Chương 1 NguyEn T

Chng 1.
NGUYN T
A. Mt s lu v Phng php gii - Nguyn t c kch thc c angxtron ( A ), 1 A = 10-10m, c khi lng rt nh, dng n v o l u, 1u 1 12 = C6 . Cc nguyn t khc nhau c khi lng v kch thc khc nhau. Nguyn t nh, nh nht l 12 nguyn t hiro. Nguyn t hiro cn l nguyn t chim khi lng ln nht trong v tr. Gii cc bi tp lin quan n kch thc, khi lng nguyn t cn nh mt s hng s v cng thc sau: + S Avogaro N = 6,023 x 1023 l s ht vi m (phn t, nguyn t, ion, electron..) cha trong mt mol vi ht . 4 + Cng thc tnh th tch hnh cu, V = r3, trong r l bn knh hnh cu. 3 - Bi tp v cc ht to thnh nguyn t Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v electron. Ht nhn gm cc ht proton v ntron, phn v gm cc electron. Cc c trng ca cc ht c bn trong nguyn t c tm tt trong bng sau: Proton Ntron Electron K hiu Khi lng u hay (vC) Khi lng (kg) in tch nguyn t in tch (Culng) p 1 1,6726.10-27 1+ 1,602.10-19 n 1 1,6748.10-27 0 0 e 0,00055 9,1095.10-31 1-1,602.10-19
o o
Nguyn t trung ha v in, do s n v in tch dng (Z) bng s n v in tch m. Hay ni cch khc s ht proton trong ht nhn bng s electron lp v nguyn t. - Bi tp xc nh cu hnh electron nguyn t a) Lp electron Trong nguyn t, mi electron c mt mc nng lng nht nh. Cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau c xp thnh mt lp electron. Th t ca lp tng dn 1, 2, 3, n th mc nng lng ca electron cng tng dn. Electron lp c tr s n nh b ht nhn ht mnh, kh bt ra khi nguyn t. Electron lp c tr s n cng ln th c nng lng cao, b ht nhn ht yu hn v d tch ra khi nguyn t hn. Lp electron c s electron ti a gi l lp electron bo ho. Tng s electron ti a trong mt lp l 2n2. S th t ca lp electron (n) 1 2 3 4 K hiu ca lp electron K L M N S electron ti a 2 8 18 32 b) Phn lp electron Mi lp electron li c chia thnh cc phn lp. Cc electron thuc cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau. K hiu cc phn lp l cc ch ci thng: s, p, d, f. S phn lp ca mt lp electron bng s th t ca lp. Th d lp K (n =1) ch c mt phn lp s. Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp l s v p. Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp l s, p, d... S electron ti a trong mt phn lp: phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron, phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron, phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron, phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron. Lp electron S electron ti a Phn b electron trn cc phn lp K (n =1) 2 1s2 L (n = 2) 8 2s22p6 M (n = 3) 18 3s23p63d10 c) Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t L cch biu din s phn b electron trn cc lp v phn lp. S phn b ca cc electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc sau: Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp ln cao. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Nguyn l Pau li: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d Th d: Cu hnh electron ca Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ Fe: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 Fe2+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d6 ; Fe3+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 - Bi tp tm s khi, phn trm ng v, nguyn t khi trung bnh v xc nh tn nguyn t ha hc S khi, k hiu A, c tnh theo cng thc A = Z + N, trong Z l tng s ht proton, N l tng s ht ntron. i vi 82 nguyn t ha hc u bng tun hon, c quy lut sau: N 1 1,5 Z Nguyn t ho hc bao gm cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. xc nh tn nguyn t ha hc c th cn c vo s khi A, hoc in tch ht nhn Z. ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A ca chng khc nhau. 2 3 Th d nguyn t hiro c ba ng v l H1 1 , D1 , T 1
A1a + A 2 b +A 3c +... 100 Trong A1, A2, A3, ... l s khi ca cc dng v, cn a, b, c ... l thnh phn % tng ng ca cc ng v . B. Trc nghim c li gii 1. Khi lng ring ca ng l 8,9 g/cm3 v nguyn t khi ca Cu l 63,54u. Mt khc, th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn t ch bng 74% ca tinh th, cn li l cc khe trng. Bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t ng bng bao nhiu?
Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mt nguyn t A = A. 1,28 A B. 1,29 A Hy chn phng n ng.
V( mol Cu ) 63,54 = = 7,14 (cm3 ) 8,9
o o
C. 1,30 A
D. 1,38 A
Hng dn gii
V(that = 7,14.74% = 5,28 mol Cu )

V(1nguyn t Cu ) =
(cm3 )
5, 28 = 0,88.1023 (cm3 ) 23 6, 02.10
Vy bn knh nguyn t Cu:

rCu = 3
-8 3 0,88.10 23 = 3 2,05.10 24 = 1,28.10 (cm)= 1,28 A p n A. 4 x 3,14
o
2. Nguyn t Al c bn knh 1,43 A v c nguyn t khi l 27u. Khi lng ring ca Al bng bao nhiu, bit rng trong tinh th nhm cc nguyn t ch chim 74% th tch, cn li l cc khe trng? A. 2,6 g/cm3 B. 2,7 g/cm3 C. 2,8 g/cm3 D. 2,9 g/cm3 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii 8 rnguy n t Al = 1,43 .10 (cm) V nguyn t Al = 4 .3,14.(1, 43.108 )3 = 12,243.10-24 (cm3)
3
M nguyn t Al = 27.1, 66.1024 ( g ) d nguyn t Al

= 27.1, 66.1024 = 3, 66 ( g / cm3 ) 12, 243.1024
Thc t Vnguyn t chim 74% th tch tinh th. Vy d thc t ca Al l:

http://www.ebook.edu.vn
74 = 2,7(g/cm3 ) p n B. 100 3. Ht nhn nguyn t c xem c dng hnh cu. Gia bn knh ht nhn (r) v s khi ca nguyn t (A) c mi lin h nh sau: r = 1,5.10-13. A1/3 (cm). Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t A (tn/cm3) l A. 116.106 B. 116.105 C. 116.104 D. 116.103 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii V khi lng electron khng ng k, cho nn khi lng ca nguyn t c th coi l bng khi lng A (g) ht nhn. Khi lng ca 1 ht nhn m = 6,023 .1023 d = 3,66
Ta c: d = m =
v
A 6, 023.10 .(4 / 3).3,14.(1,5.1013. A1/ 3 )3

23
d = 1,16.1014 (g/cm3) = 116.106 (tn/cm3) p n A 4. Ngi ta o c th tch ca 40g Ca l 25,87cm3. Bit rng trong tinh th canxi, cc nguyn t ch chim 74% th tch, cn li l cc khe trng. Bn knh nguyn t gn ng nht ca nguyn t canxi l A. 1,97.10-10cm B. 1,97.10-9cm C. 1,97.10-8cm D. 1,97.10-7cm Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Th tch thc ca 40g canxi (1mol) l 25,87 x 74% = 19,15cm3. 19,15 Th tch ca mt nguyn t canxi l V= 3.10-23cm3. 6.1023 Nu coi nguyn t Ca l mt qu cu th bn knh ca nguyn t ny l: r= 3
3v = 4
3
3 3 1023 1,97.10-8cm p n C 4 3,14
5. Nguyn t km (Zn) c nguyn t khi bng 65u. Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn, vi bn knh r = 2.10-15m. Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t km l bao nhiu tn trn mt centimet khi (tn/cm3)? Hy chn phng n ng. A. 3,32.109 B. 3,32.108 C. 3,32.107 D. 3,32.106 Hng dn gii r = 2.10-15m = 2.10-13cm. 4 4 V = r 3 = (3,14.(2.1013 )3 33,49.10-39cm3 3 3 65 2.1039u 2.1039.1,66.10-24 3,32.1015g 3,32.109tn p n Khi lng ring ht nhn = 39 33, 49.10 A. 6. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t l 28, trong s ht khng mang in chim xp x 35% tng s ht. S ht mi loi l A. Z=10 v N = 9 B. Z = 9 v N = 10 C. Z = 10 v N = 10 D. Z = 10 v N = 11 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Theo bi ra ta c 2Z + N = 28 (I), trong N l s ht ntron; Z l s proton trong ht nhn v cng l s electron trong v nguyn t. Mt khc N = 35
28 100
(II) N = 10, Z = 9 p n A
7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 180 ht, trong cc ht mang in nhiu hn cc ht khng mang in l 32 ht. S khi ca nguyn t X l A. 126 B.127 C.128 D. 129 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Trong nguyn t ca nguyn t Z c: pZ + eZ + nZ = 180; pZ + eZ - nZ = 32. M: pZ = eZ nn: http://www.ebook.edu.vn
2pZ + nZ = 180 (1) 2pZ - nZ = 32 (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra pZ = 53, nZ = 74 Vy ZZ = pZ = 53 Z l I; AZ = pZ + nZ = 53 + 74 = 127 p n B 39 27 8. Cho cc nguyn t 24 12 X , 19Y , 13 Z . S p, n, e ca cc nguyn t cho l bao nhiu? A. pX = eX = nX = 12; pY= eY = 19 v nY= 20; pZ = eZ 13 v nZ=14 B. pX = eX = nX = 13; pY= eY = 19 v nY= 20; pZ = eZ = nZ=12 C. pX = eX = nX = 19; pY= eY = 13 v nY= 14; pZ = eZ 19 v nZ=20 D. pX = eX = nX = 13; pY= eY = = nY= 12; pZ = eZ 19 v nZ=20 Hng dn gii 24 - 12 X : px = ex = zx = 12 Ax = px + nx = 24 nx = 24 - 12 = 12 39 19
24 ( 12 Mg )
Y : pY = eY = zY = 19
AY = pY + nY = 39 nY = 39 -19 = 20 nZ = 27 - 13 = 14
39 ( 19 K)
27 13
Z : pZ = eZ = zZ = 13
AZ = pZ + nZ = 27
27 Al ) ( 13
p n A. 9. Cho bit tng s electron trong anion XY32- l 42. Trong cc ht nhn X cng nh Y, s proton bng s ntron. X v Y l cc nguyn t ha hc no sau y? A. Oxi v lu hunh B. Lu hunh v oxi C. Nhm v flo D. Khng xc nh c. Hy chn phng n ng. p n B Hng dn gii t x v y l s proton trong ht nhn cc nguyn t X v Y. Ta c: x + 3y = 42 - 2 = 40. 40 y< = 13,3. 3 Y thuc chu k 1, hoc chu k 2. Nu Y thuc chu k 1 th ch c hai kh nng l hiro hay heli u khng ph hp. Vy Y thuc chu k 2. Y to anion nn Y l phi kim, do Y c th l N, O, F. Ta c x + 3y = 40, lp bng sau: Y N O F y 7 8 9 x 19 16 13 X K S Al Ch c trng hp y = 8 v x = 16 l ph hp. Vy X l lu hunh cn Y l oxi. S khi ca S = 32u; S khi ca O = 16u. 10. Tng s cc ht c bn (p, n, e) ca mt nguyn t X l 40. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12. Nguyn t X l: 28 31 A. 27 B. 14 Si C. 24 D. 15 P 13 Al 12 Mg Hy chn phng n ng. p n A Hng dn gii Trong nguyn t, s ht proton bng s ht electron bng Z, cn s ht ntron khng mang in l N. Theo bi ta c: 2Z + N = 40 (I) 2Z - N = 12 (II) 4Z = 52 hay Z = 13 27 Nguyn t cho l Al, k hiu y l 13 Al . 11. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng kim loi l 63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin vi hai loi ng v l 63 Cu v 65Cu. S nguyn t 63Cu c trong 32g Cu l: B. 3,000.1023 A. 6,023. 1023 23 C. 2,181.10 D. 1,500.1023 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii

65
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c Cu 65 0,546 63,546
Cu 63 1,454 n 65 1, 454 Cu 0,546 100% = 72,7% = ; % 63Cu = 2 n 63 1, 454 Cu S mol Cu trong 32g l
32 = 0,5mol 64 S nguyn t 63Cu = 0,5.72,7%.6,023.1023= 2,181.1023 nguyn t p n C 12. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. X v Y l cc nguyn t: A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl C. Mg v Cl D. Si v Br Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7, do c s phn b electron trn cc phn lp p l 2p6 v 3p1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X l 1s22s22p63s23p1, nh vy X c 13 electron v nguyn t v 13 proton ht nhn. X l nhm. Nguyn t Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in ca X l 8, suy ra: 2ZY = 13 + 13 + 8 = 34, hay ZY = 17. Suy ra Y l nguyn t clo (Cl) p n B. 13. Mg c 2 ng v X v Y. S khi ca X l 24, ng v Y nhiu hn X 1 ntron. T l s nguyn t X v Y l 3 : 2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg l bao nhiu? A. 24,4 B. 24,5 C. 24,6 D.24,7 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii - S khi ca ng v X: AX = 24
63
- ng v th hai nhiu hn ng v th nht 1 ntron AY = 24+1 = 25 24.3 + 25.2 Vy M Mg = = 24,4 p n A. 5 1 2 14. Trong nc, hiro ch yu tn ti 2 ng v 1 H,1 H . Bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca hiro trong
2 H trong 1 gam H2O? H2O nguyn cht l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v 1 23 22 21 20 A. 5,35.10 B. 5,35.10 C. 5,35.10 D. 5,35.10 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii 2 H: Gi x l thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v 1 1.(100 x) + 2.x Ta c : = 1,008 x = 0,8 100 1 2 Thnh phn ca ng v 1 H l 0,8% ; 1 gam H2O = mol H2O. Trong 1 mol H2O c 6,02. 10 23 phn t 18 H2O. 1 2 Vy mol H2O c s nguyn t 1 H l: 18 1 0,8 .6,02. 10 23 . 2. = 5,35. 10 20 nguyn t . 18 100 p n D
15. Nguyn t Argon c ba loi ng v c s khi ln lt bng 36; 38 v X. Phn trm s nguyn t tng ng ca 3 ng v ln lt bng 0,34%; 0,06% v 99,6%. Bit 125 nguyn t Ar c khi lng 4997,5u. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Ar v s khi X ca ng v th ba ln lt l bao nhiu? A. 39,98 v 40 B. 40 v 39,98 C. 40,98 v 40 D. 40 v 40,98 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii 4997,5 M Ar = = 39,98 125 Mt khc:
M Ar = 36.0,34 + 38.0,06 + X .99,6 100 = 39,98
X = 40
p n A 16. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Ni, bit rng phn trm s nguyn t cc ng v tng ng ca Ni trong 60 61 62 58 64 Ni (68,077%), 28 Ni (26,233%), 28 Ni (1,14%) , 28 Ni (3,634%) , 28 Ni (0,926%). t nhin l 28 A. 58,693 B. 57,693 Hy chn phng n ng.
M Ni
C. 56,693
59,693
Hng dn gii = 58.68, 077 + 60.26, 233 + 61.1,14 + 62.3, 634 + 64.0,926 = 58,693 p n A. 100
35 17
17. Mt loi kh clo c cha 2 ng v
37 Cl ; 17 Cl . Cho Cl2 tc dng vi H2 ri ly sn phm ho tan vo nc thu c dung dch X. Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng nhau: - Phn th nht cho tc dng va vi 125 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,88 M. - Phn th hai cho tc dng vi AgNO3 va ta thu c 31,57 gam kt ta. Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca mi ng v l bao nhiu? 35 37 35 37 A. 75% 17 Cl ; 25% 17 Cl B. 25% 17 Cl ; 75% 17 Cl
Cl ; 35% Hy chn phng n ng.

