I HC NNG LM TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

Bi bo co:

NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI TRONG THIT

K V VN HNH BCL

GVHD: L Quc Tun

SVTH: V Minh Anh
Trn Hunh Thanh Danh
Nguyn Nho Hun
Phm Th Thu Tho
Trng Th Hng Trang
Hoi V
L Quc Trung

2/2011

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Mc lc:
Chng 1: M U ..................................................................................................... 4
Chng 2: TNG QUAN BI CHN LP................................................................. 4
2.1

Khi nim BCL: .................................................................................................. 4

2.2

Phn loi BCL:................................................................................................... 4

2.3
La chn a im BCL cht thi rn ................................................................ 5
2.3.1 Cc yu t t nhin (mi trng t nhin): ...................................................... 5
2.3.2 Cc yu t kinh t - x hi: .............................................................................. 5
2.3.3 Cc yu t v c s h tng: ............................................................................ 6
2.3.4 Khong cch thch hp khi la chn BCL: ...................................................... 6
2.4 Cc vn mi trng ca BCL......................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Nc r rc: ..................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1.1 Phn loi nc rc .................................................................................... 7
2.4.1.2 Lu lng nc rc - c im thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc rc ...... 8
2.4.1 nhim khng kh: ......................................................................................... 9
2.4.1.1 Thnh phn kh thi: ................................................................................. 9
2.4.1.2 C ch hnh thnh cc kh trong BCL: .................................................... 10
CHNG 3 : CC QUY NH V K THUT THIT K V VN HNH BCL
13
3.1 K thut thit k BCL: ....................................................................................... 13
3.1.1 Cc chn lp bao gm mt s dng nh sau: .............................................. 13
3.1.2 Quy m din tch BCL: ................................................................................. 15
3.1.3 H thng thu gom v x l nc rc, nc thi ca BCL: ............................. 16
3.1.4 Thu gom v x l kh thi ............................................................................. 17
3.1.5 H thng thot nc mt v nc ma .......................................................... 18
3.1.6 Hng ro v vnh ai cy xanh: ..................................................................... 18
3.1.7 H thng giao thng: ..................................................................................... 19
3.1.8 H thng cp nc: ....................................................................................... 19
3.2

Vn hnh bi chn lp ...................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Giai on hot ng ca BCL........................................................................ 20
3.2.2 Giai on ng BCL ..................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Quan trc mi trng BCL ........................................................................... 22

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 2

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

3.2.3.1 Quy nh chung ...................................................................................... 22
3.2.3.2 Cc trm quan trc mi trng nc ....................................................... 23
3.2.3.3 Chu k quan trc :................................................................................... 24
3.2.3.4 Cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh ............................................... 24
3.2.4 Kim tra cht lng cng trnh v mt mi trng ........................................ 24
3.2.5 Ti s dng din tch BCL ............................................................................ 25
Chng 4:NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI ................................................. 26
4.1 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l kh: ..................................................... 26
4.1.1 Tnh ton lng kh pht sinh : ....................................................................... 26
4.1.2 Phng n thu kh : ....................................................................................... 26
4.1.3 Cc bin php khng ch nhim khng kh................................................. 27
4.1.4 Cc bin php gim thiu mi hi ................................................................. 30
4.2 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l nc r rc ....................................... 31
4.2.1 Gii php qun l nc rc i vi BCL CTR ang vn hnh ....................... 31
4.2.1.1 i vi BCL cht thi nguy hi .............................................................. 31
4.2.1.2 i vi BCL CTR thng thng ang hot ng .................................... 31
4.2.2 Cng ngh x l nc rc ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam .......................... 31
4.3

Ti s dng mt bng BCL: .............................................................................. 32

Chng 5:TNG KT ................................................................................................ 34

V d in hnh BCL sinh thi: ................................................................................. 34
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 39

Danh mc cc t vit tt:

BCL: Bi chn lp
CTR: Cht thi rn
CNST: cng ngh sinh thi
TCVN: tiu chun Vit Nam

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 3

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI TRONG THIT K

V VN HNH BI CHN LP
Chng 1: M U
Hin nay, vic x l cht thi rn mt cch hp l v ang t ra nhng vn
bc xc i vi hu ht tt c cc nc trn th gii. Lu nay, rc thi thng c chn
lp cc bi rc h hnh thnh mt cch t pht. Hu ht cc bi rc ny u thiu hoc
khng c cc h thng x l nhim li thng t gn khu dn c, gy nhng tc ng
tiu cc i vi mi trng v sc khe cng ng. Mt khc, s gia tng nhanh chng
ca tc th ha v mt dn c cc thnh ph gy ra nhng p lc ln i
vi h thng qun l cht thi rn th hin nay. Vic la chn cng ngh x l rc v
qui hoch BCL rc mt cch hp l v vy c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi cng tc
bo v mi trng.
Cng ngh x l cht thi rn thng c phi hp gia chn lp v t hay sn xut
phn vi sinh. Vic la chn cng ngh ph hp cn c xem xt trn c hai phng din
kinh t ln mi trng da trn nhng tiu ch ca kinh t cht thi. Trong cng ngh
sinh thi ngy nay ang c cc nc trn th gii quan tm, vic p dng cng ngh
sinh thi trong bi chn lp em li nhiu li ch ngoi mong i.

Chng 2: TNG QUAN BI CHN LP

2.1 Khi nim BCL:
BCL l mt din tch hoc mt khu t c quy hoch, la chn, thit k, xy dng
thi b CTR.
BCL bao gm cc cha cht thi, vng m v cc cng trnh ph tr khc nhau
nh trm x l nc, kh thi, cung cp in, nc v vn phng iu hnh
2.2 Phn loi BCL:
- BCL kh: l BCL cc cht thi thng thng (rc sinh hot, rc ng ph v rc cng
nghip).
- BCL t: l BCL dng chn lp cht thi di dng bn nho.
- BCL hn hp kh, t: l ni dng chn lp cht thi thng thng v c bn nho.
i vi cc dnh chn lp t v hn hp bt buc phi tng kh nng hp th nc
rc ca h thng thu nc rc, khng cho nc rc thm n nc ngm.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 4

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- BCL ni: l BCL xy ni trn mt t nhng ni c a hnh bng phng, hoc khng
dc lm (vng i g). Cht thi c cht thnh ng cao n 15m. Trong trng hp
ny xung quanh bi phi c cc v phi khng thm ngn chn quan h nc rc
vi nc mt xung quanh.
- BCL chm: l loi bi chm di mt t hoc tn dng cc h t nhin, moong khai
thc c, ho, mng, rnh
- BCL kt hp chm ni: l loi bi xy dng na chm, na ni. Cht thi khng ch
c chn lp y h m sau tip tc c cht ng ln trn.
- BCL cc khe ni: l loi bi c hnh thnh bng cch tn dng khe ni cc vng
ni, i cao.
2.3 La chn a im BCL cht thi rn
Khi la chn a im xy dng BCL, cn phi cn c vo quy hoch tng th ca
tng vng, tnh hoc thnh ph v phi m bo c s pht trin bn vng v phi xem
xt ton din cc yu t sau:
2.3.1 Cc yu t t nhin (mi trng t nhin):
- a hnh.
- Kh hu.
- Thu vn.
- Yu t a cht.
- a cht thu vn.
- a cht cng trnh.
- Yu t ti nguyn, khong sn
- Cnh quan sinh thi.
2.3.2. Cc yu t kinh t - x hi:
- S phn b dn c ca khu vc.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 5

