S DNG CC TEST THNG K

L Tn Phng*

1. Nhng khi nim c bn

Trong phn tch, vic s dng cc test thng k ph hp ng vai tr ti quan trng. S dng khng ng test thng k s dn n kt qu b sai lch, lm cho nhng suy on thng k khng phn nh ng thc t nghin cu, v do lm nh hng, nu khng ni l nghim trng, n cht lng nghin cu. Trc khi cp n mt hng dn mang tnh tham kho v chung nht, cc khi nim c bn v bin s sau y cn c nm vng. Trong thng k, bin s (variable) c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, ty theo mc ch s dng. C 2 cch phn loi ph bin hin nay: phn loi theo tnh cht ca bin s (bin khong, bin phn loi, bin xp hng), v phn loi theo vai tr ca bin s (bin c lp, bin ph thuc).

1.1 Phn loi bin theo tnh cht

Cch phn loi ph bin nht hin nay phn bit 3 loi bin: Bin phn loi (categorical variable): Bin ny cn gi l bin nh danh (nominal variable). Bin phn loi dng ch nhng bin c 2 hay nhiu gi tr m nhng gi tr ny khng mang tnh cht xp loi, xp hng, th t m ch mang tnh cht phn loi thng thng. V d nh bin gii tnh (nam, n), bin ngh nghip (lm nng, gio vin, hu tr...), bin a phng (Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, Ninh Ha...). Nhng bin phn loi ch c 2 gi tr (v d nh bin gii tnh ch c 2 gi tr l nam v n; bin bnh tt c 2 gi tr l c bnh v khng c bnh...) th c gi l bin nh gi (dichotomus variable). Bin xp hng (ordinal variable): Cc gi tr ca bin c ngha xp hng, xp th t. V d, bin thu nhp (thp, trung bnh, cao), bin hc vn (cp 1, cp 2, cp 3, trung hc chuyn nghip, i hc...), bin mc ht thuc l (<10 iu, 11-20 iu, >20 iu)... Gi tr ca cc bin ny c tnh cht t thp n cao, c xp th t. Bin khong (interval variable): y l bin dng s, c o bng mt dy lin tc cc gi tr. V d, bin nhit , bin nng glusoce trong mu, bin lng hng thng v.v... Bin khong c th l bin lin tc c phn phi bnh thng hoc ch l bin khong thng thng. V d, thang im Likert 5 im c th xem nh l bin khong. Trong khi , bin nhit , bin nng glucose trong mu l nhng bin khong c phn phi bnh thng.

1.2 Bin c lp v bin ph thuc

Phn loi bin theo vai tr trong mi lin quan gia cc bin vi nhau bao gm: bin c lp v bin ph thuc. Bin ph thuc (dependent variable): Cn gi l outcome variable (bin hu qu). y l bin m nghin cu ang tm hiu. V d, nh nghin cu mun tm hiu nh hng ca kh

Bc s, Thc s Y t cng cng

hu i vi s ca mc s xut huyt trong nm. Bin ph thuc y chnh l s ca mc s xut huyt trong nm. Bin c lp (independent variable): Trong ting Anh, bin ny cn c nhng tn khc nh predictor variable (bin tin on), explanatory variable (bin gii thch). y l bin m nh nghin cu thu thp tm ra mi lin quan vi bin ph thuc. Trong v d trn, cc yu t ca kh hu chnh l bin c lp. Mt v d khc: nh nghin cu mun tm hiu nguy c mc bnh long xng gia n v nam c khc bit hay khng. Trong trng hp ny, bin gii tnh (nam, n) l bin c lp, cn tnh trng long xng l bin ph thuc.

2. S dng cc test thng k

Bng hng dn di y ch mang tnh cht tham kho trong vic la chn cc test thng k thch hp ty theo tnh cht, s lng ca cc bin ph thuc v bin c lp. Vic p dng hng dn ny cn ty thuc vo thit k nghin cu, phng php nghin cu, v mc tiu nghin cu. S bin ph thuc Tnh cht ca bin c lp Tnh cht ca bin ph thuc Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng 1 qun th chung Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi (2 phn loi) Bin phn loi Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng 1 bin c lp vi 2 level (cc nhm c lp) 1 Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi 1 bin c lp vi 2 level (cc nhm ph thuc hoc ghp cp) Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi Test s dng

t test mt mu (one sample)

Median mt mu (one sample)

Test nh phn (binomial test) 2 goodness-of-fit t test vi 2 mu c lp (2 independent sample t test) Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test 2 test hoc Fishers exact One-way ANOVA

1 bin c lp vi 2 level (cc nhm c lp)

Kruskal Wallis 2 test t test ghp cp (paired t test)

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

McNemar 2

S bin ph thuc

Tnh cht ca bin c lp 1 bin c lp vi 2 level (cc nhm ph thuc hoc ghp cp)

Tnh cht ca bin ph thuc Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng

Test s dng

one-way repeated measures ANOVA

Friedman test

repeated measures logistic regression factorial ANOVA

C 2 bin c lp (cc nhm c lp)

Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng

ordered logistic regression

factorial logistic regression Tng quan hoc hi quy tuyn tnh n Hi quy phi tham s

1 bin c lp khong (interval)

Bin th t hoc bin khong thng thng Bin phn loi Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng

Hi quy logistic n Hi quy a bin Phn tch ng phng sai (ACOVA) Hi quy logistic a bin (multiple logistic regression)

Mt hay nhiu bin khong v/hoc mt hay nhiu bin phn loi

Bin phn loi Phn tch phn bit (discriminant analysis)

1 bin c lp Bin khong c phn phi vi 2 levels bnh thng (cc nhm c lp) 2 Bin khong c phn phi bnh thng

One-way MANOVA

Hi quy tuyn tnh a bin a gi (multivariate multiple linear regression)

Ngun: http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/mult_pkg/whatstat/