C. 65%
35 17
37 17
Cl
D. 35%
35 17
Cl ; 65%
37 17
Cl
Gi % s nguyn t ca mi ng v:
35 17
Hng dn gii 37 Cl (x) , 17 Cl (100 - x )
+ H2 2HCl Cl2 - Th nghim 1: n Ba ( OH ) 2 = 0,88 . 0,125 = 0,11 (mol) 2HCl + 0,22 - Th nghim 2: HCl + 0,22 Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 0,11 AgNO3 0,22 + 2H2O
AgCl + HNO3
Vy MAgCl = 108 + MCl =

M Cl =
31,57 = 143,5 M Cl = 143,5-108=35,5 0,22
35.x + 37(100 x) = 35,5 x = 75. 100 35 37 Cl (75% ) ; 17 Cl (25%) p n A. Vy: 17 18. Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA c tng s proton, ntron v electron trong nguyn t bng 28. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l: A. 1s22s22p63s23p5 B. 1s22s22p5 2 2 6 2 6 C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p D. 1s22s22p6 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Phng n C v D b loi v tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 8, khng nm nhm VIIA. Nh vy ch cn chn A hoc B. Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t bng 28, hay 2Z + N = 28; phng n A khng ng v 2Z = 34 > 28. do Z=9; N = 10 l ng. p n B
19. Mt nguyn t X, trang thi c bn, nguyn t c ba lp electron (K, L, M) c cc gi tr nng lng ion ho I (tnh theo kJ/mol) nh sau: I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 1.012 1.903 2.910 4.956 6.278 22.230 Tn v cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l B. S (Z=16), 1s22s22p63s23p4 A. P (Z=15), 1s22s22p63s23p3 2 2 6 2 2 C. Si (Z=14), 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p D. Al (Z=13), 1s22s22p63s23p1 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii im quan trng nht xc nh tn nguyn t l s chnh lch gia cc gi tr nng lng ion ho. Cc electron trong cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau, s chnh lch v nng lng ion ha t, trong khi cc electron cc lp khc nhau c khong cch ln v nng lng. Quan st bng s liu, ta thy gia I1 n I5 s thay i v nng lng khng nhiu. Nhng t I5 n I6 c s chnh lch rt ln, do c th kt lun lp ngoi cng c 5 electron, lp st ngoi cng c 8 electron v trong cng c 2 electron. Vy nguyn t cho l photpho (Z = 15). p n A 20. Trong bng di y c ghi cc nng lng ion ho lin tip In (n = 1, ..., 6) theo kJ.mol1 ca 2 nguyn t X v Y. I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 X 590 1146 4941 6485 8142 10519 Y 1086 2352 4619 6221 37820 47260 Bit rng s lp electron trng thi c bn ca X, Y tng ng l 4 v 2, chng thuc cc nhm A ca bng tun hon. Cu hnh electron nguyn t tng ng ca X v Y l A. X: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Y: 1s22s22p2 B. X: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Y: 1s22s22p3 C. X: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Y: 1s22s22p4 D. X: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1; Y: 1s22s22p4 Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Cc electron thuc cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau, nhng gia cc lp electron khc nhau c s khc bit ln v mc nng lng. Quan st v so snh cc s liu nng lng ion ha, ta thy X c 4 lp electron v lp ngoi cng lin kt yu nht vi ht nhn c 2 electron. Cn Y c 2 lp electron v lp ngoi cng c 4 electron. Kt hp vi d kin c hai nguyn t u thuc cc nhm A trong bng tun hon suy ra cu hnh electron nguyn t ca hai nguyn t l: X: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Y: 1s22s22p2 p n A 21. Nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng trng thi c bn l 4s1 thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y? A. K B. Cu C. Cr D. A, B, C u ng. Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t K, Cu v Cr ln lt l: K (Z = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Cr (Z = 24: 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d5 4s1. Cu (Z = 29): 1s22s22p63s23p104s1 Nhn xt c ba nguyn t cho u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s1. p n D. 22. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (e, p, n) l 82. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. Cu hnh eletron ca nguyn t X v cc ion to thnh t X ln lt l A. Fe 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 4s2; Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6; Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d5 B. Fe 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 4s2; Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d44s2; Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d64s1 C. Fe 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 4s2; Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6; Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d4 D. Fe 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 4s2; Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6; Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d64s1 p n A http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Hng dn gii 2Z + N = 82 (1) 2Z - N = 22 (2) 4Z = 104 hay Z = 26 X l Fe Cu hnh electron ca Fe v cc ion Fe2+ v Fe3+: Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Fe Fe2+ + 2e: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 Fe Fe3+ + 3e: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 23. Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. dng n cht M c nhng c im no sau y? A. Phn t ch gm mt nguyn t. B. Phn t gm hai nguyn t. C. n cht rt bn, hu nh tr v mt ho hc. D. A v C ng. Hy chn phng n ng. p n C Gii thch Lp ngoi cng ca M c 8 electron, bo ha. M thuc nguyn t kh him, do phn t ch gm mt nguyn t. Do lp v electron ngoi cng bo ha nn M rt bn vng, hu nh tr v mt ha hc. 24. Trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, cc electron quyt nh tnh cht kim loi, phi kim hay kh him l: A. Cc electron lp K. B. Cc electron lp ngoi cng. C. Cc electron lp L. D. Cc electron lp M. Hy chn phng n ng. p n B 25. Cho bit cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p3 ca Y l 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Nhn xt no sau y l ng? A. X v Y u l cc kim loi. B. X v Y u l cc phi kim. C. X v Y u l cc kh him. D. X l mt phi kim cn Y l mt kim loi. Hy chn phng n ng. p n D X c 5 electron lp ngoi, do l mt phi kim. Cn Y c 1 electron lp ngoi cng, do l mt kim loi. 26. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh (Z=16) trng thi c bn v ca nguyn t oxi (Z=8) c c im no chung? C hai phi kim O v S u A. c 6 electron lp ngoi cng. B. c 2 electron lp trong cng (lp K). C. c 2 electron c thn lp ngoi cng. D. A v C ng. Hy chn phng n ng. p n D 27. Nguyn t X c ba lp electron trng thi c bn. Trong hp cht vi hiro, X th hin ha tr II. Ha tr cao nht ca X trong hp cht vi oxi l A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 p n C Gii thch n v m l ha tr ca X vi H v ha tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi, ta c n + m = 8. Do m = 8 -2 = 6 C. Trc nghim t gii 1. Cho ba nguyn t X, Y, Z ln lt c cu hnh electron nguyn t l 1s22s22p6, 1s22s22p6 3s1, 1s22s22p6 3s23p5. iu nhn nh no sau y l ng? A. X l phi kim, Y l kh him, Z l kim loi. B. X l kh him, Y l phi kim, Z l kim loi. C. X l kh him, Y l kim loi, Z l phi kim. D. X l phi kim, Y l kim loi, Z l kh him.
2. X c ha tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi l 4. Cho bit X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng nh th no? A. ns2np1 B. ns2np2 C. ns2np3 D. ns2np4 2+ 2 2 6 2 6 6. 3. Ion M c cu hnh electron 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d Nguyn t M thuc loi no sau y? A. Phi kim B. Kh him C. Kim loi D. Khng d kin 1 2 3 4. Hiro c ba ng v l 1 H , 1 H v 1 H . Oxi c ba ng v l 16 O , 17 O v 18 O . Hi trong nc t nhin, loi nc 8 8 8 c phn t khi nh nht l bao nhiu u? A.20 B. 18 C. 17 D. 19 Hy chn phng n ng. 5. Nguyn t no trong s cc nguyn t sau y cha 8 proton, 8 ntron v 8 electron? A. 16 B. 17 C. 18 D. 17 8O 8O 8O 9F Hy chn phng n ng. 6. Tng s cc ht c bn (p, n, e) ca mt nguyn t X l 28. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 8. Nguyn t X l: A. 17 B. 19 C. 16 D. 17 9F 9F 8O 8O Hy chn phng n ng. 7. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp s l 6 v tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 6, cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y? A. Oxi (Z = 8) B. Lu hunh (Z = 16) C. Flo (Z = 9) D. Clo (Z = 17) Hy chn phng n ng. 8. Trong nguyn t Y c tng s proton, ntron v electron l 26. Hy cho bit Y thuc v loi nguyn t no sau y? Bit rng Y l nguyn t ho hc ph bin nht trong v Tri t. A. 16 B. 17 8O 8O
O D. 19 9F Hy chn phng n ng. 9. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 11. Hy cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y? Nguyn t X l : A. nguyn t s. B. nguyn t p. C. nguyn t d. D. nguyn t f. Hy chn phng n ng. 10. Cho hai nguyn t M v N c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11 v 13. Cu hnh electron ca M v N ln lt l A. 1s22s22p63s1 v 1s22s22p63s2. B. 1s22s22p63s1 v 1s22s22p63s3. C. 1s22s22p63s1 v 1s22s22p63s23p1. D. 1s22s22p7 v 1s22s22p63s2. Hy chn phng n ng. 11. Cho bit st (Fe) c s hiu nguyn t l Z= 26. Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe3+l: B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d6 A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d4 Hy chn phng n ng. 12. Ion M3+ c cu to lp v electron ngoi cng l 2s22p6. Hy cho bit tn nguyn t v cu hnh electron ca M trong s cc phng n sau: A. Nhm, Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1. B. Magie, Mg: 1s22s22p63s2. D. Photpho: 1s22s22p63s23p3. C. Silic, Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2. Hy chn phng n ng. 13. Mt ion N2- c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. Hy cho bit trng thi c bn, nguyn t N c bao nhiu electron c thn? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 14. Theo nh ngha, s Avogaro l mt s bng s nguyn t ng v cacbon-12 c trong 12g ng v cacbon12. S Avogaro c k hiu l N, N c gi tr l 6,022.1023. Khi lng ca mt nguyn t cacbon-12 l B. 1,9927.10-22g A. 1,9927.10-23g
C.
18 8
C. 1,9927.10-24g Hy chn phng n ng.
D. 1,9927.10-25g
Hng dn gii 12 g Khi lng ca mt nguyn t cacbon-12, mC= = 1,9927.10-23g 23 6,022.10 15. Khi phng chm tia qua mt l vng mng (Th nghim ca Ru-d-pho), ngi ta thy rng c 108 ht mi c mt ht gp ht nhn v b bt ngc tr li. Mt cch gn ng, xc nh bn knh nguyn t ln gp bao nhiu ln bn knh ht nhn? A. 106 B. 105 C. 104 D. 103 Hng dn gii 1 Nu coi nguyn t v ht nhn u hnh cu, th tit din hnh trn ln nht ca ht nhn bng 8 tit 10 din tng ng ca nguyn t. V bn knh ng trn t l vi cn bc hai ca din tch hnh trn cho nn bn knh ht nhn bng khong nhn. p n trc nghim t gii C B B B . C . A
1 bn knh nguyn t. Hay bn knh nguyn t ln gp 104 ln bn knh ht 4 10
C C C
B B A
. .
A C C
Chng 2. Bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc

A. Mt s lu khi gii bi tp trc nghim v bng tun hon I. Cu to ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc 1. Nguyn tc sp xp - Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. - Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp vo mt hng. - Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ha tr c xp vo mt ct. 2. Bng tun hon a. nguyn t Mi nguyn t ha hc c sp xp vo mt ca bng. S th t ca chnh l s hiu nguyn t. b. Chu k Bao gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c sp xp theo chiu tng dn in tch ht nhn. Bng tun hon bao gm 7 chu k, trong c 3 chu k nh v 4 chu k ln. c. Nhm nguyn t - Bao gm cc nguyn t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t tng t nhau v c tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau. - Bng tun hon c 8 nhm A (k hiu t IA n VIIIA) v 8 nhm B (IB n VIIIB). Mi nhm c mt ct, ring nhm VIIIB c 3 ct. + Cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s hoc p thuc nhm A. + Cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d hoc f thuc nhm B. II. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t ha hc 1. Bn knh nguyn t - Trong mt chu k: Theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t gim dn. - Trong mt nhm A: Theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t tng dn. 2. Nng lng ion ha Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch ion th nht ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. - Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nng lng ion ha th nht tng dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, nng lng ion ha gim dn. 3. m in m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t. - Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn m in tng dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, m in gim dn. 4. Lp electron ngoi cng Khi xp cc nguyn t ha hc theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn, c s bin i tun hon ca lp electron ngoi cng III. S bin i tun hon tnh cht cc nguyn t ha hc- nh lut tun hon 1. Tnh kim loi-phi kim Tnh kim loi c trng cho kh nng nhng electron to thnh ion dng, tnh phi kim c trng cho kh nng nhn electron to thnh ion m. - Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn tnh kim loi gim dn ng thi tnh phi kim tng dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, tnh kim loi tng dn, ng thi tnh phi kim gim dn. 2. Ha tr Trong mt chu k, ha tr cao nht ca mt nguyn t vi oxi tng dn t 1 n 7. Cn ha tr vi hiro gim dn t 4 n 1. 3. Tnh axit-baz. - Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn tnh axit ca cc oxit v hiroxit tng dn ng thi tnh baz gim dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, tnh axit ca cc oxit v hiroxit gim dn ng thi tnh baz tng dn. 4. nh lut tun hon Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca cc in tch ht nhn nguyn t http://www.ebook.edu.vn
IV. ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc - Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li. - Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra nhng tnh cht c bn ca n - C th so snh tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nm trong bng tun hon. b. bi trc nghim c li gii 1. Ion M3+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p63d5. Cho bit M l kim loi g? Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm) ca M trong bng tun hon. A. Fe, 26, chu k IV, nhm VIIIB B. Co, 27, chu k IV, nhm VIIIB C. Ni, 28, chu k IV, nhm VIIIB D. Mn, 25, chu k IV, nhm VIIB. Hy chn phng n ng. p n A Hng dn gii 3+ Ion M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p63d5 , suy ra cu hnh electron nguyn t y ca M 2 2 l 1s 2s 2p63s23p63d64s2. Do , tng s electron ca nguyn t M l 26. M l Fe, s th t 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. 2. Mt hp cht c cng thc l MYx, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. M l kim loi, Y l phi kim chu k 3. Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 4, trong ht nhn ca Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong MYx l 58. Tn nguyn t, s khi ca M, s th t Y trong bng tun hon v cng thc MYx l A. M l Fe, Z=26; Y l S, Z=16, cng thc phn t FeS2 B. M l Fe, Z=26; Y l S, Z=16, cng thc phn t FeS. C. M l Mg, Z=12; Y l S, Z=16, cng thc phn t MgS. D. M l Na, Z=11; Y l S, Z=16, cng thc phn t NaS. Hy chn phng n ng. p n A Hng dn gii Trong hp cht MYx, M chim 46,67% v khi lng nn: M 46,67 n+p 7 = = . Thay n - p = 4 v n = p ta c: , , xY 53,33 x(n + p ) 8
2p + 4 7 = hay: 4(2p + 4) = 7xp. 8 2xp ,