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- Hin trng kinh t v kh nng tng trng kinh t.
- H thng qun l hnh chnh.
- Di tch lch s.
- An ninh v quc phng.
2.3.3 Cc yu t v c s h tng:
- Giao thng v cc dch v khc.
- Hin trng s dng t.
- Phn b cc c s sn xut cng nghip, khai khong hin ti v tng lai.
- H thng cp thot nc v mng li in.
2.3.4 Khong cch thch hp khi la chn BCL:
Khi la chn v tr BCL cn phi xc nh r:
Khong cch t BCL n cc th.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cm dn c.
Khong cch t BCL n cc sn bay.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cng trnh vn ho, khu du lch.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cng trnh khai thc nc ngm.
Khong cch t ra BCL n ng giao thng chnh.
i tng cn
cch ly

c im v quy m cc Khong cch ti BCL (m)

cng trnh
BCL nh
BCL va
BCL ln

th

Cc thnh ph, th x

5.000

10.000

15.000

Sn bay, cc khu cng

nghip, hi cng
Quy m nh n ln

3.000

5.000

10.000

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 6

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Th trn, th t, cm
15 h:
dn c ng bng v - Cui hng gi chnh
trung du
- Cc hng khc
- Theo hng dng chy

3.000
500
5.000

Cm dn c min ni

15 h, cng khe ni
(c dng chy xung)

Cng trnh khai thc CS <100 m3/ng

nc ngm
CS 100-10.000 m3/ng
3

CS 10.000 m /ng
Khong cch ti ng
giao thong
Quc l, tnh l

3.000

5.000

5.000

100

300

1.000

300

1.000

3.000

1.000

2.000

5.000

300

500

1.000

Ch thch: Khong cch trong bng trn c tnh t vnh ai cng trnh n hng ro
BCL.
Lu : Khng nn quy hoch BCL nhng vng c Tng cha nc ngm vi tr lng
ln, khng k nc ngm nm nng hay su, nhng vng c vi (Karst). Tuy nhin
nu khng c cch la chn no khc th BCL phi m bo tt c cc rc, cc h
cha v x l nc thi, cc knh dn nc thi (k c y v b) u phi xy dng lp
chng thm, hoc phi gia c y cc cng trnh trn t h s thm nh hn hoc bng
1 x 10-7 cm/s vi b dy khng nh hn 1m v phi c h thng thu gom v x l nc
rc, nc thi.
2.4 Cc vn mi trng ca BCL
2.4.1 Nc r rc:
2.4.1.1 Phn loi nc rc
Theo c im v tnh cht, nc rc c phn ra lm 2 loi:
- Nc rc ti (nc r rc khi khng c ma).
- Nc rc khi c nc ma: nc ma thm qua bi rc v ho ln nc rc.
Theo c im hot ng ca BCL:

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 7

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- Nc rc pht sinh t cc BCL c, ng ca hoc ngng hot ng; thnh phn v
tnh cht loi nc rc ny ph thuc vo thi gian ng bi, mc phn hu cc
thnh phn hu c trong bi rc.
- Nc rc pht sinh t cc BCL ang hot ng v vn hnh
2.4.1.2 Lu lng nc rc - c im thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc rc
2.4.1.2.1 Lu lng v nng nc rc ti
Nc rc ti thng c lu lng nh, nng cc cht nhim cao.
Nc r rc c thnh phn BOD, COD, N- NH3 v thnh phn kim loi nng cao. V
d: thnh phn nc r rc u vo Trm x l nc rc Nam Sn c cc thng s
nhim rt cao: COD 32.000mg/l, BOD 8000mg/l, N-Nh3 8000mg/l. Kt qu nghin cu
Trung tm mi trng ECO (TP H Ch Minh) cho thy, trong nc r rc, hm lng
cht hu c khng c kh nng phn hu sinh hc chim t l cao, hm lng nit tng
rt ln (c trng hp ln n 3.2000mg/l). Do , nc r rc sau khi x l sinh hc
thng c hm lng COD dao ng trong khong 400-500 mg/l (ch yu l lng COD
tr).
2.4.1.2.2 Lu lng v nng nc rc khi c ma
Lu lng nc ma thng rt ln so vi nc rc, c th gp hng trm thm ch
ti hng ngn ln, ph thuc vo thi gian v cng ma. Lu lng nc rc khi c
ma ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: (1) Thi gian v cng ma; (2) din tch lu vc,
(3) h s thm ca bi rc i vi nc rc: rng xp ca bi rc, kch thc v thnh
phn vt liu trong bi rc, (4) cc khong cht, hm lng mui v cc cht d ho tan
c trong bi rc; (5) cu to v thng s k thut ca bi rc: chiu dy chn lp, cu to
v chiu dy cc lp ph trung gian, lp ph b mt; cu to cc lp chng thm thnh v
y BCL.
Nc rc khi c ma ban u nng cc cht nhim cao. Ngoi ra cc cht
nhim ca rc ti, nc ma do lu lng v tc thm ln d cun tri cc thnh
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 8

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

phn khong cht, cc mui d ha tan v cc cht nhim khc c trong bi rc. Sau ,
nng cc cht nhim c xu hng gim dn nu trn ma vn tip tc.
Thc t cho thy, i vi cc trm x l nc rc hin nay, cc nh thit k mi ch
tnh n lu lng nc r rc, cn nc ma c bit l nhng khi c trn ma ln, lu
lng ny cha c xem xt v tnh ton mt cch thu o. i vi cc BCL ang hot
ng, vn tch ring lng nc ma ra khi nc rc l khng th; v hu ht cc
BCL u khng c mi che. Hn na do tnh cht hot ng thng xuyn cng nh tnh
c th ca BCL, cn tnh ton c lu lng nc ma v lu lng nc rc; cng nh
nghin cu s thay i v lu lng, nng ca nc rc khi c ma. Vn ny cn
c tip tc nghin cu nng cao hiu qu x l nc rc.
2.4.2 nhim khng kh:
2.4.2.1 Thnh phn kh thi:
Thnh phn cc kh ch yu sinh ra t BCL bao gm: NH3, CO2, CO, H2, H2S, CH4,
N2 v O2. Kh CH4 v CO2 l cc kh chnh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht
hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong rc. Nu kh CH4 tn ti trong khng kh
nng t 5 15% s pht n. Do hm lng O2 tn ti trong BCL t nn khi nng
kh CH4 t ngng ti hn vn t c kh nng gy n BCL. Tuy nhin, nu cc kh BCL
thot ra bn ngoi v tip xc vi khng kh, c kh nng hnh thnh hn hp kh metan
gii hn gy n. cc kh ny cng tn ti trong nc r rc vi nng ty thuc vo
nng ca chng trong pha kh khi tip xc vi nc r rc.
Thnh phn kh hnh thnh t BCL c trnh by trong bng sau:
Thnh phn

Phn trm (th tch kh)

Methane (CH4)

45 60

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

40 60

Nitrogen (N2)
Sulfide, disulfide, mercaptants, v.v.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

25
0,1 1,0

Trang 9

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Ammonia (NH3)

0 1,0

Hydrogen (H2)

0 0,2

Carbon monoxide (CO)

0 0,2

Kh vt khc
Hi nc (H2O)

0,01 0,6
bo ha

2.4.2.2 C ch hnh thnh cc kh trong BCL:

Qu trnh sinh ha kh din ra ti bi chn lp rc
Qu trnh hnh thnh cc kh ch yu bi chn lp xy ra qua 5 giai on :
Giai on I : phn hu hiu kh
Giai on ny c th ko di t mt vi ngy cho n vi thng, ph thuc vo tc
phn hu. Trong giai on ny cc thnh phn hu c phn hu di iu kin hiu kh
bi v mt lng khng kh b gi li trong bi rc trong qu trnh chn lp. Ngun vi
sinh vt ch yu thc hin qu trnh phn hu cht thi c trong t lm vt liu bao ph
mi ngy, c trong thnh phn hu c ca rc ngay t khi rc c thu gom.
Giai on II : Giai on phn hu k kh
Khi xy trong rc b cn kit th s phn hu chuyn sang dng phn hu k kh. Khi
bi rc bt u chuyn sang phn hu k kh th nitrate v sulfate (nhng cht nhn in
t trong cc phn ng chuyn ho sinh hc) thng b kh thnh kh nitrogen N 2 v H2S.
Khi th oxi ho kh gim, cng ng vi khun thc hin qu trnh thu phn v chuyn
ho cc hp cht cao phn t (lipid, polysacchrides, proteins, nucleic acids) do cc
enzyme trung gian thnh cc hp cht n gin hn thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt. Cc vi
sinh vt s dng cc hp cht n gin ny nh ngun nng lng v carbon cho t bo
ca chng. Trong giai on II pH ca nc r r s gim xung do s hnh thnh cc acid
hu c v nh hng ca s tng nng CO2 trong bi rc.
Giai on III : Ln men acid
Trong bc ny xy ra s bin i cc hp cht hnh thnh bc trn thnh cc cht
trung gian phn t thp nh l acid axtic. CO2 l kh ch yu hnh thnh trong giai on
III ny, mt lng nh H2, H2S cng c hnh thnh. Vi sinh vt hot ng trong giai
on ny ch yu l tu tin v hiu kh. pH ca nc r r s gim xung n gi tr < 5
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 10

