1

MC LC
DANH MC CC T VIT TT DANH MC HNH V, BNG BIU, TH CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CHUI CUNG NG V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG .......................................................................................................... 7
1.1. 1.2. Khi qut chung v chui cung ng ..................................................................................... 7 Qun tr chui cung ng ......................................................................................................10 Khi nim: ....................................................................................................................10 Lch s pht trin ca qun tr chui cung ng: .......................................................11 Ni dung ca qun tr chui cung ng: ......................................................................14 Cu trc chui cung ng .............................................................................................20

1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.3.

Quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng: ...................................................................................24 Lp k hoch.................................................................................................................24 Tm ngun cung ng ....................................................................................................28 Sn xut .........................................................................................................................30 Phn phi ......................................................................................................................32

1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.3.4.

CHNG 2: QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG CA TP ON BN L WAL-MART ....................................................................................................... 35

2.1. Vi nt v tp on bn l Wal-mart .................................................................................35 Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca Wal-mart ..........................................................35 Hot ng kinh doanh ca Wal-mart.........................................................................35 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.2.

Qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart ..................................................38 Qun tr h thng thng tin v cc ng dng cng ngh ..........................................38 Qun tr ngun hng ....................................................................................................46 Qun tr logistics ..........................................................................................................48 Qun tr tn kho ...........................................................................................................51

2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.3.

nh gi v hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart............57

CHNG 3: BI HC KINH NGHIM V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG CHO CC DOANH NGHIP BN L VIT NAM .......................................... 61
3.1. Tng quan v th trng bn l Vit Nam hin nay ..........................................................61 Nhng doanh nghip bn l nc ngoi Vit Nam ................................................62 3.1.1.

2 3.1.2. 3.2. Cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam ............................................................................64

Thc trng qun tr chui cung ng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam ................65 Qun l thng tin..........................................................................................................65 Hot ng qun tr mua hng v nh cung cp ........................................................66 Qun tr Logistics .........................................................................................................68 Qun tr tn kho ...........................................................................................................69

3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4.

3.3. Mt s bi hc kinh nghim t hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam .................................................................................................70

KT LUN.......................................................................................................... 79 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................... 81

LI M U
1. L do chn ti Khi nim Qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) ln u xut hin vo nhng nm 1980, v ph bin trn th gii vo nhng nm 1990. T , quy trnh ny tr nn quen thuc v c p dng thnh cng vo rt nhiu cng ty ln nh: Dell, Toyota, v c bit l Wal-mart. Nh vo thnh cng trong qun tr chui cung ng, t c c li th v chi ph v gi c so vi cc i th cnh tranh m Wal-mart nhanh chng tr thnh mt ch bn l khng l nht trn th gii. Trong khi , Vit Nam hin nay khi nim SCM c nhc n nhiu, cc doanh nghip cng bt u ch ti, tuy nhin hiu r SCM l g, lm th no xy dng v qun tr chui cung ng thnh cng th hu ht cc doanh nghip vn ang bn khon. Thc trng cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong lnh vc bn l hin nay l mt in hnh. T sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, v c bit t nm 2009 Vit Nam m ca hon ton th trng bn l cho cc doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi vo, th cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam mi tht s lo s mt v th trn th trng. V mt gii php cn thit nhm gip cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam gi vng th trng chnh l qun tr hiu qu chui cung ng. Vi mong mun gip cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam lm r cc vn c lin quan n qun tr chui cung ng, ti la chn ti Qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart v bi hc kinh nghim cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam. 2. i tng v phm vi nghin cu i tng nghin cu ca kha lun l hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart.

Phm vi nghin cu: V ni dung: bi lun lm r cc vn v qun tr chui cung ng, hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart, t xut mt s bi hc v qun tr chui cung ng cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam. V khng gian: phm vi tm hiu l tp on bn l Wal-mart, cc cng ty bn l Vit Nam. 3. Mc ch nghin cu Mc ch ca bi lun l nghin cu vn qun tr chui cung ng t l thuyt ti thc tin p dng ti tp on Wal-mart nhm a ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam 4. Nhim v nghin cu t c mc ch nghin cu nh trn, nhim v nghin cu ca bi lun gm: Lm r nhng vn c bn v chui cung ng, qun tr chui cung ng, cng nh quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng. Phn tch hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart. Tm hiu v thc trng qun tr chui cung ng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam. xut mt s bi hc kinh nghim cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam t thnh cng ca Wal-mart trong hot ng qun tr chui cung ng. 5. Phng php nghin cu Phng php thu thp v x l thng tin t: sch bo, internet Phng php phn tch, tng hp, so snh

6. B cc kha lun: kha lun gm 3 chng Chng 1: Tng quan v chui cung ng v qun tr chui cung ng. Chng 2: Qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart. Chng 3: Bi hc kinh nghim v qun tr chui cung ng cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam.

Trong qu trnh nghin cu, ti nhn c s gip , hng dn nhit tnh ca qu thy c trng i hc Ngoi Thng. c bit, ti xin gi li cm n su sc ti ngi thy tn tnh gip , ch bo ti GS, TS Hong Vn Chu. H Ni, thng 5 nm 2012

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CHUI CUNG NG V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG

1.1. Khi qut chung v chui cung ng Ngy nay, thnh cng trong bt k mi trng kinh doanh no, cc doanh nghip khng ch tp trung vo hot ng ca ring mnh m phi tham gia vo cng vic kinh doanh ca nh cung cp cng nh khch hng ca n. Bi l, khi doanh nghip mun p ng sn phm hoc dch v cho khch hng, h buc phi quan tm su sc hn ti dng dch chuyn ca nguyn vt liu, cch thc thit k, ng gi sn phm, v dch v ca nh cung cp, cch thc vn chuyn, bo qun sn phm, v nhng mong i thc s ca ngi tiu dng, hoc khch hng cui cng. Cnh tranh c tnh ton cu ngy cng khc lit, chu k sng ca sn phm mi ngy cng ngn hn, mc k vng ca khch hng ngy cng cao hn, thc p cc doanh nghip phi u t v tp trung nhiu hn vo chui cung ng ca mnh. Thm vo , nhng tin b lin tc v i mi trong cng ngh truyn thng v vn ti, thc y s pht trin khng ngng ca chui cung ng v nhng k thut qun l chui cung ng. Vy, chui cung ng l g? Chui cung ng bao gm mi cng on c lin quan trc tip hay gin tip n vic p ng nhu cu khch hng. Chui cung ng khng ch gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn gm nh vn chuyn, kho, ngi bn l v bn thn khch hng1 (Sunil Chopra, Pete Meindl, 2007). Trong mi mt t chc, nh nh sn xut, chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc chc nng lin quan ti vic nhn v hon thnh n hng. Nhng chc nng ny bao hm v khng b hn ch trong vic pht trin sn phm mi, marketing, sn xut, phn phi, ti chnh v dch v khch hng.

Sunil Chopra, Pete Meindl, 2007, Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Chui cung ng l s lin kt vi cc cng ty nhm a sn phm hay dch v vo th trng.2 (Stock v Elleam, 1998) Chui cung ng l mt mng li cc la chn sn xut v phn phi nhm thc hin cc chc nng thu mua nguyn liu, chuyn i nguyn liu thnh bn thnh phm v thnh phm, v phn phi chng cho khch hng3 (Ganesham, Ran and Terry P.Harrison, 1995). Hy xem xt mt v d, mt khch hng i siu th Hapro tm mua loi c ph ha tan 3 trong 1 ca Trung Nguyn. Chui cung ng bt u vi khch hng ny v nhu cu v c ph ha tan. Tip theo , chui cung ng tip tc vi siu th Hapro m khch hng la chn. Ti , siu th Hapro lu kho mt lng sn phm c ph ha tan phc v nhu cu ca khch hng. Sn phm c ph c th do mt cng ty phn phi cung cp cho siu th hoc c th c cung cp trc tip bi nh sn xut l cng ty Trung Nguyn. Cng ty Trung Nguyn, sn xut ra sn phm, phi mua nguyn liu l c ph s ch t cc nh cung cp khc. Cn nhng nh cung cp ny li nhn nguyn liu l c ph ht t nhng ngi trng c ph. Chui cung ng cn bao gm nhng cng ty xn xut bao b bao gi sn phm c ph do Trung Nguyn sn xut. Chui cung ng ny, c minh ha ti hnh 1.1 nh sau:

Lambert, Stock v Elleam , 1998, Fundaments of Logistics Management, Boston MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
3

Ganesham, Ran and Terry P.Harrison, 1995, An introduction to supply chain management.

Ngi trng c Wal-mart ph

Cng ty s ch c ph ht
Cng ty c ph Trung Nguyn

Nh phn phi c ph ha tan

Cng ty ha cht

Cng ty sn xut bao b Siu th Hapro Khch hng

Hnh 1.1: Cc giai on ca chui cung ng c ph Chui cung ng lun hm cha tnh nng ng v lin quan ti nhng dng lin tc v thng tin, sn phm v ti chnh gia cc giai on khc nhau. Trong v d trn, Hapro cung cp nhng thng tin v sn phm, gi c, cng nh cc thng tin sn c ca sn phm cho khch hng. Khch hng tr tin cho Hapro. Hapro s truyn ti d liu bn hng cng nh n t hng n nh kho hoc nh phn phi, v h s chuyn hng n ca hng. i li, Hapro s chuyn tin cho nh phn phi sau khi nhn c hng. Nh cung cp cng thng tin v gi c cng nh lch trnh giao hng cho Hapro. C nh th, dng thng tin, nguyn vt liu v ti chnh s lun chuyn trong ton b chui cung ng. Khch hng l thnh t tin quyt ca chui cung ng. Mc ch then cht cho s hin hu ca bt k chui cung ng no l tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng, trong qu trnh to ra li nhun cho chnh chui cung ng . Thut ng chui cung ng gi nn hnh nh sn phm hoc vic cung cp dch chuyn t nh cung cp n nh sn xut, n nh phn phi, n nh bn l, v n khch hng dc theo chui

10

cung ng. iu quan trng l phi hiu rng, dng thng tin, sn phm, v ti chnh lun dch chuyn dc c hai hng ca chui. 1.2. Qun tr chui cung ng 1.2.1. Khi nim: C rt nhiu nh ngha v qun tr chui cung ng. Theo Vin Qun Tr Chui Cung ng Hoa K m t qun tr chui cung ng l vic thit k v qun l cc tin trnh xuyn sut, to gi tr cho cc t chc p ng nhu cu thc s ca khch hng cui cng. S pht trin v tch hp ngun lc con ngi l yu t then cht cho vic tch hp chui cung ng thnh cng.4 Theo Hi ng Chui Cung ng th qun tr chui cung ng l vic qun l cung v cu, xc nh ngun nguyn vt liu v chi tit, sn xut v lp rp, kim tra kho hng v tn kho, tip nhn n hng v qun l n hng, phn phi qua cc knh v phn phi n khch hng cui cng.5 Theo Hi ng Qun Tr Logistics th qun tr chui cung ng l ..s phi hp chin lc v h thng cc chc nng kinh doanh truyn thng v cc sch lc xuyn sut cc chc nng ny trong mt cng ty c th v gia cc doanh nghip trong chui cung ng vi mc ch ci thin thnh tch di hn ca cc cng ty n l v ca c chui cung ng6. T cc nh ngha trn c th rt ra mt nh ngha chung nht v qun tr chui cung ng: Qun tr chui cung ng l s phi hp ca sn xut, tn kho, a im v vn chuyn gia cc thnh vin trong chui cung ng nhm p ng nhp nhng v hiu qu cc nhu cu ca th trng.
4

The Institute for supply management: http://www.ism.ws/glossary/?navItemNumber=7800 Courtesy of Supply chain Council, Inc., www.supply-chain.org Courtesy of the Council of Logistics Management.

11

im nht qun gia cc nh ngha trn l s phi hp v hp nht lng ln cc hot ng lin quan n sn phm trong s cc thnh vin ca chui cung cp nhm ci thin nng sut hot ng, cht lng, v dch v khch hng; nhm t c li th cnh tranh bn vng cho tt c cc t chc lin quan trong chui cung ng. V th qun tr chui cung ng thnh cng, cc doanh nghip phi tch cc chia s cc thng tin c lin quan nh: d bo nhu cu, k hoch sn sut, cc chin lc marketing, vic ci tin sn phm v dch v, vic p dng cng ngh mi, k hoch thu mua, ngy giao hng, v bt k thng tin no tc ng n cc k hoch phn phi, sn xut, v thu mua. 1.2.2. Lch s pht trin ca qun tr chui cung ng: Trong sut thp nin 1950 v 1960, cc cng ty ca M p dng cng ngh sn xut hng lot ct gim chi ph v ci tin nng sut, trong khi t ch n vic to mi quan h vi nh cung cp, ci thin vic thit k quy trnh v tnh linh hot, hoc ci thin cht lng sn phm. Thit k v pht trin sn phm mi din ra chm chp, l thuc ch yu vo ngun lc ni b, cng ngh v cng sut. Chia s cng ngh chuyn mn thng qua s cng tc gia ngi mua v ngi bn l thut ng him nghe giai on ny. Tn kho trong sn xut tng cao do cc nh my tng cng tn kho my mc hot ng thng sut v cn i dng nguyn vt liu. Trong thp nin 1960 v 1970, h thng hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu (MRP) v h thng hoch nh ngun lc sn xut (MRPII) c pht trin; tm quan trng ca qun tr nguyn vt liu hin qu cng c nhn mnh. Cc phn mm kim sot tn kho ngy cng hiu qu do s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin gim ng k chi ph tn kho trong khi vn ci thin truyn thng ni b v nhu cu ca cc chi tit cn mua cng nh ngun cung. Thp nin 1980 c xem nh l thi k nn mng cho qun tr chui cung ng. Thut ng qun tr chui cung ng ln u tin c s dng rng ri trn nhiu tp ch M. Cnh tranh trn th trng ton cu ngy cng tr nn khc lit vo u

12

Gia tng nng lc chui cung ng

M rng v hnh thnh mi quan h chui cung ng JIT, TQM, BPR, lin minh nh cung cp v khch hng Qun tr tn kho v kim sot chi ph

Sn xut khi lng ln truyn thng

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Tng lai

Hnh 1.2: Nhng s kin lch s v qun tr chui cung ng7 Ngun: Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2009,

Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2009, Principles of Supply Chain management: A Balanced Approach, tr.12, SouthWestern.

13

thp nin 1980 gy p lc ti cc nh sn xut ct gim chi ph, nng cao cht lng sn phm, v gia tng mc phc v khch hng. JIT v chin lc qun tr cht lng ton din TQM c cc hng sn xut p dng nhm ci thin cht lng, nng cao hiu sut, v thi gian giao hng. Cng vi vic s dng t tn kho lm m cho lch trnh sn xut, cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy li ch tim tng v tm quan trng ca mi quan h chin lc v hp tc gia nh cung cp-ngi muakhch hng. gii quyt nhng thch thc ang gia tng vo u thp nin 1990 v ci thin cht lng, hiu qu sn xut, dch v khch hng v thit k, pht trin sn phm mi, cc nh sn xut bt u mua sn phm t cc nh cung cp cht lng cao, c danh ting, v c chng thc. Bn cnh , cc hng sn xut ku gi cc nh cung cp tham gia vo vic thit k, pht trin sn phm mi, cng nh ng gp kin nhm ci thin dch v, cht lng, v gim chi ph chung. Nh , doanh s ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tng thng qua s ci tin cht lng, phn phi, v thit k sn phm, cng nh gim chi ph nh vo vic quan tm nhiu n tin trnh, nguyn vt liu, v cc linh kin trong qu trnh sn xut. Nhiu lin minh gia nh cung cp-ngi mua thnh cng. Vo cui nhng nm 1990, qun tr chui cung ng tr nn ph bin hn, nh l ngun lc to ra li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Trong thi gian , cc hc gi, cc nh qun tr bt u nhn thc su sc hn s khc bit gia logistics v qun tr chui cung ng. Phi ti thi im ny th qun tr chui cung ng mi c nhn nhn nh l hot ng hu cn bn ngoi doanh nghip. Khi ng dng cc sng kin ca qun tr chui cung ng, cc doanh nghip bt u hiu c s cn thit phi tch hp tt c cc quy trnh kinh doanh then cht gia cc bn tham gia trong chui cung ng, cho php chui cung ng hot ng thng nht. Tng t, cc doanh nghip cng nhn ra li ch trong vic to ra cc lin minh hay s cng tc vi khch hng. Trong tng lai, qun tr chui cung ng c th nhn mnh ti m rng chui cung ng, gia tng trch nhim ca chui v nhn mnh hn na vo chui cung ng xanh, cng nh ct gim ng k chi ph ca chui.

14

1.2.3. Ni dung ca qun tr chui cung ng: Mi chui cung ng d c quy m, cu trc, v nhu cu th trng ring, nhng nhn chung u c cu to t 5 thnh phn c bn: sn xut, tn kho, a im, vn ti, v thng tin.8( Michael Hugos, 2003)
1. Sn xut Sn xut ci g? Sn xut nh th no? Sn xut khi no? 5. Thng tin Nn tng ra quyt nh 2. Tn kho Sn xut bao nhiu? D tr bao nhiu

4. Vn ti Vn chuyn sn phm nh th no? Khi no?

3. a im Ni no tt nht cho hot ng no?