Tng s proton trong MYx l 58 nn: p + xp = 58. T y tm c: p = 26 v xp = 32. Do Y l phi kim chu k 3 nn 15 p 17. Vy x = 2 v p = 16 tho mn. Vy M l Fe v Y l S. 3. Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi M v mui cacbonat ca n trong dung dch HCl, thu c 4,48 lt hn hp kh X (ktc). T khi ca X so vi kh hidro l 11,5. Kim loi M v v tr ca n trong bng tun hon l A. Na, 11, chu k III, nhm IA. B. Mg, 12, chu k III, nhm IIA. C. Ca, 20, chu k IV, nhm IIA D. K, 19, chu k IV, nhm IA. Hy chn phng n ng. p n B Hng dn gii Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp u: M = a mol; MCO3 = b mol. M + 2HCl MCl2 + (mol): a H2 a (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (mol): b b
4,48 = 0,2 nn: a + b = 0,2 22,4 2a + 44b = 23 hay 2a + 44b = 4,6 MX = 11,5 2 = 23 nn a+b
S mol H2 = Theo bi: Ma + (M + 60)b = 10,8 T (3), (4), (5) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol; M = 24 (Mg).
4. Ho tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 17,5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%. Cng thc oxit kim loi M l A. BeO B. MgO C. SrO D. CaO Hy chn phng n ng p n B Hng dn gii Gi s mol oxit MO = x mol. MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O (mol): x x x Ta c: (M + 16)x = a Khi lng dung dch axit H2SO4 ban u =
98.x.100 = 560x (gam). 17,5
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = a + 560x = (M + 16)x + 560x. Theo bi: C% (MSO4) = 20% nn:
(M + 96)x 20 = . (M + 16)x + 560x 100
T y tm c M = 24 (Magie). Oxit kim loi cn tm l MgO. 5. X, Y l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA. Cho 4,4 gam mt hn hp gm X v Y tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M (d) thu c 3,36 lt kh (ktc). Tn 2 kim loi v v tr ca chng trong bng tun hon l A. Be, 8, chu k II v Mg, 12, chu k III B. Mg, 12, chu k III v Ca, 20, chu k IV. C. Ca, 20, chu k IV v Sr, 38, chu k V. D. Sr, 38, chu k V v Ba, 56, chu k VI. Hy chn phng n ng. p n B Hng dn gii Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi l M = a mol.
M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2 (mol): a

3,36 =0,15mol 22, 4 S mol H2 = 0,15 mol nn a = 0,15 mol.
2a
a =
Ta c: Ma = 4,4 M = 29,33. Ta c M1 < M < M2 X v Y l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA nn X l Mg v Y l Ca. 6. Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc cha 49,18 gam H2O thu c dung dch X v kh Y. trung ha dung dch X cn 30 mL dung dch HCl 1M. Tn ca hai kim loi l A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. K v Rb D. Rb v Cs Hy chn phng n ng p n B Hng dn gii Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi l R (a mol) khi lng mol trung bnh l M . 2R + 2H2O 2ROH + H2 (mol): a a a 0,5a ROH + HCl RCl + H2O (mol): a a S mol HCl = 0,03 mol nn a = 0,03 mol. Ta c: Ra = 0,85 M = 28,33. Vy hai kim loi l Na v K. 7. Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht vi hidro. Ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Hy chn phng n ng p n D Hng dn gii Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hidro l n. Ta c: m + n = 8 (I) Theo bi: m = 3n (II). T y tm c m =6; n = 2.
8. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi X v Y l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t Y nhiu hn ca nguyn t X l 12. Tn hai kim loi X v Y l A. K v Mn B. Ca v Fe C. Al v Fe D. Na v Mn Hy chn phng n ng p n B Hng dn gii Gi tng s ht proton, ntron v electron ca nguyn t X l: PX, NX, EX v Y l PY, NY, EY. Ta c PX = EX v PY= EY. Theo bi: Tng s cc loi ht proton, ntron v electron ca hai nguyn t X v Y l 142 nn: 2PX + NX + 2PY + NY = 142 (1) Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 nn: 2PX + 2PY - NX - NY = 42 ( 2) S ht mang in ca nguyn t Y nhiu hn ca nguyn t X l 12 nn: 2PY - 2PX = 12 PY - PX = 6 (3) T (1), (2), (3) ta c: PX = 20 (Ca) v PY= 26 (Fe). 9. Cho 10,0 gam kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) tc dng ht vi nc, thu c 6,11 lt kh hiro (o 25oC v 1 at). Tn ca kim loi M dng l A. Ba B. Sr C. Ca D. Mg Hy chn phng n ng p n C Hng dn gii Gi s mol kim loi M l a mol. M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2 (mol): a a p dng phng trnh trng thi, ta c PV 1 6,11 nH = = 0,25 (mol) = RT 0,082 (273 + 25)
2
a = 0,25 Ta c: Ma = 10 M = 40 (Ca). 10. Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong X chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X v Y u c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32. Cu hnh electron ca X v Y l B. 1s22s22p63s23p3; 1s22s22p3 A. 1s22s22p63s23p4; 1s22s22p4 C. 1s22s22p63s23p4; 1s22s22p2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p3; 1s22s22p4 Hy chn phng n ng p n A Hng dn gii Gi s ht prroton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t X l P, N, E v ca Y l P, N, E. Theo bi: P = N = E v P = N = E. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn: MX P+N 50 = 1 P = 2P. = 2M Y 50 2(P ' + N ' ) Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn P + 2P = 32. T y tm c: P = 16 (S) v P = 8 (O). Hp cht cn tm l SO2. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca O: 1s22s22p4 11. Mt dung dch nc c cha 35,0 gam mt hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip. Thm t t v khuy u dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch trn. Khi phn ng xong, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 ktc v mt dung dch X. Thm mt lng nc vi trong d vo dung dch X, thu c 20,0 gam kt ta. Xc nh cc kim loi kim? A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. K v Rb D.Rb v Cs Hy chn phng n ng p n B Hng dn gii
Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l M2CO3 c s mol l a. M2CO3 + HCl MHCO3 + MCl (mol): a a a MHCO3 + HCl MCl + CO2 + H2O (mol): 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 Dung dch A gm MCl = a + 0,1 mol v MHCO3 = a - 0,1 mol. MHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + MOH + H2O (mol): a - 0,1 a - 0,1 Theo bi: s mol CaCO3 = 0,2 mol nn a - 0,1 = 0,2 a = 0,3. Ta c: (2M + 60).0,3 = 35 M = 28,33, khi lng mol trung bnh nm trong khong khi lng mol ca hai kim loi, do hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip nn l Na v K. 12. kh hon ton 8,0 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lt H2. Ho tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lt kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc. Xc nh cng thc ng ca oxit trong cc phng n sau: A. Fe2O3 B. FeO C. Fe3O4 D. Al2O3 p n A Hng dn gii Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = a mol.
t xM + yH2O MxOy + yH2 (mol): a ay ax Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6. 2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2 (mol): ax 0,5nax Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2. M Max = = 28 . Vy M = 28n. Lp t l: n nax Ta lp bng sau:
0
n 1 2 3 M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi) Vy kim loi M l Fe. x ax 2 = . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe2O3. Lp t l: = y ay 3 13. Bng di y cho bit bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca cc nguyn t nguyn t chu k III Nguyn t Na Mg Al Si P S Cl r (nm) 0,186 0,160 0,143 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099 I1 (kJ/mol) 497 738 578 786 1012 1000 1251 Da vo cc d kin trn hy chn nhn xt ng v s bin i bn knh v nng lng ion ha I1 ca cc nguyn t. Trong chu k III, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn Z, A. bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha gim dn. B. bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha tng dn. C. bn knh nguyn t gim dn cn nng lng ion ha tng dn. D. bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha khng thay i. p n C 14. Nhng c trng no sau y ca n cht, nguyn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn? A. Nhit nng chy, nhit . B. T khi. C. S lp electron. D. S electron lp ngoi cng. Chn phng n ng. p n D 15. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no sau y lun cho 2 electron trong cc phn ng ho hc m n tham gia? A. Fe 26 trong bng tun hon. B. Mg 12 trong bng tun hon. C. Al 13 trong bng tun hon. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
A. B. C. D.
D. Cu 29 trong bng tun hon. Chn phng n ng. p n B Gii thch: cc phng n A (Fe) v D (Cu) u c th nhng 2 electron thnh ion +2, tuy nhin khng phi l trng thi oxi ha duy nht ca Fe v Cu. Ngoi s oxi ha +2, Fe cn c s oxi ha +3, Cu cn c s oxi ha +1. Ch c Mg nhm IIA c mt kh nng duy nht l nhng 2 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc. Phng n C sai v nhm nhng 3 electron. 16. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no trong nhm VA c bn knh nguyn t ln nht? A. Nit (Z= 7) B. Photpho (Z = 15) C. Asen (Z = 33) D. Bitmut (Z = 83) Chn phng n ng. p n D 17. Bin thin tnh cht baz ca cc hiroxit nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t l A. tng . B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. gim sau tng. Chn phng n ng. p n A 18. Trong 20 nguyn t ho hc u tin trong bng tun hon, s nguyn t c nguyn t vi 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn l: A. 1. B. 3. C. 2. D. 4. Chn phng n ng. p n D Gii thch Trong 20 nguyn t ha hc u tin ca bng tun hon, cc nguyn t vi 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l np2 v np4. Gi tr ph hp ca n l 2 v 3, do c 4 nguyn t tha mn yu cu bi, l C (Z=6) v Si (Z=14) v O (Z = 8) v S (Z = 16). 19. Tnh cht axit ca dy cc hiroxit: H2SiO3, H2SO4, HClO4 bin i theo chiu no sau y ? A. Tng B. Gim C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng Chn phng n ng. p n A 20. Tnh cht baz ca dy cc hiroxit: NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 bin i theo chiu no sau y ? A. Tng B. Gim C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng Chn phng n ng. p n B C. trc nghim t gii 1. iu khng nh no sau y khng ng? Trong bng tun hon Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp vo mt chu k. Cc nguyn t c cng s phn lp xp vo mt nhm Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ngoi cng c xp vo mt nhm Cc nguyn t c xp theo th t tng dn in tch ht nhn. 2. Cation X3+ v anionY2- u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. V tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon l A. X 13, chu k 3, nhm IIIA v Y 8, chu k II, nhm VIA B. X 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA v Y 8, chu k II, nhm VIA C. X 13, chu k 3, nhm IIIA v Y 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA D. X 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA v Y 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA 3. Nguyn t c cu hnh nguyn t 1s22s22p1 thuc v tr: A. Nhm IIIA, chu k 3 B. Nhm IIA, chu k 2 C. Nhm IIIA, chu k 2 D. Nhm IIA, chu k 3 4. Dy cc nguyn t no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn? A. K, Na, Cl, Fe B. Al, Br, P, H, C. C, O, Na, Mg D. O, S, Br, F.
5. Trong mt chu k tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t bin thin theo chiu no sau y? A. Tng dn B. Gim dn C. Khng thay i D. Cha xc nh c 6. S hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cho bit : A. S proton B. S khi C. S th t chu k D. C A v B 7. Nguyn t nguyn t X c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p2. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon l : A. Chu k 3, nhm IVA B. Chu k 2, nhm IVA C. Chu k 2, nhm IIA D. Chu k 3, nhm IIA 8. Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht mang in v khng mang in l 34, trong s ht mang in gp 1,833 ln s ht khng mang in. K hiu ha hc ca R l A. Na B. Mg C. Al D. Ne 9. Trong mt nhm A, c im no sau y khng bin i ? A. S electron lp ngoi cng B. m in C. S lp electron D. Nng lng ion ha I1. 10. Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi thuc hai chu k lin tip, nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt kh hiro (ktc). Xc nh hai kim loi trong s cc phng n sau? A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba 3+ 2+ 11. Cc ion Al , Mg , F c c im no sau y l chung? A. Cng mt chu k B. Cng mt nhm C. Cng s proton D. Cng cu hnh electron. 5 2. 12. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron ha tr l 3d 4s X thuc loi nguyn t no sau y? A. Nguyn t s. B. Nguyn t p C. Nguyn t d D. Nguyn t f 13. M, N l 2 nguyn t thuc cng nhm A v 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Tng s proton trong 2 ht nhn nguyn t ca M v N bng 32. Xc nh M, N trong s cc phng n sau? A. Mg v Ca B. Na v K C. Ca v Sr D. K v Rb + 14. Ion M c tng s cc ht l 57 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 17 ht. Xc nh k hiu ha hc y ca M trong s cc phng n sau? A. 39 B. 40 C. 40 D. 37 19 K 18 Ar 20 Ca 17 Cl 15. Cho 12,8 gam kim loi R tc dng vi kh Cl2 nhit cao ta thu c 27,0 gam mui ca RCln. Trong n l ho tr ca R (1 n 4 ). Xc nh R? A. Zn B. Cu C. Fe D. Al 16. Cho 8,15 gam hn hp hai kim loi X, Y nhm IA tc dng hon ton vi nc thu c 2,8 lt kh H2 ktc. Hy xc nh tn hai kim loi bit chng 2 chu k lin tip. A. Liti v natri B. Natri v kali C. Kali v rubii D. Rubii v Xesi 17. Ho tan hon ton 8,5 gam hn hp hai kim loi X, Y thuc nhm IA vo 191,8 gam nc thu c 200 gam dung dch M. Bit X, Y 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, xc nh tn kim loi X, Y? A. Liti v natri B. Natri v kali C. Kali v rubii D. Rubii v Xesi Hng dn gii
M + H2O M OH + 1/2 H2 Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng : mhh + m H 2O = mdd M + m H 2