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

do s c mt ca cc acid hu c v CO2 trong bi rc. BOD5, COD v dn in tng
ln ng k trong sut giai on III do s ho tan cc acid hu c vo trong nc r r.
Do pH ca nc r r thp nn mt s thnh phn v c, ch yu l kim loi nng s c
ho tan trong giai on III ny.
Giai on IV : Ln men Methanen (CH4)
Trong giai on ny cc vi sinh vt hot ng mnh trong giai on ny l vi sinh vt
k kh c gi l vi khun methane. Trong giai on ny, s hnh thnh methane v acid
din ra ng thi mc d s hnh thnh acid gim ng k. Do cc acid v hydrogen b
chuyn ho thnh CH4 v CO2 nn pH nc r r trong bi rc s tng ln t gi tr
trung bnh ho t 6,8 n 8. Gi tr BOD5, COD, nng kim loi nng v dn in
ca nc r r gim xung.
Giai on V : Giai on n nh
Giai on n nh xy ra sau khi cc vt liu hu c d phn hu sinh hc c
chuyn ho thnh CH4 v CO2 trong giai on IV. Mt nhm vi khun hiu kh s bt u
c mt v oxy ho mtan thnh CO2. Trong sut giai on n nh, nc r r thng
cha acid humic v acid fulvic rt kh cho qu trnh sinh hc din ra tip na.
Cc giai on ny xy ra theo nhng khong thi gian khc nhau tu thuc vo s
phn b thnh phn cht hu c trong bi chn lp, vo lng cht dinh dng, m
ca rc thi, m ca khu vc chn lp v mc p rc. Nu khng m, tc
sinh kh bi chn lp s gim. S gia tng mt chn lp rc s lm gim kh nng
thm t cht thi trong bi chn lp v dn n gim tc chuyn ho sinh ho sinh
hc v sinh kh.
gim thiu nhim do kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu phn cht hu c cn c
bin php thu gom v x l mt cch hiu qu.
S to thnh kh
Bi chn lp cht thi rn l ngun to kh sinh hc bao gm NH3, CO2, N2, CO, H2S,
CH4, m trong kh metan chim mt t l cao. Kh sinh hc c to ra do qu trnh
phn hy cc cht hu c qua 5 giai on c trnh by trn. Trong giai on u, kh
sinh ra ch yu l kh cacbon dioxit (CO2) v mt s loi kh khc nh N2 v O2. S c
mt kh CO2 trong h chn rc to iu kin cho vi sinh vt k kh pht trin v t bt
u giai on hnh thnh kh metan (CH4). Vy kh gas c hai thnh phn ch yu l kh
CH4 v CO2, trong kh CH4 chim khong 50 60%, CO2 chim 40 50%. Ngoi ra,
trong thnh phn kh ca bi chn lp cht thi rn cn cha mt s loi kh khc nh
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 11

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

hydrocacbon (CH2), bezen (C6H6)trong iu kin bi chn lp hot ng n nh t 1
2 nm.
Cc hp cht hu c
dng rn

Cc hp cht HC dng ha tan

han ton

Thy
phn

Cc hp cht hu

c dng ha tan
Sunphat
Ln men
ha

Kh

Axit bo +
alcohol

sunphat

Sunphr
H2S

Axetat
Axeton ha

Cacbonic

Hydro

Metan ha

CO2

H2

(G axit)

Metan ha

Metan (CH4)

(G thy phn)

S c ch sinh ha din ra trong h chn cht thi rn

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 12

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

CHNG 3 :CC QUY NH V K THUT THIT K V VN HNH

BCL
3.1 K thut thit k BCL:

Hnh 1. S bi chn lp rc hp v sinh

3.1.1 Cc chn lp bao gm mt s dng nh sau:
Cc chn lp CTR thng thng:
Cc chn lp l ni cha v chn cht thi. i vi cc BCL c quy m ln v rt
ln, c th chia thnh cc chn lp CTR thng thng v mt s chn lp cht thi
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 13

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

nguy hi khi c php ca CQQLNNMT. Trong mi BCL thng thit k s chn lp
ph hp vi cng sut ca BCL v cc iu kin thc t ca tng a phng.
Kch thc cc chn lp nn thit k sao cho mi vn hnh khng qu 3 nm phi
ng ca v chuyn sang chn lp mi.
Cc nn c ngn cch vi nhau bi cc con v trng cy xanh hn ch
nhim v to cnh quan mi trng.
Nn v vch ca chn lp phi c h s thm nh v c kh nng chu ti ln, c th
l nn v vch t nhin hoc nhn to. Nn v vch t nhin y chn lp phi m bo
c cc lp t c h s thm ca t 1 x 10-7 cm/s v b dy trn 1m. Nu lp t t
nhin c h s thm nc > 1 x 10-7 cm/s phi xy dng lp chng thm c h s thm
1 x 10-7 cm/s v b dy khng nh hn 60cm. Nn v vch ca cc trong BCL cn phi
lt y bi lp chng thm bng lp mng tng hp chng thm c chiu dy t nht 1,5
mm. nh ca vch ngn ti thiu phi t bng mt t v y ca n phi xuyn vo
lp st y bi, t nht l 60cm.
y chn lp phi c sc chu ti > 1 kg/cm2 thun tin cho vic thi cng c gii.
dc y khng nh hn 2%. Ti cc im gn rnh thu nc rc th dc khng
nh hn 5%.
y cc chn lp phi c h thng thu gom nc rc.
chn lp cht thi dng bn:
Yu cu tng t nh i vi chn lp cht thi thng thng, tuy nhin chn lp
cht thi dng bn cn btng ho v lng ximng k hoc cu to cc lp lt y kp, c
2 lp v thm 1 lp mng tng hp chng thm HDPE (hoc cc vt liu c tnh cht v
cht lng tng ng) dy t nht 1,5mm hon ton khng thm v thun tin cho
vic thi cng c gii. Khong cch cc rnh v cc h thu nc rc phi m bo thu hi
ht nc rc trong . Bn trc khi vo cc chn lp cn c phi kh v p nn.
Khi tn dng moong, m khai thc , khai thc qung ( qua s dng) dng lm
chn lp cn phi tun theo nhng iu kin sau y:
Trng hp moong hoc m c cao trnh y nm v tr cao hn so vi mc nc
ngm, nu lu lng nc thm bnh qun trong ngy (tnh trung bnh ca mt nm quan
trc lin tc) nh hn 1,5 x 10-3 m3 nc/ m2 th khng cn thc hin cc bin php chng
thm cho y v thnh chn lp. Nu lu lng nc bnh qun ngy thm vo ln hn
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 14

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

1,5 x 10-3 m3 nc/ m2 th phi thc hin cc bin php chng thm nh quy nh ti
Ph lc ny.
Trng hp moong hoc m c cao trnh y nm v tr thp hn so vi mc nc
ngm th phi thc hin cc bin php chng thm nh quy nh

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Lp c b mt
t b mt
Lp t ph
Li tho nc
Lp mng HDPE 40mm
Lp t chng thm
ng thu kh
Rc chn lp