Hnh 1.3:

5 thnh phn chnh ca chui cung ng

1.2.3.1.

Sn xut

Sn xut chnh l kh nng to ra v lu tr sn phm ca chui cung ng. Nh my v nh kho l nhng c s vt cht trong sn xut. Vn c bn ca nhng nh qun l khi ra quyt nh sn xut l lm th no cn bng gia kh nng p ng
8

Michael Hugos, 2003, Essentials of Supply Chain Management, Ch.1: Basic Concepts of Supply Chain Management, tr.1 tr.41, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

15

nhanh cc nhu cu ca khch hng v tnh hiu qu trong hot ng sn xut. Nu phn xng v nh kho c thit k vi cng sut qu ln, cc doanh nghip c th linh hot v nhanh chng p ng c s thay i v nhu cu sn phm. Nu hu ht cng sut ca nh my v nh kho c s dng th chui cung ng kh c th phn ng kp thi vi s thay i nhu cu ca khch hng. Ni cch khc, cng sut d tha lm tiu tn tin ca, cng sut l cng sut v ch, khng mang li doanh thu. Do , cng sut cng d tha th vic sn xut cng km hiu qu. Cc nh my c th c xy dng thch nghi vi mt trong hai phng thc sn xut. Tp trung sn phm: Nh my thc hin mt lot cc hot ng to ra mt dng sn phm, t vic sn xut cc b phn khc nhau ca sn phm , ri lp rp cc b phn ny thnh mt sn phm hon chnh. Tp trung chc nng: phng php ny tp trung thc hin ch mt vi hot ng: hoc l ch sn xut mt nhm b phn ca sn phm hoc ch lp rp. Nhng chc nng ny c th c p dng sn xut nhiu li sn phm khc nhau. Phng thc tp trung sn phm thng dn n vic pht trin chuyn su v mt dng sn phm mc chi ph ging vi vic tp trung chuyn su vo mt chc nng c th. Cc cng ty phi quyt nh sn xut theo phng thc no hoc kt hp nhng g t hai cch thc sn xut t c cng sut v chuyn mn nh mong i, p ng tt nht nhu cu ca khch hng. Tng t, h thng nh kho cng cn c xy dng ph hp vi tng phng thc sn xut khc nhau. Sau y l ba phng php chnh trong vic lu kho sn phm: Lu kho theo n v: Theo phng php ny, tt c cc sn phm cng loi c lu kho chung vi nhau. y l cch lu kho hiu qu v d hiu.

16

Lu kho theo chc nng: Vi phng php ny, tt c nhng hng ha khc nhau nhng c lin quan n mt nhu cu no ca khch hng hoc mt lnh vc cng vic c lu kho chung vi nhau. Phng thc lu kho ny gip thun tin cho vic la chn v ng gi hng ha, nhng thng yu cu khng gian nh kho ln hn so vi phng thc lu kho theo n v.

Lu kho cho (cross-docking): l phng php c walmart s dng u tin nhm tng cng tnh hiu qu trong chui cung ng. S dng phng php ny, hng ha thc ra khng c lu kho. Thay vo , nh kho c s dng lm a im d lng ln nhng hng ha khc nhau t nhng xe ti ca nh cung cp. Nhng l hng ln ny c chia thnh nhng l hng nh hn. Nhng l hng nh cha nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau li c kt hp theo nhu cu hng ngy v nhanh chng bc ln xe vn chuyn n ni giao hng cui cng. 1.2.3.2. Tn kho

Hng tn kho bao gm nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm do nh sn xut, nh phn phi v ngi bn l tn tr dn tri trong sut chui cung ng. Mt ln na, cc nh qun l li phi quyt nh tn kho u nhm cn i gia tnh p ng v tnh hiu qu. Tn tr s lng ln hng tn kho cho php cng ty p ng nhanh chng nhng bin ng v nhu cu ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, vic xut hin v tn tr hng tn kho to ra mt chi ph ng k; v t hiu qu cao th chi ph tn kho nn thp nht c th. C 3 loi tn kho c bn: Tn kho chu k: l lng hng tn kho cn thit tha mn nhu cu v sn phm trong mt giai on gia cc k mua hng. Cc doanh nghip c xu hng sn xut hoc mua mt lng ln hng ha nhm t c hiu qu kinh t theo quy m. Tuy nhin, hng ha nhiu lm gia tng chi ph tn kho gm: chi ph lu kho, x l v bo him hng tn kho. Cc nh qun l phi c gng

17

cn bng gia vic t c chi ph t hng thp, gi r v vic gia tng chi ph tn kho khi mua hng vi khi lng ln. Tn kho an ton: l lng hng tn kho c lu tr nhm i ph vi s bt n. Nu d bo nhu cu c thc hin chnh xc th hng tn kho ch cn thit gi mc tn kho nh k. Tuy nhin, mi d bo u c sai s, v th i ph vi sai s trong trng hp nhu cu tng t bin so vi d bo th tn kho d phng l cn thit. y, cn phi cn nhc gia chi ph tn kho gia tng vi phn thua l do tn kho thiu. Tn kho theo ma: l lng tn kho c xy dng da trn c s d bo s gia tng nhu cu v hng ha din ra vo nhng thi k nht nh trong nm. V d, d bo rng nhu cu v o chng rt s tng mnh vo ma ng. Mt cng ty sn xut qun o mc cng sut nht nh, cng ty ny kh c th thay i cng sut khi ma ng n. V th cng ty s c gng sn xut o chng rt mt mc cng sut c nh trong nm, v lu kho sn phm trong sut thi k nhu cu v o rt thp, b cho giai on nhu cu tng qu cao, vt mc cng sut ca nh my. Mt la chn thay th cho tn kho theo ma l hng n u t khu vc sn xut linh hot, c th nhanh chng thay i cng sut sn xut cc sn phm khc nhau nhm p ng nhu cu gia tng. Trong trng hp ny, vn chnh l s nh i gia chi ph lu kho theo ma v chi phi c c khu vc sn xut linh hot. 1.2.3.3. a im

a im cp n vic xc nh v tr a l cho nhng nh my trong chui cung ng, cng nh cc quyt nh v nhng hot ng c thc hin trong mi nh my ny. nh i gia tnh p ng nhanh v tnh hiu qu l vic ra quyt nh, hoc phn tn cc hot ng nhng khu vc gn khch hng v nh cung ng hot ng din ra nhanh chng, hoc tp trung hot ng mt vi a im t c hiu qu kinh t theo quy m. Quyt nh v a im c xem nh l mt

18

quyt nh chin lc v nh hng ln n ti chnh trong k hoch di hn. Khi quyt nh v a im, nh qun l cn xem xt hng lot cc yu t c lin quan nh chi ph phng ban, lao ng, k nng cn c trong sn xut, iu kin c s h tng, thu, v v tr gn vi nh cung cp hay ngi tiu dng. Quyt nh a im c tc ng mnh n chi ph v c tnh hot ng ca chui cung ng. Quyt nh a im phn nh chin lc c bn ca mt cng ty v vic xy dng v phn phi sn phm n th trng. Khi nh c a im, s lng, v kch c th chng ta xc nh c s lng knh phn phi sn phm n ngi tiu dng cui cng. 1.2.3.4. Vn ti

Vn ti lin quan n s di chuyn mi th t nguyn liu th n thnh phm gia cc giai on khc nhau trong chui cung ng. S cn bng gia tnh p ng nhanh v tnh hiu qu c biu hin thng qua vic la chn phng thc vn ti. Phng thc vn ti nhanh nh my bay d rt nhanh chng nhng chi ph rt cao. Ngc li, cc phng thc vn ti nh vn ti ng bin v ng st d t c hiu qu v chi ph nhng p ng khng kp thi. C 6 phng thc vn ti c bn: Vn ti ng bin: chi ph thp nhng li l phng thc vn ti chm nht. Phng thc ny ch c s dng vn chuyn hng ha gia nhng a im gn ng thy hoc ng bin nh: knh rch, cng bin ng st: gi thnh r, chi ph trung bnh, nhng cng b hn ch do b ph thuc vo h thng ng ray. ng ng: tng i hiu qu nhng b gii hn loi hng ha nh: nc, du, kh ga. ng b: l phng thc vn ti nhanh v rt thun tin. Xe ti hu nh c th i khp mi ni, tuy nhin chi ph d bin ng v chi ph nhin liu bin ng v ng x thay i.

19

ng hng khng: l hnh thc vn chuyn rt nhanh, p ng rt kp thi. y cng l hnh thc c chi ph t nht v b hn ch bi cng sut vn chuyn.

Vn chuyn in t: l hnh thc vn chuyn nhanh nht, rt linh hot v c hiu qu v chi ph. Hnh thc ny ch c s dng vn chuyn loi sn phm nh nng lng in, d liu v cc sn phm c to t d liu nh hnh nh, nhc, vn bn. Cc nh qun l cn phi kt hp nhng phng thc vn ti khc nhau vi

nhng a im trong chui cung ng thit k ra l trnh v mng li phn phi sn phm n th trng. L trnh l mt ng dn m sn phm s di chuyn qua, v mng li gm cc l trnh v nhng a im c kt ni bi nhng ng dn ny. Theo nguyn tc chung, hng ha c gi tr cng cao (nh linh kin in t, hng dc phm) th mng li vn chuyn cng phi tp trung vo tnh kp thi; hnh ha c gi tr thp hn (nh cc loi hng: ng cc, g) th cng nn nhn mnh n tnh hiu qu. 1.2.3.5. Thng tin

Thng tin l c s ra nhng quyt nh c lin quan n bn yu t thc y chui cung ng. Thng tin chnh l yu t kt ni tt c cc hot ng v vn hnh chui cung ng. Nu thng tin l chnh xc, kp thi, cc cng ty trong chui cung ng c th a ra nhng quyt nh v hot ng sn xut ng n. iu ny mang li kh nng ti a ha li nhn cho ton chui cung ng. Thng tin c s dng nhm 2 mc ch: Phi hp nhng hot ng hng ngy c lin quan n chc nng ca 4 yu t l: sn xut, tn kho, a im, v vn ti. Trong chui cung ng, cc cng ty s dng cc d liu sn c v cung v cu hng ha quyt nh lch trnh sn

20

xut hng tun, cc mc tn kho, tuyn ng vn ti, v a im lu tr hng ha. D bo v lp k hoch lng trc v p ng kp thi nhu cu v sn phm trong tng lai. Cc d bo mang tnh chin thut da trn c s nhng thng tin sn c, gip doanh nghip la chn lch trnh, thi gian biu cho vic sn xut hng thng, hng qu. Bn cnh , thng tin ng vai tr rt ln trong vic a ra nhng d bo mang tm chin lc nh: xy dng phn xng mi, thm nhp th trng mi, hoc rt lui khi th trng hin ti. Trong phm vi mt cng ty, cn i gia tnh kp thi v tnh hiu qu l o lng li ch m thng tin em li so vi nhng chi ph c c thng tin . Thng tin chnh xc, kp thi c kh nng a ra nhng quyt nh sn xut hiu qu, nhng d bo chun xc; nhng chi ph xy dng v lp t h thng cung cp thng tin li rt ln. Trong phm vi chui cung ng, cc cng ty quyt nh tnh kp thi v tnh hiu qu chnh l quyt nh bao nhiu thng tin chia s cho cc cng ty khc, v bao nhiu thng tin c gi li. Cc cng ty chia s vi nhau cng nhiu thng tin v sn phm, nhu cu khch hng, d bo th trng, lch trnh sn xut. th mi cng ty cng p ng kp thi hn. Tuy nhin, mt khi thng tin c tit l, li khin cc cng ty gia tng lo ngi v vic thng tin b i th cnh tranh s dng chng li chnh mnh. Chi ph tim n ny cng thm s cnh tranh ngy cng khc lit, c th gy thit hi n li nhun ca doanh ngip. 1.2.4. Cu trc chui cung ng Mt chui cung ng n gin nht bao gm: nh cung cp, doanh nghip, v khch hng ca doanh nghip. y l nhng thnh phn c bn to nn mt chui cung ng n gin.

21

Nh cung cp

Nh sn xut

Khch hng

Hnh 1.4: M hnh cu trc chui cung ng n gin Cc chui cung ng m rng ngoi 3 thnh phn c bn trn, cn thm 3 thnh phn na. Th nht l nh cung cp ca cc nh cung cp, hay c gi l nh cung cp u tin, v tr u tin ca chui cung ng m rng. Th hai l khch hng ca khch hng, hay khch hng cui cng, v tr cui cng ca chui cung ng m rng. Cui cng l cc cng ty cung cp dch v cho nhng cng ty khc trong chui cung ng. Nhng cng ty ny chuyn cung cp cc dch v v: logistics, ti chnh, marketing, v cng ngh thng tin.

Nh cung cp u tin

Nh cung cp

Nh sn xut

Khch hng

Khch hng cui cng

Nh cung cp dch v

Hnh 1.5: M hnh cu trc chui cung ng m rng Chui cung ng chnh l s kt hp ca nhiu cng ty thc hin nhng chc nng khc nhau. Cc cng ty bao gm: nh sn xut, nh phn phi hay nh bn bun, nh bn l, nhng khch hng c nhn, hoc khch hng t chc. H tr nhng cng ty ny l cc cng ty c bit n vi tn: nh cung cp dch v.

22

Nh sn xut: l nhng t chc sn xut sn phm, gm: cc cng ty sn xut nguyn vt liu, v cc cng ty sn xut thnh phm. Cc nh sn xut nguyn vt liu nh: khai thc khong sn, khoan tm du kh, khai thc g.v cng bao gm nhng t chc trng trt, chn nui, hay nh bt thy hi sn. Cc nh sn xut thnh phm to ra sn phm t vic s dng nguyn vt liu v cc b phn lp rp c sn xut ra t cc cng ty khc. Nh sn xut cng c th to ra cc sn phm v hnh nh: nhc, cc sn phm gii tr, phn mm, hoc cc bn thit k. Hng ha cng c th l dch v nh: ct c, dn v sinh vn phng, tin hnh ca phu thut, hoc ging dy.

Nh phn phi: l nhng cng ty tin hnh lu kho mt khi lng hng ha t nh sn xut, v phn phi chng n khch hng. Nh phn phi cng c nhc n nh nh bn bun. V c bn, h bn hng vi khi lng ln cho cc ch th kinh doanh khc. hn ch tc ng xu t s bin ng nhu cu hng ha, nh phn phi thng lu kho hng ha, ri tin hnh cc hot ng bn hng nhm tm kim, phc v khch hng. lm tha mn khch hng, nh phn phi thc hin theo tiu ch giao hng ng lc, ng a im khch hng mong mun. Cc nh phn phi thng s hu phn ln hng ha lu kho m h mua t nh sn xut ri bn li cho khch hng. Bn cnh vic xc tin bn hng, nh phn phi cn phi thc hin cc hot ng khc nh: qun l tn kho, lu kho, vn chuyn hng ha, cng nh dch v h tr khch hng. i khi, nh phn phi ch l ngi mi gii sn phm gia nh sn xut v khch hng. Trong trng hp ny, h khng s hu hng ha, v th h ch yu ch thc hin vic xc tin bn hng. Vi c hai trng hp ny, nh phn phi lun l cu ni a sn phm t nh sn xut n nhng khch hng c nhu cu.

Nh bn l: lu tr v bn hng vi s lng t hn n khch hng i chng. H cng quan tm nhiu n s thch v nhu cu ca khch hng. Qung co

23

kt hp vi gi, la chn sn phm, dch v v s thun tin l u th hng u nhm thu ht khch hng. Khch hng: hay ngi tiu dng l bt k c nhn, t chc mua v s dng sn phm. Khch hng t chc c th mua sn phm kt hp vi mt sn phm khc ri bn chng. Hoc khch hng c th l ngi tiu dng cui cng, mua sn phm tiu dng, s dng n. Nh cung cp dch v: l nhng t chc cung cp cc dch v cho nh sn xut, nh phn phi, ngi bn l, v khch hng. Nh cung cp dch v c kin thc chuyn su, v cc k nng c bit mt hot ng ring bit trong chui cung ng. Chnh v th, h c th thc hin nhng dch v ny hiu qu hn, vi mc gi r hn so vi vic chnh cc nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l, hay ngi tiu dng thc hin. Trong bt k chui cung ng no, nh cung cp dch v ph bin nht l cung cp dch v vn ti v dch v kho hng. y l cc cng ty vn ti v cng ty kho hng, thng c bit n l nh cung cp logistics. Nh cung cp dch v ti chnh cung cp cc dch v nh cho vay, phn tch tn dng v thu cc khon n o hn. chnh l ngn hng, cng ty nh gi tn dng v cng ty thu n. Mt s nh cung cp thc hin nghin cu th trng, qung co, thit k sn phm, dch v k thut, dch v php l, v t vn qun l. Trong khi nhng nh cung cp khc tin hnh cc dch v v cng ngh thng tin, thu thp d liu. Tt c cc nh cung cp dch v c kt hp vo nhng hot ng lin tc ca nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l, v khch hng mc cao hoc thp trong chui cung ng.

