha o ha chnh l khi nim v vic cc ti nguyn in ton c th c to ra vi mt mc uyn chuyn v linh hot rt cao m khng i hi ngi dng phi c kin thc chuyn su v cc ti nguyn vt l nm di. Trong mt mi trng o ha, cc mi trng in ton c th c to ra, thay i kch thc, hoc di chuyn mt cch linh ng khi nhu cu bin i. o ha cung cp nhng li th quan trng trong vic chia s, qun l v c lp (kh nng cho php nhiu ngi dng v ng dng c th chia s cc ti nguyn vt l m khng gy ra nh hng ln nhau) trong mt mi trng in ton m my. Cng ngh o ha khng ch gii hn my ch. o ha cn c p dng rt thch hp i vi lu tr, kt ni mng v ng dng. Ba phng php trin khai o ha chnh v mt s ng dng c th c lit k nh sau : M phng h thng (system emulation) : Phng php ny xy dng nn mt mi trng my o m phng tt c cc ti nguyn phn cng. H iu hnh ci trn cc my o s s dng ti nguyn phn cng thng qua lp m phng ny thay v s dng trc tip cc phn cng trn my tht. Mt s sn phm nh VMware (http://vmware.com/), Microsoft Virtual PC (http://www.microsoft.com/windows/products/winfamily/virtualpc/default.m spx), v Parallels (http://www.parallels.com/) tip cn theo hng ny. Paravirtualization : Cc h iu hnh chy trn cc my o c iu chnh nhn ra rng n ang chy trong mt trnh siu qun l (hypervisor) o ha. Phng php ny khng tin hnh m phng cc phn cng nn s thc thi tt hn v gn vi tc tht hn. K thut ny c p dng trong Xen

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(http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/xen/) (http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/).

User-Mode

Linux

o ha mc h iu hnh (OS level virtualization) : K thut ny thc hin vic chy nhiu th hin (instance) ca h iu hnh trn my tht, mi th hin c c lp v chy trn mt mi trng an ton. C th k n cc i din nh FreeBSD jails (http://www.freebsd.org/) v Solaris10 zones (http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/). Trong phn ln cc trng hp, o ha my ch c s dng bi mt b cng c siu qun l (hypervisor/ Virtual Machine Monitor - VMM) ch nh v phn tch mt cch logic cc ti nguyn vt l. B siu qun l cho php cc h iu hnh khch (GuestOS), chy trn my o tin rng n ang chy trn phn cng tht s m khng bit rng cc h iu hnh khc cng ang cng chia s phn cng . Mi h iu hnh khch c bo v khi nhng h iu hnh khc m khng b tc ng bi bt c s bt n no hoc bi cc vn cu hnh ca cc h iu hnh khc. C hai kiu hypervisor chnh : bare-metal v hosted. 2.2.2.1 Bare-metal hypervisor Trong kin trc ny, lp phn mm hypervisor chy trc tip trn nn tng phn cng ca my ch, khng thng qua bt k mt h iu hnh hay mt nn tng no khc. Qua , cc hypervisor ny c kh nng iu khin, kim sot phn cng ca my ch. ng thi, n cng c kh nng qun l cc h iu hnh chy trn n. Ni cch khc, cc h iu hnh s chy trn mt lp nm pha trn cc hypervisor dng bare-metal. Mt s v d v cc h thng bare-metal hypervisor nh l: Oracle VM, VMware ESX Server, IBM's POWER Hypervisor (PowerVM), Microsoft's HyperV (6/2008), Citrix XenServer

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Hnh 2.3: Bare-metal hypervisor

2.2.2.2Hosted hypervisor Kin trc ny s dng mt lp hypervisor chy trn nn tng h iu hnh, s dng cc dch v c h iu hnh cung cp phn chia ti nguyn ti cc my o. Ta xem hypervisor ny l mt lp phn mm ring bit, do th cc h iu hnh khch ca my o s nm trn lp th 3 so vi phn cng my ch. Mt s h thng hypervisor dng Hosted c th k n nh VMware Server, VMware Workstation, Microsoft Virtual Server

Hnh 2.4: Hosted hypervisor

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2.3

Kin trc mt h thng tnh ton m my

V tng quan, ta c th chia kin trc mt h thng m my thnh bn tng

nh th hin hnh 2.5 [22].