Lp t

10

Lp si, ct

11

ng thot, dn

12

Lp vi a k thut

13

Lp mn HDPE 60mm

14

Lp t st

15

Lp si, ct

16

ng thot, dn

17

Lp mn HDPE 60mm

18

Lp t st nn

19

Nn t t nhin

Hnh 2. S mt ct BCL

3.1.2 Quy m din tch BCL:

Quy m din tch BCL c xc nh trn c s:
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 15

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- Dn s v lng cht thi hin ti, t l tng dn s v tng lng cht thi trong sut
thi gian vn hnh ca BCL.
- Kh nng tng trng kinh t v nh hng pht trin ca th.
Vic thit k BCL phi m bo sao cho tng chiu dy ca bi k t y n nh c
th t 15 m n 25 m, tu thuc vo loi hnh BCL v iu kin cnh quan xung quanh
BCL.
T l din tch xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr: ng, k, h thng thot nc,
dn nc, nh kho, sn bi, xng, h lng nc rc, h x l nc, h thng hng ro
cy xanh v cc cng trnh ph tr khc trong BCL chim khong 20 % tng din tch
bi.
3.1.3 H thng thu gom v x l nc rc, nc thi ca BCL:
Tt c cc BCL u phi thu gom v x l nc rc, nc thi (nc thi sinh hot,
nc thi thau ra cc phng tin vn chuyn, th nghim v cc loi nc thi khc).
Nc rc v nc thi sau khi x l phi t Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng
(TCVN).
H thng thu gom nc rc, nc thi bao gm: cc rnh, ng dn v h thu nc rc,
nc thi c b tr hp l m bo thu gom ton b nc rc, nc thi v trm x l.
H thng thu gom ny bao gm:
- Tng thu gom nc rc c t y v thnh chn lp v nm trn tng chng
thm ca y chn lp hoc trn mng tng hp chng thm tu theo tng trng hp.
Tng thu gom nc rc phi c chiu dy t nht 50cm vi nhng c tnh nh sau:
+ C t nht 5% khi lng ht c kch thc < 0,075mm.
+C h s thm ti thiu bng 1 x 10-2cm/s.
- Mng li ng thu gom nc rc c t bn trong tng thu gom nc rc (nh
m t trn) ph ln ton b y chn lp. Mng li ng ng thu gom nc rc ny
phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ C thnh bn trong nhn v c ng knh ti thiu 150mm
+C dc ti thiu 1%
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 16

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- Lp lc bao quanh ng ng thu gom nc rc, nc thi bao gm: mt lp t c
ht t nht 5% khi lng l ht c ng knh 0,075 mm hoc mt mng lc tng hp c
hiu qu lc tng ng ngn s di chuyn cc ht qu mn xung h thng thu gom
sao cho nc rc t chy xung h thng thu gom.
H thng thu gom nc rc, nc thi phi c thit k v lp t sao cho hn ch
ti mc thp nht kh nng tch t nc rc y chn lp. Vt liu c la chn
xy dng h thng thu gom nc rc phi m bo bn c v tnh cht ha hc v
c hc trong sut thi gian vn hnh v s dng BCL.
H thng thu gom v x l nc rc v nc thi u phi x l chng thm y v
bn thnh m bo khng cho nc rc v nc thi thm vo nc ngm v nc mt.
i vi BCL m nc rc t h thng thu gom nc rc khng hay kh t chy vo
cng trnh x l nuc rc, phi thit k cc h thu nc rc. S lng, chiu su h thu
tun theo cc tiu chun hin hnh v cng trnh x l nc rc
Phng php v cng ngh x l nc rc v nc thi tu thuc vo iu kin c th
ca tng BCL m p dng cho ph hp, yu cu nc rc v nc thi sau khi x l v
thi ra mi trng xung quanh phi t tiu chun Vit nam v mi trng (TCVN).
3.1.4 Thu gom v x l kh thi
m bo an ton v v sinh mi trng, tt c cc BCL phi c h thng thu hi v
x l kh gas. Tu theo lng kh sn sinh c th s dng kh gas vo mc ch dn sinh
hoc tiu hu bng phng php t, khng c kh thot t nhin ra mi trng
xung quanh.
Thu hi kh gas thng bng h thng thot kh b ng (i vi BCL loi nh) hoc
h thng thu kh gas ch ng bng cc ging khoan thng ng (i vi cc loi BCL
va v ln).
V tr cc ging khoan nn t nh cc cht thi.
su l khoan ti thiu phi khoan su vo lp cht thi (di lp ph bi) 1m 1,5m. Khong cch cc l khoan thu kh thng t 50m - 70m v b tr theo hnh tam
gic u.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 17

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Xung quanh l khoan thu hi kh gas phi c ln k bng st do v ximng.
Xung quanh khu vc thu gom v x l kh thi phi c ro chn hoc bin bo
"Khng nhim v min vo".
3.1.5 H thng thot nc mt v nc ma
Tu theo a hnh BCL m h thng thot nc mt v nc ma c khc nhau.
i vi cc BCL xy dng min ni v trung du c th phi dng cc knh mng
thu nc, ngn nc t cc sn dc vo BCL. Knh ny cng lm nhim v thot
nc ma trong BCL.
Quy m (kch thc knh mng) c thit k trn c s kh nng nc t cc sn
dc xung quanh vo bi v t bi ra. nhng v tr dng l mnh phi tin hnh k
trnh nc pha b knh vo BCL.
ng bng c th s dng h thng (khng thm) bao quanh BCL nhm ngn
cch BCL vi xung quanh. phi c cao ln hn mc nc l 2m - 3m, mt rng
3m - 4m c ro v trng cy. C h thng thu gom nc ma ring v ra cc knh
thot nc ma ca khu vc.
3.1.6 Hng ro v vnh ai cy xanh:
i vi BCL nht thit phi c hng ro quanh bi.
Hng ro giai on u nn s dng ro km gai c kt hp trng cy xanh loi mc
nhanh, r chm (nn s dng loi cy r) hoc xy tng.
Trng cy xanh xung quanh BCL:
- Nn la chn loi cy c tn rng, khng rng l, xanh quanh nm. Chiu cao ca cy
tnh ton ti thiu thng bng chiu cao ca BCl.
- Cy xanh cn c trng cc khong t cha c s dng v t trng khu vc
nh kho v cng trnh ph tr.
- Cy xanh cn c trng dc hai bn ng dn t ng giao thng chnh vo BCL.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 18

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

3.1.7 H thng giao thng:

H thng giao thng phi p ng yu cu cc loi xe v my mc hot ng thun
li trong sut qu trnh vn hnh BCL.
ng vo BCL:
Cp ng c thit k xy dng trn c s tnh ton lu lng xe chy, ti trng
xe, tc theo quy phm thit k ng b ca B Giao thng vn ti; mt ng phi
rng hai ln xe chy vi tc 60 - 80 km/h, o ng phi tt t cng 5 - 7
kg/cm2, thot nc tt
C vch phn cch cho xe, ngi i b v xe th s.
C rnh thot nc (nu miu ni v trung du).
Khng cho php xy dng nh ca hai bn ng
Trng cy hai bn ng.
ng trong BCL:
Phi thun tin, rng cc loi xe v my mc hot ng thun li.
i vi cc BCL ln v rt ln phi c cc ng vnh cu, bn vnh cu, u phi
tri nha hoc btng.
Cc ng bn vnh cu, ng tm b tr ch yu xe chy mt chiu. Xe vo rc
xong i ra ng khc, qua bi v sinh (ra) xe v theo ca khc ra ngoi BCL nhm
trnh n tc v gim bi.
ng tm ch lm cho xe vo rc ; cc ng tm phi c ch quay xe d dng.
3.1.8 H thng cp nc:
i vi cc BCL ln v rt ln phi c h thng cp nc phc v sinh hot cho
cn b, cng nhn vin v sn xut.
H thng cp nc c th c lp, hoc u t h thng cp nc chung ca th.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 19