24

1.3. Quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng: Theo Hi ng Chui Cung ng, quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng hot ng nh 4 yu t, gm: lp k hoch, tm ngun cung ng9, sn xut, v phn phi10. 1.3.1. Lp k hoch 1.3.1.1. Qun tr tn kho

Tn kho l s lng hng ha c sn trong kho. Hng tn kho c th l nguyn vt liu, thnh phm, v i khi l bn thnh phm. Nguyn nhn xut hin hng tn kho l: th nht v quan trng nht l m bo tnh khng chc chn do s thay i nhu cu hoc khan him ngun cung. Th hai, lu tr hng ha trnh hng li. Th ba, tn kho cng l phng php n nh sn xut. V d, nhu cu v qun o rt vo ma ng tng mnh, p ng c nhu cu, qun o rt s c sn xut quanh nm v lu kho. Phng php ny c s dng trong vic sn xut rt nhiu sn phm ma v, cng nh trong vic sn xut mt hng cng ngh t tin, nhm ti u t hiu qu. Th t, hng c lu kho nhm mc ch d phng: v d, khi ra i mt sn phm t ph nh iPhone, nhu cu v sn phm thng cha xut hin, nn rt kh d on. V th, cng ty Apple s quyt nh sn xut mt lng sn phm d phng trc khi tung sn phm ra th trng, nhm m bo hng khi nhu cu tng vt. Cui cng, tn kho l phng php cn bng cung v cu. Cc dng tn kho: c nhiu dng tn kho, nhng 2 dng cn ch nht trong qun tr tn kho l: tn kho chu k v tn kho an ton.
9

Michael Hugos, 2003, Essentials of Supply Chain Management, Ch.2: Supply Chain Operations: Planning and Sourcing, tr.43 tr.76, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10

Michael Hugos, 2003, Essentials of Supply Chain Management, Ch.3: Supply Chain Operations: Making and Delivering, tr.77 tr.101, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

25

Tn kho chu k: l lng hng tn kho cn thit p ng nhu cu v hng ha trong khong thi gian gia cc ln t hng. Tn kho chu k hiu qu v tnh kinh t theo quy m. Cc doanh nghip thch t mt s lng ln hng ha trong mt vi ln hn l lin tc t cc n hng vi s lng nh. Tn kho chu k lm gia tng hng tn kho trong chui cung ng, v trn thc t cc doanh nghip lun sn xut v lu kho hng ha vi s lng ln hn nhu cu hin ti ca hng ha .

Tn kho an ton: l phng php bo him tnh khng chc chn lun tn ti trong chui cung ng. Cc nh bn l v nh phn phi trnh tnh trng ht hng do nhu cu tng mnh ca khch hng hoc do chm tr ngun cung, h lun lu tr mt lng hng. Thng th mc khng chc chn cng cao, tn kho an ton cng ln. Tn kho an ton ca mt loi sn phm l s lng lu kho sn phm ti thi im nhp thm l hng mi cng chng loi. iu ny cho thy, lng hng tn kho an ton khng i, v v th n l mt loi ti sn c nh ca doanh nghip.

Gim tn kho: c nhiu cch gim hng tn kho. t hng thng xuyn hn lm gim lng hng tn kho chu k, v d, thay bng t hng mt thng mt ln, ta t hng mt tun mt ln. Tng t, gim lng hng tn kho an ton, thng c 4 phng php sau:11 (Colin Scott, Paul Thompson, Henriette Lundgren, 2011) 11

Gim thi gian thc hin n hng Gim tnh khng chc chn ca nh cung ng Gim sai s trong cc d bo cu Gim mc dch v

Colin Scott, Paul Thompson, Henriette Lundgren, 2011, Guide to Supply Chain Management, tr.16, Springer.

26

Rt ngn thi gian thc hin n hng ca nh cung cp, v d gim t 4 ngy xung 1 ngy, th s lng hng tn kho an ton m bo ngun cung s t i. Tng t, khi cc nh cung cp tr nn ng tin cy hn (s bin thin thi gian thc hin n hng bng khng), tn kho an ton cng gim ng k. Tip theo, vic gim sai s trong cc d bo lm hn ch tnh khng chc chn v nhu cu; kt qu lm gim mc hng ha cn lu tr. Cui cng, vic gim cc mc dch v s tc ng tch cc n lng hng tn kho. Gim mc dch v tc l gim tnh sn sng ca sn phm. Nu tha thun ny c khch hng chp thun, doanh nghip s ci thin ng k lng hng tn kho an ton phi nm gi. 1.3.1.2. Ln k hoch cung v cu12

M t cu: Cu c phn loi theo cc c im nh: Mc : nhu cu v sn phm trn mt khu vc cao hay thp Tn sut: sn phm ang c tiu th nhanh hay chm Theo cc m hnh: nhu cu v sn phm lun n nh, hay ch xut hin theo ma, hoc ang c xu hng tng (gim). Theo vng i sn phm: sn phm ang giai on no trong vng i sn phm. V d, sn phm va mi thm nhp th trng, nhu cu kh d on; sn phm ang giai on suy thoi, nhu cu ang gim mnh. Vic nhn dng v phn loi nhu cu ca th trng gip cc nh lp k hoch tp trung ngun lc vo nhng mt hng c tim nng, d bo nhu cu sn phm chnh xc, v qun tr tn kho hiu qu.

12

Colin Scott, Paul Thompson, Henriette Lundgren, 2011, Guide to Supply Chain Management, tr.1724, Springer.

27

Cc phng php d bo: C 4 phng php c bn c s dng trong vic d bo cu l: Phng php nh tnh: da vo trc gic, kh nng quan st hay kin ch quan v th trng. Phng php ny thng c s dng khi c rt t d liu qu kh tin hnh d bo. Khi c mt dng sn phm mi tung ra th trng, cng ty c th d bo da vo vic so snh vi cc sn phm khc, hoc vi cc tnh hung m cng ty cho rng c s ging nhau. Phng php nhn qu: gi thit rng nhu cu c lin quan mnh n cc yu t th trng. V d, nhu cu vay vn c lin quan mnh n t l li sut. Phng php dy thi gian: s dng cc s liu qu kh d bo nhu cu tng lai. Phng php ny c bit hiu qu khi cc d liu qu kh l ng tin cy. Sau y l mt vi phng php dy thi gian thng c s dng: o Phng php bnh qun trt: Mi d bo l s bnh qun ca nhiu mc nhu cu khc nhau. o Phng php san bng m: Mi d bo l bnh qun trng s ca d bo trc v im nhu cu gn y. Phng php ny tng t vi bnh qun trt, ngoi tr l bnh qun trng s cho tt c cc im d liu qu kh, trong cc im cng gn thi gian hin ti c trng s cng cao. o Cc phng php i vi d liu c xu hng: nh: phn tch hi quy, n nh ng thng cho chui d liu. o Cc phng php i vi d liu ma: v d, phng php phn tch ma v loi b cc vn thi v t s liu v sau p dng cc k thut lit k vi s liu hiu chnh. Phng php m phng s dng kt hp gia phng php nhn qu v phng php dy thi gian m phng hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng trong cc hon cnh khc nhau.

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1.3.2. Tm ngun cung ng Trong hot ng tm ngun cung ng, c 4 hot ng chnh: mua hng, la chn nh cung cp, thng lng hp ng, v qun l hp ng. 1.3.2.1. Mua hng

Mua hng c hiu l hnh ng trao i tin hoc tng ng tin c c hng ha, t liu sn xut, nguyn vt liu, dch v; hoc c cung cp dch v bo dng, sa cha, iu hnh.13( Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2009) Khi quyt nh mua hng th b phn cung ng pht bn cho hng, lin h vi nh cung cp v cui cng l t hng. Gia cng ty v nh cung cp, c nhiu hot ng tng tc trong qu trnh mua hng nh: danh mc sn phm, s lng n t hng, gi c, phng thc vn chuyn, ngy giao hng, a ch giao hng v cc iu khon thnh ton. 1.3.2.2. La chn nh cung cp

La chn nh cung cp l qu trnh lin tc xc nh kh nng cung ng cn c ca nh cung cp nhm h tr cho k hoch kinh doanh cng nh m hnh hot ng ca cng ty. Kh nng cung ng ca nh cung cp s c nh gi da vo: mc gi ca sn phm, cht lng sn phm, mc dch v, kh nng giao hng ng thi hn, v cc h tr cng ngh. Mt khi cng ty xc nh r c nhu cu v sn phm cng nh nhng yu cu khc i vi nh cung ng, cng ty c th tm kim c ngi cung cp p ng tt nht nhng yu cu . Mt nguyn tc chung l cng ty lun phi thu hp dn s lng nh cung cp la chn i tc ph hp. y chnh l n by quyt nh quyn lc ca ngi mua vi nh cung cp c c mc gi tt nht khi mua sn phm khi lng ln

13

Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2009, Principles of Supply Chain management: A Balanced Approach, tr.39, SouthWestern.

29

1.3.2.3.

Thng lng hp ng

Khi pht sinh nhu cu kinh doanh c th, hp ng s c m phn ring vi tng nh cung cp c tn trong bn danh sch cc nh cung cp c la chn. Trong qu trnh m phn, cc iu khon c th v hng ha, gi c, v mc dch v s c gii quyt. Vic m phn gia hai bn phi c thc hin trn c s cn bng gia n gi ca sn phm vi cc dch v lm gia tng gi tr khc. Cc dch v ny c th c tr da vo mc chnh lch so vi n gi, hoc c thanh ton ring, hay cng c th kt hp c hai hnh thc. Cc iu khon v vic thc hin hp ng phi c quy nh r rng, cng nh nhng iu khon pht, v cc mc ph pht nu vic thc hin khng ng nh quy nh. Bn cnh , cc nh cung cp cn thit phi thit lp cho mnh nhng nng lc chung. hot ng mua hng hiu qu, nh cung cp phi c kh nng kt ni d liu in t nhm mc ch nhn cc n t hng, gi thng bo giao hng, gi ha n, v nhn thanh ton. 1.3.2.4. Qun l hp ng

Khi hp ng c k kt, vic thc hin hp ng ca nh cung cp cn c o lng v gim st. Do cc cng ty thng ch la chn mt s nh cung cp, nn hot ng ca mi nh cung cp c la chn c nh hng rt ln n kt qu kinh doanh ca cng ty. Khi , mt nh cung cp c th l ngun cung duy nht cho mt loi hng ha ca cng ty, v th nu nh cung cp khng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh nh trong hp ng th nhng hot ng ph thuc vo loi hng ha ca cng ty s b nh hng. Cng ty cn c kh nng nh gi hiu qu hot ng nh cung cp v kim sot mc p ng dch v cung ng tha thun trong hp ng. Tng t nh qun l knh tiu th, nhn vin trong cng ty phi thng xuyn thu thp d liu v tnh hiu qu ca nh cung cp. Thng thng, bn thn nh cung cp lun c kh nng gim st cc hot ng ca mnh. H c kh nng phn ng nhanh trc nhng vn pht sinh gi hp ng. Minh ha cho vn ny chnh l khi nim VMI ( Vendor managed

30

Inventory)-Hng tn kho c qun l bi nh cung ng. M hnh ny yu cu nh cung cp theo di mc tn kho sn phm ca mnh bn trong cng ty khch hng. Nh cung cp chu trch nhim theo di mc s dng v tnh ton lng t hnh kinh t. Sau , h ch ng vn chuyn sn phm n a im ca khch hng cn, v gi ha n cho khch hng v s lng hng gi theo cc iu khon ghi trong hp ng. 1.3.3. Sn xut 1.3.3.1. Thit k sn phm trong sn xut

Vic thit k v la chn cc yu t cn thit sn xut ra sn phm da trn tnh nng yu cu v cng ngh sn c. Khi xem xt thit k sn phm trn quan im chui cung ng, mc tiu l nhm thit k nhng sn phm n gin hn, c t b phn cu thnh hn, v c tnh cht m hnh ha t t hp nhiu n v cu thnh ring l. Bng cch ny, cc b phn c th c cung cp t mt nhm nh cc nh cung cp. V hng tn kho c lu tr di dng cc b phn ring l mt v tr thch hp trong chui cung ng, nn cng ty khng cn nm gi khi lng ln thnh phm. Sn phm cng linh hot, tnh p ng cao, v t hiu qu chi ph th kh nng thnh cng ca sn phm trong th trng cng cao. Thit k sn phm xc nh hnh dng ca chui cung ng, v iu ny c nh hng rt ln n chi ph v tnh sn c ca sn phm. Mt khi mt sn phm c s kt hp ca 3 yu t: thit k, cung ng, v sn xut, th sn phm y c c c hi rt ln thnh cng v to ra li nhun. 1.3.3.2. Lp k hoch sn xut

L phn b nhng ngun lc sn c (thit b, lao ng, nh my) cho vic sn xut cc sn phm nhm s dng cc ngun lc mt cch hiu qu nht, v to ra li nhun. Hot ng lp k hoch sn xut l mt qu trnh nhm tm ra s cn bng gia cc mc tiu:

31

Mc s dng cao: sn xut trong di hn, tp trung ha sn xut v cc trung tm phn phi nhm t c hiu qu kinh t theo quy m. Mc tn kho thp: chia nh sn xut, giao nguyn vt liu ng lc nhm ti thiu ha ti sn v dng tin mt b ng trong hng tn kho. Dch v khch hng mc cao: hng tn kho c gi mc cao nhm tng kh nng p ng khch hng, trnh tnh trng ht hng. Cc bc trong qu trnh lp k hoch sn xut gm: th nht, xc nh quy m kinh t cho vic sn xut sn phm. Quyt nh quy m kinh t l vic cn i gia chi ph sn xut sn phm vi chi ph lu gi hng tn kho. C th, sn xut thng xuyn vi khi lng nh, gim chi ph tn kho nhng gia tng chi ph sn xut v ngc li. Th hai, xc nh s ln sn xut cho sn phm da vo thi gian s dng hng tn kho ti a (l s ngy hay tun cng ty s dng ht sn phm tn kho p ng nhu cu pht sinh). 1.3.3.3. Qun l nh my trong sn xut

Qun l nh my l xem xt cc a im b tr nh my v tp trung s dng cng sut sn c hiu qu nht. iu ny lin quan n quyt nh 3 lnh vc: Vai tr ca mi nh my l xc nh nhng hot ng no s c thc hin trong mi nh my. Nhng quyt nh ny c tc ng rt ln n tnh linh hot ca chui cung ng, c th p ng c s thay i nhu cu. Phn b cng sut cho mi nh my: Quyt nh v phn b cng sut lin quan n thit b v ngun nhn cng s dng trong cc nh my, ng thi c thc hin thng qua vai tr ca mi nh my. Phn b cc nh cung cp v th trng cho mi nh my. S phn b nh cung cp v th trng cho mi nh my b nh hng bi hai quyt nh trc . S tham gia ca cc nh cung cp, khi lng sn phm sn xut ty thuc vo

32

vai tr v cng sut c phn b ca mi nh my. Nhng quyt nh ny nh hng n chi ph vn chuyn t nh cung cp n nh my v t nh my n khch hng. Nhng quyt nh ny cng nh hng n kh nng p ng nhu cu th trng ca ton b chui cung ng. 1.3.4. Phn phi 1.3.4.1. Qun l n hng trong phn phi

Qun l n hng l qu trnh truyn thng tin phn hi ca khch hng thng qua chui cung ng t nh bn l n nh phn phi, n nhng nh cung cp dch v, v nh sn xut. Qu trnh ny cng ng thi truyn ti thng tin v ngy giao hng, sn phm thay th v nhng n hng thc hin trc ca khch hng. Qun l n hng hin i tp trung vo nhng k thut c th gip dng d liu lin quan n n hng din ra nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. Trong qu trnh qun l n hng cng cn x l mt s trng hp ngoi l, t a ra cch nhn din vn nhanh chng v quyt nh ng n hn. iu ny c ngha l qu trnh qun l n hng hng ngy nn t ng ha v c nhng n hng i hi qu trnh x l c bit do nhm ln ngy giao hng, yu cu ca khch hng thay i. . . Vi nhng yu cu nh vy, qun l n hng thng bt u bng s kt hp chng cho chc nng ca b phn tip th v bn hng, c gi l qun l mi quan h khch hng - CRM (Customer Relationship Management). C mt s nguyn tc c bn c lit k di y c th gip qu trnh qun l n hng hiu qu: Nhp d liu cho mt n hng: nhp mt v ch mt ln. T ng ha trong x l n hng. n hng lun trng thi sn sng phc v khch hng. Tch hp h thng t hng vi cc h thng lin quan khc duy tr tnh ton vn d liu.

33

1.3.4.2.