Hnh 2.5: Kin trc mt h thng tnh ton m my [22]

Tng y ca m my l tng cc dch v c s h tng. y, chng ta thy mt tp hp cc ti sn vt l nh cc my ch, cc thit b mng v cc a lu tr c a ra nh l cc dch v c cung cp cho ngi tiu dng. Tng core middleware cung cp cc dch v nn tng trin khai h thng m my. Ngoi cc cng ngh o ha c s dng to ra ch phn phi cc ngun ti nguyn theo yu cu, cc dch v v qun l, theo di, QoS cng c cung cp tng ny. Tng user-level middleware cung cp cho ngi s dng h thng kh nng truy cp s dng cc ti nguyn trn m my in ton thng qua cc giao din web 2.0 da trn trnh duyt phong ph, hay cc th vin lp trnh song song phn tn. Trn cng l tng dch v ng dng cha cc ng dng chy trn nn tng m my.

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2.4

Phn loi cc h thng m my

Trong thc t, cc h thng m my c trin khai rt a dng ph hp

vi nhu cu s dng ca tng t chc c th. Nhn chung, ta c th chia h thng m my ra thnh ba loi nh hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6: Cc loi in ton m my

2.4.1 H thng m my cng cng (public cloud) Cc m my cng cng l cc dch v m my c mt bn th ba (ngi bn) cung cp. Chng nm ngoi h thng mng ca t chc v chng c lu tr y v c nh cung cp m my qun l. Cc m my cng cng c gng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng cc thnh phn cng ngh ti u nht, cho d l phn mm, c s h tng ng dng hoc c s h tng vt l. Nh cung cp m my chu trch nhim v ci t, qun l, cung cp v bo tr cc thnh phn ny. Khch hng ch chu ph cho cc ti nguyn no m h s dng, v th ci cha s dng c loi b. Tt nhin iu ny lin quan n chi ph. Cc dch v ny thng c cung cp vi "quy c v cu hnh" ngha l chng c phn phi vi tng cung cp cc trng hp s dng ph bin nht. Cc ty chn cu hnh thng l mt tp hp con nh hn so vi nhng g m chng c nu ngun ti nguyn c ngi dng kim sot trc tip. Mt iu khc cn lu l k t khi ngi dng c quyn

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kim sot c s h tng, cc quy trnh i hi tun th quy nh an ninh cht ch v iu ny khng phi lc no cng thch hp cho cc m my chung. 2.4.2 H thng m my ring (private cloud) Cc m my ring l cc dch v m my c xy dng trong h thng ca doanh nghip. Nhng m my ny tn ti bn trong tng la cng ty v chng c doanh nghip qun l. Cc vn kh khn v chi ph ca vic thit lp mt m my ring i khi c th c chiu hng ngn cn vic xy dng v s dng h thng loi ny. Ngoi ra chi ph h tr hot ng lin tc ca m my ring c th vt qu chi ph ca vic s dng mt m my cng cng. Cc m my ring a ra nhiu li th hn so vi loi cng cng. Vic kim sot chi tit hn trn cc ti nguyn khc nhau s to thnh mt m my mang li cho cng ty tt c cc ty chn cu hnh c sn. Ngoi ra, cc m my ring l l tng khi cc kiu cng vic c thc hin c cc yu cu v an ninh v qun l khng ph hp cho mt m my cng cng. 2.4.3 H thng m my lai (hybrid cloud) Cc m my lai l mt s kt hp ca cc m my cng cng v ring. Nhng m my ny thng do doanh nghip to ra v cc trch nhim qun l s c phn chia gia doanh nghip v nh cung cp m my cng cng. m my lai s dng cc dch v c trong c khng gian cng cng v ring. Cc m my lai l cu tr li khi mt cng ty cn s dng cc dch v ca c hai m my ring v cng cng. Theo hng ny, mt cng ty c th la chn m my cng cng hay ring da trn cc mc tiu v nhu cu ca cc dch v cn trin khai. Mt m my lai c xy dng tt c th phc v cc quy trnh nhim v quan trng ca doanh nghip yu cu cao v tnh n nh, an ton, cng nh nhng ng dng khng quan trng. Hn ch chnh vi m my ny l s kh khn trong vic to ra v qun l c hiu qu mt gii php nh vy. H thng phi c th tip nhn c v cung cp

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cc dch v ly t cc ngun khc nhau nh th chng c chung ngun gc, hay phc tp hn l h tr tng tc gia cc thnh phn ring v chung. Do y l mt khi nim kin trc tng i mi trong in ton m my, nn cch hin thc v cc cng c h tr m hnh ny vn cn c nghin cu.

