Chng 3:

Lm kh kh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
3.1. Gii thiu chung
Nc l tp cht ph bin nht ln trong cc hydrocarbon Nc ln trong kh thin nhin trong qu trnh khoan, khai thc, v qu trnh lm ngt kh (tch loi cc kh chua H2S, CO2) vv Nc gy ra cc vn sau:

To thnh hyrt gy tc nghn van, u vi, trong qu trnh vn chuyn Gy n mn ng ng, cc thit b Gy ra cc phn ng ph, to bt, hoc lm mt hot tnh xc tc trong cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo
CN Ch Bin Kh 2

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Hm lng hi nc trong kh ty thuc vo p sut, nhit , v thnh phn ha hc ca kh.

m bo ha l m ng vi trng thi bo ha hi nc ca kh.

m tuyt i l khi lng nc cha trong 1 n v th tch hoc 1 n v khi lng kh.
m tng i l t l gia khi lng hi nc cha trong kh v khi lng hi nc cc i cha trong th tch kh xc nh iu kin bo ha.
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 3

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

=p/P
vi: : m tng i p: p sut ring phn hi nc trong kh

P: p sut hi nc bo ha

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

m cn bng ca kh thin nhin ph thuc vo thnh phn kh v hm lng mui:

Tng t trng kh v hm lng mui, hm lng nc ca kh gim. Khi c H2S, CO2 th m ca kh tng. Khi c N2 th m kh gim.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Hydrat l hp cht dng tinh th tn ti trng thi bn vng trong iu kin xc nh.
iu kin to hydrat:
Nhit , p sut kh. Thnh phn kh: C1, C2, C3, i-C4, N2, H2S, CO2, Ar c th to hydrat, nhng n-C4 khng to hydrat. Nhit bt u to hydrat ca C1 gim khi trong kh c cha C3+. Nng mui: tng nng mui, nhit bt u to hydrat gim.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
3.2. Lm kh kh bng phng php c ch

Lm kh kh nhm ly hi nc ra khi kh v h im sng xung thp hn nhit vn chuyn v ch bin.

Hm lng nc ti a cho php trong dng kh sn phm thng thng l 100 mg H2O/ 1 Sm3 kh. Cc phng php lm kh kh:
Dng cht c ch hn ch to hydrat.

Hp th hi nc bng cht lng ho nc.

Hp ph hi m bng cht lm kh rn hat ha. Ngng t hi m nh nn hoc lm lnh kh.
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 7

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Hm lng nc trong kh thin nhin cn phi c tnh ton, d on qua xy dng c phng n lm kh kh ti u. Hm lng nc bo ho trong kh ngt ph thuc vo P, T, v thnh phn kh (t trng tng i : SGg = Mg / Mkk = Mg / 28.97) Kh chua (c cha H2S v CO2) s c hm lng nc cao hn. Cn phi hiu chnh hm lng nc khi nng H2S v/hoc CO2 trong dng kh ln hn 5%
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 8

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Phng php tnh ton, d on

Xc nh t th:
Gin McKetta v Wehe (1958): kh ngt Gin Campbell: kh chua

Dng cng thc

n v: [mg/Sm3]; [lb/MMscf] Sm3 : mt khi chun; o ti iu kin chun ISO 2533 101.35 kPa; 15oC MMscf : triu feet khi chun, o ti 14.7 psi (101.35kPa); 60 oF (15.56 oC) 1 lb = 0.454 kg
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 9

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Hm lng nc trong kh ngt Gin McKetta v Wehe
? 01

Xc nh hm lng nc bo ho cho dng kh hydrocacbon ngt c SGg 0.9; nhit 70 oC v p sut 6000 kPa. - T Hnh 1: W = 4500 mg/Sm3 - H s hiu chnh cho SGg 0.9: CG = 0.98 ->Hm lng nc: W = 0.98 x 4500 = 4410 mg/Sm3

A 01

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

10

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Hm lng nc trong kh chua
? 02 A 02