K hoch phn phi

K hoch phn phi chu nh hng mnh t quyt nh lin quan n cch thc vn ti c s dng. i vi hu ht cc phng thc vn ti u c 2 hnh thc giao hng ph bin nht trong k hoch phn phi l: phn phi trc tip v phn phi theo l trnh nh. Phn phi trc tip Phn phi trc tip l qu trnh phn phi t mt a im gc n mt a im nhn hng. Vi phng thc ny, n gin nht l la chn l trnh vn ti ngn nht gia hai a im. K hoch phn phi gm nhng quyt nh v s lng v s ln giao hng cho mi a im. Thun li trong m hnh ny l hot ng n gin v c s kt hp phn phi. Phng php ny vn chuyn sn phm trc tip t mt a im sn phm c sn xut/tn kho n mt a im sn phm c s dng. N ct gim hot ng trung gian thng qua vn chuyn nhng n hng nh n mt im tp trung, sau kt hp thnh mt n hng ln hn phn phi ng thi. Phn phi theo l trnh nh Phn phi theo l trnh nh l phn phi sn phm t mt a im gc n nhiu a im nhn hng, hay phn phi sn phm t nhiu a im gc n mt a im nhn hng. K hoch phn phi theo l trnh nh phc tp hn so vi phn phi trc tip. K hoch ny cn quyt nh v s lng phn phi cc sn phm khc nhau; s ln phn phi. . . V iu quan trng nht l l trnh phn phi v hot ng bc d khi giao hng. im thun li ca phng php phn phi theo theo l trnh nh l s dng hiu qu cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng v chi ph nhn hng thp do a im nhn hng t v khi lng giao hng nhiu hn.

34

1.3.4.3.

Ngun phn phi

Vic phn phi sn phm n khch hng c thc hin t hai ngun: a im l, v trung tm phn phi. a im l nh nh my, nh kho. . . , l nhng ni c mt loi sn phm hay c danh mc mt vi sn phm c lin quan vi nhau ang sn sng phn phi. Cc a im l c s dng khi nhu cu v sn phm mc cao v c th d bo, ng thi chng c v tr thun tin cho vic giao hng thng ti khch hng vi khi lng ln. Trung tm phn phi l ni tn tr, xut- nhp khi lng ln sn phm bng phng tin vn chuyn c ti trng ln n t nhiu a im khc nhau. Khi v tr nh cung cp xa khch hng th vic s dng trung tm phn phi c tnh kinh t cao do rt ngn khong cch vn chuyn, v tn tr khi lng ln sn phm gn a im vi khch hng -ngi s dng cui. Trung tm phn phi l ni tn tr sn phm hay s dng duy nht cho k thut cross-docking. Trung tm phn phi s dng cross-docking mang li nhiu li ch. Th nht, dng vn chuyn sn phm trong chui cung ng nhanh hn do c s h tr hng tn kho. Th hai, ch ph tn tr t tn km do sn phm s dng nhanh m khng lu vo kho. Tuy nhin, k thut Cross-docking yu cu v mc hp tc chc ch gia xut v nhp sn phm l rt cao. Tm li, quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng gm: lp k hoch, tm ngun cung ng, sn xut v phn phi cho php doanh nghip thit k, phn b cc ngun lc hp l, ng thi lm tng hiu qu lin kt gia cc mt xch trong chui.

35

CHNG 2: QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG CA TP ON BN L WAL-MART

2.1. Vi nt v tp on bn l Wal-mart 2.1.1. Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca Wal-mart Wal-mart l cng ty hot ng trong ngnh bn l ca M, c thnh lp bi Sam Walton vo nm 1962. Tuy nhin, trc khi bt u kinh doanh h thng cc ca hng bn l ny, Sam Walton s hu thnh cng chui ca hng vi tn gi Ben Franklin. Cho n khi Walton nhn ra xu hng mi l gim gi bn l, da vo vic bn nhng khi lng ln hng ha thng qua cc ca hng bn l chi ph thp; ng quyt nh m nhng ca hng ln, vi nhng c im nh kho hng cnh tranh. ng t tn cho chui vi 18 ca hng ny l Wal-mart Discount City, tr s ti Arkansas. n nm 1969, cng ty Wal-mart Stores Inc. chnh thc ra i. Vo nm 1991, Wal-mart bt u thm nhp th trng quc t bng vic lin doanh vi Cifra trn th trng M-hi-c. Hai nm sau , cng ty mua li 122 ca hng t Woolworth, Canada. Nm 1997 Wal-mart tr thnh nh bn l ln nht ti Canada v Mexico. Cng nm , Wal-mart mua li chui 21 i siu th Wertkauf ca c. N lc m rng th trng quc t c thc hin khi cng ty lin tip mua li hoc lin doanh vi cc nh phn phi a phng cc nc nh Bra-xin, Ac-hen-ti-na, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Anh n nm 2002, Wal-mart tr thnh cng ty ln nht th gii v doanh thu theo bnh chn ca tp ch Fortune. T n nay, Wal-mart lun duy tr v th dn u ca mnh trong ngnh cng nghip bn l th gii. 2.1.2. Hot ng kinh doanh ca Wal-mart Hin nay, hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty c chia thnh 3 mng ln: b phn Walmart ti M, cu lc b Sam, b phn quc t.

36

B phn Wal-mart ti M14 l b phn ln nht, c tnh to ra 62,1% doanh thu rng nm ti chnh 201115, v ch kinh doanh trn phm vi nc M; gm cc hnh thc bn l khc nhau l: Chui ca hng gim gi Wal-mart (Walmart Discount Stores), c m ca u tin vo nm 1962 bi Sam Walton. Ngy nay, cng ty c 629 ca hng c phn b trn ton nc M. Kch c trung bnh ca mi ca hng khong 108.000 mt vung Anh. Mi ca hng c khong 225 nhn vin phc v. Cc loi mt hng c by bn gm: may mc gia nh, cc sn phm chm sc sc khe, lm p, in t, chi, cc sn phm lm vn, trang sc, ni tht, my mc t ng, gia dng, sn phm th thao Siu trung tm Wal-mart (Walmart Supercenters), c pht trin t nm 1988, v hin ny c 3.029 siu trung tm M, vi din tch trung bnh vo khon 185.000 mt vung Anh vi khong 350 nhn vin mi trung tm. Cc siu trung tm ny m ca c ngy v m, chuyn phc v cc mt hng thc phm, v nhng hng tp ha. Th trng ln cn (Walmart Neighborhood Markets), c thnh lp nhm phc v nhu cu mua sm nhanh v thun tin cho khch hng v cc sn phm nh: hng tp ha, dc phm, v mt s mt hng ph thng khc. Hnh thc ny c pht trin t nm 1998, hin cng ty c 168 th trng ln cn, vi khong 95 nhn vin phc v tng th trng. Cc ca hng nh (Wal-mart Express Stores), hai ca hng nh u tin c m ca vo thng 6 nm 2011 ti Arkansas nhm mc ch cung cp hng ha tm thi cho khch hng, c bit khch hng nhng khu
14 14

Walmartstores.com, xem 3.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7606.aspx.

15

Wal-mart 2011 Annual Report.

37

vc khng th thng xuyn n cc ca hng ln. Cc ca hng ny c din tch nh, trung bnh khong 15.000 mt vung Anh, chuyn phn phi cc hng tp ha, v nhng hng ph thng. Bn cnh cc knh bn hng truyn thng, Wal-mart cng pht trin knh bn hng thng qua trang web walmart.com, vi a dng cc chng loi hng ha. Khch hng c th la chn cc sn phm c trn website, ri t hng trc tip ti . Sn phm s c vn chuyn ti nhng ca hng ca Wal-mart c mt trong khu vc ca khch hng. Cu lc b Sam (Samclub)16 gm: cc cu lc b ca hng thnh vin , ng gp khong 11,8% doanh thu rng nm ti chnh 201117. Cu lc b Sam c m u tin ti thnh ph Midwest, Oklohama vo nm 1983. Hin ny, c 611 cu lc b hot ng M, v hn 100 cu lc b quc t Bra-xin, Trung Quc, M-hi-c, v Puerto Rico. i tng khch hng ca cu lc b Sam gm ngi tiu dng, v c cc doanh nghip nh vi mc ph/nm l 35 la cho khch hng doanh nghip v 40 la cho khch hng c nhn. B phn quc t (Wal-mart International)18: chim 26,1% doanh thu rng nm ti chnh 2011. Nm 1991, Warmat tr thnh cng ty quc t khi m mt cu lc b Sam M-hi-c. Hai nm sau , b phn quc t c thnh lp. Hn 90% cc ca hng thuc b phn quc t hot ng vi thng hiu khng phi l Walmart nh: Pali Costa-Riaca, Todi-Dia Braxin.Hin nay, b phn quc t ca Walmart c ti 5,651 ca hng 26 th trng khng tnh M nh: Nht Bn, Trung Quc, c-hen-ti-na, Bra-xin, Canada, Costa Rica, Chi-l,

16

Sams Club, xem 3.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7605.aspx. Wal-mart 2011 Annual Report. International, xem 3.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/246.aspx.

17

18

38

Botswana, El Salvador, n , Honduras, Gua-ta-ma-la, Gha-na, M-hi-c, Anh, Nam Phi, M-zm-bich, Ni-gi-ria (khng gm Hn Quc, v c). 2.2. Qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart

Hnh 2.1 S tng quan v chui cung cng Wal-mart19 2.2.4. Qun tr h thng thng tin v cc ng dng cng ngh Trong xu th cnh tranh ton cu ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin ng mt vai tr cc k quan trng to nn li th cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip. Vi mt tp on bn l v phn phi ln nht th gii nh Wal-mart th k thut v cng ngh thng tin gn nh l yu t then cht to ra s hiu qu v lin tc trong ton h thng. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, Wal-mart u t xy dng c s d liu trung tm, h thng cc im bn hng cp ca hng, v mng v tinh20. Kt hp vi vic ng
19

Harvard Business Review 70, MarchApril 1992, Adapted from Garrison Wieland for Wal-Marts

Supply Chain, tr. 6071.

39

dng rng ri ln u tin cng ngh m vch UPC vo ngnh cng nghip bn l, nn thng tin cp ca hng c th thu thp ngay lp tc v phn tch. Thng qua vic kt hp d liu bn hng v cc thng tin bn ngoi, Wal-mart c th h tr i mua hng, v ci thin tnh chnh xc ca cc d bo cu. Mng li v tinh ca Wal-mart ngoi vic nhn v truyn d liu v cc im bn hng, cng gip cc nh qun l cp cao pht sng cc tin nhn video n cc ca hng. Mc d, phn ln h u sng v lm vic ti Bentonville, nhng vic pht sng thng xuyn cc video n tng ca hng gip cc nhn vin y thng bo tnh hnh cp nht nht v cng ty. Vo u nhng nm 1991, Wal-mart pht trin H thng kt ni bn l (Retail Link), vi dung lng c tnh l 570 bit, nhm m rng hn na cc trang c nh trn Internet. H thng kt ni bn l l mt c s d liu dn s ln nht th gii thi im . H thng cha cc d liu v cc giao dch ca cng ty trong sut 20 nm. Wal-mart cho php cc nh cung ng truy cp cc d liu bn hng ca cc sn phm m h cung cp, ct gim vic lu kho tng mt hng. Cung cp quyn truy cp vo c s d liu ca mnh, Wal-mart mong mun cc nh cung ng ch ng qun l v b sung sn phm mt cch lin tc. Vo nm 1990, Wal-mart l mt trong nhng cng ty u tin ng dng gii php CPRF21 mt gii php tch hp lp k hoch v d bo thng qua vic chia s cc thng tin chui cung ng quan trng nh: cc d liu v hot ng xc tin, mc tn kho, v doanh thu hng ngy. Sau , n nm 2003, Wal-mart tip tc ng dng cng ngh nhn dng tn sng radio RFID nhm qun tr tn kho hiu qu hn.

20

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.7, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
21

Johnson, A.H.,2002, 35 Years of IT Leadership: A New Supply Chain Forged, tr.38-39, Computerworld.

40

2.2.1.1.

Xy dng h thng kt ni bn l

Vo u nhng nm 1980, Wal-mart ng dng cng ngh trao i d liu in t -EDI gi n t hng ti nh cung cp trong n lc tng cng truyn thng vi nh cung cp. n nhng nm 1990, Wal-mart thit lp c h thng trao i in t vi hng ngn nh cung cp ca mnh thng qua h thng EDI, v sau l pht trin ng dng ring l h thng kt ni bn l (Retail Link). H thng Retail Link nn tng l mt trnh duyt Web, hot ng trn mng Internet, tch hp vi cng ngh EDI gip cc nh cung cp trn ton th gii u c th truy cp d dng, trong khi chi ph duy tr hot ng ca h thng li thp. H thng ny bao gm 4 lin kt l: Ca hng Wal-mart. Tr s cng ty ca Wal-mart. Trung tm phn phi. Nh cung cp.

Thng qua h thng, Wal-mart kt ni thng tin gia cc ca hng vi tr s cng ty v trung tm Wal-mart xc nh lng hng tn kho. Sau , Wal-mart cho php cc nh cung cp tip cn h thng mng ngoi vi ca mnh theo di vic bn hng, nhm iu chnh k hoch sn xut sn phm sao cho hp l. Vic phi hp cht ch gia Wal-mart v cc nh cung cp thng qua chia s thng tin t h thng d liu ca hai bn to nn hiu qu trong ton chui cung ng. l, cho php Wal-mart gi chi ph lu kho mc thp, ng thi gip cc nh cung cp iu chnh vic tng hay gim hot ng sn xut ph thuc vo vic bn hng. Vi hn 60.000 nh cung cp nu ch tnh ring trong nc M, vic gi cho mi thnh vin am hiu thng tin l mt thch thc vi Wal-mart. V th cng ty phi lm xuyn sut tng mt xch ca h thng bn l, ni m cc nh cung cp c th kt ni thng tin trong mt h thng internet bo mt. Thng qua , c hai bn u c th kim tra mc lu kho v kh nng bn hng tng cp ca cc ca hng. V khi mi lin h gia nh cung cp

41

v cng ty cng cht ch, thng tin c chia s cng nhiu th hiu qu cng cao ng thi gim thiu nhiu ri ro. Vic iu tit c lng sn phm sn xut ra lm gim ng k hng tn kho, gip Wal-mart tit kim c 5% n 10% chi ph cho hng ha so vi hu ht cc i th22. y cng l iu kin nh cung cp cng gn kt cht vi Wal-mart v Wal-mart cng c nhiu c hi mua hng trc tip t chnh nh sn xut m khng cn thng qua trung gian. 2.2.1.2. ng dng cng ngh RFID

Vi nt v cng ngh RFID Cng ngh RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) hay h thng nhn dng bng tn s radio l cng ngh nhn dng hng ha bng tn s radio. Cc con chp nh c gn vo cc sn phm hoc bao b sn phm v chng pht ra tn hiu radio ti thit b my thu cm tay. H thng RFID gm 2 phn c bn23: Th RFID c gn chip silicon v ng ten radio dng gn vo i tng qun l nh: sn phm, hng ha, ng vt, hoc ngay c con ngi. u c cho php giao tip vi th RFID qua sng radio mt khong cch nht nh, t truyn d liu v h thng my tnh trung tm. RFID l mt k thut nhn dng sng v tuyn t xa, cho php c d liu trn con chp in t nh sng v tuyn m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi n khong cch t 50 cm ti 10 mt. B nh ca con chp c th cha ti 96 n 512 bit gi liu, nhiu gp 64 ln so vi mt m vch. Bn cnh , thng tin lu tr trn con chip c th c sa i nh vo mt my c. Dung lng lu tr cao ca nhng th thng minh ny cho php chng cung cp cc thng tin a dng nh: thi gian lu tr, ngy bn, gi, v thm ch c nhit sn phm. V th, cc th RFID c th cung cp chnh xc
22

Dain Ehring, 2006, The Wal-mart Model, The Mortgage Bankers Association.

Tm hiu v RFID, xem ngy 4.5.2012, http://www.oif.vn/vi/20101105122242533p64c66/tim-hieuve-rfid.htm.

23

42

sn phm l g, n nm u, khi no ht hn, hay bt c thng tin no m ngi dng mun lp trnh cho n. C 3 loi th RFID gm24: Th th ng: Khng c ngun nng lng bn trong. Khi th th ng i qua my c, nng lng ca sng radio pht t my c s cung cp nng lng cho chip v nh thc n thu nhn thng tin m n lu gi. Trn thc t, th th ng c c khong cch t 2 mm cho ti vi mt, ph thuc vo s la chn sng radio v thit k, kch thc ca ng-ten. Do , loi th ny thng c chi ph sn xut r, khng c pin. Th bn ch ng (semi-passive tag): loi th ny v c bn ging th th ng, tuy nhin c thm mt pin nh. Pin ny cho php chip ca th c cp ngun lin tc. Cc th ny khng tch cc truyn tn hiu n b c cho ti khi chng nhn c tn hiu t b c. Th bn ch ng nhanh hn trong s phn hi so vi th th ng v th khe hn trong vic c s truyn. Th ch ng (active tag): Khng ging nh hai loi th trn, th ch ng c ngun nng lng bn trong, c s dng cung cp cho tt c cc chip v pht ra tn hiu. Loi th ny c tm hot ng ln hn v b nh c kh nng lu tr thng tin tt hn. V th pht ra tn hiu mnh hn th th ng nn hiu qu hn trong mi trng m sng radio b nhiu bi m v cc tia khc, hay cc vt cha nc (con ngi, ng vt). Th ch ng c kh nng thu v pht tn hiu trong phm vi ln ti vi trm mt v nng lng bn trong c th hot ng ti 10 nm. Li ch ca cng ngh RFID

24

http://vnpro.org/forum/showthread.php/12690-Th%E1%BA%BB-RFID, xem 4.5.2012.