m H 2 = 200 - ( 8,5 + 191,8 ) = 0,3 ( g ) n H2 = nM
0,3 = 0,15 ( mol ) 2 = 2. n H 2 = 0,15. 2 = 0,3 ( mol )
M =
mM 8,5 = = 28,33g nM 0,3
X < M < Y. Vy: X l Na v Y l K. 18. Ho tan hon ton 23,4 gam hn hp 2 mui XCO3 , YCO3 bng dung dch axt HCl 17,3% va thu c dung dch M. Cho dung dch M bay hi ht nc ta thu c 26,15 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua khan. Xc nh tn ca X, Y bit chng nhm IIA, thuc2 chu k lin tip. A. Mg v Ca B. Na v K C. Ca v Sr D. K v Rb 19. Ho tan hon ton 8 gam hn hp Fe v kim loi R ho tr II bng dung dch HCl th thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 ktc. Mt khc ho tan ht 4,8 gam kim loi R vo 250 ml dung dch HCl 2M th lng HCl dng cha ht. Xc nh tn ca kim loi R trong s cc phng n sau? A. Fe B. Zn C. Mg D. Cu 20. Cho 7,2 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc nhm IIA v 2 chu k lin tip nhau. Cho X tc dng hon ton vi axt HCl long d thu c kh Y. Dn kh Y hp th ht vo 450 ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,2M th thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc ca hai mui trong s cc phng n sau? A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca C. Ca v Sr D A hoc B ng.
p n cu trc nghim t gii B A A A . D . C . . B . B .
C A A B
. .
C A A C
. . .
B B B D
Chng 3. Lin kt ha hc
A. mt s lu khi gii bi tp trc nghim lin kt ha hc 1. Cc loi lin kt ha hc, lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr Xu hng chung ca cc nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim l t n cu hnh bn vng nh ca kh him bng cch cho, nhn electron to ra kiu hp cht ion, hay gp chung electron to ra hp cht cng ho tr (nguyn t), quy tc bt t. Cc kh him c lp v electron bo ha, do chng tn ti dng phn t mt nguyn t. c im ca cc hp cht c lin kt ion l c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao, d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc nh H2O. Hp cht ion khng dn in dng tinh th nhng dn in khi nng chy hay tan trong nc. Lin kt ion khng c tnh cht bo ha v khng c tnh nh hng trong khng gian. c im ca cc hp cht c lin kt cng ha tr l c nhit nng chy v nhit si thp hn so vi hp cht ion. Lin kt cng ha tr, ty theo cch xen ph obitan c th chia thnh lin kt (xicma) l xen ph trc, hay lin kt l xen ph bn. Nu chia theo s cp electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t, lin kt cng ha tr c chia thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba. Nu chia theo v tr ca cp electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t, lin kt cng ha tr gm lin kt cng ha tr khng cc (N2, H2, Cl2...) v lin kt cng ha tr c cc (HCl, NH3, H2O, ...). Nu chia theo ngun gc ca cp electron dng chung, lin kt cng ha tr gm lin kt cho nhn (phi tr) v lin kt cng ha tr thng thng. Lin kt cng ha tr c tnh cht bo ha v c nh hng trong khng gian. Bi vy cc phn t hp cht cng ha tr c mt hnh dng nht nh: thng, tam gic, c gc, t din, song thp tam gic, bt din. 2. Xc nh loi lin kt v lp cng thc phn t Khng c ranh gii tht r rng gia cc cht c kiu lin kt ion v cng ho tr. Ngi ta thng dng hiu s m in ( ) xt mt cht c kiu lin kt ho hc g. Nu hiu s m in 1,7 th cht c kiu lin kt ion, nu hiu s m in < 1,7 th cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr (ngoi l HF c > 1,7 nhng vn thuc loi lin kt cng ho tr ). Trong lin kt cng ha tr, ngi ta cn phn bit lin kt cng ha tr phn cc khi 0,4 v lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc khi 0 < < 0,4. C th so snh hai kiu lin kt ho hc qua bng sau: Lin kt ion Lin kt cng ho tr Hnh thnh gia kim loi in Hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t ging nhau http://www.ebook.edu.vn
hnh v phi kim in hnh. Hiu s m in 1,7 Nguyn t kim loi nhng electron tr thnh ion dng. Nguyn t phi kim nhn electron tr thnh ion m. Cc ion tri du ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in. Th d: NaCl, MgCl2... Bn cht: do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
hoc gn ging nhau. Hiu s m in 0 < 1,7 Cc nguyn t gp chung electron. Cc electron dng chung thuc ht nhn ca c hai nguyn t. Th d: H2, HCl... Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc khi i electron dng chung khng b lch v nguyn t no: N2, H2... 0 < 0,4 Lin kt cng ho tr c cc khi i electron dng chung b lch v mt nguyn t : HBr, H2O. 1,7 > 0,4
Lin kt cho - nhn (phi tr) l mt trng hp ring ca lin kt cng ho tr. Trong i electron dng chung c hnh thnh do mt nguyn t a ra. Th d phn t kh lu hunh ioxit SO2 , cng thc S
O cu to ca SO2 O Lin kt cho - nhn c k hiu bng mt mi tn. Mi mi tn biu din mt cp electron dng chung, trong gc mi tn l nguyn t cho electron, u l nguyn t nhn electron. 3. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca hp cht lin kt cng ha tr Cng thc electron: biu din mi cp electron dng chung bng hai du chm. Cng thc cu to: nu thay mi cp electron dng chung trong cng thc electron bng mt vch ni, ta c cng thc cu to. Cng thc cu to cho bit trnh t kt hp ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. Th d: cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca axit nitric l O :: O O N H H: O :N : O O 4. Gii thch dng hnh hc ca phn t bng thuyt lai ha S lai ho obitan l s t hp tuyn tnh ca cc obitan nguyn t to thnh cc obitan lai ho ging ht nhau. Cc dng lai ho thng gp l:
Lai ho sp2 Lai ho sp Lai ho sp3 + Lai ho sp3: t hp mt obitan s vi ba obitan p to ra bn obitan ging nhau. Gc lai ho t din l o 109 28.Th d phn t CH4 c hnh dng t din, nguyn t cacbon nm tm t din, bn nguyn t hiro bn nh ca t din. + Lai ho sp2: t hp mt obitan s vi hai obitan p to thnh ba obitan lai ho. Gc lai ho tam gic l o 120 . Th d trong phn t C2H4, cc obitan nguyn t ca cacbon lai ho sp2, do hnh dng phn t c quy nh bi gc lin kt l 120o. + Lai ho sp: t hp ca mt obitan s vi mt obitan p to ra hai obitan lai ho. Gc lai ho sp l 180o. Th d phn t C2H2, c bn nguyn t nm trn mt ng thng. Lin kt v lin kt : khi mt electron ln nht tp trung vo khong gia ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t, ta c s xen ph trc ccobitan nguyn t gi l lin kt . Khi mt electron ln nht v hai pha ca mt phng phn t, ta c s xen ph bn cc obitan nguyn t hay lin kt . Lin kt km bn hn lin kt . Lin kt n: l lin kt ho hc bng mt cp electron dng chung. Lin kt n ch gm lin kt . Lin kt i gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt . Lin kt ba gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt . 5. S lin quan gia cu to vi tnh cht - Cc hp cht ion thng c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao nh NaCl c t0nc = 8010C. Trong khi cc hp cht phn t c nhit nng chy, nhit si thp. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Cc hp cht c cu trc mng tinh th nguyn t thng c tnh cng cao nh kim cng, trong khi cc hp cht c mng tinh th phn t thng km bn nh nc , iot vv... - Cc tinh th kim loi u c tnh do, dn in v dn nhit tt. B. Cu hi trc nghim c li gii 1. Khi hnh thnh ion Cl- t nguyn t clo (Z=17) : A. Nguyn t clo nhng mt electron ho tr phn lp 4s1 t c cu hnh electron bo ho ca nguyn t kh him ngay sau n. B. Nguyn t clo nhn thm mt electron t c cu hnh electron bo ho ca nguyn t kh him ngay trc n. C. Nguyn t clo nhng mt electron phn lp 3s1 t c cu hnh electron bo ho ca nguyn t kh him ngay sau n. D. Nguyn t clo nhn thm mt electron t c cu hnh electron bo ho ca nguyn t kh him ngay sau n. Hy chn p n ng. p n D 2. Cu hnh electron ca ion K+ l : A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p6 B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 2 2 6 2 6 C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p D. 1s22s22p63s23p2 3.Trong ion Na+ , iu nhn xt no sau y l ng? A. s electron nhiu hn s proton. B. s proton nhiu hn s electron. C. s electron bng s proton. D. s electron bng hai ln s proton. p n B 4. Cation M2+ c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p63s23p6. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l A. 1s22s22p63s2 B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p4 D. 1s22s22p63s23p2 p n B 5. Mt hp cht ion cu to t M+ v X2-.Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht (n, p, e) l 140 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht (s khi ca M ln hn s khi ca X l 23). Tng cc ht n, p, e trong ion M+ nhiu hn trong ion X2- l 31 ht. Cu hnh electron ca ion M+ v X2- ln lt l A. K+ ( Z = 19 ): 1s22s22p63s23p6 v O2- ( Z = 8 ): 1s22s22p6 B. Na+ ( Z = 11 ): 1s22s22p6 v O2- ( Z = 8 ): 1s22s22p6 C. K+ ( Z = 19 ): 1s22s22p63s23p6 v S2- ( Z = 16 ): 1s22s22p63s23p6 D. Na+ ( Z = 11 ): 1s22s22p6 v S2- ( Z = 16 ): 1s22s22p63s23p6 Gii: Trong phn t M2X ta c : 2( pM + eM + nM ) + ( p X + eX + nX ) = 140 pM = 19 Z M = 19 M : K (4 pM + 2 p X ) (2nM + nX ) = 44 X :O pX = 8 Z X = 8 (2 pM 1 + nM ) + ( p X + 2 + nX ) = 31 ( pM + nM ) ( p X + nX ) = 23 Cu hnh electron ca K+ v O2K+ ( Z = 19 ): 1s22s22p63s23p6 O2- ( Z = 8 ): 1s22s22p6 6. X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit tng s electron trong anion 2 2 XY 3 l 42. Xc nh loi lin kt trong XY2v XY 3 ? A. Lin kt ion C. Lin kt cho nhn p n B XY
2 3
B. Lin kt cng ha tr D. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc Hng dn gii
: S electron trong XY
2 3
l 42; Suy ra:
eX+ 3eY = 40 zX + 3zY = 40 (1) eX+ 3eY + 2 = 42 40 ZX,Y = =10 X,Y thuc nhm A, chu k nh. 4
+) zX+ 8 = zY (2) +) zY+ 8 = zX T (1) v (2) suy ra zX = 4, zY = 12 loi. T (1) v (2) suy ra zX = 16 (S), zY = 8 ( O) nhn 2 2 l SO 3 . Suy ra X l S; Y l O; XY2 l SO2; XY 3
(2)
7. Cu hnh electron ca ion R3+ : 1s22s22p6. Hp cht ca R vi B c dng R2B3. Tng s ht proton trong R2B3 l 50. Xc nh R; Tm cng thc phn t ca R2B3. B. Al2O3 C. Fe2O3 D.Cr2O3 A. Al2S3 p n B Gii: Cu hnh electron ca R3+: 1s22s22p6 . Vy cu hnh electron ca R : 1s22s22p6 3s23p1 z R = pR = eR = 13 R l Al
50 2 p R =8 3 Vy B l O nn R2B3 l Al2O3 . 8. Lin kt ho hc trong tinh th natri clorua NaCl thuc loi no sau y? A. Lin kt ion. B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc. C. Lin kt cng ho tr. D. Lin kt phi tr. Hy chn phng n ng. p n A 9. Lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh do nguyn nhn no sau y? A. Bi cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t phi kim. B. Bi cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t kim loi. C. Bi cp electron chung gia mt nguyn t kim loi in hnh v mt nguyn t phi kim in hnh. D. Bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. p n D 10. Lin kt ion c nhng c im no sau y? A. C tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ho. B. Khng c tnh nh hng, khng bo ho. C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ho. D. C tnh nh hng, khng bo ho. p n B 11. Trong phn t Cl2, xc sut c mt ca cc electron tp trung ln nht u? A. Ti khu vc gia hai ht nhn nguyn t. B. Lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t. C. Ti khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t. D. Ti khp cc khu vc trong phn t. p n A Gii thch: lin kt trong phn t Cl2 l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc, do xc sut c mt ln nht ca electron l gia hai ht nhn nguyn t. 12. Lin kt ho hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh do s xen ph gia: A. obitan 1s ca nguyn t H v obitan 3p ca nguyn t Cl. B. obitan 1s ca nguyn t H v obitan 3s ca nguyn t Cl. C. obitan 3s ca nguyn t Cl v obitan 3p ca nguyn t H. D. obitan 2p ca nguyn t H v obitan 3p ca nguyn t Cl. p n A 13. Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t : A. Bng mt hay nhiu cp electron chung. B. Bi cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t kim loi. C. Bi cp electron chung gia mt nguyn t kim loi in hnh v mt nguyn t phi kim in hnh. D. Do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. p n A 14. Trong s cc cht sau, nhng cht no ch gm lin kt cng ho tri? A. NaOH, HCl, H2O, NH3, KCl.
2pR +3pB =50 p B =
B. KOH, HCl, H2O, NH3, KCl. C. HF, HCl, H2O, NH3, HNO3. D. NaOH, HCl, H2O, NH3, CaCl2. p n C 15. NaCl c nhit nng chy l 8010C, cao hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca nc 00C. T d kin thc nghim cho bit nhn nh no sau y khng ng? A. Mui n c kiu lin kt ion trong tinh th. B. Nc c lin kt cng ho tr C. Tinh th ion bn hn tinh th phn t. D. Lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr. p n D Gii thch Nhit nng chy thp ca nc ch lin quan n bn ca tinh th phn t. Bng chng l khi nc nng chy, trong cc phn t nc vn tn li lin kt cng ha tr. Mun ph v lin kt cng ha tr ca nc cn s dng nng lng mnh ca dng in (in phn), hoc nhit rt cao. Do nhn nh Lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr.l sai. 16. Phn t metan c cu to t din u chng t : A. Bn lin kt C - H l ging nhau. B. Bn lin kt C-H l hon ton khc nhau. C. Bn lin kt C-H ging nhau tng i mt. D. Mt trong bn lin kt l lin kt cho nhn. p n A 17. Kiu lai ho ng thng l: A. lai ho sp3. B. lai ho sp. 2 D. lai ho sp3d. C. lai ho sp . p n B 18. Kiu lai ho t din l: A. lai ho sp3d2. B. lai ho sp. 3 C. lai ho sp . D. lai ho sp2. p n C 19. Kiu lai ho tam gic l: B. lai ho sp. A. lai ho sp3. 2 C. lai ho sp . D. lai ho sp3d2. p n C 20. Lin kt xichma () l lin kt ho hc trong trc ca obitan lin kt A. trng vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt. B. song song vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt. C. vung gc vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt. D. to vi ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt mt gc 45 . p n A C. Trc nghim t gii 1. Lin kt n trong phn t A. l lin kt xichma. B. l lin kt pi. C. c hnh thnh nh s xen ph bn ca cc obitan. D. c hnh thnh bng cch cho - nhn electron. 2. Lin kt i l lin kt ho hc gm : A. Hai lin kt xichma . B. Mt lin kt xichma v mt lin kt pi . C. Hai lin kt pi . D. Mt lin kt xichma v hai lin kt pi . 3. Lin kt ba l lin kt ho hc gm : A. Hai lin kt xichma (). B. Mt lin kt xichma () v mt lin kt pi (). C. Hai lin kt pi (). http://www.ebook.edu.vn
D. Mt lin kt xichma () v hai lin kt pi (). 4. Lin kt bi l lin kt gia hai nguyn t c thc hin bi : A. Mt lin kt xichma v mt hay hai lin kt pi. B. Mt lin kt xichma v ba lin kt pi. C. Mt lin kt pi v mt hay hai lin kt xichma. D. Hai hay nhiu lin kt xichma. 5. Lin kt ho hc trong phn t cc cht H2, HCl, Cl2 thuc loi : A. Lin kt n. B. Lin kt i. C. Lin kt ba. D. Lin kt bi. 6. Trong phn t NH3, nguyn t nit trng thi lai ha sp3. Phn t NH3 c dng hnh hc no sau y? A. tam gic phng. B. ng thng. C. t din. D. thp tam gic. 7. Cc cht trong phn t u c lin kt ion l: A. NaHS, K2S, Na2SO3, H2SO4, SO3. B. NaCl, KF, CaO, MgCl2 C. Na2SO3, K2S, H2S, NaHS. D. H2S, K2S, NaHS, Na2SO3. 8. Cho cc cht sau : HCl, HClO, HClO3 , NaClO, KClO4. S oxi ho ca clo trong cc cht trn ln lt bng : A. -1 ; +1 ; +5 ; +1 ; +7. B. -1 ; +1 ; +3 ; +1 ; +5. C. -1 ; -1 ; +5 ; +1 ; +7. D. -1 ; +1 ; +7 ; +1 ; +5. 9. Trong s cc loi tinh th sau, loi no c th dn in c trng thi rn? A. Tinh th phn t B. Tinh th ion C. Tinh th nguyn t D. Tinh th kim loi. 10. Trong s cc loi tinh th sau, loi no ch c th dn in c trng thi nng chy? A. Tinh th phn t B. Tinh th ion C. Tinh th nguyn t D. Tinh th kim loi 11. Trong s cc loi tinh th sau, loi no c th thng hoa v khng dn in? A. Tinh th phn t B. Tinh th ion C. Tinh th nguyn t D. Tinh th kim loi 12. Trong s cc loi tinh th sau, loi no bn vng, rt cng, c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao v khng dn in c? A. Tinh th phn t B. Tinh th ion C. Tinh th nguyn t D. Tinh th kim loi. 13. Hp cht M c to thnh t ba nguyn t X, Y, Z c tng s in tch ht nhn bng 16, hiu in tch ht nhn gia X v Y l 1; tng s electron trong ion [YX 3 ] l 32. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M?
A. HNO3. B. H2SO3 C. KNO3 D.NaNO3 14. Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. Hy xc nh XY3. A. FeCl3 B. AlCl3 C. CrCl3 D. FeBr3 Hng dn gii XY3: Theo ta c : = 196 (1) pX + eX + nX + 3(pY + eY + nY) = 60 (2) PX + eX + 3pY + 3eY - nX - 3nY PX + eX + 76 = 3pY + 3eY (3) T (1), (2), (3) ta gii c : pX=13 (Al) v pY=17 (Cl) Vy XY3 l AlCl3. 15. Ion X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 12. Hp cht gia M v X l MX2. Tng s proton trong MX2 l 63. Xc nh MX2. A. FeCl2 B.CuCl2 C. FeBr2 D. CuBr2 16. Chn cng thc cu to ng ca cc hp cht Al2O3, H3PO4, FeS2, NH4Cl. Al2O3 H3PO4 FeS2 NH4Cl
A
O Al O Al O
S Fe S
H H H
O O O P O
H
H N H H H
Cl-
B
Fe
H H
O O O O O O O O O P O
Fe S S
Al
Al
N H
Cl-
H
+
C
H
H N H H
H
Cl
-
H H H
Fe S S
Al
Al
D
O Al O Al O
H H N H H
H H
Cl-
17. Cc cp phn t no sau y c hnh dng phn t ging nhau nhiu nht? B. BF3 v NH3 A. BeH2 v H2O C. CO2 v SiO2 D. BeH2 v C2H2 18. Obitan c hnh dng bn thuc loi g ? A. Obitan s B. Obitan p C. obitan lai ha sp D. Obitan lai ha sp3 19. Obitan c hnh dng bn thuc loi g ? A. Obitan lai ha sp B. Obitan lai ha sp3d C. obitan lai ha sp2 D. Obitan lai ha sp3 20. Obitan c hnh dng bn thuc loi g ? A. Obitan lai ha sp B. Obitan lai ha sp3d C. obitan lai ha sp2 D. Obitan lai ha sp3 21. Cho cc cht sau: NH3, HCl, SO3, N2. Kiu lin kt ho hc chung ca cc cht trn l lin kt: A. cng ho tr phn cc. B. cng ho tr khng phn cc. C. cng ho tr. D. phi tr. 22. Cng ho tr ca nit trong hp cht no sau y l ln nht? A. HNO3 B. N2 v HNO2 C. NH4Cl D. NH4Cl v HNO3. 23. Cho cc cht c cu trc tinh th nh s sau. Cc cht cho thuc loi tinh th no? A. Tinh th nguyn t v tinh th ion B. Tinh th ion v tinh th kim loi C. Tinh th phn t v tinh th kim loi D. Tinh th phn t v tinh th nguyn t 24. Cht no sau y c mi r rt? A. Kim cng, tinh th nguyn t. B. Bng phin, tinh th phn t. C. Mui n, tinh th ion. D. Nhm, tinh th kim loi. 25. Cht no sau y c th dn in c? A. Kim cng, tinh th nguyn t. B. Bng phin, tinh th phn t. C. Mui n, tinh th ion. D. Nhm, tinh th kim loi. p n cu trc nghim t gii A B
. . .
D A D C
. . .
B C D A
. . .
A A D A
. . .
D B C B
. . . .
B B A D
Chng 4. Phn ng ha hc tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc

A. mt s lu v gii bi tp trc nghim phn ng ha hc 1. S oxi ho v cch xc nh s oxi ho S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t ca nguyn t , nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t u l lin kt ion. - Xc nh s oxi ho t cng thc phn t: xc nh s oxi ho t cng thc phn t ngi ta da vo cc quy tc sau: Quy tc 1: S oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng 0. Quy tc 2: Trong hu ht cc hp cht + s oxi ho ca H l +1 (tr cc hp cht ca H vi kim loi nh NaH, CaH2, th H c s oxi ho -1). + s oxi ho ca O l -2 (tr mt s trng hp nh H2O2, F2O, O c s oxi ho ln lt l -1, +1). Quy tc 3: Trong mt phn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng. Theo quy tc ny c th tm s oxi ho ca mt nguyn t no trong phn t nu bit s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t cn li. Quy tc 4: Trong ion n nguyn t, s oxi ho ca nguyn t bng in tch ca ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca n. Ch : biu din s oxi ho th vit du trc, s sau cn biu din in tch th vit s trc, du sau. Nu in tch l 1+ (hoc 1-) c th vit n gin l + (hoc -), song i vi s oxi ho phi vit y c du v ch (+1 hoc -1). - Xc nh s oxi ho t cng thc cu to Trong mt s phn t hay ion a nguyn t c cu to phc tp, s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c th khc nhau. Vic xc nh s oxi ho theo cng thc phn t ch cho ta s oxi ho trung bnh, cn xc nh chnh xc s oxi ho ca tng nguyn t trong phn t phi da v cng thc cu to. iu ny c bit gip chng ta c th cn bng cc phn ng oxi ho ca hp cht hu c khi ch c mt phn tham gia phn ng oxi ho kh mt cch n gin v d dng hn. Nguyn tc: coi cc cp electron u lch hon ton v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in ln hn, khi theo s electron m 1 nguyn t nhng hay nhn xc nh s oxi ho ca n. Th d:
H H Ca Cl
-1
O O O
+4
O S Cl
+1 o
CH3 CH
-3
-1
-2
CH2
-3
-3
CH3 CH CH3 OH
Mt nguyn t c th tn ti nhiu trng thi oxi ho (s oxi ho) khc nhau. Th d: N c th c cc s oxi ho: -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5. S c th c cc s oxi ho: -2, 0, +4, +6 Nhn thy nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ho: + Cao nht th ch c th gim s oxi ho nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ho. + Thp nht th ch c th tng s oxi ho nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh. + Trung gian th va c th tng s oxi ho va c th gim s oxi ho nn c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ho hoc cht kh. Tc l c th d on tnh cht oxi ho, kh ca mt cht da vo s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. Th d: Trong NH3, N c s oxi ho -3 l s oxi ho thp nht nn ch c th tng s oxi ho tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh trong cc phn ng ho hc.
Trong HNO3, N c s oxi ho +5 l s oxi ho cao nht nn ch c th gim s oxi ho tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ho. Cch xc nh cc s oxi ho c th c ca mt nguyn t: - S oxi ho m thp nht ca mt nguyn t chnh bng s electron ti a m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th nhn t c cu hnh ca kh him (ch xy ra i vi cc phi kim, cc kim loi khng c s oxi ho m). Hay bng 8 - s th t ca nhm (ring vi H: 2 - s th t ca nhm, do kh him ngay sau H ch c hai electron) Th d: Cc nguyn t nhm VA (N, P,...), c 5 electron ho tr, c th nhn ti a 3 electron nn s oxi ho thp nht l -3. Cc nguyn t nhm IVA (C, Si), c 4 electron ho tr, c th nhn ti a 4 electron nn s oxi ho thp nht l -4. Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I), c 7 electron ho tr. C th nhn ti a 1 electron nn c s oxi ho thp nht l -1. - S oxi ho dng: s oxi ho dng cao nht ca mt nguyn t bng s th t nhm ca n. Th d: Cc nguyn t nhm IA (Na, K,..) c 1 electron ho tr nn c s oxi ho dng cao nht l +1. Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I) c 7 electron ho tr nn c s oxi ho dng cao nht l +7. - Cc kim loi thng ch c mt s oxi ha dng bng s electron ho tr, vi Fe c 2 s oxi ho dng l +2 v+3, Cr c 3 s oxi ho dng l +2, +3 v +6, Cu c 2 s oxi ho dng l +1 v +2. 2. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh C nhiu cch cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho kh nh phng php i s, phng php thng bng electron, phng php thng bng ion-electron. y ch cp n phng php thng bng electron, v y l phng php n gin nhng li c th cn bng hu ht cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ho kh. Cc bc cn bng theo phng php ny nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn ng (ch nn biu din s oxi ho ca nhng nguyn t no c s thay i s oxi ho). T da vo du hiu nhn bit xc nh cht oxi ho, cht kh. Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh v cn bng mi qu trnh. Bc 3: Tm h s thch hp cho cht oxi ho v cht kh theo nguyn tc: tng s electron cho phi bng tng s electron nhn. Tc l i tm bi s chung nh nht ca s electron cho v s electron nhn, sau ly bi s chung chia cho s electron cho hoc nhn th c h s ca cht kh v cht oxi ho tng ng. Bc 4: t h s ca cht oxi ho v cht kh vo phng trnh phn ng. Sau cn bng n cc cht khng tham gia vo phn ng oxi ho kh. Bc 5: Kim tra li kt qu. Th d 1: Phn ng oxi ho kh n gin, khng c mi trng
Fe2O3 +
H2
tO
Fe +
H 2O
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho, cht oxi ho, cht kh Cht oxi ho: Fe+3 (trong Fe2O3) Cht kh: H0 2 Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ho, kh 2Fe+3 + 2x3e 2Fe0 (qu trnh kh)
H0 2
2H+1 + 2x1e (qu trnh oxi ho)
Ch : Khi cht oxi ho (kh) c ch s ln hn 1 trong phn t th phi thm h s (bng ch s trong phn t) vo qu trnh kh (oxi ho) tng ng. th d trn: Fe+3, H0 c ch s l 2 trong phn t tng ng Fe2O3, H2 do vy cn thm h s 2 vo qu trnh kh, oxi ho. Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ho v kh Bi s chung nh nht (BSCNN) = 6 do h s mi qu trnh nh sau: 1x 2Fe+3 + 2 x 3e 2Fe0 3x H 0 2H+1 +2 x 1e 2 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ho, cht kh vo phng trnh Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O Bc 5: Kim tra li cc h s trong phng trnh, nu ng th hon thnh vic cn bng, nu sai cn xem li tng bc trn.
Th d 2: Phn ng oxi ho - kh trong cht oxi ho (kh) cn c vai tr lm mi trng