Tnh hm lng nc cho dng kh: 80% C1, 10% H2S v 10%
CO2, ti 70 oC v 6000 kPa. a) p dng cng thc: W = yHCWHC + yH2SWH2S + yCO2WCO2

= 0.8x4500 + 0.1x6000 + 0.1x4700 = 4670 mg/Sm3

c WHC, WH2S, WCO2 t cc Hnh 1, 2 v 3 b) Dng gin Campbell vi nng H2S tng ng:

yH2S* = yH2S + 0.75 x yCO2 = 0.175 = 17.5%

c hm lng nc t Hnh 4: W = 4500 mg/Sm3 (6900 kPa); 12000 mg/Sm3 (2100 kPa) -> ti 6000 kPa: W = 4514 mg/Sm3
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 11

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Xc nh iu kin P, T to thnh hydrat:

Xc nh SGg S dng Hnh 5 c gi tr P, T tng ng Phng php Katz

Xc nh iu kin to thnh hydrat trong qu trnh gin n kh (gim p)

S dng cc gin trong Hnh 6-7

CN Ch Bin Kh 12

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
? 04

Cho dng kh:

0.784 0.060 0.036 0.024

C1 C2 C3 C4

a) Xc nh P to thnh hydrat ti 10oC. b) Dng kh trn c gin n t 10000 kPa xung 3400 kPa. Xc nh T ti thiu khng c s to thnh hydrat trong qu trnh gin n.

N2
CO2

0.094
0.002

c) Dng kh trn ti 15000 kPa, 40oC c th gin n n p sut no m khng b to thnh hydrat?
CN Ch Bin Kh 13

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
A 04

a) SGg = 0.693

c t gin trong Hnh 5: P = 2200 kPa

b) T gin trong Hnh 7, tm im ni gia ng p sut u 10000kPa v p sut sau 3400 kPa. c T tng ng (~450C). c) Cng t Hnh 7, tm im ni gia ng p sut u 15000kPa v nhit 400C, c p sut sau (~ 8000 kPa)
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 14

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Phng php Katz

Chnh xc hn phng php dng th Chn mt gi tr T ti P cho trc (hoc P ti T cho trc) S dng cc gin trong Hnh 8-11 xc nh hng s cn bng kh-rn Kv-s cho mi hydrocarbon. Xt tng (yi/Ki,v-s) Lp li 3 bc trn cho n khi (yi/Ki,v-s) = 1
CN Ch Bin Kh 15

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
? 05

Cho dng kh: Xc nh P to thnh hydrat ti 2000 kPa theo phng php Katz.

C1 C2 C3 C4

0.784 0.060 0.036 0.024

So snh vi kt qu ca

? 04

N2
CO2

0.094
0.002

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

16

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
A 05

Xt T = 10oC
C1
C2 C3 C4

Kv-s

y/Kv-s

0.784
0.060 0.036 0.024

2.05
0.82 0.12 0.045

0.382
0.073 0.3 0.533

y/Kv-s = 1.288 > 1

Xt T = 12oC
C1 C2 y 0.784 0.060 Kv-s 2.12 1.1 y/Kv-s 0.3698 0.0545

C3
C4

0.036
0.024

0.23
0.084

0.1565
0.2857

y/Kv-s = 0.8665 < 1 Xt ti 11oC, thu c y/Kv-s = 1.0417 ~ 1, c th kt lun y l nhit to hydrt ca dng kh ti 2000 kPa
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 17

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

i vi dng kh chua c nng H2S, CO2 cao:

Khng s dng c phng php Katz !!!

S dng phng php Baille-Wichert: hiu chnh nhit to hydrat thng qua % C3

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

18

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

? 06

Cho dng kh:

0.843

C1

C2
C3 C4 N2 CO2 H2S

0.031
0.007 0.004 0.003 0.070 0.042

a) Xc nh T to thnh hydrat ti 4200 kPa ?