43

K hoch ng dng cng ngh RFID trong qun tr chui cung ng c Walmart khi xng vo thng 6 nm 200325 (P.Fraser Johnson, 2006). Sau , Wal-mart tng cng cc k hoch v tch cc khng nh nhng tiu chun RFID s c p dng. Wal-Mart cng b yu cu cc nh cung cp lp t cc th RFID trn cc chuyn hng ci thin vic qun tr chui cung ng. Cng ngh RFID cho php Wal-mart kim sot c hng ha khi chng c chuyn t trung tm phn phi vo cc xe ti vn chuyn n cc ca hng. iu ny s lm tng tnh hiu qu cho vic lu kho hng ha, ng thi gim thua l do ht hng, cng nh hn ch cc chi ph v lu kho qu nhiu. Cc my c th RFID c t mt vi ni trong nh kho nh: ca ni hng ha c nhp kho, ca ni hng ha xut kho. Vi nhng v tr ny, cc nh qun l kho s bit c cc loi hng no v bao nhiu hng ang c lu kho, cng nh loi hng no, s lng bao nhiu ang c by bn. Vi Walmart, mc tiu ch yu khi s dng RFID l gim thiu s thiu hng trong kho v bng cch , nng cao doanh thu. Ngoi ra, RFID cng gip Wal-mart hn ch nhng nhm ln khi n hng c nhiu chng loi sn phm, s hn lon trong kim k cc ca hng, v nng cao kh nng hoch nh sn lng cho cc nh sn xut. Hn th na, vic s dng RFID lm tng kh nng kim sot ngun gc, nhng thay i nhit , v hn s dng ca sn phm. 2.2.1.3. Gii php CPFR

Gii php CPFR l mt k hoch, trong cc nh cung cp v Wal-mart cng tc vi nhau d bo nhu cu khch hng, nhm ti u ha hot ng cung ng. CPFR mang n nhng li ch: Ci thin hot ng d bo cho tt c cc i tc trong chui cung ng v thc hin vic chia s cc thng tin d bo.
25

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.9, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

44

Sau Wal-mart v cc nh cung ng iu chnh cc hot ng logistics c lin quan.

Gii php CPFR

i tc thng mi Xc tin
To cu

CRM

i tc thng mi

Cng tc

EDI
Internet

D bo

APS
Danh mc sn phm p ng cu

i tc thng mi

t hng

ERP

Hnh 2.2 Cc b phn ca gii php CPFR26: Ngun: Matt Johnson,Collaboration Modelling: CPFR Implementation Guidelines. CRM (Customer relationship management) l gii php phn mm gip Walmart qun l mi quan h khch hng hiu qu hn thng qua nhng knh trc tip v gin tip m khch hng la chn s dng. Vi CRM, cng ty c th la chn nhng gii php quan h khch hng hp l nhm duy tr mi quan h tt vi khch hng v t c li nhun ti u da trn tiu ch khch hng l trung tm, quan tm ti nhu cu ca khch hng. ERP ( Enterprise resources planning) h thng hoch nh cc ngun lc ca doanh nghip, l gii php cng ngh thng tin c kh nng tch hp ton b cc ng dng qun l sn xut kinh doanh vo mt h thng duy nht nhm t
Matt Johnson,Collaboration Modelling: CPFR Implementation Guidelines,Chicago,Council of Logistics Management.
26

45

ng ha cc quy trnh qun l.Vi ERP, mi hot ng ca cng ty, t qun tr ngun nhn lc, qun l dy chuyn sn xut v cung ng vt t, qun l ti chnh ni b, n vic bn hng, tip th sn phm, trao i vi i tc, khch hngu c thc hin trn mt h thng duy nht. V th cng ty c th tit kim chi ph, tng kh nng cnh tranh. ASP (Advanced planning and scheduling) l chng trnh dng thut ton tm ra cc gii php ti u cho nhng vn phc tp trong vic lp k hoch.

Cng ty cng tc vi nh cung ng

Tha thun phm vi hp tc

La chn phn mm h tr

Cng thc hin vic d bo v gii quyt kh khn

Xc nh r nhng yu cu v hp tc nh: d bo nhu cu, logistics

nh gi gi tr ca chui

S dng kt qu thc hin d tr v ln lch trnh gii quyt

Hnh 2.3 S chu trnh CPFR

46

2.2.4. Qun tr ngun hng 2.2.2.1. Chin lc mua hng

Vo nm 2006, Wal-mart c khong 90.000 nh cung cp trn ton th gii27, trong c khong 200 nh cung cp chnh nh: P&G, Nestle, Unilever, v Kraft. L mt tp on bn l ln nht nht th gii, Wal-Mart c sc mnh v cng to ln so vi cc nh cung cp v cng ty s dng quyn lc ny nh hng mi th t gi c, sn phm cho n lch trnh giao hng. Trong hot ng qun tr ngun hng, Wal-mart s dng mt s chin lc nh28: Ch mua hng trc tip t nh sn xut, khng chp nhn trung gian. Vo nm 1970, Wal-mart m trung tm mua hng u tin c tr s ti Bentonville, nhm ct gim trung gian. Bn cnh , vo nhng nm 1980, Wal-mart bt u tm ngun cung ng ton cu bng vic m vn phng Trung Quc, n 29( P.Fraser Johnson, 2006,). Trong qu trnh m phn, Wal-mart tp trung vo gi v ch gi. Trong qu trnh thng lng vi cc nh cung cp, Wal-mart lun nhn mnh vo mt mc gi ha n duy nht v ch i n giao dch cui cng khi bit chc rng cng ty mua sn phm vi gi c thp nht. Chnh sch mua hng ca Wal-Mart l factory gate pricing, ngha l WalMart s vn chuyn hng t ca nh my ca nh sn xut. Cng ty ginh rt nhiu thi gian lm vic vi nh cung cp c th hiu c cu trc chi ph ca h nh: nguyn liu nhp t ai? gi bao nhiu? bao
27

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.4, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada. P.Mohan Chandran, 2003, Wal-marts Supply Chain Management Practices, tr.4, ICFAI Center for Management Research.
28
29

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.3, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

47

nhiu cng nhn? lng th no? vn chuyn nguyn liu nh th no?....T , Wal-Mart thc p, gy p lc cho nhng nh cung cp phi hiu qu, ct gim chi ph trn chui cung ng ca mnh. 2.2.2.2. Qun tr mi quan h vi nh cung cp qun l ngun cung hiu qu v lin tc, Wal-mart tp trung xy dng mi quan h vi cc nh cung ng. Sau y l v d in hnh v vic qun tr mi quan h vi nh cung ng gia Wal-mart v P&G. Trc nm 1988, mi quan h kinh doanh gia Wal-mart v P&G rt yu30. M hnh hp tc gia P&G v Wal-mart c m t bi hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4: M hnh hp tc gia Wal-mart v P&G trc nm 1988 Ngun: Machael Grean, Machael J.Shaw, 2000. Theo hnh 2.4, vic hp tc gia hai cng ty ch n thun tn ti da trn hot ng mua v bn hng, cc hot ng khc nh: chia s thng tin, marketing, logisticshu nh khng tn ti, hoc nu tn ti cng khng lin tc. n nm 1988, ci thin mi quan h ny, c hai cng ty thay i m hnh hp tc theo hnh 2.5. Theo , vic hp tc c tin hnh tt c cc hot ng chc nng ca hai cng ty.
30

Machael Grean, Machael J.Shaw, 2000, Supply-Chain Integration through Information Sharing: Channel Partnership between Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble.

48

Hnh 2.5: M hnh hp tc hin nay gia Wal-mart v P&G Ngun: Machael Grean, Machael J.Shaw, 2000. Vic thay i m hnh hp tc, kt hp vi nhng ng dng cng ngh nh: h thng kt ni bn l, cng ngh EDI (trao i d liu in t), gii php CPFR cho php lung thng tin di chuyn lin tc, ng thi hng ha c sn xut, vn chuyn kp thi. Kt qu l, lng giao dch tng t 375 triu la vo nm 1988 ln 4 t la vo nm 200031. 2.2.3. Qun tr logistics 2.2.3.1. H thng vn ti

Mt trong nhng c trng quan trng trong c s h tng logistics ca WalMart l tnh p ng nhanh v linh hot ca h thng vn ti. Cng vi b phn logistics ln ti 75.000 ngi, l 7.800 li xe qun l gn 7.000 xe ti thuc i xe t

31

Machael Grean, Machael J.Shaw, 2000, Supply-Chain Integration through Information Sharing: Channel Partnership between Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble, tr.6.

49

nhn ca Wal-mart32, to nn tng cng ty phn phi hu ht nhng hng ha c by bn ti cc ca hng thng qua khong 114 trung tm phn phi tri rng ton nc M. Hng ha c vn chuyn t kho ca cc nh cung cp bi i xe ca Wal-mart n cc trung tm phn phi. T y, hng ha c vn chuyn trc tip n cc ca hng m khng cn lu kho thm. Nhng i xe ti chuyn dng cho php cng ty vn chuyn hng ho t nhng trung tm phn phi n ca hng ch trong hai ngy v b sung cho cc k hng trong ca hng 2 ln/tun. on xe ti chnh l mt s kt ni hiu qu gia ca hng v cc trung tm phn phi ca Walmart. Qun l hot ng ca i xe ti l b phn phi hp. Nhng ngi ti x phi bo co gi lm vic sn sng ca mnh cho b phn phi hp hng ngy. B phn ny da vo nhng bo co v khong thi gian c tnh cho mt chuyn ch hng t trung tm phn phi n mt ca hng no ln k hoch tt c nhng chuyn vn ti. Sau h thng bo cho ti x bit v hnh trnh vn chuyn hng ha, c th l: chiu t trung tm phn phi ti ca hng hay ngc li, thi gian xut hnh, v tt c nhng thng tin c lin quan m ti x yu cu. Trong cc chuyn vn chuyn, nhiu khi cc ti x phi li xe trong m ti. kim sot s tnh to khi lm vic vo ban m ca cc ti x, Wal-mart a ra mt quy nh kh kht khe, l, cc ti x phi ghi chp cc hot ng ca mnh vo mt cu s tay cc nhn33( P.Mohan Chandran, 2003). Mc ch ca cun s tay ny l hng dn li xe kim sot hnh vi ca mnh. Bn cnh , trong cun s tay cn quy nh cc iu khon v quy tc nhm m bo an ton trong lc d hng ha v bo v ti sn ca Wal-mart trong mi trng lm vic m khuya. qu trnh phn phi v vn ti thm hiu qu, Wal Mart s dng mt k thut trong logistics l h thng cross docking. Trong h thng ny, nhng sn
32

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.5, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
33

P.Mohan Chandran, 2003, Wal-marts Supply Chain Management Practices, tr.5, ICFAI Center for Management Research.

50

phm hon thin c vn chuyn trc tip t nh my sn xut ca nh cung ng n nhng kho cross docking theo nhng l hng ln, ti y l hng s c tch ra, chun b theo nhng nhu cu cn thit ca khch hng, ri gi i cho khch. Do c chun b y , nn khi ch n ni hng s c a vo s dng ngay m khng cn qua kho na. H thng ny gp phn gim chi ph tn kho rt nhiu. t c hiu qu cao nht ca h thng cross docking, Wal mart thc hin nhng s thay i rt c bn trong h thng qun l. Theo truyn thng, nhng quyt nh v sn phm, gi c v khuyn mi c tp trung v gii quyt cp cng ty. Tuy nhin, h thng cross docking t khi ra i thay i truyn thng ny. H thng chuyn hng mc tiu t chui cung ng sang chui nhu cu, ngha l thay v nh bn l y ( push) sn phm vo h thng th khch hng s ko (pull) sn phm khi no h cn. Phng php ny m bo mi quan h gia cc ca hng v trung tm phn phi, nh cung ng hn trc. 2.3.3.2. H thng kho bi

H thng kho bi ca Wal-mart chnh l cc trung tm phn phi trn khp nc M. Sau khi hng ho c nhp n t cc nh cung cp, chng c th s c chuyn n trung tm phn phi, thc hin phn loi, ghi nhn, ng bao, Sau , thng qua h thng xe ti nhng hng ho ny s c chuyn n cc ca hng v siu th trong khu vc. Hin nay, Wal-mart c khong 114 trung tm phn phi trn khp nc M, mi trung tm c kch thc ln hn 1 triu mt vung Anh34. Cc trung tm ny hot ng 24/7 h tr lin tc cho i xe ti. Bn trong mi trung tm, c cc bng chuyn vi chiu di hn 5 dm, phc v hn 9.000 dng sn phm khc nhau. Cc trung tm c phn b khoa hc, mi trung tm h tr hot ng cho 75 n 100 ca hng trong vng bn knh 250 dm. thun tin trong di chuyn, mi trung tm phn phi u c nh du trn cc cung ng n cc ca hng. Nhng hng ha c nhp trc tip t cc nh sn xut nc ngoi nh: Trung Quc hay

34

Logistics, xem ngy 7.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7794.aspx

51

n , s c chuyn n cc trung tm phn phi nm khu vc ven bin trc khi vn chuyn n cc ca hng trn khp nc M. Mi trung tm phn phi c phn ra nhng khu vc khc nhau trn c s s lng hng ha nhn c. T l quay vng hng tn kho l rt cao khong 1 ln trong 2 tun i vi hu ht cc chng loi hng ha35( P.Mohan Chandran, 2003). Nhng hng ha phn phi trong phm vi nc M thng c chuyn ti trong nhng tm nng, trong khi hng ha nhp khu th li c chuyn ti trong nhng chic hp hoc thng c th ti s dng.

Hnh 2.6 S h thng phn phi ca Wal-mart. 2.2.4. Qun tr tn kho Trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ngy nay th tn kho hng ho v nguyn vt liu l mt nhn t c ngha i vi s hot ng ca mt chui cung ng. Nhng, s lng hng tn kho qu nhiu s dn ti tng chi ph lu kho, gim sc cnh tranh v li nhun ca doanh nghip. Vi mt quy m hot ng phn phi v

35

P.Mohan Chandran, 2003, Wal-marts Supply Chain Management Practices, tr.4, ICFAI Center for Management Research.

52

bn l khng l nh Wal-mart, c th p ng c phn phi mt cnh linh hot hot, kp thi n cc ca hng, va cnh tranh vi cc i th v ct gim chi ph l mt vn khng nh. gii quyt vn ny, Wal-mart tin hnh pht trin chng trnh Nh cung ng qun tr tn kho, song song vi vic p dng k thut cross docking to ra hiu qu cao nht. 2.2.4.1. Hng tn kho c qun l bi nh cung ng

Chng trnh hng tn kho c qun l bi nh cung ng VMI ca Walmart yu cu cc nh cung ng qun tr mc tn kho cc trung tm phn phi ca Wal-mart bt u p dng cho nhn hng t lp ca P&G vo cui nhng nm 1980. n nm 2006, chng trnh ny m rng cho nhiu nh cung cp v cc loi mt hng khc nhau36( P.Fraser Johnson, 2006). Di s h tr t cc ng dng cng ngh nh: h thng trao i d liu in t EDI, h thng kt ni bn l Retail Link, chng trnh ny pht trin nhanh chng, v mang li hiu qu tch cc. Chng trnh bt u ti cc ca hng ca Wal-Mart. Cng nhn cc ca hng c trang b my vi tnh cm tay kim sot hng tn kho, nhng ln giao hng, v lu gi hng ha trong cc trung tm phn phi thng qua h thng nhn dng tn s radio. Bn cnh , vic qun tr n hng v lu kho hng ha cng c thc hin bi h thng my tnh. Thng qua h thng im bn hng (POS), Wal-mart c th kim sot v ghi nhn doanh s, mc tn kho trn cc k hng ti ca hng. Wal-mart cng s dng h thng thut ton phc tp d on s lng chnh xc mi loi hng ha cn c giao, cn c vo mc tn kho cc ca hng. Sau , thng qua h thng kt ni bn l, Wal-mart gi tt c nhng thng tin thu thp, v phn tch trn n cc nh cung ng (nh sn xut). Vi nhng thng tin c chia s, nh sn xut c th qun l tn sut, s lng, v nh thi gian giao hng thay v phi ch i nh bn l t hng. Hot ng ny cho php nh sn xut ch ng sn
36

P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, tr.7, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

53

xut s hng ha cn giao, lm gim s cn thit ca hng tn kho, ng thi ln k hoch giao hng hiu qu hn. Mt khc, h tr n lc qun tr tn kho ca Walmart, cc chuyn gia phn tch n t cc nh cung ng lm vic cng nhng chuyn vin chui cung ng ca Wal-mart nhm phi hp cc dng hng ha t nh my sn xut, ng thi gii quyt cc vn trong chui cung ng, t nhng vn thng thng nh: m bo c sn hng ha bc d ln cc xe ti, v sp xp i cc hng ha li, n nhng vn bt thng nh: s tng vt ca cu v mt loi hng ha ph bin. Hn na, tng cng qun l hng tn kho trong ngn hn v tho lun v nhng xu hng ca hng ha, cc chin lc chui cung ng t trung hn n di hn nh: v tr nh my sn xut, s kt hp gia cc nh cung ng nguyn liu sn xut vi cc d bo v nhu cu hng ha cng c a ra bn bc gia Wal-mart vi nh cung cp. 2.2.4.2. S dng k thut Cross docking

Cross-docking hay k thut di chuyn hng lin tc thng qu kho , l kho a nng phn loi, tng hp, ng gi, hon thin hng ha phc v ngi tiu dng. Loi kho ny ng vai tr nh mt trung tm phn phi tng hp. Sn phm c chuyn t ni sn xut n kho cross-docking theo nhng l hng ln. Ti y l hng s c tch ra, chun b theo nhng n t hng ca khch hng ri gi i cho khch. Do c chun b y , nn khi ch n ni, hng s c a vo s dng ngay m khng cn qua kho na.