Cu + H2SO4c
tO
CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho, cht oxi ho, cht kh Cht oxi ho: S+6 (trong H2SO4) Cht kh: Cu0 Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ho, qu trnh kh: Cu Cu+2 + 2e (qu trnh oxi ho) S+6 + 2e S+4 (qu trnh kh) Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ho v kh BSCNN = 2 1 x Cu Cu+2 + 2e 1 x S+6 + 2e S+4 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ho, cht kh vo phng trnh Do H2SO4 va ng vai tr l cht oxi ho va ng vai tr l mi trng nn h s ca n trong phng trnh khng phi l h s ca qu trnh kh m phi cng thm phn tham gia lm mi trng. Nhng hp cht ng hai vai tr nh vy thng cn bng h s cui cng.
Cu + 2 H2SO4c
+6
tO
CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
+2
+4
Bc 5: Kim tra li cc h s trong phng trnh, nu ng th hon thnh vic cn bng, nu sai cn xem li tng bc trn. Th d 3: Phn ng oxi ho kh phc tp: c nhiu cht oxi ho hoc kh
FeS2 +
O2
tO
Fe2O3 + SO2
( FeS2 )
+2 -1
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho, cht oxi ho, cht kh
FeS2 +
+2 -1
O2
tO
Fe2O3 + SO2
+3 -2
+4 -2
Cht oxi ho: O20 Cht kh: Fe+2 , S-1 (trong FeS2) Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ho, qu trnh kh: Do c hai cht kh l Fe+2 , S-1 trong mt phn t nn ln lt vit qu trnh oxi ho ca chng ri cng hai qu trnh li, ch m bo t l s nguyn t trong phn t FeS2 gia Fe+2 v S-1 l 1:2 1 x 2Fe+2 2Fe+3 + 2e (trong Fe2O3, Fe+3 c h s 2) 2 x 2S-1 2S+4 + 10e (trong FeS2 , S-1 c h s 2) 2Fe+3 + 2S+4 + 22e 2FeS2 2Fe+3 + 2S+4 + 22e (qu trnh oxi ho) 2FeS2 -2 (qu trnh kh) O0 2 + 4e 2O Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ho v kh BSCNN = 44 2 x 2FeS2 2Fe+3 2S+4 + 22e -2 11 x O 0 2 + 4e 2O Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ho, cht kh vo phng trnh
4 FeS2 + 11 O2
+2 -1 o tO
2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
+3 -2
+4 -2
Bc 5: Kim tra li cc h s trong phng trnh, nu ng th hon thnh vic cn bng, nu sai cn xem li tng bc trn. iu kin xy ra phn ng oxi ho kh Cht oxi ho mnh phn ng vi cht kh mnh to ra cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn. Xt hai cp oxi ho - kh: OX1/Kh1 v OX2/Kh2 OX1 + Kh2 Kh1 + OX2 Phn ng trn xy ra khi : Tnh oxi ho: OX1 > OX2 Tnh kh : Kh2 > Kh1
Th d: Fe c tnh kh mnh hn Cu v ion Cu2+ c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Fe2+ nn Fe y c Cu ra khi mui ca n:
Fe +
0
Cu SO 4 Fe SO 4 + Cu
+2
+2
Cc cht oxi ho, cht kh thng gp: 1. Cc cht oxi ho thng gp: - Cc phi kim nh: O2, Cl2, Br2,... - Cc hp cht nh KMnO4 (kali pemanganat), K2Cr2O7 (kali icromat), KClO3 (kali clorat), NaClO (natri hipoclorit),... - Cc axit nh H2SO4 c nng, axit HNO3. Ch : - Vi KMnO4 tu theo mi trng xy ra phn ng m Mn+7 b kh xung cc trng thi oxi ho khc nhau: + Mi trng axit (H+): Mn+7 Mn+2 (tn ti dng mui Mn2+) + Mi trng trung tnh (H2O): Mn+7 Mn+4 (tn ti dng MnO2) + Mi trng kim (OH-): Mn+7 Mn+6 (tn ti dng K2MnO4) Th d: (1) 2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5I2 + 6K2SO4 + 8H2O (2) 2KMnO4 + 6KI + 4H2O 2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8KOH (3) 2KMnO4 + H2O2 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + O2 + 2H2O - Vi HNO3 tu theo bn cht ca cht kh v nng ca axit m N+5 b kh xung cc trng thi oxi ho khc nhau: N+4 (NO2), N+2 (NO), N+1 (N2O), N0 (N2), N-3 (NH4NO3). Th d: (1) Fe + 6HNO3c, nng Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2) Fe + 4HNO3long Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 2. Cc cht kh thng gp: - Cc kim loi, cacbon, hiro. - Cc hp cht nh H2S, NH3, CO, ... - Mt s cht va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh nh H2O2, SO2, ... Phn ng oxi ha kh c th c chia thnh ba loi: phn ng oxi ha kh thng thng, phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t v phn ng t oxi ha - t kh. Phn ng t oxi ha - t kh l phn ng trong c s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng s oxi ho ban u. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l phn ng trong cht kh v cht oxi ha cng thuc mt loi phn t, chng c th thuc cng mt nguyn t nhng khng cng s oxi ha ban u. 3. Bi tp c cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng thng Dng bi tp ny c th gii bng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh phng php i s, phng php trung bnh, phng php tng gim khi lng. Tuy nhin, i vi cc bi tp ha hc c cc qu trnh oxi ha kh, phng php ngn gn v bn cht nht l phng php bo ton electron. Phng php bo ton electron - Nguyn tc: Trong qu trnh phn ng oxi ha kh th: S e nhng = s e thu hoc: s mol e nhng = s mol e thu Khi gii khng cn vit phng trnh phn ng m ch cn tm xem trong qu trnh phn ng c bao nhiu mol e do cht kh nhng ra v bao nhiu mol e do cht oxi ho thu vo. 4. Bi tp in phn 1. in phn dung dch Dng iu ch cc dung dch kim (KOH, NaOH), nc Giaven, ... a) Qu trnh catot: Cc ion kim loi t K+ n Al3+ trong dy in ha khng b kh trong dung dch. - Khi H2O tham gia phn ng, giI phng kh H2: 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH- Cc ion kim loi sau Al3+ thu thm electron v bm vo catot, Th d: Cu2+ + 2e Cu
- Th t tham gia phn ng ca cc ion kim loi v H+ theo chiu ngc vi dy in ha ca cc kim loi. Cc kim loi c tnh kh cng mnh th ion ca chng c tnh oxi ha cng yu v ngc li. b) Qu trnh anot: c chia thnh hai trng hp l anot tr (than ch, platin..) v anot tan. - Trng hp anot tan (hot ng): nh anot lm bng Fe, Cu, Ni, .. Dng tinh ch cc kim loi, hay m cc kim loi qu, him bng phng php in phn. Anot nhng electron, cn cc anion ch ng vai tr chuyn dch in tch. - Trng hp anot khng tan (tr): Cc ion m nhng electron cho anot theo th t: S2-> I->Br->Cl->OHCh : Th t ny ch ng khi nng cc ion trn l tng ng nhau. 2Cc anion nh NO3 ,SO 24 , CO3 khng b oxi ha trong dung dch. 2. in phn nng chy (khng c H2O tham gia) Dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh K, Ca, Na, Al. Th d: 2NaClnc 2Na + Cl2 3. nh lut Faraday - Khi lng cht thot ra trn in cc l m (gam) - I l cng dng in phn (A). - t l thi gian in phn (giy). - A l khi lng mol nguyn t (gam) - n l s mol electron trao i. - F l hng s Faraday, l in tch ca mt mol electron = 6,023.1023. 1,6.10-19C= 96500 C (culong). Cng thc biu din nh lut Faraday: m = A I t
nF
4. Cch tnh s mol electron trao i trong qu trnh in phn I t S mol electron, ne = ; F = 96500 nu thi gian tnh bng giy; F = 26,8 nu thi gian tnh bng gi. F 5. Bnh in phn mc song song v mc ni tip a) Mc song song - Thi gian in phn cc bnh l nh nhau. - Cng dng in qua cc bnh khc nhau, cng dng in mch chnh bng tng cng dng in cc mch nhnh. b) Mc ni tip Do cng dng in v thi gian in phn l nh nhau cho nn s mol electron trao i mi bnh l nh nhau. 5. Tc phn ng ha hc v cn bng ha hc 5.1. Tc phn ng ha hc - Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n v thi gian. Th d: Nng ban u ca N2O5 l 2,33M, sau 184 giy nng l 2,08M. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 184 giy tnh theo N2O5 l: 1 N2O5 N2O4 + O2 2 2,33 2, 08 = 1,36.103 mol / l.s V= 184 C C C1 + Cng thc tng qut tnh tc phn ng : V = 2 hay V = t t2 t1 Trong : - Tng qut: + Nu: A + B
V : tc trung bnh C: bin thin nng t: bin thin thi gian
C +D V = K. [A]. [B] + Nu : nA + mB pC + qD V = K. [A]n. [B]m (trong K l hng s tc phn ng) - Theo qui c: nng tnh bng mol/l, thi gian c th l giy, pht, gi.
- Tc phn ng c tnh bng thc nghim. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng - nh hng ca nng Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng. - nh hng ca p sut i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng. - nh hng ca nhit Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng. - nh hng ca din tch b mt i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt, tc phn ng tng. - nh hng ca cht xc tc Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong phn ng. 5.2 Cn bng ha hc 1. Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch v cn bng ha hc a. Phn ng mt chiu - Th d: Phn hu KClO3 c xc tc MnO2, phn ng xy ra nh sau: MnO2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 t0 Phn ng ny ch xy ra theo mt chiu t tri sang phi. Phn ng nh th c gi l phn ng mt chiu. Dng mi tn ch chiu phn ng. b. Phn ng thun nghch - Trong cng iu kin phn ng xy ra theo hai chiu tri ngc nhau gi l phn ng thun nghch. Th d: Cl2 + H2O Phn ng thun HCl + HClO
Phn - Nhn xt: Cl2 phn ng vng i H2nghch O to HCl va HClO, ng thi HCl v HClO sinh ra cng tc dng li vi nhau to li Cl2 v H2O. c. Cn bng ha hc - Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch (Vthun =Vnghch). 2HI(k) Th d: H2(k) + I2(k) d. Hng s cn bng (tnh theo nng ) ca phn ng thun nghch:
Nu :
C +D A + B
K =
pC + qD Tng qut: nA + mB
K
[ C ] .[ D ] [ A] . [ B ]
[C ] [ D ] = n m [ A] [ B ]
p
2. S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc - S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng. N2O4 (kh khng mu) 2NO2 (kh mu nu ) 3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc a. nh hng ca nng - Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim nng cht . b. nh hng ca p sut - Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut . c. nh hng ca nhit - Phn ng to nhit ( H < 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c to nng lng di dng nh sng hoc sc nng.Phn ng thu nhit ( H > 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c hp th nng lng. - Phng trnh nhit ha hc: l phng trnh ha hc c ghi c hiu ng nhit. - Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit, ngha l chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic gim nhit . http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Kt lun (nguyn l L-Sa-t-li): Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , p sut, nhit , s chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi . B. cu hi trc nghim c li gii 1. Cho phn ng ho hc sau : KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + H2O Trong phn ng trn, s oxi ho ca st : A. tng t +2 ln +3. B. gim t +3 xung +2. C. tng t - 2 ln +3. D. khng thay i. p n A 2. Kt lun no sau y l ng ? A. Phn ng to nhit l phn ng c H < 0. B. Phn ng to nhit l phn ng c H > 0. C. Phn ng thu nhit l phn ng c H < 0. D. Phn ng to nhit l phn ng c H > 0. p n A 3. Trong phn ng : x Fe(OH)2 + y O2 + z H2O t Fe(OH)3 Nhn nh no sau y l ng? A. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho. B. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 l cht oxi ho. C. O2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho. D. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 v H2O l cht oxi ho. p n B 4. Phn ng oxi ho-kh l phn ng ho hc, trong : A. c s thay i s oxi ho ca cc cht tham gia phn ng. B. c s to thnh cht t tan, tch ra thnh kt ta. C. c s to thnh cht kh. D. A, B, C u ng. p n A 5. Phn ng t oxi ho- kh l phn ng ho hc, trong : A. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t. B. C s nhng v thu electron cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t. C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh nm cng mt phn t. D. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng s oxi ho ban u. Hy chn phng n ng. p n D 6. Ho tan hon ton m gam FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c kh X v dung dch Y. Cho kh X hp th hon ton bi dung dch NaOH d to ra 12,6 gam mui. Mt khc, c cn dung dch Y ri lm khan th thu c 120 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca st oxit FexOy l: C. Fe2O3 D. Khng xc nh c A. FeO B. Fe3O4 p n B Hng dn gii Cc phng trnh ha hc FexOy + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O (1) (2) SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O 12,6 nNa SO = = 0,1mol; Suy ra s mol electron nhn (1) l 0,1.2= 0,2mol. 126 120 Mt khc nFe ( SO ) = = 0,3mol hay c 0,6mol Fe3+. Ch c 0,2mol electron nhng, do phng n ng 400 l Fe3O4. 7. Ho tan 1,39g mui FeSO4.7H2O trong dung dch H2SO4 long. Cho dung dch ny tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4 0,1M. Th tch dung dch KMnO4 tham gia phn ng l: A. 0,01lt B. 0,10lt C. 0,001lt D. 0,15lt p n A http://www.ebook.edu.vn
2 3 2 4 3
Hng dn gii S mol ca FeSO4 trong FeSO4.7H2O chnh bng s mol ca FeSO4.7H2O. Ta c: 1,39 n FeSO4 .7H2 O = n FeSO4 = = 0, 005(mol) 152 + 7.18 Phng trnh ha hc: 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 0,005 mol ....................0,001
0, 001 = 0, 01(lit) CM 0,1 8. Cho 28g bt st vo dung dch AgNO3 d, gi s phn ng xy ra hon ton th khi st tc dng ht s thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn? A. 108g B.162g C. 216g D.270g p n B Hng dn gii D chn nhm p n A v da vo phn ng: Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1) 28 1 mol = 0, 5mol 56 mAg = 108g. Nh vy l sai v AgNO3 d nn n oxi ho Fe(NO3)2 thnh Fe(NO3)3 : Fe(NO3)2 + AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag (2) Vy khi cho Fe tc dng vi AgNO3 d ta c th vit phng trnh ho hc nh sau: Fe + 3AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag 0,5 mol 0,5.3=1.5mol mAg = 108.1,5 = 162g. 9. Cho 1,35g Al tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO3 long. Gi thit ch thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l: A. 1,12 lt B. 1,68 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 3,36 lt p n A Hng dn gii p dng phng php bo ton electron, s mol electron nhng bng s mol electron thu, ta c: Al Al+3 + 3e v N+5 + 3e N+2 1,35 = 0,05 mol Suy ra s mol Al = S mol NO = 27 VNO = 0,05x22,4 = 1,12 lit 10. Cho m gam Fe2O3 tc dng va vi 3,36 lt CO (ktc) nhit cao thu c n gam Fe. Gi tr ca m v n ln lt l: A. 16,0g v 11,2g B. 8,0g v 5,6g C. 3,2g v 2,24g D. 1,6g v 1,12g p n B Hng dn gii Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 p dng phng php bo ton electron, s mol electron nhng bng s mol electron thu, ta c: C+2 C+4 + 2e v Fe+3 + 3e Fe0 3,36 S mol CO = = 0,15 mol S mol electron nhng = 0,15x2 = 0,3mol 22, 4 0,3 S mol Fe = = 0,1mol n = 0,1x56 = 5,6g v m = 0,05x160= 8,0g 3 11. Ho tan hon ton 0,3mol Fe3O4 trong V lt dung dch HNO3 1M va th ch thu c kh duy nht l NO. Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,28lit B. 2,8lit C. 0,2lit D. 2,0lt p n B VKMnO4 =
=
n KMnO4
3Fe3O4 3mol 0,3mol V=
Hng dn gii + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 28mol 0,3 28 x= = 2,8mol 3
2,8 = 2,8 lit 1 12. Cho mg hn hp Fe2O3 v CuO theo t l mol 1: 2 tc dng va vi 11,2lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l: A. 3,2g B. 32,0g C. 16,0g D. 1,6g p n B Hng dn gii Cc phng trnh ho hc: Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O (1) xmol 3xmol (2) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O 2xmol 2xmol 11, 2 = 0,5mol 3x + 2x = 5x= 22, 4 x = 0,1mol; m = (0,1x160)+ (0,2x80)= 32,0g 13. in phn dung dch hn hp 0,20mol FeSO4 v 0,06mol axit HCl vi cc in cc tr, cng dng in phn l 1,34A trong 2 gi. Khi lng Fe thot ra catot v th tch kh ln nht (ktc) thot ra anot, b qua s ho tan cc kh ln lt l: A. 5,60g v 1,68lit B. 11,20g v 8,96lt C. 1,12g v 8,96lit D. 1,12g v 0,896lt p n D Hng dn gii: It 1,34.2 p dng phng php bo ton electron ta c: ne = = = 0,1 (mol) F 26,8 Qu trnh catot Qu trnh anot + 2H + 2e H2 (1) 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e (1) 0,06 0,06mol 0.06 0,03 0,06 (mol) 1 (2) Fe2+ + 2e Fe H2O - 2e O2 + 2H+ (2) 0,02 0,04 0,02mol 2 Khi lng Fe thot ra l: 0,1 - 0,06 = 0,04 0,01mol 0,02 x 56 = 1,12 (gam). V kh anot = (0,03 + 0,01) x 22,4 = 0,896 (lit).
14. Dn hai lung kh Cl2 i qua hai dung dch (1): KOH long v ngui; dung dch (2): KOH c v un nng. Nu lng mui KCl sinh ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch clo i qua hai dung dch KOH (1) v (2) bng bao nhiu? 3 5 2 3 A. B. C. D. 5 3 5 4 p n B Hng dn gii (1) Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O (2) 3Cl2 + 6KOH 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O lng mui KCl trong hai dung dch nh nhau cn nhn phng trnh (1) vi 5. Kt qu l t l th tch 5 clo (1) v (2) l . 3 15. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp Zn v ZnO cn 100,8 ml dung dch HCl 36,5% (d =1,16 g/ml) thy c mt cht kh duy nht thot ra v thu c 161,352 gam dung dch X. Khi lng ca m l: A. 22,4 gam B. 24,4 gam C. 34,4 gam D. 42,2 gam p n D Hng dn gii
mdd HCl = 100,8.1,19 = 119,952 (gam)

n HCl = 119,952.36,5 1, 2(mol) 36,5.100
+ Phng trnh: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 (1) t: x mol 2x mol x mol x mol ZnO + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2O (2) t: ymol 2y mol y mol y mol + Theo bi ra ta c: mhh + mHCl = mdd A + m H
2
65x + 81y + 119,952 =161,352 +2x hay 63x + 81y = 41,4 + T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh: 2 x+ 2 y = 1, 2 x = 0, 4 m Zn = 0, 4.65 = 26 gam 63 x+ 81y = 41, 4 y = 0, 2 m ZnO = 0, 2.81 = 16, 2 gam
m = 42,2 gam 16. Cho 20,0 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe v Mg ha tan hon ton vo dung dch HCl thu c 1,0 gam kh H2. Khi c cn, lm khan s gam mui thu c l : A. 5,55 B. 55,5 C. 50,5 D. 52,5 p n B Hng dn gii Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 (1) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 (2) Nhn xt : Theo bi ra c 1 gam H2 sinh ra th c 1 mol HCl tham gia phn ng. Vy theo nh lut bo ton khi lng : m(Fe+Mg) + mHCl = mmui + m H 2 mmui = 20,0 + 36,5 - 1,0 = 55,5 (gam) 17. Khi cho 20 m3 khng kh c cha kh clo i qua mt ng ng mui KBr d, khi lng mui gim bt 178 gam. Hm lng ca kh clo (mg/m3) trong khng kh l : A. 7,1 B. 0,71 C. 3,55 D. 0,355 Hng dn gii Phng trnh ha hc Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 1 mol 238 g 149 g 1 mol , khi lng mui gim 89 g x mol 0,178 g 1 89 0,178 x = Ta c : = = 0,002 mol x 0,178 89 Lng kh clo c trong 20m3 khng kh l : 71. 0,002 = 0,0142 (gam) hay 14,2 mg 14,2 Hm lng ca kh clo trong khng kh l : = 0,71 (mg/m3) 20 p n B 18. Ho tan hon ton 15,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi Mg v Zn trong dung dch axit HCl d, thy thot ra 0,6 gam kh H2. Lng mui to thnh l : A. 36,7 gam B. 37,6 gam C. 21,3 gam D. 23,1 gam Hng dn gii Phng trnh ha hc (1) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 ZnCl2 + H2 (2) Zn + 2HCl T hai phng trnh trn ta thy : m2 mui = m2 kim loi + m
Cl- /HCl
M m
Cl- /HCl
= 2
0,6 .35,5 =21,3 (gam) 2
m2 mui = 15,4 +21,3 = 36,7 (gam) p n A