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Trong trng hp cp nc c lp tt nht nn s dng nc ngm t l khoan v
phi c h thng x l t tiu chun cp nc cho n ung sinh hot.
Nc cho sn xut (ra xe, ti ng, ra sn bi) c ly t knh thot nc ma
(hoc h sinh hc sau khi x l t tiu chun) khng dng nc cp cho sinh hot
lm v sinh xe, bi.
3.2 Vn hnh bi chn lp
3.2.1 Giai on hot ng ca BCL
Cht thi c ch n BCL phi c kim tra phn loi (qua trm cn) v tin hnh
chn lp ngay, khng qu 24 gi. Cht thi phi c chn lp theo ng cc quy
nh cho tng loi cht thi tng ng. i vi cc BCL tip nhn trn 20.000 tn (hoc
50.000 m3) cht thi/nm nht thit phi trang b h thng cn in t kim sot nh
lng cht thi.
S sch ghi chp v cc ti liu c lin quan phi c lu gi v bo qun ti Ban
Qun l BCL trong thi gian vn hnh v sau t nht l 5 nm k t ngy ng BCL.
Cht thi phi c chn lp thnh cc lp ring r v ngn cch nhau bng cc lp
t ph.
- Cht thi sau khi c chp nhn chn lp phi c san u v m nn k (bng my
m nn 6 - 8 ln) thnh nhng lp c chiu dy ti a 60cm m bo t trng cht thi
ti thiu sau m nn 0,52 tn n0,8 tn/m3.
- Phi tin hnh ph lp t trung gian trn b mt rc khi rc c m cht (theo cc
lp) c cao ti a t 2,0 m - 2,2 m. Chiu dy lp t ph phi t 20 cm. T l lp
t ph chim khong 10 % n 15% tng th tch rc thi v t ph.
- t ph phi c thnh phn ht st > 30%, m d m nn. Lp t ph phi c
tri u khp v kn lp cht thi v sau khi m nn k th c b dy khong 15 cm 20
cm.
Ngoi t ph, vt liu cc iu kin sau y cng c s dng lm vt liu ph
trung gian gia cc lp cht thi:
- C h s thm < 1 x 10-4 cm/s v c t nht 20% khi lng c kch thc < 0,08 mm.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 20

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- C cc c tnh: c kh nng ngn mi; khng gy chy, n; c kh nng ngn chn cc
loi cn trng, ng vt o bi; c kh nng ngn chn s pht tn cc cht thi l vt
liu nh.
CTR ca cc nh my nhit in c chn lp theo hng dn k thut chuyn
ngnh.
Cc chn lp phi c phun thuc dit cn trng (khng c dng dung dch).
S ln phun s cn c vo mc pht trin ca cc loi cn trng m phun cho thch
hp nhm hn ch ti a s pht trin ca cn trng.
Cc phng tin vn chuyn CTR sau khi cht thi vo BCL cn phi c ra
sch trc khi ra khi phm vi BCL.
H thng thu gom v x l nc thi phi thng xuyn hot ng v c kim tra,
duy tu, sa cha v thau ra nh k m bo cng sut thit k. Cc h lng phi c
no vt bn v a bn n khu x l thch hp.
Nc rc khng c php thi trc tip ra mi trng nu hm lng cc cht nhim
vt qu cc tiu chun quy nh (TCVN).
Cho php s dng tun hon nc rc nguyn cht t h thng thu gom ca BCL,
hoc bn st pht sinh ra t h thng x l nc rc tr li ti ln BCL tng cng
qu trnh phn hu cht thi trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Chiu dy lp rc ang chn lp phi ln hn 4 m.
- Phi p dng k thut ti u trn b mt.
- Khng p dng cho nhng vng ca chn lp khi tin hnh ph lp cui cng.
3.2.2 Giai on ng BCL
Vic ng BCL c thc hin khi:
Lng cht thi c chn lp trong BCL t c dung tch ln nht
nh Thit k k thut.
Ch vn hnh BCL khng c kh nng tip tc vn hnh BCL.
ng BCL v cc l do khc.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 21

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Trnh t ng BCL:
Lp t ph trn cng c hm lng st > 30%, m bo m tiu chun v c
m nn cn thn, chiu dy ln hn hoc bng 60 cm. dc t chn n nh bi tng
dn t 3n 5 %, lun m bo thot nc tt v khng trt l, st ln, sau cn:
- Ph lp m bng t c thnh phn ph bin l ct dy t 50 cm n 60 cm.
- Ph lp t trng (lp t th nhng) dy t 20 cm n 30 cm.
- Trng c v cy xanh.
Trong cc BCL ln, cn phi tin hnh song song vic vn hnh BCL vi vic xy
dng cc chn lp mi, ng cc y. V vy, cc cng vic u phi tun th cc
quy nh cho tng cng on nu trn.
Trong thi hn 6 thng k t ngy ng BCL, ch vn hnh BCL phi bo co
CQQLNNMT v hin trng ca BCL. Bo co ny phi do mt t chc chuyn mn c
lp v mi trng thc hin, bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Tnh trng hot ng, hiu qu v kh nng vn hnh ca tt c cc cng trnh trong
BCL bao gm: h thng chng thm ca BCL, h thng thu gom v x l nc rc, h
thng qun l nc mt, nc ngm,H thng thu gom kh thi cng nh ton b h
thng gim st cht lng nc ngm v.v...
- Tnh hnh quan trc cht lng nc thi t BCL ra mi trng, v cht lng nc
ngm cng nh v pht thi kh thi.
- Vic tun th nhng quy nh hin hnh ca Thng t ny cng nh phc hi v ci
thin cnh quan khu vc BCL. Bo co phi ch r cc trng hp khng tun th cc
quy nh ca Thng t ny v phi nu cc bin php khc phc.
Sau khi ng BCL, vn khng c php cho ngi v sc vt vo t do, c bit
trn nh bi ni tp trung kh gas. Phi c cc bin bo, ch dn an ton trong BCL.
3.2.3 Quan trc mi trng BCL
3.2.3.1 Quy nh chung
Bt k mt BCL no, quy m ln hay nh, ng bng hay min ni u phi quan
trc v mi trng v t chc theo di bin ng mi trng.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 22

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

- Quan trc mi trng bao gm vic quan trc mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc,
mi trng t v h sinh thi, mi trng lao ng, sc kho cng ng khu vc ph
cn.
- V tr cc trm quan trc cn t cc im c trng c th xc nh c cc din
bin ca mi trng do nh hng ca bi chn lp to nn.
- i vi cc BCL cn phi b tr cc trm quan trc t ng.
3.2.3.2 Cc trm quan trc mi trng nc
Nc mt:
Trong mi BCL phi b tr t nht hai trm quan trc nc mt dng chy nhn
nc thi ca BCL.
- Trm th nht nm thng lu ca x nc thi ca BCL t 15mn 20 m.
- Trm th hai nm h lu ca x nc thi ca BCL t 15 m n 20 m.
Nu trong chu vi 1000 m c cc h cha nc phi b tr thm mt trm ti h cha
nc.
Nc ngm:
Trm quan trc nc ngm b tr theo hng dng chy t pha thng lu n pha
h lu BCL, cn t nht l 4 l khoan quan trc (1 l khoan pha Thng lu v 3 l
khoan pha H lu). Quan trc c trong i thng kh v i bo ha nc.
ng vi mi im dn c quanh BCL b tr t nht mt trm quan trc (ging khi
hay l khoan).
Nc thi:
V tr cc trm quan trc c b tr m bo sao cho quan trc ton din cht lng
nc thi u vo v u ra khi khu x l. C th l:
- Mt trm t ti v tr trc khi vo h thng x l.
- Mt trm t ti v tr sau x l, trc khi thi ra mi trng xung quanh.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 23