54

Hnh 2.7: S di chuyn hng ha khi s dng k thut Cross-docking p dng Cross-docking Wal-mart l a hng ho thnh phm t c s sn xut v phn phi trc tip n cho cc ca hng v siu th m rt t v hu nh khng phi lu tr hng qua khu trung gian. Cross-docking ct gim chi ph nm gi v lu tr tn kho. Tc l bc lp y mt kho hng bng hng tn kho trc khi giao n i l hon ton c ct gim. n gin nh l nhn hng t mt ca v giao chng thng qua mt ca khc m khng phi lu tr chng trong nh kho. Hin nay, Wal-mart ang iu hnh 19 khu "cross - docking" h tr cho phng ban ca Sams club.

55

Hng c nhn, c kim tra tnh chnh xc v chun b cho vic a n cc ca hng. (nhn m vch c ghp vo cc thng carton)

Cc thng carton xuyn sut nh my trn cc bng chuyn nhm ct gim nhn cng v tc chu chuyn hng ho

My c m vch nhn dng sn phm v chuyn cc thng carton xung theo tng line bc hng thch hp

thng carton c bc ln cc xe mc hng v s c giao khi cc xe mc hng y hng.

Hnh 2.8 Quy trnh Cross-docking Trong hot ng qun tr tn kho ca mnh th Wal-mart ang thc hin c 5 loi hnh k thut v "cross - docking" nh sau37: Opportunistic Cross docking: theo loi hnh ny th thng tin chnh xc v ni hng ha c chuyn i, ni s c chuyn n cng nh chnh xc s lng hng ha giao nhn l rt cn thit. Bi v theo loi hnh ny th Wal Mart s nm bt chnh xc thng tin v chuyn hng trc tip cho cc ca hng bn l ca mnh t ni nh cung cp m khng cn phi thng qua
37

P.Mohan Chandran, 2003, Wal-marts Supply Chain Management Practices, tr.12, ICFAI Center for Management Research.

56

d tr trong nh xng. Opportunistic cross docking cng c dng trong vic qun tr h thng kho bi ca Wal Mart thng qua h thng thng tin, lin kt gia Wal Mart v cc nh bn l, nh cung ng thng bo thng xuyn cho nh bn l nhng mt hng cn thit sn sng c vn chuyn v c th vn chuyn ngay tc thi. Flow through Cross docking: theo loi hnh ny th lun lun c mt dng n nh hng ha i ra v i vo trung tm phn phi hng ha ca Wal Mart. Loi cross docking ny thng c p dng cho nhng hng ha d b h hng, ch ti mi trong mt khong thi gian ngn nh rau qu, thc phm ti sng; hay cho nhng loi hng ha khng d tr c lu trong kho (sa, thc phm ng hp). H thng cross docking ny c dng trong vic phn phi hng ha cho cc siu th v nhng ca hng bn l gi r khc. Distributor Cross docking: Trong loi hnh cross docking ny th hng ha s c nh cung ng chuyn trc tip cho cc ca hng bn l. Khng c mt trung gian vn chuyn no tham gia vo qu trnh phn phi ny. iu ny lm gim mt lng chi ph ng k cho cc nh bn l ca Wal Mart v h s khng phi tn bt k chi ph no cho vic d tr. V cc nh bn l ti mt s ni ca Wal Mart khng cn phi c trung tm phn phi nn Wal Mart khng cn phi tn chi ph cho nh kho. Thi gian vn chuyn hng ha t nh cung ng n cho khch hng cng c gim xung. Tuy nhin, loi hnh cross docking ny cng c nhng hn ch. l chi ph vn chuyn cho c nh cung ng v nh bn l ca Wal Mart c xu hng tng trong mt qung thi gian nht nh v khi hng ha cn c chuyn n nhng ca hng bn l nhng v tr khc v cch xa nhau. H thng vn chuyn cng cn c vn hnh tht nhanh chng. V trong trng hp ny, ngha ca kho cross docking cng mt i ngha. H thng vn chuyn v phn phi hng ha phi tht linh hot, c hiu qu v hon ton chu trch nhim trong vic chm tr phn phi hng cho nh

57

bn l. Ngi bn l chu nhiu ri ro nht v h khng c chia s ri ro cng vi nh sn xut. Hnh thc ny ch thch hp cho nhng nh cung ng c mng li phn phi rng ln v c th linh hot vn chuyn trong trng hp hng ha phi c phn phi trong mt khong thi gian tht ngn. Manufacturing Cross docking: nhng c s kho tm ca cross docking phc v cho nh my v tm thi c coi l kho mini ca xng sn xut. Khi m xng sn xut cn nhng phn v nguyn vt liu sn xut mt phn ca sn phm, n s c cung cp cho cc supplier trong khu vc sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn khi cn thit. iu ny gip gim thiu thi gian v chi ph vn chuyn, cng nh chi ph lu kho bi. Pre allocated cross docking: trong loi hnh ny, hng ha sn sng c ng gi v dn nhn bi nh sn xut v sn sng chuyn cho cc trung tm phn phi v t hng ha s c chuyn n cc ca hng. Hng ha c vn chuyn n trung tm phn phi v chuyn trc tip t y n cc ca hng v n tay ngi tiu dung m khng cn phi ng gi li hay l thay i bao b ca sn phm. Cross docking i hi mt s phi hp ng b, v cht ch gia nh sn xut (nh cung ng), kho cha, v h thng cc ca hng bn l ca Wal Mart. Hng ha ch c th phn phi d dng v nhanh chng ch khi thng tin chnh xc. Vic qun l h thng thng tin trong vic qun tr cross docking vi s tr gip ca h thng d liu chuyn i (Electronic Data Interchange - EDI) v nhng h thng thng tin kinh doanh. 2.3. nh gi v hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Walmart Ngy nay, ngi ta bit ti Wal-mart nh l mt ch bn l ln nht th gii m doanh thu ca n hng nm c th c xp vo danh mc nhng quc gia c GDP

58

cao nht th gii khong 419 t la M nm 201138. Sut t nm 2007 n nm 2011 (tr nm 2009), Wal-Mart lun ng u danh sch Fortune 500 v Global (Bng 2.1). Bng 2.1 Bng xp hng Wal-mart ca Fortune 500 v Global 500 (Triu USD) Xp hng Nm Fortune 500 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 1 2 1 1 Global 500 1 1 3 1 1
351.139 378.799 405.607 408.214 421.849 11.284 12.731 13.400 14.335 16.389

Doanh thu

Li nhun

Ngun: Fortune 50039 v Global 50040 Wal-Mart l cng ty dch v u tin leo n v tr hng nht trn danh sch ca Fortune (bt u cng b t nm 1955). Wal-mart thnh cng bi cng ty khng ch tp trung vo chin lc bn l m cn l mt cng ty ti u ho v Qun tr chui cung ng.Cc nt ni bt trong hot ng Qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart: ng dng tin phong, thnh cng cng ngh thng tin nh: cng ngh trao i d liu in t EDI, cng ngh nhn dng tn s radio RFID, v tinh nhn to, gii php CPFR; kt hp vi h thng kt ni bn l to tin cho mt chui cung ng hiu qu.

38

Wal-mart 2011 Annual Report. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500, xem ngy 7.5.2012. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/, xem ngy 7.5.2012.

39

40

59

Tin phong xy dng h thng cc nh kho a chc nng Cross docking thnh cng; p ng nhanh nhu cu khch hng v to ra cc gi tr tng thm cho hng ho. Chin lc mua hng hiu qu to li th cnh tranh v gi; bn cnh chng trnh Nh cung ng qun tr tn kho cng lm gim chi ph, to c s thnh cng cho chin lc Gi r mi ngy. Da trn nn tng cng ngh tng tnh hiu qu ca hot ng vn ti, mc p ng ca cc trung tm phn phi, tit gim tn kho bng h thng Just in time,

Nhng thnh cng trn c minh chng bi cc s kin nh: nm 1990, Wal-mart vt qua Target v Kmart tr thnh cng ty bn l ln nht nc M. n nm 2006, doanh thu ca Wal-mart vt xa tt c cc i th khc trn th trng bn l ( th 2.1). th 2.1 Doanh thu ca cc cng ty bn l nm 2006

Doanh thu nm 2006 (Triu USD)

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 40.358 52.935 16.023 60.553 38.416 52.62 315.654

Doanh thu nm 2006 (Triu la)

60

Ngun: Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, The University of Western Ontario, 2006. T nm 2007 n nm 2011, mc d giai on ny nn kinh t th gii ri vo khng hong, c bit l nn kinh t M, nhng Wal-mart vn trn tng trng dng. Theo bo co thng nin ca Wal-mart41, tc tng trng doanh thu rng cc nm trong giai on ny cao nht l 11,6% (2007), v thp nht 1,0% (2010). Trong khi , tc gia tng li nhun lun mc cao, thp nht l 23,4% (2007) v cao nht l 24,9% (2010). T th 2.1 c th thy r doanh thu rng ca cng ty lin tc tng t 344.759 triu la vo nm 2007 ln mc 418.952 triu USD vo nm 2011. y chnh l nhng kt qu cho thy Wal-mart ang s hu mt trong nhng chui cung ng tt nht th gii hin nay. th 2.2 Doanh thu rng nm ti chnh ca Wal-mart (2007-2011)

Doanh thu rng nm ti chnh ca Wal-mart

(Triu USD)
Doanh thu 418.952

344.759

373.821

401.087

405.132

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Ngun: Wal-mart 2011 Annual Report.

41

Wal-mart Annual Report.

61

CHNG 3: BI HC KINH NGHIM V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG CHO CC DOANH NGHIP BN L VIT NAM
3.1. Tng quan v th trng bn l Vit Nam hin nay Th trng bn l Vit Nam c coi l mt trong nhng th trng bn l c sc sinh li hp dn nht trn th gii. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca tp on t vn AT Kearney, ch s pht trin bn l chung ca Vit Nam nm 2004 t 76 im v ng th 7 (ln lt sau Nga, n , Trung Quc, Slovenia, Croatia v Latvia). Ba nm sau, nm 2007 Vit Nam ng th 4 trn th gii cng theo nh gi ca t chc ny (Nguyn nh Bch, 2007)42. Sau 5 nm gia nhp T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO), th trng bn l Vit Nam tip tc c nhiu thay i theo hng m ca su rng hn, y hn, hi nhp nhanh hn vo th trng khu vc v th gii. Tnh ti thi im u nm 2012, th trng bn l Vit Nam c nhng bc tin mi (Phan Th Ru, 2011)43: c khong 600 siu th, 120 trung tm thng mi , v 1.000 ca hng tin ch vi hnh thc bn l hin i, thun tin, gi c n nh, thu ht nhiu tng lp ngi tiu dng. Bn cnh , c nc c khong 9000 ch truyn thng, tp trung ch yu nng thn, ven cc th ln, nh. Mt vi c im ca th trng bn l: Th nht, mc d dn s ng, nhng thu nhp u ngi ch mc trung bnh thp, nn quy m th trng vn nh. Tng lp tiu dng phn ln

42

Nguyn nh Bch, 2007, Xp hng th trng bn l hp dn th gii: Mt im, Vit Nam tt xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.ncseif.gov.vn/sites/en/Pages/xephangthitruongbanle-nd-

hng,

7869.html.
43

Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam nm 2011 v d bo nm 2012.

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nng thn, thu nhp khng n nh, dn tr tiu dng khng cao, chuyn dch tp qun tiu dng chm. Th hai, cht lng, gi c hng ha dch v kh kim sot, v sinh an ton thc phm khng c ch , nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng. Hng ha tng gi khng tng xng vi tiu chun cht lng, khai gi v nim yt gi khng minh bch, gy mt lng tin ngi tiu dng. Th ba, gian ln, hng gi, hng nhi l cc vn ngy cng nhc nhi. Theo Hip hi phng chng hng gi, nm 2011 cc c quan chc nng pht hin v x l 500.000 v sn xut, lu hnh hng gi,. Th t, h thng bn l ca Vit Nam ang cn nhiu tng nc, lm tng chi ph lu thng. Hng tiu dng c lu hnh trn th trng thng qua nhiu hnh thc, khng r ngun gc, km cht lng. Cha c h thng bn l hon chnh, c bit l khu vc nng thn, min ni. Mc d vy, th trng bn l lin tc pht trin vi tc cao t 20% n 25% qui m, tng mc bn l hng ho dch v t t 750.000-800.000 t ng nhng nm 2006-2008, ln trn 1 triu ngn t ng nm 2010. Nm 2011 mc d kinh t kh khn, gi c tiu dng cao, sc mua gim nhng vn c th t 1,3 triu t ng. Theo s liu thng k, lnh vc bn l hng ho-dch v ng gp khong 15% GDP, doanh s bn l bng 60-70% GDP, gp phn tng trng kinh t trong nhng nm qua44. 3.1.1. Nhng doanh nghip bn l nc ngoi Vit Nam D cc hnh thc bn l Vit Nam c nhiu, nhng cn manh mn, thu li nhun thp, thiu tnh chuyn nghip. Nn cc tp on bn l nc ngoi tm mi cch vo th trng Vit Nam nhm khai thc nhiu c hi t th trng s khai ny.

44

Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam sau 4 nm gia nhp WTO, xem ngy 8.5.2012,

http://ven.vn/tabid/84/newsid/20893/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx.

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C th, Metro (Tp on Metro Cash&Carry, c) ng k kinh doanh theo hnh thc bn bun nhng thc ra hot ng phn ln l bn l; BigC (Tp on Casino, Php) hot ng theo hnh thc bch ha tng hp; Parkson (Tp on Lion, Malaysia) vi m hnh bn hng bch ha chuyn v hng cng nghip; Lotte (Hn Quc) kinh doanh c siu th ln gian hng Sau khi vo th trng Vit Nam, cc doanh nghip bn l nc ngoi nhanh chng thu c nhng kt qu kh quan nh: Metro, BigC, Parkson t c doanh thu, tc tng trng trn 40%/nm, trong Metro kim li khong 500 triu la trn nm v tng trng hng nm t 45%45. Hin nay, cc cng ty ny ang n lc m rng mng li phn phi ca mnh nh: BigC c ti 18 i siu th46, Parkson s hu 8 trung tm thng mi47, Metro khng thua km vi 17 chi nhnh kinh doanh (trung tm thng mi)48..... Bn cnh vic m rng kinh doanh, cc doanh nghip ny cn tp trung xy dng v qun l chui cung ng ca mnh. V d in hnh phi k ti Metro. Nhm h tr hot ng cho 17 trung tm thng mi, cng ty thnh lp phng cung ng49: vi 25 nhn vin chnh thc, v 25 nhn vin dch v thu ngoi, chu trch nhim v ton b hot ng qun l dy chuyn cung ng v kho vn ca cng ty. Kt ni hn 1.000 nh cung cp hng ha vi cc trung tm thng mi ca Metro l 4 trung tm phn phi (TTPP) nh: trung tm phn phi rau qu Lt, TTPP hng ti sng Bnh Dng, TTPP hng thc phm kh v phi thc phm TP.H Ch Minh, v TTPP H Ni. Ngoi ra, Metro cn

nh v ngnh bn l Vit Nam, 2007, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://tuoitre.vn/Kinh-te/226175/Dinh-vinganh-ban-le-Viet-Nam.html.

45

Thng tin cc siu th BigC, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.bigc.vn/Sieuthigannhat/ThongtinsieuthiBigC/tabid/139/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx.

46 47

http://www.parkson.com.vn/vi/gioi-thieu-parkson.html, xem ngy 8.5.2012.

Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Metro, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.metro.com.vn/servlet/PB/menu/1108611_l30/index.html.
48

Qun l dy chuyn cung ng v dch v kho vn, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.metro.com.vn/servlet/PB/menu/1098146_l30/index.html.
49

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xy dng i xe ti ring gm cc xe lnh trng ti ln v xe container vn chuyn hng ha gia cc TTPP v trung tm thng mi. 3.1.2. Cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam T sau khi gia nhp WTO, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam khng ngng m rng mng li bn l, h thng siu th, ca hng tin ch, trung tm thng mi, trong , c nhiu doanh nghip bn l ln nh: Saigon Coop, Tng cng ty thng mi H Ni, Tng cng ty thng mi Si Gn, in my Nguyn Kim.... Nm 2010, Tp ch bn l Chu (Retail Asia) cng b danh sch xp hng 500 nh bn l hng u Chu - Thi Bnh Dng50, Vit Nam c 10 doanh nghip c vinh d xp hng. Trong , ngoi 3 nh bn l nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit nam l: h thng siu th BigC, h thng Parkson, trung tm thng mi Diamond Plaza, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam gp mt 7 thnh vin cn li nh: h thng siu th Co.opMart, trung tm in my Nguyn Kim, chui G7 Mart.... Tuy nhin, cht lng h thng bn l cn mc thp, quy m mt siu th, trung tm thng mi mi t doanh s bnh qun vo khong 2-3 triu USD/nm, ca hng, ca hiu bnh qun doanh thu t 10-13 t ng/nm51. S lng chng loi hng ho mt ca hng, siu th cn qu t mu m, n iu. Cht lng hng ho bn l kh kim sot, xut s v sinh cng nghip, v sinh an ton thc phm, hng nhi, hng gi, hng km cht lng vn c lu thng (Phan th Ru, 2011)52. Chi ph u vo qu cao, nng lc cnh tranh thp, h thng bn l b phn khc nhiu tng nc, hu ht cc doanh nghip bn l, phi thu mt bng, ca hng vi gi mc cao, khng n nh, vay vn li sut cao, tr cng ngi lao ng ngy cng c xu hng tng; mi trng
10 doanh nghip Vit Nam vo danh sch 500 nh bn l Chu , 2010, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/301/12775/Chitiet.html.
50
51

Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam sau 4 nm gia nhp WTO, xem ngy 8.5.2012,

http://ven.vn/tabid/84/newsid/20893/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx.
52

Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam nm 2011 v d bo nm 2012

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cnh tranh ginh git th trng kh khc lit dn n hiu qu kinh doanh thp, khng m rng kinh doanh nh mong mun. 3.2. Thc trng qun tr chui cung ng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam 3.2.1. Qun l thng tin H thng thng tin c th xem nh tri tim ca hot ng chui cung ng, l qun l c dng vt cht ln dng thng tin. Nu thiu mt trong hai th hot ng cha phi l hot ng chui cung ng tht s, Tuy nhin, thc t cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam ch yu s dng h thng thng tin truyn thng (in thoi, fax, email) trao i thng tin, gi v nhn chng t, hu nh cha c cng ty Vit Nam no c phn mm hay h thng thng tin kt ni vi cc i tc ca ring mnh. So vi tiu chun quc t cng nh s ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo ngnh cng nghip bn l ton cu th mc ng dng cng ngh thng tin ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam rt thp. Mc pht trin cc tnh nng cng ngh thng tin ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nhn chung mc trung bnh so vi th gii. H thng thng tin m cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam trin khai vn cn mang tnh cc b, n l, cha c s kt ni gia cc i tc trong ton b chui cung ng. Gn nh khng c s lin kt h thng thng tin gia cc i tc nh nh cung cp hng ha,doanh nghip bn l, nh cung cp dch v logistics. M hnh kinh doanh m cc cng ty bn l trn th gii ang ng dng l m hnh ko (pull model) ngha l m hnh p ng nhanh chng nhu cu th trng v iu ny ch c th thc hin c thng qua ng dng h thng thng tin ton b v phc tp. Vic ng dng thng mi in t gia tng knh bn hng trc tuyn hoc phc v cho hot ng mua hng cha c cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam thc hin. Hu ht cc website ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam ch mang tnh thng tin, rt t hot ng giao dch trc tuyn. Do , li ch ca thng mi in t

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nh gim chi ph giao dch, tc giao dch gia tng, c hi tng doanh thu, khng c cc doanh nghip nhn thc mt cch nghim chnh. 3.2.2. Hot ng qun tr mua hng v nh cung cp y l hot ng u vo ca bt k nh bn l no v c nh hng ln n cu trc chi ph ca doanh nghip cng nh phn nh kh nng p ng sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng. Hu ht cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam u v ang xy dng c mi lin h vi cc nh cung cp trong v ngoi nc vi quan h n nh v lu di. Mt s doanh nghip bn l nh Saigon Co.opmart, Vissan, Vinatex mart,cng thit lp quan h i tc chin lc vi mt s nh cung cp to ra sn phm ring ca mnh. Thng thng l cc sn phm nh: thc phm kh, sn phm ng lnh v ch bin sn, sn phm ti sng, sn phm may mc. i khi cc cng ty cng tham gia vo mt s hot ng h tr sn phm nh: ng gi, dn nhn, ch bin. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng sn phm nhp khu t nc ngoi, quan h mua hng cng ch l mi quan h i l phn phi nn ngun cung cp khng mang tnh n nh v d dng gp ri ro trong cc vn lin quan n vic kim sot thi gian giao hng, t l hao ht, cht lng sn phm. T bng 3.2 ta thy, hu ht cc doanh nghip bn l ln ca Vit Nam c h thng cc nh cung cp chin lc. Mc d vy, hu ht nhng nh sn xut trong nc hoc ch l nhng cng ty hay i l phn phi sn phm nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Trong khi, m bo hng ha cung cp cho nh bn l l vn cc k quan trng, v mang tnh sng cn; th ch vi vi i tc chin lc kh c th tha mn nhu cu a dng v hng ha, dn n thiu ngun cung cho h thng bn l, trc tip nh hng ti kt qu kinh doanh v v th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, nu s lng cc nh cung cp chin lc tng ln ti hng trm, thm ch hng ngn nh cung cp, vi tim lc hn ch, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam kh c th qun tr tt ngun hng, cng nh m bo ngun thng tin l chnh xc v lin tc. Thc t cho thy,

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nhiu nh bn l khng th kim sot ht cht lng, ngun gc hng ha ca cc nh cung cp, nn hng ha km cht lng d dng xm nhp. Bng 3.2 : Danh sch cc i tc cung cp ca mt s doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam Tn DN G7Mart i tc Mt hng

Du Tng An, Ajinomoto, Caf Trung Du n, bt ngt, caf, Nguyn, CocaCola, Tribeco, Vinamilk, nc gii kht, sa, sn Dutch Lady Vietnam, Nutifood, P&G phm v sinh c nhn Bibica, Vissan, PepsiCo, Du Tng Bnh ko, thc phm ti An, hp H Long,Vinamilk, Dutch sng, nc gii kht, sa, Lady Vietnam, Lavie, Unilever, P&G hng tiu dng nhanh Cofidec, Inmexco, Safaco, Seprotimex, Rau qu, thy hi sn Cng ty rau c qu TP.HCM Phong Ph Corp, Dopimex, Doximex, May mc Texgamex, JVC, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Sanyo, Kim kh in my, in t, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, Toshiba in thoi HP, in t, in thoi Long, Sa, ru, thc phm Sony in t, in thoi

Saigon Coopmart

Vissan

Vinatex Mart Nguyn Kim

FPT Retail

Nokia,

Motorola,

Samsung,

Toshiba, Lenova, NEC, Acer, Apple. Hapromart Hanoi Milk, Vang Thang

Hagrimex, Hanoi Food Th Gii Di Nokia, ng Motorola, Samsung,

Ericsson,Lenova, Siemens

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3.2.3. Qun tr Logistics 3.2.3.1. H thng phn phi

Nhng nm gn y, h thng phn phi ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam c nhiu hnh thc hin i pht trin nh: siu th, ca hng tin ch, ca hng chuyn doanh, ca hng gi r, trung tm mua sm. Song xt v cc tiu ch nh: v tr, quy m, din tch, thit k, hng ha, gi c, dch v kinh doanh, dch v khch hngth cc m hnh ny cha hi t nhng tiu chun l c s bn l vn minh. Kt qu l h thng phn phi bn l khp khing, c s vt cht s si, bn hng v thanh ton ch yu theo phng thc truyn thng, nn dng thng tin va khng lin tc, va thiu, quan h gia nh bn l v ngi tiu dng cn s khai. Bn cnh , vic phn b mng li siu th v trung tm thng mi cha hp l. Ch yu tp trung thnh ph H Ch Minh, v H Ni, trong khi cc tnh thnh khc hoc c mt vi trung tm, hoc thm ch khng c. cung cp hng ha, sn phm cho cc siu th, trung tm thng mi, cn thit phi c mt h thng cc trung tm phn phi. Tuy nhin, trong khi mt s t cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam c quy m ln c mt vi trung tm phn phi tp trung theo khu vc nht nh x l lng hng t nh cung cp n cc siu th hoc trung tm thng mi, cn li a s cc doanh nghip bn l ch xy dng cc nh kho nh cha hng, v phn phi cho mt s siu th ln cn. Thc t, cc trung tm phn phi ny m nhim chc nng thu hi nhng sn phm tr li t cc siu th v trung tm thng mi. iu ny dn n lu lng hng ha qua li trong mng li gia tng, ko theo chi ph hot ng logistics hai chiu gia tng. D vy, cc doanh nghip vn cha c mt bi ton tng th, ti u trong vic xy dng v vn hnh cc trung tm phn phi mt cch hiu qu. Bn cnh , h thng thng tin, cc dch v logistics ti cc trung tm phn phi ny thiu v km, hot ng crossdocking chim s lng rt nh trong tng lng hng phn phi trn ton b mng li. Vic thit k trung tm phn phi theo tiu chun ngnh khng c ch trng.

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Bn cnh , vic qun l s lng rt ln cc mt hng lu kho bng phng php th cng hay bng nhng h thng n gin cng dn n gia tng chi ph trong ton chui cung ng: nh: chi ph giao dch, chi ph kim tra, ng thi tim n nhiu ri ro. Tnh trng ph bin ny din ra nhiu doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam, mt phn v cc doanh nghip khng c tim lc v vn u t xy dng h thng qun l kho hin i, mt phn v cha c h thng d bo, hoch nh ng tin cy. 3.2.3.2. Qun tr vn ti

Hin nay, hu ht cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam u thu ngoi vn ti hng ha trong hot ng phn phi, tr mt s doanh nghip ln nh: Saigon Co.opmart, Vissan, G7Mart. Tuy nhin, i xe ca nhng doanh nghip ny kh nh (khong 2,5 tn), chuyn phc v vic vn chuyn hng ha trong a bn hp, mt khu vc nht nh. Ngoi ra, vic hoch nh vn ti ti u tit kim chi ph cng cha c quan tm. C th, phn ln hot ng vn ti ch nhm phc v cho knh th cp t trung tm phn phi n siu th, trong khi khng kt hp vi chiu vn chuyn ngc li i vi hng ha thu hi. iu ny dn n tnh trng lng ph thi gian, nng sut ca i xe. Nhn chung, qun l hot ng vn ti ch yu da trn kinh nghim, cha c h thng h tr ti u ha tuyn ng, hnh thc vn ti v nng lc vn ti do nh hng n hiu qu vn ti. i vi hng nhp khu, tng chi ph vn chuyn ni a (total landed cost) chim t trng kh cao qua trung gian dn n gi thnh sn phm nhp khu cao. 3.2.4. Qun tr tn kho Qun tr tn kho l hot ng quan trng duy tr chui cung ng lun vn hnh xuyn sut, lin tc. Hoch nh lng hng tn kho lm sao va ti thiu ha chi ph, va p ng kp thi nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng l vic rt kh khn. Thng thng, c lng tt lng hng tn kho, cc doanh nghip phi da vo h thng d bo cu ng tin cy. Nhng thc t, vic t hng tn kho c cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam thc hin ch yu da vo s liu qu kh, v d bo th cng trn

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h thng d liu th s, v n gin. Vic p dng cc m hnh hin i, hiu qu vo qun tr tn kho cha c thc hin rng ri, hoc c p dng nhng vn cha mang li hiu qu mong mun. 3.3. Mt s bi hc kinh nghim t hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam Th nht, h thng thng tin l tin , v ng dng cc cng ngh l nhng gii php ci thin chui cung ng. T thc t cho thy, nguyn nhn khin qun tr chui cung ng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam cha hiu qu phn ln l do dng thng tin lu chuyn trong ton chui cha lin tc. V th, cc doanh nghip cn nhanh chng xy dng cho mnh mt h thng d liu trung tm kt ni cc siu th, trung tm phn phi ca mnh vi nh cung cp. V sau l thit lp mt h thng lin kt gia cc b phn trong chui nhm chia s thng tin. Khi , nhn vin kinh doanh c th truy cp vo h thng qun l kho, xem xt lng hng tn kho. Nu hng c sn, nhn vin khng ch c th yu cu cung cp thm loi hng vo kho, m cn c th yu cu h thng qun l kho ly v ng gi mt hng ri vn chuyn n ca hng. iu ny va gip doanh nghip qun tr tn kho, d bo nhu cu, trnh tnh trng ht hng, hoc tn kho qu cao; va gip cc nh sn xut ch ng sn xut, ngun cung khng b gin on. Bn cnh vic xy dng h thng chia s thng tin, th nhng ng dng cng ngh l cc k quan trng nh: EDI, RFID T hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart c th thy, ng dng cng ngh RFID gip tng hiu qu qun tr tn kho. ci thin hiu qu qun l tn kho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam, cng ngh RFID l la chn ti u. Khng nhng th, cng ngh ny cn gip kim sot xut x, ngun gc ca sn phm. Trong khi ngun gc, cht lng sn phm, hng ha ang l vn bn khon ca doanh nghip ln ngi tiu dng, th cng ngh ny s gip hn ch hng nhi, hng gi, cng nh hng khng r xut x.

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Th hai, thay khi nim nh kho bng trung tm phn phi, v dn chuyn sang nh kho a nng53. Thit k, phn b cc trung tm phn phi mt cch thch hp, hiu qu da vo khu vc a l, v cc mt hng m trung tm phn phi lu chuyn. Theo quan nim ca nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam, kho hng ch n thun l ni, hay c s lu gi hng ha, mi cng vic ch yu tp trung vo tay th kho. Tuy nhin, kho hng ngy nay khc, n chnh l trung tm phn phi, n m bo dng chy hng ha lin tc v gia tng nhiu gi tr hon thnh tt n hng. Trong mt chui cung ng, vai tr ca trung tm phn phi li cng tr nn quan trng hn trong vic m bo chui cung ng c vn hnh thng sut v hon ho. Khng nhng th, trung tm phn phi c xem l im cn bng gia cung v cu trong chui cung ng. Hnh 3.1: Cn bng chc nng ca trung tm phn phi

Hoch nh phn phi: Tm bit nh kho, xin cho trung tm phn phi, 2012. xem ngy 9.5.2012, http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/supply-chain/plan1872339724/item/546-ho%E1%BA%A1ch%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh-ph%C3%A2n-ph%E1%BB%91i-t%E1%BA%A1m-bi%E1%BB%87tnh%C3%A0-kho,-xin-ch%C3%A0o-trung-t%C3%A2m-ph%C3%A2n-ph%E1%BB%91i.html.
53

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T pha cung, trung tm phn phi phi m bo tnh hiu qu, bao gm qun l tn kho hiu qu, vn ti ti u, vn hnh trung tm mt cch hon ho. T pha cu, trung tm phn phi phi m bo c kh nng p ng cao v nhanh. ng trn phng din cc chc nng hot ng, hon thnh hai s mng quan trng trn, trung tm phn phi ngy nay cn trang b kh nng thc thi cc hot ng t qun l tn kho, b sung tn kho, c bit ha (customization) n cross docking, hoch nh vn ti, nh v hng ha, nh hnh 3.1. V c bn, chc nng chnh ca trung tm phn phi l:

X l v hon thnh n hng. Qun l vic vn chuyn hng (trung tm phn phi l u no iu tit ton b hot ng phn phi mt cch nhp nhng).