2.5

Mt s d n thc t v tnh ton m my

Cc phn tch ca gii cng nghip cho thy s nh hng ngy cng ln

ca cng ngh in ton m my vo ton b nn cng nghip tnh ton (computing industry). Theo mt nghin cu mi y ca Merrill Lynch [22], in ton m my c trng i s mang li c hi to ra 160 t USD cho th trng bao gm 95 t trong kinh doanh v xy dng ng dng v 65 t cn li trong qung co trc tuyn. Mt nghin cu khc ca Morgan Stanley cng khng nh tnh ton m my l mt trong cc xu hng cng ngh ni bt. Vi nhng thay i trong gii cng nghip , ngy cng c nhiu m hnh nn tng cloud c xy dng, vi t chc hc thut v cng nghip cng bt u nghin cu t m v pht trin cc cng ngh cng nh c s h tng cho in ton m my. Mt vi kt qu ca cc t chc hc thut c th k n nh Virtual Workspaces [24], OpenNebula [32]. Phn tip theo s gii thiu su nn tng Cloud c hin thc theo hng cng nghip c so snh trong bng 2.1.

26

Bng 2.1: So snh mt vi d n Cloud ni bt [22]

2.5.1 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) D n EC2 [33] cung cp mt mi trng tnh ton o ngi dng c th chy cc ng dng trn Linux. Ngi dng EC2 c th t to mt my o mi, c gi l Amazone Machine Image (AMI) cha cc ng dng, th vin, d liu v cc cu hnh thch hp hoc c th chn AMI t mt th vin c sn. Sau , ngi s dng phi upload AMI ny ln Amazon Simple Stogre Service (S3) c th s dng c. Amazon EC2 s tnh ph da trn thi gian hot ng ca my o ngi dng v Amazon S3 s tnh ph trn khi lng d liu gi v nhn.

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2.5.2 Google App Engine Google App Engine [34] cho php ngi dng chy cc ng dng web vit bng ngn ng Python. Ngoi vic h tr cc th vin Python chun, Google App Engine cn h tr mt s API v lu tr d liu, qun l ti khon Google, dch v email Bn cnh Google App Engine cn h tr giao din qun tr qua web cho ngi dng d dng qun l cc ng dng web ang chy. Hin ti Google App Engine ang cho s dng min ph vi dung lng lu tr ln n 500 MBs v c khong 5 triu lt truy cp mi thng. 2.5.3 Microsoft Live Mesh Microsoft Live Mesh [35] hng ti vic cung cp cho ngi dng mt ni lu tr d liu, ng dng tp trung v c th truy xut c bng nhiu loi thit b (c th l my tnh hay in thoi di ng) t bt k u trn th gii. Ngi dng c th truy xut n d liu hay ng dng ca mnh thng qua Web-based Live Desktop hay t chnh cc thit b ca mnh bng cch ci t phn mm Lite Mesh ln thit b . Mi ngi dng s c mt mt khu bo v v chng thc thng qua Windows Live Login trn knh truyn s dng SSL bo v. 2.5.4 Sun Grid Sun network.com (Sun Grid) [36] cho php ngi dng chy cc ng dng Solaris OS, Java, C, C++ v FORTRAN. u tin ngi dng phi xy dng ng dng ca mnh trn mi trng pht trin cc b c cu hnh li sao cho ging vi trn h thng Sun Grid . Sau , ngi dng phi ng gi ton b cc tp tin lin quan n ng dng v upload ln Sun Grid. Cui cng, ngi dng c th thc thi v theo di ng dng trn Sun Grid thng qua mt web portal hay cc API. Sau khi ng dng chy xong, ngi dng c th ti kt qu v xem. 2.5.5 GRIDs Lab Aneka GRIDs Lab Aneka [25] l mt nn tng hng dch v da trn .NET nhm xy dng mt li tnh ton cho doanh nghip (enterprise Grid). N c thit k h tr nhiu m hnh ng dng, nhiu gii php lu di v bo mt, cng nh

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nhiu giao thc giao tip mt vi la chn u tin c th c thay i bt k khi no m vn khng nh hng n h thng Aneka sn c. to ra mt li cho doanh nghip, nh cung cp dch v ch cn cu hnh chy mt th hin Aneka container c cha cc dch v yu cu ln cc my tnh c la chn. Aneka cn h tr SLA ngi dng c th c t cc yu cu QoS nh deadline hay budget. Ngi dng c th truy xut Aneka t xa thng qua Gridbus broker [26].