19. Cho 5,1 gam Mg v Al vo dung dch X gm HCl d 5,6 lt H2 ( ktc). Thnh phn % ca Mg v Al theo s mol trong hn hp ln lt l; A. 75% v 25% B. 50% v 50% C. 25% v 75% D. 45% v 55% p n B Hng dn gii p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c s mol electron thu = s mol electron nhng. 5,6 = 0,25mol, suy ra s mol electron thu = 0,25.2= 0,5mol. nH = 22, 4 t x, y l s mol ca Mg v Al, ta c 24x + 27y = 5,1 (I) S mol electron nhng= 2x + 3y = 0,5 (II) x = y = 0,1mol %Mg = %Al = 50% 20. Phn ng gia: Cl2 + 2NaOH NaClO + NaCl + H2O thuc loi phn ng ha hc no sau y? A. phn ng oxi ho- kh thng thng B. phn ng trao i C. phn ng oxi ho- kh ni phn t D. phn ng t oxi ho- kh p n D 21. Trong phng th nghim, c th iu ch kh oxi t mui kali clorat. Ngi ta s dng cch no sau y nhm mc ch tng tc phn ng? A. Nung kaliclorat tinh th nhit cao. B. Nung hn hp kali clorat tinh th v mangan ioxit nhit cao. C. un nng nh kali clorat tinh th. D. un nng nh dung dch kali clorat bo ha. Hy chn phng n ng. p n B Vai tr ca MnO2 l cht xc tc, lm tng tc phn ng. 22. Cho phn ng ha hc: H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k) Cng thc tnh tc ca phn ng trn l v = k [H2] [I2]. Tc ca phn ng ha hc trn s tng bao nhiu ln khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 9 ln? A. 18 ln B. 27 ln C. 54 ln D. 81 ln. p n D 23. Cho phng trnh ho hc: N2(k) + O2(k) Tia la in 2NO(k); H > 0 Hy cho bit nhng cp yu t no sau y nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc trn? A. Nhit v nng . B. p sut v nng . C. Nng v cht xc tc. D. Cht xc tc v nhit . p n A - yu t p sut khng nh hng n trng thi cn bng ha hc ca cc phn ng khng thay i s mol, do B sai. - yu t xc tc khng nh hng n trng thi cn bng ha hc ca tt c cc phn ng, do C v D sai. C. cu hi trc nghim t gii 1. Mt hn hp bt hai kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1: cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H2. Phn 2: ho tan ht trong HNO3 long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong khng kh (cc th tch kh u o ktc). Gi tr ca V l: A. 2,24 lit B. 3,36 lt C. 4,48 lit D. 5,6 lt 2. in phn dung dch cha HCl v KCl vi mng ngn xp, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch ch cha mt cht tan v c pH=12. Vy: A. ch c HCl b in phn B. ch c KCl b in phn C. HCl b in phn ht, KCl b in phn mt phn D. HCl v KCl u b in phn ht http://www.ebook.edu.vn
2
A. B. C. D.
3. C 2 bnh in phn mc ni tip bnh 1 cha CuCl2, bnh 2 cha AgNO3. Khi anot ca bnh 1 thot ra 22,4 lit mt kh duy nht th anot ca bnh 2 thot ra bao nhiu lit kh? Bit cc th tch kh u o (ktc). A. 11,2 lit B. 22,4 lit C. 33,6 lit D. 44,8 lit 4. Ho tan hon ton 15,9g hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch HNO3 thu c 6,72 lit kh NO (ktc) v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X v lm khan th thu c bao nhiu gam mui? A. 77,1g B. 71,7g C. 17,7g D. 53,1g 5. Ho tan hon ton mt hn hp gm Mg v Al bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,4 mol H2 . Nu cng cho lng hn hp ni trn tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc). Khi lng mi kim loi ln lt l A. 4,8 gam v 5,4 gam B. 5,4 gam v 4,8 gam C. 2,4 gam v 5,4 gam D. 2,4 gam v 2,7 gam. 6. Sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip da trn phng trnh ho hc sau : p, xt 2NH3(k) ; H = -92kJ 2N2(k) + 3H2(k) Hy cho bit iu khng nh no sau y l ng? Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch v pha to ra amoniac nhiu hn nu: gim p sut chung ca h. gim nng ca kh nit v kh hiro. tng nhit ca h. tng p sut chung ca h. 7. Phn ng ha hc sau, din ra trong t nhin ang trng thi cn bng: CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch sang chiu thun khi: B. Tng lng H2O A. Tng lng CaCO3. C. Tng lng CO2. D. Tng lng Ca(HCO3)2 Chn phng n ng. 8. Cho phn ng ha hc:
450 C N2 + 3H2 Fe 2NH3 ; H < 0. ,p
0
Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, thay i yu t no sau y khng lm thay i trng thi cn bng ha hc? B. p sut chung ca h. A. Nng ca N2 v H2. C. Cht xc tc Fe. D. Nhit ca h. 9. Cho phn ng : X Y Ti thi im t1 nng ca cht X bng C1, ti thi im t2 (vi t2> t1), nng ca cht X bng C2. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian trn c tnh theo biu thc no sau y ? A. v = C. v =
C1 C 2 t1 t 2
B. v =
C 2 C1 t 2 t1
C1 C 2 C C2 D. v = 1 t 2 t1 t 2 t1 10. Khi cho cng mt lng dung dch axit sunfuric vo hai cc ng cng mt th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 vi nng khc nhau, cc ng dung dch Na2S2O3 c nng ln hn thy kt ta xut hin trc. iu chng t cng iu kin v nhit , tc phn ng A. khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht phn ng. B. t l thun vi nng ca cht phn ng. C. t l nghch vi nng ca cht phn ng. D. khng thay i khi thay i nng ca cht phn ng. 11. i vi cc phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng l do A. nng ca cc cht kh tng ln. B. nng ca cc cht kh gim xung. C. chuyn ng ca cc cht kh tng ln. D. nng ca cc cht kh khng thay i.
12. Khi cho axit clohiric tc dng vi kali pemanganat (rn) iu ch clo trong phng th nghim, kh clo s thot ra nhanh hn khi: A. dng axit clohiric c v un nh hn hp. B. dng axit clohiric c v lm lnh hn hp. C. dng axit clohiric long v un nh hn hp. D. dng axit clohiric long v lm lnh hn hp. 13. Nn 2,0 mol N2 v 8,0 mol H2 vo mt bnh kn c th tch 2,0 lt (ch cha sn cht xc tc vi th tch khng ng k) c gi nhit khng i. Khi phn ng t ti cn bng, p sut cc kh trong bnh bng 0,8 ln p sut ban u (khi mi cho cc cht vo bnh cha xy ra phn ng). Nng cc cht trng thi cn bng l 1 5 A. [ N 2 ] = (mol/l); [ H 2 ] = (mol/l); [ NH 3 ] = 1 (mol/l). 3 2 1 5 B. [ N 2 ] = (mol/l); [ H 2 ] = (mol/l); [ NH 3 ] = 1 (mol/l). 2 2 1 2 C. [ N 2 ] = (mol/l); [ H 2 ] = (mol/l); [ NH 3 ] = 1 (mol/l). 2 5 1 5 D. [ N 2 ] = (mol/l); [ H 2 ] = (mol/l); [ NH 3 ] = 1,5 (mol/l). 2 2 14. Oxi ha hon ton 14,3g hn hp bt cc kim loi Mg, Al, Zn bng oxi thu c 22,3g hn hp oxit. Cho lng oxit ny tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl th khi lng mui to ra l: A. 36,6g B. 32,05g C. 49,8g D. 48,9g 15. Ha tan hon ton 4,5g bt Al vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c hn hp kh X gm NO v N2O v dung dch Y. Khi lng mui nitrat to ra trong dung dch Y l: A. 36,5 g B. 35,6g C. 35,5g D. khng xc nh c v khng cho bit t l mol gia NO v N2O 16. Cho 2,06 g hn hp gm Fe, Cu tc dng vi dd HNO3 long, d thu c 0,986 lt NO (ktc). Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l: A. 9,5g B. 7,44g C. 7,02g D. 4,54g 17. in phn 200 ml dd KOH 2M (d = 1,1g/ml) vi in cc tr v mng ngn xp. Khi catot thot ra 22,4 lt kh (ktc). th dng in phn (bit rng H2O bay hi khng ng k). Dung dch sau in phn c nng phn trm l: A. 11,73% B. 10,18% C. 10,9% D. 38,09% 18. Phng trnh ha hc no sau y Gii thch vic dng vi xy tng? A. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O B. Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH C. CaO + CO2 CaCO3 D. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O. 19. Cho 20g hn hp Al, Cu cha 27% Al tc dng vi dd NaOH d th th tch H2 sinh ra ktc l: A.3,36 lt B. 6,72 lt C. 8,96 lt D. 13,44 lt 20. in phn nng chy 4,25g mui clorua ca mt kim loi kim thu c 1,568 lt kh 109,20C; 1atm ti anot. Kim loi kim l: A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb p n bi trc nghim t gii A D A B C D C C C . B . A . A . B . C . C . A . A . A . B . A
Chng 5. S in li
A. Mt s lu khi gii bi tp trc nghim phn in li I. S in li I.1. nh ngha: - S in li: l qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion.
- Cht in li: l nhng cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion. Do dung dch cht in li dn in c. Th d, NaCl l cht in li v n tan c trong nc v phn li ra ion Na+ v Cl-, ng khng phi l cht in li mc d n tan c trong nc nhng khng phn li ra cc ion. I.2. in li () v cht in li mnh, yu - in li (anpha) ca cht in li l t s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t ho tan (n0). n = ; 0 < 1, nu tnh theo phn trm th 0% < 100% no Th d, trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,043M, c 100 phn t CH3COOH ho tan th ch c 2 phn t phn 2 = 0,02 hay 2%. li ra ion, in li l: = 100 - Nu = 0, qu trnh in li khng xy ra, l cht khng in li. - Nu = 1, l cht in li mnh, khi tan trong nc cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion. Cc axit mnh nh HCl, HNO3..., cc baz mnh nh NaOH, KOH...v hu ht cc mui tan thuc loi cht in li mnh. Trong phng trnh in li ca cht in li mnh, ngi ta dng mi tn ch chiu ca qu trnh in li. Th d: Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH- Nu 0 < < 1, l cc cht in li yu, khi tan trong nc, ch c mt phn s phn t ho tan phn li ra ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch. Cc axit yu nh CH3COOH, H2S, H2CO3..., cc baz yu nh Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2...thuc loi cht in li yu. Trong phng trnh in li ca cht in li yu, ngi ta dng mi tn hai chiu ch chiu ca qu trnh in li. Th d: CH3COOH ' CH3COO- + H+ Hng s cn bng in li c k hiu Kin li Khi pha long dung dch, in li ca cc cht in li u tng. II. Axit, baz, mui v pH II.1. Thuyt axit-baz ca Areniut - Axit: l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+ Axit ch phn li mt nc ra ion H+ gi l axit mt nc, th d: HCl H+ + ClAxit m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+ gi l axit nhiu nc, th d: H2SO4 H+ + HSO4HSO4- ' H+ + SO42- Baz: l cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion OHBaz ch phn li mt nc ra ion OH- gi l baz mt nc, th d: NaOH Na+ + OHBaz m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion OH- l baz nhiu nc, th d: Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)+ + OHCa(OH)+ ' Ca2+ + OH- Hiroxit lng tnh: l cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz. Th d: Zn(OH)2 ' Zn2+ + 2OH- (phn li kiu baz) Zn(OH)2 (hay H2ZnO2) ' 2H+ + ZnO22Hiroxit lng tnh thng gp l: Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Sn(OH)2. II.2. Thuyt axit-baz ca Bron-stt - nh ngha: axit l cht nhng proton (H+), baz l cht nhn proton Axit ' Baz + H+ Theo thuyt ny, H2O l hp cht lng tnh: H2O + H2O ' H3O+ + OH- Hng s phn li axit: S phn li ca axit yu trong nc l qu trnh thun nghch, hng s cn bng phn li axit ny c k hiu l Ka. Ging nh tnh cht ca hng s cn bng, Ka ch ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit . Th d, Ka ca axit CH3COOH c biu din nh sau: http://www.ebook.edu.vn
CH3COOH ' H+ + CH3COO+
Ka =
[ H + ][CH 3COO ] CH 3COOH