Hnh 3.3: Phn phi ng vai tr quan trng trong vic m rng v to ra gi tr gia tng

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Bn cnh , trung tm phn phi s gp phn to ra gi tr nh tr hon n hng (postponement) hay y nhanh vic chuyn hng (cross-docking). gc gi tr gia tng, trong khi hot ng sn xut ch yu l duy tr gi tr th phn phi s l ni to thm nhiu gi tr gia tng cho khch hng. Hnh 3.2 trn y th hin chui gi tr m hot ng phn phi ng vai tr v cng quan trng. Khng ch dng li vic xy dng cc trung tm phn phi thng thng, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam nn hng ti nhng trung tm hon thin n hng. Bi xu hng cc doanh nghip bn l trn th gii ang hng ti xy dng m hnh ko. C ngha l, thay bng vic doanh nghip y hng ha vo h thng phn phi cho khch hng la chn, cc doanh nghip s tp trung vo nhu cu ca khch hng, v p ng nhu cu , hay chnh khch hng ko sn phm theo nhu cu ca mnh. V th, khi nim trung tm hon thin n hng mang ngha ca mt m hnh ko nhiu hn so vi trung tm phn phi thng thng. pht trin tt nht hnh thc ny, thng mi in t l iu kin khng th thiu. Bi, trung tm hot ng lin tc, xuyn sut, cn c mt khi lng ln hng ha i qua trung tm. V th, thng mi in t s l yu t gip tng lng hng ha ra vo trung tm nh nhng u im ca n nh: x l n hng vi tc nhanh. Th ba, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam cn cng c mi quan h cht ch vi khch hng v nh cung ng, bi c nh vy th dng sn phm trong ton chui cung ng mi lin tc v hiu qu. Hin nay, dch v khch hng, v vic qun tr mi quan h vi khch hng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam vn b khch hng phn nh kh nhiu. Gii php nng cao cht lng dch v khch hng, cng nh qun l tt mi quan h vi khch hng cho cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam l nm r v p dng cc quy trnh sau vo hot ng v iu hnh doanh nghip: Quy trnh qun l mi quan h vi khch hng (CRM). Quy trnh ny m bo cho mi quan h vi khch hng c duy tr v pht trin. Thng qua quy trnh ny, nh qun tr c th xc nh nhng khch hng chin lc cng nh nhm

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khch hng mc tiu. Mc tiu ca hot ng ny l phn khc khch hng da trn gi tr m h em n cho cng ty, cng nh tm ra cc gii php c gi tr nhm nng cao lng trung thnh ca h. Ngi qun l quy trnh ny s thit lp mt i c bit gm cc thnh vin t cc b phn khc nhau trong cng ty. i ny c trch nhim thit k nhng tha thun v sn phm v dch v (PSA Product and Service Agreements) ph hp vi yu cu c th ca khch hng chin lc v khch hng mc tiu, ng thi ra chin lc lm th no cng tc vi khch hng. Hn th na, bn tha thun PSA cng xc nh r nhng kt qu t c cho cng ty, chng hn nh mc li/l ca tng khch hng, cng nh mi quan h v mt ti chnh gia cng ty vi khch hng. Sau , i CRM s lm vic vi cc khch hng chin lc ci thin quy trnh v ng thi loi b s bin ng nhu cu v nhng hot ng khng mang li gi tr. Quy trnh qun l dch v khch hng: l b mt ca cng ty. B phn ny l ngi lin h chnh trong vic qun l cc PSA v l ni cung cp cho khch hng cc thng tin. B phn ny cng h tr khch hng trong vic vn hnh cc ng dng sn phm. Quy trnh qun l nhu cu: i hi s cn bng gia yu cu ca khch hng vi nng lc cung cp. Vi mt quy trnh chnh xc, nh qun tr c th ch ng cn bng c cung - cu v ng thi thc thi k hoch vi t tn km nht. Mt im cn lu l quy trnh ny khng gii hn ti hot ng d on, m cn bao gm cc hot ng ng b ha gia cung cu, tng kh nng linh hot, v gim bt s bin ng. Mt h thng qun l nhu cu tt s tn dng cc thng tin t bn hng v khch hng chin lc gim s bin ng trong nhu cu, v cung cp s lu chuyn hiu qu trong ton b chui cung ng. H thng ny cng s h tr cho s hp tc vi b phn marketing v sn xut. Quy trnh hon thnh n hng. Quy trnh ny bao gm tt c cc hot ng cn thit xc nh yu cu ca khch hng, thit k mng li cho php cng ty

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p ng c yu cu ca khch hng vi chi ph giao hng thp nht. Dng nh hu ht cc hot ng ny c thc hin bi b phn logistics. Tuy nhin, lm tt th b phn logistics cn phi phi hp vi cc b phn khc trong cng ty cng nh vi nh cung cp/khch hng. Tng t, quy trnh qun l mi quan h vi nh cung cp l la chn cn thit cho doanh nghip. Quy trnh qun l mi quan h vi nh cung cp (SRM): cung cp mt h thng cu trc pht trin v duy tr mi quan h vi nh cung cp. Quy trnh ny l mt hnh nh thu nh ca quy trnh CRM. Ging nh CRM, quy trnh lin quan n vic pht trin mi quan h vi nhm cc nh cung cp c mang n gi tr cho cng ty. i vi nhm nh cung cp chin lc, cng ty s xy dng nhng tha thun v sn phm v dch v (PSA). i vi nhm nh cung cp t quan trng, cng ty s tip cn theo phng php giao dch. Ni ngn gn, th quy trnh SRM l vic nh ngha v qun l cc tha thun v sn phm v dch v. Th t, qun tr tn kho tt, hiu qu l yu t quan trng ct gim chi ph cho ton chui, ng thi gia tng doanh thu nh vic hn ch tnh trng thiu hng. Ngoi nhng ng dng cng ngh nh: h thng kt ni bn l, hay cng ngh RFID, th vic qun tr tn kho cn yu cu p dng ng thi nhiu phng php khc. C th (Nguyn Hu Duy, 2012)54: Xc nh cc mt hng tn kho qu lu hoc khng ph hp vi nhu cu v loi b chng. Vic xc nh cc mt hng tn kho qu lu, khng ph hp vi nhu cu ri loi b chng s c gii quyt thng qua vic p dng cc cng ngh hin i nh: h thng hoch nh cc ngun lc ca doanh nghip-ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning).
Nguyn Hu Duy, 2012, Mt s cch gim chi ph tn kho trong chui cung ng, xem ngy 9.5.2012,http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/component/k2/item/683-m%E1%BB%99ts%E1%BB%91-c%C3%A1ch-gi%E1%BA%A3m-chi-ph%C3%AD-t%E1%BB%93n-kho-trongchu%E1%BB%97i-cung-%E1%BB%A9ng.html.
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Tn dng k thut Cross -docking (di chuyn hng lin tc thng qua kho) gim nhng chi ph lin quan n tn kho v nng cao hiu qu giao hng. Theo k thut ny, nguyn liu/hng ha s c d xung t cc loi xe ti nh v ngay lp tc c xp ln cc xe ti xut hng, v th s khng c hoc c rt t tn kho gia vic d xung v xp ln. Cng ty c th s dng k thut ny gim cc chi ph lin quan n hng tn kho, nng cao hot ng ni b, v nng cao kh nng giao hng chnh xc. Th nm, cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam nn tp trung xy dng cho

mnh i xe ring. C th ngay t u, xy dng hon thin mt i xe s tn rt nhiu chi ph cho doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, vic lu thng hng ha lin tc t khu ny ti khu kia trong chui cung ng l cc k quan trng. Nu doanh nghip i thu ngoi dch v vn ti, va lm gim kh nng ch ng ca mnh, va gia tng chi ph, cng nh khng tn dng c s linh hot ca i xe. Mc d vy, nu ch n thun thnh lp mt i xe, ri yu km trong qun l n ch lm doanh nghip tr nn tr tr hn. Do , vic lp k hoch, tuyn ng, cng nh trang b mt h thng lin lc kt ni gia i xe vi cc phng ban khc l rt cn thit. Th su, thay th m hnh ca hng tin tch qu kh bi chui ca hng tin ch hin i55. M hnh ca hng tin ch c c nhiu bt cp nh: M hnh c i hi cc ca hng phi c khu vc kho bi rng ln vi i ng qun l ring bit. iu ny khng cn ph hp khi qu t khu vc trung tm thnh ph khng cn cho php ca hng c din tch rng va c khu vc trng by hng ha rng ri, va c khu vc kho bi c sp xp v qun l chun.

M hnh mi cho chui cung ng bn l, 2012, xem ngy 9.5.2012, http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/component/k2/item/718.html.

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M hnh c ph thuc nhiu vo mng li cung ng hng ha ca nh cung cp. iu ny dn n 2 h qu: Th nht -quyn lc m phn gi c v cc iu kin trong hp ng thu mua b hn ch; Th hai khi nh bn l khng nm gi trong tay quyn kim sot dng chy hng ha, nhng vn nh t hng t xut hoc nh cung cp t chi giao hng cho nhng ca hng nm ngoi khu vc giao hng ti u s xy ra thng xuyn hn. Hnh 3.4 M hnh ca hng tin ch mi

Ngun: M hnh mi cho chui cung ng bn l, 2012. Nh bn l s c mt kho tng (trung tm phn pui) cho tng vng v s qun l h thng vn ti giao hng cho cc ca hng. Vi s sp xp nh vy, quy trnh t

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hng v giao nhn hng ha cng s c nhiu thay i. Thnh vin trong phng cung ng (phng supply chain) s da vo thng tin v tn kho hng ngy t hng n nh cung cp theo s lng d bo (i vi hng mi) v doanh s (i vi hng ang kinh doanh) v tr hng v kho. Hng ngy, vi lch t hng c th, cc ca hng s t hng v kho v b phn qun l chui cung ng s tin hnh iu phi phng thc vn chuyn ph hp. Vi cch sp xp v vn hnh nh trn, nh bn l s khc phc c nhng yu im ca m hnh c nh ca hng s khng phi u t nhn lc, khng gian v vt dng trong kho cho nhng ca hng sp ti; cng nh nh bn l cng khng cn ph thuc vo nng lc ca nh cung cp trong vic vn chuyn hng ha na. V nh th, quyn li ca nh bn l trong qu trnh m phn s cao hn. Quyn li y khng ch gii hn mc gi v chit khu nh cung cp dnh cho nh bn l, m cn c th hin s u tin hng ha, hng khuyn mi, u tin trong vn i tr hoc thu hi nhng mt hng c thay i v mu m. V tt c nhng quyn li ny s nh hng n s xuyn sut trong chui cung ng v nng lc cnh tranh trn th trng ca nh bn l cng theo m tng ln.

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KT LUN
Khi mi trng cnh tranh ngy cng khc lit, sc p ln cc doanh nghip phi gim thiu chi ph, h gi thnh, nng cao cht lng sn phm, gia tng dch v khch hng ngy cng cao. V th qun l hiu qu hot ng logistics vn l cha cc doanh nghip t c hiu qu ti u. Khi , chui cung ng chnh l gii php tt yu. Sau khi nghin cu t l thuyt v chui cung ng ti thc tin hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca tp on bn l Wal-mart, kha lun rt ra mt s kt lun sau: Th nht, chui cung ng d mi xut hin (u nhng nm 1980) nhng n cho thy nhng hiu qu to ln. Khi nim ny thay i quan im v kinh doanh truyn thng: thay v qun tr hiu qu trong phm vi mt doanh nghip, cc doanh nghip cn phi lin kt nu mun ng vng trn th trng. Chui lin kt s kt ni t nh cung cp u tin ti nh sn xut, v khch hng cui cng. D n gin hay phc tp th chui cung ng u cu thnh t 5 thnh phn c bn, gm: sn xut, tn kho, a im, vn ti, v thng tin. Cc thnh t ny s m bo cc dng: thng tin, hng ha, ti chnhchy lin tc v xuyn sut trong ton chui. Tuy nhin, chui cung ng mang li hiu qu tht s th yu t qun tr chui cung ng l khng th thiu. Quy trnh qun tr chui cung ng cho php cc doanh nghip thit k c chui cung ng hiu qu nht, v iu hnh hot ng chui mt cch trn chu, thng nht thng qua: vic lp k hoch, tm ngun cung ng, sn xut, v phn phi. Th hai, ngoi nhng yu t v chin lc kinh doanh, ngun nhn lcth ti u ha hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ng gp mt phn rt ln vo thnh cng chung ca Wal-mart. T nhng tm hiu, phn tch su sc v hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart ta thy mt s nt ni bt sau: 1)Vic chia s thng tin gia cc mt xch trong chui cung ng ca Wal-mart din ra lin tc, v mnh m thng qua h thng lin kt bn l, v cc ng dng cng ngh nh: v tinh nhn to, EDI 2)Hot ng logistics c ti u ha chi ph da vo mt i xe khng l vi kh

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nng hot ng lin tc v linh hot; cng vi h thng cc trung tm phn phi c trang b c s vt cht hin i v phn b hp l. 3)Cng tc qun tr tn kho t c hiu qu v chi ph khi s dng chin lc hng tn kho c qun l bi nh cung cp kt hp vi k thut di chuyn hng lin tc trong kho (cross-docking) Th ba, hin nay khi cc doanh nghip bn l nc ngoi ang t vo Vit Nam, vi li th v ti chnh, ngun nhn lc, kinh nghim qun tr, v c bit cc cng ty ny tht s tp trung vo xy dng chui cung ng; th cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam vn ang gp nhiu kh khn. Thc trng qun l chui cung ng ca cc doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam cho thy va yu chuyn mn, va thiu cc ngun lc. p dng thnh cng t qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart, kha lun a ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim nh: hin i ha h thng thng tin, tng cng ng dng cng ngh tin tin, thay nh kho bng cc trung tm phn phi, xy dng i xe ti hin i, thay i hnh thc phn phi, tp trung qun tr tn kho hiu qu. Kha lun hon thnh c cc mc tiu v nhim v nghin cu. Tuy nhin, qun tr chui cung ng l mt lnh vc rng, phc tp nn trong qu trnh nghin cu ti khng trnh khi nhng hn ch. Do , ti mong nhn c nhng gp c th hon thin tt hn na bi nghin cu.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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19. Michael Hugos, 2003, Essentials of Supply Chain Management, Ch.2: Supply Chain Operations: Planning and Sourcing, tr.43 tr.76, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20. Michael Hugos, 2003, Essentials of Supply Chain Management, Ch.3: Supply Chain Operations: Making and Delivering, tr.77 tr.101, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21. P.Fraser Johnson, 2006, Supply Chain Management at Wal-mart, Ivey Management Services, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada. 22. P.Mohan Chandran, 2003, Wal-marts Supply Chain Management Practices, ICFAI Center for Management Research. 23. Roman, Eugene R., 1996, Reengineering the Distributor, South Holland, IL: Systems Design, Inc. 24. Senge, Peter M., 1990, The Fifth Discipline:The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, New York, NY: Doubleday/Currency. 25. Stack, Jack, 1992, The Great Game of Business, New York, NY: Currency/Doubleday. 26. Sunil Chopra, Pete Meindl, 2007, Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 27. The Institute for supply management. 28. Wal-mart 2011 Annual Report. 29. Wisner, Tan, Leong, 2009, Principles of Supply Chain management: A Balanced Approach, South-Western 30. William Beaver, Battling Wal-Mart: How Communities Can Respond, Business and Society Review, New York: Summer 2005. Vol. 110, Issue 2; pg. 159. 31. Walmartstores.com, xem 3.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7606.aspx. 32. Walmartstores.com, xem 3.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7606.aspx. 33. Tm hiu v RFID, xem ngy 4.5.2012, http://www.oif.vn/vi/20101105122242533p64c66/tim-hieu-ve-rfid.htm. 34. http://vnpro.org/forum/showthread.php/12690-Th%E1%BA%BB-RFID, xem 4.5.2012.

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35. Logistics, xem ngy 7.5.2012, http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7794.aspx 36. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500, xem ngy 7.5.2012. 37. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/, xem ngy 7.5.2012. 38. Nguyn nh Bch, 2007, Xp hng th trng bn l hp dn th gii: Mt im, Vit Nam tt hng, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.ncseif.gov.vn/sites/en/Pages/xephangthitruongbanle-nd-7869.html. 39. Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam nm 2011 v d bo nm 2012. 40. Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam sau 4 nm gia nhp WTO, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://ven.vn/tabid/84/newsid/20893/language/viVN/Default.aspx. 41. nh v ngnh bn l Vit Nam, 2007, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://tuoitre.vn/Kinh-te/226175/Dinh-vi-nganh-ban-le-Viet-Nam.html. 42. Thng tin cc siu th BigC, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.bigc.vn/Sieuthigannhat/ThongtinsieuthiBigC/tabid/139/language/viVN/Default.aspx. 43. http://www.parkson.com.vn/vi/gioi-thieu-parkson.html, xem ngy 8.5.2012. 44. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Metro, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.metro.com.vn/servlet/PB/menu/1108611_l30/index.html. 45. Qun l dy chuyn cung ng v dch v kho vn, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.metro.com.vn/servlet/PB/menu/1098146_l30/index.html. 46. 10 doanh nghip Vit Nam vo danh sch 500 nh bn l Chu , 2010, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/301/12775/Chitiet.html . 47. Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam sau 4 nm gia nhp WTO, xem ngy 8.5.2012, http://ven.vn/tabid/84/newsid/20893/language/viVN/Default.aspx. 48. Phan Th Ru, 2011, Th trng bn l Vit Nam nm 2011 v d bo nm 2012 49. Hoch nh phn phi: Tm bit nh kho, xin cho trung tm phn phi, 2012. xem ngy 9.5.2012, http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/supply-

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chain/plan1872339724/item/546-ho%E1%BA%A1ch%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh-ph%C3%A2n-ph%E1%BB%91it%E1%BA%A1m-bi%E1%BB%87t-nh%C3%A0-kho,-xin-ch%C3%A0otrung-t%C3%A2m-ph%C3%A2n-ph%E1%BB%91i.html. 50. Nguyn Hu Duy, 2012, Mt s cch gim chi ph tn kho trong chui cung ng, xem ngy 9.5.2012,http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/component/k2/item/683m%E1%BB%99t-s%E1%BB%91-c%C3%A1ch-gi%E1%BA%A3m-chiph%C3%AD-t%E1%BB%93n-kho-trong-chu%E1%BB%97i-cung%E1%BB%A9ng.html. 51. M hnh mi cho chui cung ng bn l, 2012, xem ngy 9.5.2012, http://supplychaininsight.vn/home/component/k2/item/718.html.