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

3.2.3.5 Chu k quan trc :
i vi cc trm t ng phi tin hnh quan trc v cp nht s liu hng ngy. Khi
cha c trm quan trc t ng th tu thuc vo thi k hot ng hay ng bi m thit
k v tr v tn sut quan trc cho hp l, m bo theo di c ton b cc din bin
mi trng do hot ng ca BCL, c th nh sau:
i vi thi k vn hnh cn quan trc:
- Lu lng (nc mt, nc thi): 2 thng/ ln
- Thnh phn ha hc: 4 thng/ ln.
i vi thi k ng BCL:
- Trong nm u: 3 thng / ln
- T cc nm sau: 2- 3 ln /nm
Ch khi ly mu ti cc l khoan quan trc nc ngm, trc khi ly mu phi bm
cho nc lu thng t nht 30 pht.
Ch tiu phn tch v i snh thnh phn ha hc: Theo TCVN.
C th mi nm vo u ma ma ly v phn tch mu nc ma.
3.2.3.4 Cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh
V tr cc trm quan trc: Cc trm theo di mi trng khng kh c b tr nh
sau: Bn trong cc cng trnh v nh lm vic trong phm vi ca BCL cn b tr mng
li ti thiu 4 im gim st khng kh bn ngoi cc cng trnh v nh lm vic trong
phm vi ca BCL.
Ch quan trc (khi cha c trm quan trc t ng): 3 thng/ ln
Thng s o: bi, ting n, nhit , kh pht thi theo TCVN.
3.2.4 Kim tra cht lng cng trnh v mt mi trng
Cng tc kim tra mi trng trong xy dng, vn hnh v ng BCL phi c tin
hnh thng xuyn.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 24

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Trong s cc hng mc phi kim tra cht lng v mi trng cn c bit ch
kim tra cc h thng chng thm, h thng thu gom v x l nc rc, h thng thu
gom, nh gi v kh biogas cng nh h thng ging Quan trc nc di t, cc trm
quan trc nc mt. Cng tc kim tra phi c tin hnh c hin trng v trong
phng th nghim, ng hng mc v ph hp vi tng thi im cn thit nhm m bo
sao cho nhng vt liu v thit b s dng trong BCL p ng cc TCVN.
Tt c cc vt liu v thit b s dng trong vic xy dng cc BCL chng thm
hoc lp t cc h thng nu trong Phn II cn phi c cn b chuyn mn kim
tra khch quan p ng cc yu cu v mi trng.
3.2.5. Ti s dng din tch BCL
Khi quy hoch s dng v thit k BCL phi tnh n kh nng ti s dng mt bng
chn lp sau khi BCL ng ca nh: gi nguyn trng thi BCL, lm cng vin, khu vui
chi gii tr, sn th thao, bi u xe, hay trng cy xanh.
Mun ti s dng BCL phi tin hnh kho st, nh gi cc yu t mi trng c
lin quan, nu m bo mi tin hnh ti s dng.
Trong sut thi gian ch s dng li din tch BCL, vic x l nc rc, kh gas vn
phi tip tc hot ng bnh thng.
Sau khi ng BCL vn phi tin hnh theo di s bin ng ca mi trng ti cc
trm quan trc.
Sau khi ng BCL phi thnh lp li bn a hnh ca khu vc BCL.
Sau khi ng BCL phi c bo co y v quy trnh hot ng ca BCL, xut
cc bin php tch cc kim sot mi trng trong nhng nm tip theo.
Lm th tc bn giao cho cc c quan v n v c thm quyn tip tc qun l, s
dng li mt bng ca BCL.
Khi ti s dng phi tin hnh kim tra cht ch cc l khoan thu hi kh gas. Khi p
sut ca cc l khoan kh khng cn chnh lch vi p sut kh quyn v nng kh gas
khng ln hn 5 % mi c php san i li.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 25

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Chng 4:NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI

4.1 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l kh:
Bn di cc bi chn lp cht thi rn, cht hu c c vi khun phn hy s thi ra
kh methane c th c dng sn xut in v nhit (kh gas).
4.1.1 Tnh ton lng kh pht sinh :
Lng kh thi sinh ra ph thuc vo thnh phn hu c trong rc, m, pH v tui
ca rc. iu kin chun, lng kh metan theo l thuyt c th pht sinh 0,25m3/kg
cht thi hu c.
4.1.2 Phng n thu kh :
Kh sinh ra trong chn rc c thu bng cc ging thu kh ng c ng knh D o
= 460 900mm vi ng thu kh ng t bn trong c ng knh D = 100 200mm,
khong cch gia hai ng thu kh x = 2 x r x Cos 300 = 40 70m (r l bn knh chu nh
hng). Chiu cao ng ngp trong lp rc l 80% chiu cao chn rc. 1/3 chiu cao ng
ngp trong rc s c c l c ng knh ln khong 40 60 cm thu ph. ng thu
kh c gi c nh nh ng lng cu to bng thp khng r, vi ng knh ngoi
bng ng knh ging thu kh, ng knh trong ca ng lng m bo ln hn ng
knh ng thu kh, xung quanh phn c l c bao bc bi mt lp si c ng knh
l, gi ng thng ng. Phn ng a ln khi n nguyn sau khi hon chnh c
lp che ph cui cng cao trnh s c lm bt ng.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 26

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

ONG HO O AP
CON D150XD100
VAN D100 KHOA AN TOAN

DAN KH EN AU OT
XIMANG VA BENTONITE

XIMANG VA BENTONITE
GOI :BxLxH = 300x300x400

ONG PVC D100MM

Lp mang a chat VLD

ONG THU KH D200 PVC

UC LO D20MM KHOANG CACH LO LA 150MM

ONG THU KH D200 PVC

UC LO D20MM KHOANG CACH LO LA 150MM

LP SOI 4X6 BOC QUANH ONG THU KH

LP SOI 4X6 BOC QUANH ONG THU KH

Hnh 3. Cu to chi tit ging thu kh

4.1.3 Cc bin php khng ch nhim khng kh
Theo tnh ton tng lng kh thi sinh ra d on khong 1.416.720 m3/30nm (i
vi BCL G Ct). Trong , lng kh thc thu gom khong 983.280 m3/30nm, tng
ng 48.000.000 kwh in. R rng y l ngun in nng ln nn cn c bin php
thu hi kh BCL sn xut in. Phng n ny khng nhng ti s dng c nng
lng m cn gim c tc ng n cht lng mi trng khng kh c bit v kh
methane c nh hng hiu ng nh knh gp 20 ln so vi kh dioxit carbon c cng
khi lng.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 27

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Lng kh thc thu gom

(m3/h)
Nang lng thc (kWh/h)

18000
16000
14000
m3, kw

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000

29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

31

nam

th kh BCL c th thu thc v nng lng c th thu thc.

Mt h thng nhiu ng thu kh s c chn su 15m thu kh gas pht
sinh t qu trnh phn hy rc cc chn lp. Sau dn n h thng lm lnh tch
nc ln trong gas. T y, gas tip tc a n thit b x l, my thi nhm nn li v
bm n ng c t trong chy my pht in. Lng gas tp hoc d s x l bng
phng php t.

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 28

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

S lc kh CH4 t kh thi bi chn lp

V vy, ti u ha thit b lp t, cn lp t s lng my pht in ph hp
tn dng lng kh sinh ra theo thi gian.