-
[ H 3O + ][CH 3COO ] hoc CH3COOH + H2O ' H3O + CH3COO Ka = CH 3COOH + trong [H ], [CH3COO ], [CH3COOH] l nng mol/l ca H+, CH3COO-, CH3COOH lc cn bng. Gi tr Ka ca axit cng nh, lc axit (tnh axit) ca n cng yu. Th d, 250C, Ka ca CH3COOH l 1,75.10-5 v ca HClO l 5.10-8. Vy lc axit ca HClO yu hn ca CH3COOH. - Hng s phn li baz: Hng s cn bng phn li baz c k hiu l Kb, n ch ph thuc vo bn cht baz v nhit . Gi tr Kb ca baz cng nh, lc baz (tnh baz) ca n cng yu.
[ NH 4 ][OH ] [ NH 3 ] - Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc NH4+) v anion gc axit. + Mui trung ho: l mui trong phn t khng cn kh nng phn li ra ion H+. Th d: K2SO4 2K+ + SO42+ Mui axit: l mui trong phn t vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra ion H+ Th d: NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- ' H+ + CO32Ch : Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2 vn cn hiro trong phn t nhng khng phi l mui axit + Mui phc tp: mui kp, th d NaCl.KCl; mui phc, th d [Ag(NH3)2]Cl NaCl.KCl Na+ + K+ + 2Cl[Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl[Ag(NH3)2]+ ' Ag+ + 2NH3 Kt lun: Thuyt axit-baz ca Bron-stt tng qut hn thuyt axit-baz ca Areniut v c tnh nh lng (da vo Ka, Kb ta bit lc axit v lc baz). II.3. Khi nim v pH - Tch s ion ca nc: K H 2O = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 250C, l hng s nhit khng i. Trong dung dch
Th d: NH3 + H2O ' NH4+ + OH- c Kb = long ca cc cht khc nhau 250C lun c [H+][OH-] = 10-14. Do , bit c nng H+ trong dung dch, ta s tnh c nng OH- trong dung dch v ngc li. Th d: trong dung dch c nng H+ = 10-3M th nng OH- l: [OH-] = 10-14/ [H+] = 10-14/ 10-3 = 10-11. - Quy c pH = -lg[H+] hay [H+] = 10-pH th nu [H+] = 10-a, pH = a + Mi trng trung tnh, [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7, pH =7 + Mi trng axit: [H+] > 10-7 nn pH <7 + Mi trng baz: [H+] < 10-7 nn pH >7 III. Phn ng trao i ion III.1. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion - Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta: Th d, phng trnh phn t: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl + Phng trnh ion y : 2Na + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2Cl- BaSO4 + 2Na+ + 2ClPhng trnh ion rt gn: SO42- + Ba2 BaSO4 - Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu: + Phn ng to thnh nc: Th d: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Phng trnh ion rt gn: OH- + H+ H2O + Phn ng to thnh axit yu: Th d: HCl + CH3COONa NaCl + CH3COOH Phng trnh ion rt gn: H+ + CH3COO- CH3COOH - Phn ng to thnh cht kh: Th d: Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 Phng trnh ion rt gn: CO32- +2H+ H2O + CO2 Kt lun: Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi c t nht mt trong cc iu kin: to thnh cht kt ta, to thnh cht kh, to thnh cht in li yu. III.2. Phn ng thu phn ca mui
+
- Khi nim v s thu phn ca mui: phn ng trao i ion gia mui ho tan v nc l phn ng thu phn ca mui. - Phn ng thu phn ca nc: nc nguyn cht c pH = 7, i a s phn ng thu phn lm thay i pH ca nc. + Mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz mnh v gc axit yu, khi tan trong nc gc axit yu b thu phn, mi trng ca dung dch l kim (pH >7). Th d CH3COONa, K2S, Na2CO3. + Mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz yu v gc axit mnh, khi tan trong nc, cation ca baz yu b thu phn lm cho dung dch c tnh axit (pH <7). Th d NH4Cl, FeCl3, ZnBr2. Th d, dung dch NH4Cl c pH < 7 c Gii thch nh sau: NH4Cl NH4+ + ClNH4+ + H2O ' NH3 + H3O+ Cc cation H+ c gii phng, nn mi trng c pH < 7 + Mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz mnh v gc axit mnh, khi tan trong nc khng b thu phn, mi trng ca dung dch vn trung tnh (pH = 7). Th d, NaCl, KNO3, KI. + Mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz yu v gc axit yu, khi tan trong nc, cation ca baz yu v axit yu u b thu phn. Mi trng l axit hay kim ph thuc vo thu phn ca 2 mui . Th d, (NH4)2CO3, Al2S3. + Mui axit nh NaHCO3, KH2PO4, K2HPO4 khi ho tan vo nc phn li ra cc anion HCO3-, H2PO4-, HPO42-, cc ion ny l lng tnh, chng phn ng vi nc nn mi trng ca dung dch tu thuc vo bn cht ca anion. B. Bi tp trc nghim c li gii 1. Cht in li mnh c in li A. > 1. B. < 1. C. =1. D. 0 < < 1. Hy chn phng n ng p n C 2. Cht in li yu c in li B. < 0. C. = 0. D. 0 < < 1. A. = 1. Hy chn phng n ng p n D 3. Cn bng sau tn ti trong dung dch: CH3COOH ' CH3COO- + H+ nhit khng i, in li ca CH3COOH s bin i nh th no khi pha long dung dch? A. tng B. gim C. khng i D. c th tng hoc gim Hy chn phng n ng p n A 4. Khi ni axit CH3COOH c lc axit mnh hn lc axit ca axit HClO c ngha l: A. Nng mol ca dung dch CH3COOH ln hn nng mol ca dung dch HClO. B. Nu hai axit c cng nng mol th nng mol ca H+ trong dung dch CH3COOH ln hn C. Tch s hng s phn li axit ca CH3COOH v HClO lun ln hn 10-14 D. Nng phn trm ca dung dch CH3COOH ln hn nng phn trm ca dung dch HClO Hy chn phng n ng p n B 5. Nc ng vai tr g trong qu trnh in li cc cht tan trong nc? A. Mi trng in li. B. Dung mi khng phn cc. C. Dung mi phn cc. D. To lin kt hiro vi cc cht tan. p n C 6. Cho cc axit sau: (1). H3PO4 (Ka = 7,6.10-3) (2). HOCl (Ka = 5.10-8) -5 (3). CH3COOH (Ka = 1,8.10 ) (4). HSO4- (Ka = 10-2) Sp xp mnh ca cc axit theo th t tng dn: A. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) B. (4) < (2) < (3) < (1) C. (2) < (3) < (1) < (4) D. (3) < (2) < (1) < (4) p n C Hng s phn li axit Ka cng ln th tnh axit cng mnh.
A. B. C. D.
7. Dung dch A c a mol NH4+, b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42- v d mol HCO3-. Biu thc no biu th s lin quan gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng? A. a + 2b = c + d B. a + 2b = 2c + d C. a + b = 2c + d D. a + b = c + d p n B Trong dung dch, tng i s cc in tch dng lun bng tng i s cc in tch m. 8. Cho hai dung dch CH3COOH (Ka = 1,75.10-5) v HNO2 (Ka = 4.10-4) c nng mol bng nhau. Khi qu trnh in li trong 2 dung dch trng thi cn bng, nh gi no di y l ng? [H+] trong dung dch CH3COOH > [H+] trong dung dch HNO2 [H+] trong dung dch CH3COOH < [H+] trong dung dch HNO2 pH ca dung dch CH3COOH < pH ca dung dch HNO2 [CH3COO-] > [NO2-] p n B HNO2 c Ka ln hn, do khi so snh hai dung dch axit cng nng mol/L, [H+] ca CH3COOH < [H+] ca HNO2. 9. i vi dung dch axit yu HNO2 0,01M, nu b qua s in li ca nc, nh gi no di y l ng? A. pH =2 B. pH = 1 C. pH < 2 D. 2 < pH < 7 p n D 10. iu no sau y l ng? 250C, in li ca CH3COOH cc nng khc nhau thay i nh th no? A. 0,5M > 1M >2M B. 1M > 2M > 0,5M C. 2M > 1M > 0,5M D. Tt c u sai. p n A i vi cc cht in li yu nh CH3COOH, nhit khng i, khi pha long dung dch th in li tng. 11. Cn bng sau tn ti trong dung dch: CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO in li ca axit s tng khi no? A. Khi nh vi git dung dch HCl B. Khi nh vi git NaOH C. Khi tng nng dung dch D. Nh vi git CH3COONa p n B Cn bng in li l mt cn bng ng. S dch chuyn cn bng in li tun theo nguyn l L-sa-t-lie, khi thm NaOH lm gim [H+], do in li s tng. 12. Cht no sau y l hiroxit lng tnh theo Areniuyt? A. Zn(OH)2 B. Sn(OH)2 C. Al(OH)3 D. C A, B, C. p n D 13. Ch ra tr li sai v pH? A. pH = - lg[H+] B. [H+] = 10a th pH = a C. pH + pOH = 14 D. [H+] . [OH-] = 10-14 p n B 14. Chn tr li ng? Dung dch CH3COONa tan trong nc c A. pH >7 B. pH = 7 C. pH <7 D. Khng xc nh c p n A Dung dch CH3COONa c pH > 7 c gii thch nh sau: CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ CH3COO- + H2O ' CH3COOH + OHcc anion OH- c gii phng, nn mi trng c pH > 7 15. iu no sau y l ng? A. Dung dch FeCl3 c pH > 7 B. Dung dch FeCl3 c pH = 7 C. Dung dch FeCl3 c pH < 7 D. Khng xc nh c. p n C FeCl3 l mui ca baz yu v axit mnh, khi thy phn to ra mi trng axit, do pH < 7. 16. Khi ho tan trong nc, cht no lm cho qu tm chuyn mu xanh? A. NaCl B. NH4Cl C. Na2CO3 D. A, B ng http://www.ebook.edu.vn
p n C Na2CO3 l mui ca baz mnh v axit yu. Khi thy phn cho mi trng baz, do pH > 7. 17. Dung dch thu c khi trn ln 200 ml dd NaCl 0,2M v 300 ml dd Na2SO4 0,2M c nng [Na+] l bao nhiu? A. 0,23M B. 0,32M C. 0,22M D. 0,13M p n B Hng dn gii Tng s mol Na+ = 0,2.0,2 + 2.0,3.0,2=0,16(mol) 0,16 [Na+] = = 0,32M 0,5 18. Dung dch thu c khi trn ln 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,3M vi 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,05M c pH l bao nhiu? B qua hiu ng th tch. A. 7 B. 12 C. 13 D. 1. p n C Hng dn gii nH SO = 0, 2 0,05 = 0,01 (mol); nNaOH = 0, 2 0,3 = 0,06 (mol)
2 4
Phng trnh ha hc H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 1mol 2mol 0,01 0,02 nh vy NaOH cn d = 0,06-0,02=0,04 (mol) 0,04 1014 [OH-]=[NaOH] = =0,1M = 10-1. Tch s ion ca nc [H+][OH-] = 10-14, do [H+] = = 10-13 hay 101 0, 4 pH = 13. 19. Ho tan 80 gam CuSO4 vo mt lng nc va c 500 ml dung dch X. Th tch dung dch KOH 1M lm kt ta ht ion Cu2+ trong 100ml dung dch X l bao nhiu? A. 0,2 lt B. 0,1 lt C. 0,15 lt D. 1,5 lt p n A Hng dn gii Phng trnh ha hc CuSO4 + 2KOH Cu(OH)2 + K2SO4 80 nCuSO = = 0,1 mol; Suy ra s mol KOH cn thit l 0,2mol. 160 5 0, 2 VKOH = = 0,2 lt 1 20. C 10 ml dung dch HCl, pH = 3. Thm vo nc ct v khuy u c dung dch mi c th tch x ml, pH = 4. Hi x c gi tr no sau y? A. 10 ml B. 90 ml C. 100 ml D. 40 ml p n C
4
C. Trc nghim t gii 1. Hiroxit no sau y c tnh cht lng tnh? A. Zn(OH)2 B. Pb(OH)2 C. Al(OH)3 D. C A, B, C 2. Mui axit l: A. mui c kh nng phn ng vi baz B. mui vn cn hiro trong phn t C. mui to bi baz yu v axit mnh D. mui vn cn hiro c kh nng thay th bi kim loi 3. Cu no sai khi ni v pH v pOH ca dung dch? A. pH = - lg[H+] B. [H+] = 10a th pH = a C. pOH = - lg[OH-] D. pH + pOH = 14 4. Trong cc cht sau, cht no l cht t in li? A. H2O B. HCl C. NaOH D. NaCl 5. Cho cc dung dch c nh s th t nh sau: 1. KCl 2. Na2CO3 3. CuSO4 4. CH3COOONa 5. Al2(SO4)3 6. NH4Cl 7. NaBr 8. K2S Chn phng n trong cc dung dch u c pH < 7? A. 1, 2 , 3 B. 3 , 5, 6 C. 6, 7, 8 D. 2, 4, 6 6. Theo nh ngha v axit - baz ca Bron-stet c bao nhiu ion trong s cc ion sau y l baz: Na+ , Cl- , CO32- , HCO3- , CH3COO- , NH4+ , S2-? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 7. Trong dung dch Al2(SO4)3 long c cha 0,6 mol SO42- , th trong dung dch c cha: A. 0,2 mol Al2(SO4)3 B. 0,4 mol Al3+ C. 1,8 mol Al2(SO4)3 D. C A v B u ng. 8. Cho hn hp gm ba kim loi A, B, C c khi lng 2,17 g tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl to ra 1,68 lt kh H2 (ktC. . Khi lng mui clorua trong dung dch sau phn ng l: A. 7,945 g B. 7,495 g C. 7,594 g D. 7,549g 9. Cho 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp kh N2O v CO2 t t qua bnh ng nc vi trong d thy c 1,12 lt (ktC). kh thot ra. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp l: A. 25% v 75% B. 33,33% v 66,67% C. 45% v 55% D. 40% v 60%. 10. Sc kh clo vo dung dch hn hp cha NaBr v NaI n phn ng hon ton thu c 1,17 g NaCl. Tng s mol NaBr v NaI c trong hn hp ban u l: A. 0,015 mol B. 0,02 mol C. 0,025 mol D. 0,03 mol 11. Trn ln 100 ml dung dch KOH 1 M vi 50 ml dung dch H3PO4 1 M th nng mol ca mui trong dung dch thu c l: A. 0,33 M B. 0,66 M C. 0,44 M D. 1,1 M 12. Trn 20 ml dung dch HCl 0,05 M vi 20 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,075 M. Nu coi th tch sau khi pha trn bng tng th tch ca hai dung dch u th pH ca dung dch thu c l: A.1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 1,5 13. dn in ca dung dch axit CH3COOH thay i nh th no nu tng nng ca axit t 0% n 100%? A. dn in tng t l thun vi nng axit B. dn in gim C. Ban u dn in tng, sau gim D. Ban u dn in gim, sau tng. 14. Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no trong nc ng vai tr l mt axit Bron-stet? A. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl+ B. NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH
C. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4. 5H2O D. H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4http://www.ebook.edu.vn
15. Cht no sau y l cht in li? A. Etanol B. Nc nguyn cht C. Axit sunfuric D. Glucoz. 2+ 16. Dung dch X c cha: a mol Ca , b mol Mg2+, c mol Cl- v d mol NO3-. Biu thc no sau y ng? A. 2a. 2b = c + d B. 2a + 2b = c + d C. 2a + 2b = C. d D. a + b = 2c + 2d. 17. S no sau y Gii thch y tnh dn in ca dd HCl? A. H+ - Cl B. ... H+ - Cl- ... H+ - Cl- ... H+ - Cl- ... C. H+ O2 -... H+ - ClH+ D. H+ O2 -... H+ - Cl- H3O+ + ClH+ 18. Th tch (ml) ca dung dch NaOH 0,3 M cn trung ha 3 lt dung dch HCl 0,01 M l: A. 0,1 B. 1 C. 10 D. 100 19. Cho a mol NO2 hp th hon ton vo dung dch cha a mol NaOH, pH ca dung dch thu c l: A. 7 B. 0 C. > 7 D. < 7. 20. Cho V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th hon ton bi 2,0 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,015 M thu c 1,97 g BaCO3 kt ta. V c gi tr l: A. 0,244 lt B. 1,12 lt. C. 0,448 lt D. 0,244 hay 1,12 lt 21. Mt dung dch cha 0,1mol Na+, 0,15mol Mg2+, 0,05mol Cl-, 0,05mol HCO3- v a mol SO42-. Gi tr no ca a sau y l ng? A. 0,05mol B. 0,10mol C. 0,15mol D. 0,20 mol 22. Mt dung dch X cha 0,15 mol Na+, 0,10 mol Mg2+, 0,05 mol Cl-, 0,10 mol HCO3- v a mol SO42-. Cn thm V lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M thu c lng kt ta ln nht. a) Gi tr ca V l bao nhiu? A. 0,05 L B. 0,10 L C.0,15 L D. 0,20 L b) Nu th tch dung dch thu c sau phn ng l 1,0 lt th pH ca dung dch l A. pH =13 B. pH =12 C. pH = 11 D. pH =10 23. Dung dch axit mnh HCl 0,10 M c: A. pH = 1,0 B. pH < 1,0 C. pH > 1,0 D. [H+] > 0,20 M 24. Th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 5,6 lt kh SO2 (ktc) l: A. 250 ml B. 500 ml C. 125 ml D. 175 ml 25. Ha tan hon ton 25g CuSO4.5H2O vo nc c 200ml dung dch. Th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn kt ta ht ion Cu2+ trong dung dch trn l bao nhiu lt? A. 0,5 lt B. 0,4 lt C. 0,3 lt D. 0,2 lt p n bi tp trc nghim t gii D D B A B C D B A . B . A . A . C . B . C . B . D . D . C . D . C . a) D . A . C . D b) A

Chương 1 NguyEn T

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chương 1 NguyEn T

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chng 1.

V(that = 7,14.74% = 5,28 mol Cu )

5, 28 = 0,88.1023 (cm3 ) 23 6, 02.10

Vy bn knh nguyn t Cu:

M nguyn t Al = 27.1, 66.1024 ( g ) d nguyn t Al

Thc t Vnguyn t chim 74% th tch tinh th. Vy d thc t ca Al l:

A 6, 023.10 .(4 / 3).3,14.(1,5.1013. A1/ 3 )3

3 3 1023 1,97.10-8cm p n C 4 3,14

Hy chn phng n ng. Hng dn gii

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c Cu 65 0,546 63,546

17. Mt loi kh clo c cha 2 ng v

Cl ; 35% Hy chn phng n ng.

Hng dn gii 37 Cl (x) , 17 Cl (100 - x )

Vy MAgCl = 108 + MCl =

31,57 = 143,5 M Cl = 143,5-108=35,5 0,22

C. 1,9927.10-24g Hy chn phng n ng.

Chng 2. Bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc

2p + 4 7 = hay: 4(2p + 4) = 7xp. 8 2xp ,

MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (mol): b b

98.x.100 = 560x (gam). 17,5

(M + 96)x 20 = . (M + 16)x + 560x 100

M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2 (mol): a

M + H2O M OH + 1/2 H2 Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng : mhh + m H 2O = mdd M + m H 2

0,3 = 0,15 ( mol ) 2 = 2. n H 2 = 0,15. 2 = 0,3 ( mol )

mM 8,5 = = 28,33g nM 0,3

p n cu trc nghim t gii B A A A . D . C . . B . B .

B. Lin kt cng ha tr D. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc Hng dn gii

l 42; Suy ra:

2pR +3pB =50 p B =

Chng 4. Phn ng ha hc tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc

2H+1 + 2x1e (qu trnh oxi ho)

Th d 2: Phn ng oxi ho - kh trong cht oxi ho (kh) cn c vai tr lm mi trng

CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O

CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ho, cht oxi ho, cht kh

V : tc trung bnh C: bin thin nng t: bin thin thi gian

3Fe3O4 3mol 0,3mol V=

Hng dn gii + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 28mol 0,3 28 x= = 2,8mol 3

mdd HCl = 100,8.1,19 = 119,952 (gam)

0,6 .35,5 =21,3 (gam) 2

m2 mui = 15,4 +21,3 = 36,7 (gam) p n A

CH3COOH ' H+ + CH3COO+

[ H + ][CH 3COO ] CH 3COOH

C. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4. 5H2O D. H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4http://www.ebook.edu.vn

You might also like