Hnh4. v h thng lc kh, tuc bin, my pht in v u t kh

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 29

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

in do cc my pht sn xut ra s c in p 0,4 kV, tn s 50 Hz, c dn n
my bin th, tng in p ln 22 kV ha vo mng li in quc gia.
Nh my in t rc cng s gip gim lng pht thi kh nh knh thng qua h
thng thu kh t bi chn lp tng ng 252.000 tn kh CO2 mi nm, trnh t thm
nhin liu sn xut in nng. Bn cnh cn gii quyt mt s cht gy nhim
mi trng lin quan khc nh NH3, H2S v hp cht gy mi t bi chn lp
4.1.4 Cc bin php gim thiu mi hi
Cc bin php gim thiu mi hi chnh hin nay ang c p dng da trn nguyn
l khng ch, thu gom cc cht kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy CTR v chuyn cc kh
trong qu trnh phn hy thnh nhng hp cht khng gy mi.
Mt trong nhng cng ngh tin tin trn th gii ang c p dng khng ch
mi hi l s dng mt s loi tinh du thc vt c bit. Nhng tinh du ny c my
t ng phun vo khng kh ti khu vc cn c x l vi nng tnh ton t trc.
Nhng ht tinh du li ti ny tc dng vi cc phn t gy mi, to ra v y nhanh qu
trnh hnh thnh cc sn phm cui cng khng mi v khng c hi. Theo bo co gn
y, mt s tinh du c p dng rt thnh cng trong vic khng ch mi hi gy ra
bi hydrocarbons, aldehydes, mercaptans, amines, sulfides, amonia, ketones, cng nh
rt nhiu hp cht hu c a dng khc ti cc BCL cht thi v cc khu vc x l nc
thi. Kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim ca Trung Tm Nghin Cu Khoa Hc
Quc Gia, Trng i hc Tng hp Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Php i vi tc dng
gim H2S cho thy, so vi i chng, nng H2S trong khng kh khu vc x l
gim 80%.
Nghin cu thc t vi loi tinh du cng c thc hin bng cch gn mt l
tinh du ny trn mt xe san i BCL, hng v pha trc v b phn t ng ch phun
tinh du ra khi pht hin chiu gi hng v pha khu vc dn c. Kt qu thu c rt
kh quan, trc khi th nghim, mi ngy trung bnh c khong 20 than phin t pha dn
c, trong khi th nghim, khng cn mt li than phin no na.
Vit Nam v mt s quc gia ang pht trin ng Nam , bin php chnh ang
c s dng ti cc BCL CTR l s dng dung dch EM hoc bt bokasi (dng rn ca
EM). Sau khi c phun hoc ri ln rc, vi mt rty cao ca qun th vi sinh vt
trong EM, chng nhanh chng chim u th hn so vi cc vi sinh vt phn hy gy mi
trong rc. Kt qu l lm thay i cc phn ng phn hy rc theo hng khng sinh

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 30

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

mi hi. Cc thnh phn nit, lu hunh cn li trong rc di dng cc hp cht khc
nh nitrat v sulphat khng mi.
4.2 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l nc r rc
4.2.1 Gii php qun l nc rc i vi BCL CTR ang vn hnh
4.2.1.1 i vi BCL cht thi nguy hi
Theo QCXDVN 1/2008, BCL cht thi nguy hi phi c mi che nhm trnh nc
ma thm nhp vo bi rc, gy kh khn v phc tp cho qu trnh x l nc rc.
4.2.1.2 i vi BCL CTR thng thng ang hot ng
Cn thit k 2 h thng thot nc ring: (1) h thng thu gom v thot nc ma; (2)
h thng thu gom v x l rc, k c lng nc ma thm qua bi rc b nhim bn.
Nhm tch ring lng nc ma, nc rc, ngi ta thng dng cc b t st chia
chn lp ra thnh 2 hoc 3 phn: phn ang chn lp v phn cha chn lp. Phn BCL
ang hot ng c din tch nh, tip nhn c nc ma nc rc. Ton b lng nc
ma thm qua bi rc, nc rc s c thu gom, vn chuyn n trm x l nc rc.
phn BCL cha hot ng ch tip nhn nc ma cha b nhim bn, c thu gom v
thot ra h thng thot nc ma hoc ngun tip nhn m khng cn phi x l.
Vic hn ch lng nc ma thm qua BCL s lm gim cng sut TXL nc rc,
khng gy kh khn phc tp cho qu trnh x l.
4.2.2 Cng ngh x l nc rc ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam
Nc r rc l cht lng thm qua cc lp cht thi rn mang theo cc cht ha tan
hoc cc cht l lng. Thnh phn nc r rc c cha nng ng pH, COD, BOD, acid,
kim loi nng rt cao. Cn c Vetiver, b r ca cy cha nhiu vi khun v nm c
kh nng x l cht thi gy nhim cho mi trng. C th, vi khun c nh m c
tc dng chuyn ha nit t do thnh nit sinh hc; vi khun iu ha s sinh trng ca
cy c th iu ha c cc cht nh auxin, gibberrellins, ethylene, acid l nhng
cht hu c nh hng n qu trnh sinh l cy d nng thp; nm phn gii
photpho; nm r Nh vy m cy c th mc nhanh trn nhng vng t ngho dinh
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 31

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

dng hoc t b nhim c kim loi nng trong nhng iu kin khc nghit nh hn
hn, sng mui, nc mn, nc ha cht, c cht.
Tng t, vi loi cy du m cng c th sinh trng v pht trin trong mi trng
nhim. Trn thc t, loi cy trn c trng th nghim ci to mi trng b
nhim c dioxin ti Hu v ti Cn Th.
Theo kt qu nghin cu cho thy ngun nc r rc m c c nng cc cht
nhim cao sau khi c pha long vi t l 10% ti vo c Vetiver, c voi v cy
du m c cy hp thu v x l bng phng php pht trin t nhin cho ra cht
lng nc thi t tiu chun loi A.
Hn na, chi ph x l ch khong 8.000 ng/m nc r rc, r hn gp chc ln chi
ph x l hin ti. Quan trng y l nhng loi cy c gi tr kinh t cao. C th, cy
Vetiver c th tn thu sn xut giy; cy du m sn xut nhin liu sinh hc hoc
sn xut thuc tr bnh.
i din Cng ty Mi trng th TPHCM cng cho bit, c th ng dng loi cy
ny trng trn cc BCL rc c ph nh hoc cc vng m cch ly khu dn c.
Vic trng cc loi cy ny, nht l c Vetiver c th gip chng xi mn cho BCL, ng
thi phng trnh nguy c nhim do cht lng nc r rc x l cha t yu cu.
Nu kt hp c c hai m hnh l x l bng phng php ha l, x l s b cc
cht nhim t mc nht nh. K n, chuyn ton b lng nc thi ny sang pha
long ti cho cc loi cy trn th hiu qu x l nc r rc trit hn rt nhiu. V
chc chn rng, nc r rc khng cn l mi quan ngi i vi bt k nh u t cng
nh cng ng dn c sng gn khu vc BCL rc.
4.3 Ti s dng mt bng BCL:
Mt bng chn lp phi c tn dng hp l hn nhm trnh lng ph m vn mang
li hiu qu kinh t cao t thu nhp kinh doanh nh:
-

Xy dng cng vin sinh thi, gii tr

Xy dng sn gn, nh ngh dng

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 32

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Xy dng nh my pht in, tn dng ngun kh thi t rc cng nh gim hiu

ng nh knh

Hnh 5. Sn gn Seattle-Anh

Hnh 6. Tn dng lm ni t cc thit b thu nng lng mt tri-ft.Carson,

Colorado
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 33

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

BCL sau khi ng ca ngng hot ng c th tr thnh nhng cng vin sch p
to mng xanh cho thnh ph v to khng kh trong lnh cho ngi dn ti khu vc. Mt
khc vn tn thu vic bn kh gas, cc ng thu kh trn mt t nhng vn c to dng
v trang tr bt mt.
Chng 5:TNG KT
Cht thi rn sinh ra hng ngy v ang gy ra nhng nh hng nghim trng n
mi trng v con ngi nu nh khng c x l mt cch hp l.
Phn ln cht thi rn nc ta khng c tiu hu mt cch an ton. Hnh thc tiu
hu cht thi ph bin vn l bi rc l thin. Cc BCL c vn hnh khng ng
k thut v bi rc l thin gy ra nhiu vn mi trng cho dn c quanh vng, nh
nc rc lm nhim ngun nc mn v nc ngm, gy nhim khng kh, l pht
sinh rui, mui, chut, bC khong 12-14 thnh phn c kh nng ti s dng, ti
sinh v ti ch, chim khong 28% tng khi lng cht thi rn. c bit thnh phn
thc phm chim t 72%.
Vi vic p dng cng ngh sinh thi, vic chn lp, kn v thu hi kh gas, rc thi
sinh hot s khng cn l cht b i, l vn nn nhim mi trng m tr thnh tin, c
tim nng kinh t. BCL sinh thi s l m hnh cn c thc hin ca th gii hin nay
nhm hng ti bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.

V d in hnh BCL sinh thi:

Bi rc sinh thi Semakau Singapore

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 34

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Cch thnh ph Singapore khong 8km v pha nam, rng 3,5km2 t hp x l rc

thi Semakau (trn qun o Paula Semakau ngai b bin Singapore ) c xem l bi
rc sinh thi ngoi bin u tin trn th gii
T hp bao gm hai hn o nh kt hp vi nhau l bi rc c 11 h cha rc,c
ph bng cht do v t st nhm ngn chn cc cht thi c hi lan ra bin.
Chnh quyn Singapore quyt nh xy dng bi rc Semakau t u thp nin 1990,
khi cc khu cha rc trong t lin khng cn ch trng. c a vo s dng nm
1999,n nay 4 trong 11 h rc c chn lp y. Phn ming h c ph kn bng
nhng bi c xanh ti. T hp tr gi 400 triu USD ny c th cha 63 triu m3 rc,
p ng nhu cu chn rc ca Singapore cho n tn nm 2040.
im khc bit gia ni y v cc bi rc khc l Semakau hon ton sch v khng
h c mi rc. Hai phn ba trong s lng rc hang ngy c chuyn ti Semakau u
c x l ti l t khin khi lng rc thi gim i ch cn 10%. Rc xy dng
cng c x l trong khi cc cht c hi c bc k,do khng th thot ra ngoi
mi trng.
Xung quanh cc h rc l mu xanh ca rng c. Khng ch lm sch mi trng,
nhng cy c cn c tc dng nh chic nhit k sinh hc ca t ai trn o.Nu
cht c hi t rc chn lp b r r ra ngoi cc cy c b ho v cht. Trc , nhiu
nh khoa hc khng tin chng c th sng ni trong khu t cha y rc nh vy.Tuy
nhin cho n nay khu rng c che ph 1,4 km o, cho thy khng h c hin
tng r r cht c.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 35

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

S xut hin ca bi rc khng h gy nh hng n i sng ca bt k loi sinh
vt no trn o m cn thu ht kh nhiu loi c, chim v cy ci l quanh o.
7-2005 o Semakau c m ca cho mi ngi tham quan,tr thnh im du
lch sinh thi.
C quan mi trng Singapore khng nh bi rc Semakau c th l m hnh pht
trin bn vng. s a dng sinh hc ca semakau cho thy s pht trin kinh t v vn
bo v mi trng c th song hnh.

BCL thnh ph Magdeburg c :

Thnh ph Magdeburg l th ph ca bang Saxony Anhalt nm min ng nc

c (trc nm 1990 l Cng ha Dn ch c). y l mt bang ngho nht nc c
hin nay, dn s thnh ph khong 250 ngn ngi, din tch khong 200 km2.
Trc nm 1990 hu nh ton b rc ca thnh ph v mt s vng ln cn u c
ti 02 bi ca thnh ph, sau khi thng nht nc c (1990) th ch cn khong 50%
lng CTR pht sinh c chn y sau khi c phn loi. L do ca vic gim
lng rc cn phi chn lp (mc d i sng pht trin v lng rc pht sinh cao hn)
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 36

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

l do cc bin php qun l CTR tng th v cc h thng ti ch c p dng. Trong
ton b nc c cng nh tiu bang Saxony Alhatl c nhiu cc c s ti ch
nh nh my phn sinh hc compost, nh my in t rc kt hp vi than, cc nh my
thu hi kim loi/plastic, h thng thu gom/ti ch Grune Punk hay Otto (khi no c
thi gian W s c gng gii thiu ln lt v cc nh my/c s ).
Magdeburg c 2 bi chn lp vi tng din tch khong 80 ha, chia lm 2 bi: A v
B.
Bi A: din tch ~ 32 ha, bt u c dng chn CTR th t u nhng nm
1960. Nm 1963 chnh thc l ni rc ca thnh ph v cc khu ln cn. Quanh khu
chn lp rc trc kia l cc cn c qun s ca Lin S do c nhiu yu t tc ng
xu n mi trng nh cht thi t xe qun s (du, m thi), cc cht ha hc thi
b. n nm 1995, do bi khng p ng tiu chun ca CHLB c v vic bo v
tng nc ngm khu vc di bi chn lp nn chnh quyn thnh ph quyt nh ng
kn bi (Seal). Nm 1999 vic ng kn bi v lm sch khu vc ln cn c hon thnh.
Khu bi c c kt ni vi cng vin thnh ph thnh khu trin lm cy & lm vn
ca hip hi lm vn lin bang.
V bi c xy dng t trc v khng th lm li c lp bo v y bi, ngi ta
p dng bin php nim phong seal i vi lp bao ph pha trn v phc hi lp
ph trng c/cy. H thng thot nc, thu kh gas v monitoring mi trng cng
c xy dng ng b:
Kt cu lp ph pha trn t trn xung di bao gm:
- 80 cm lp t ph trng c.
- Lp vi a k thut (geotextile) ng vai tr lp lc khng cho lp t ph tri xung
cc lp di.
- Lp si/cui thot nc dy 30 cm (tng lc ngc).
- Lp bo v bng vi a k thut tip theo.
- Lp mng chng thm HDPE (dy ~ 1cm).
- Lp si/cui bn trong c cc ng thu kh gas.
- Lp ph ngay st trn CTR: t c m/nm cht dy khong 30 cm.
Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 37

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Nh c lp ph ny m 10 triu mt khi CTR chn trong bi c bo v khng b

nc (ma, tuyt tan) xm nhp, bi khng pht sinh nc r rc v do khng tc ng
tiu cc n tng nc ngm. Kt qu monitoring nc ngm t nm 2000 n 2003 cho
thy s nhim nc ngm hon ton chm dt. Hin nay bi vn chu s gim st
bi c quan mi trng a phng, gm cc hot ng:
- Monitoring mi trng khng kh v nc ngm khu vc bi
- Bo dng h thng thu kh gas v thot nc bn ngoi bi
- Kim tra lp ph b mt nh k
- Thu kh gas pht in ti ch (t nm 2000 lp mt nh my in cng sut 2
MegaWatt s dng ton b kh gas thu c t bi) .
Bi B: din tch ~ 49 ha, cng sut chn lp tnh ton 14 triu mt khi/hot ng n
nm 2012. Nm cch bi A khong 10 km (Bi A nm pha ng, bi B nawmg pha
Ty thnh ph), bt u c dng chn CTR th t u nhng nm 1970. Nm
1986 chnh thc l ni rc ca thnh ph. n nm 1994 c ci to thnh bi t
tiu chun vi lp y c nng cp. Lp y ny c gia c ng tiu chun (t di
ln trn) nh sau:
- 300 cm (3 m): lp bo v a cht y (geological protection layer): ch bit dng vt
liu g v khi W n th bi vn hnh nn khng nhn c.
- 75 cm lp t st nn cht chng thm.
- Lp mng chng thm HDPE (dy ~ 1cm)
- Lp vi a k thut (geotextile) ng vai tr lp lc khng cho lp trn tri xung cc
lp di
- Lp si/cui thot nc dy 30 cm (tng lc ngc) bn trong c cc ng thu nc r
rc
Theo chiu thng ng, c khu A & B u c cc h cng tc/k thut c th i
xung kim tra cc kt cu k thut t trong lng bi nh cc u mi ng thu nc, kh
gas

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 38

ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

TI LIU THAM KHO
http://thaiduongvn.vn/news_detail.php?_idnt=2&_idt=9
http://www.vusta.vn/Temps/Home/template2/default.asp?nid=8CA3
TS. C Huy u - T/c Khoa hc Kin trc - Xy dng, s 1/2010, tr. 70
http://www.moitruongxanh.info/diendan/showthread.php?t=3964
Thong t lien tch, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, 01/2001/TTLTBKHCNMT-BXD
Gio trnh qun l v x l cht thi rn,PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Phc; Nh xut bn xy
dng, 2008,tr.302

Nhm 4_DH08DL

Trang 39