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

19

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Dng phng php Baille-Wichert a) SGg = 0.682 b) Gin Hnh 12: 4200 kPa -> 4.2 %H2S -> SGg = 0.682 c) Theo dc phn di ca gin xc nh c T to hydrat tng ng l 17.5oC. d) Hiu chnh theo %C3 T gin hiu chnh trong Hnh 12, tm im ni gia %H2S v %C3. Dng thng xung ng P = 4200kPa. c nhit hiu chnh: -1.5oC. e) Vy T to hydrat ca dng kh ny l 16oC

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

20

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Phng php hp th bng dung mi: EG, DEG, TEG, PG...

Phng php hp ph bng cht hp ph rn: Alumina, Ry phn t, silica gel, CaCl2...
Phng php lm lnh di im sng bng tc nhn lnh hoc gin n nhanh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

21

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

3.2.1. Phng php c ch to hydrate Bn cht ca phng php c ch l a vo dng kh m cht c ch ha tan trong nc t do v do lm gim p sut hi nc v nhit to hydrat. Cc cht c ch thng s dng: methanol, glycol,

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

22

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Phng trnh Hammerschmidt :
t = 0,556 K W / (M(100-W))
t: lng gim nhit hydrat ha p sut xc nh (0C). W: hm lng cht c ch (%). M: phn t lng cht c ch. K: hng s (K = 2335 cho methanol, = 4000 cho glycol).

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

23

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Chi ph cht c ch (kg/1000 m3 kh) lai tr hnh thnh hydrat:

q = (W1 W2) C2/(C1 C2)
W1, W2: hm lng m trong kh trc v sau khi a cht c ch vo (kg/1000 m3 kh). C1, C2: nng khi lng cht c ch trc v sau khi s dng.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

24

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

So snh cc cht c ch:

Methanol: p st hi bo ha cao nn kh thu hi v han nguyn. Glycol: t hn methanol, p sut hi bo ha thp hn nn c th thu hi v han nguyn han tan.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

25

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Methanol vs. Glycol Methanol Khng n mn Khng phn ng vi HC Tan v hn trong nc Tan trong HC (0.5 wt%) Khng thu hi c D bay hi di iu kin vn hnh R S dng khi yu cu nhit < 250C Glycol

t tan trong HC Thu hi v ti s dng c Khng bay hi t hn S dng n - 250C

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

26

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

La chn cht c ch glycol: ph thuc nhit to hydrat, nht, mc h nhit , s ha tan trong hydrocarbon, nhit tch chit, thnh phn kh.
Hm lng gii hn cho php ca dung dch glycol (%kl) cn phi gi trong h cc nhit khc nhau:
T(0) -22,3 -28,9 -34,4 -45,6
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Etylen Glycol 40-93 45-91 49-88 56-81

Dietylen Glycol 48-91 51-88 56-85 -

Tetraetylen Glycol 49-92 53-90 57-88 27

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Nguyn tc ca phng php c ch: a thm vo dng kh mt cht c kh nng kt hp vi pha nc nhm h thp nhit to hydrat ti mt p sut cho. Nn xem xt s dng phng php gy c ch khi: + vic to thnh hyrat c th din ra trong thi gian ngn + nhit hot ng ca h thng ch thp hn vi so vi nhit to hyrat ca dng kh Cc cht c ch thng s dng: glycols (EG, DEG, TEG), methanol, Cc cht c ch thng c phun thng vo dng kh
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 28

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

29

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

3.2.2. Lm kh bng phng php hp th Da trn s chnh lch p sut hi nc trong kh v cht hp th. Cc cht hp th thng s dng: mono-, di-, tri-etylen glycol.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

30

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Qu trnh hp th

L qu trnh truyn khi t pha kh sang pha lng y l qu trnh tng tc vt l gia hi nc v dung mi

Hai nh lut chi phi qu trnh hp ph:

Raoult: Pi = Pi* x Xi Dalton: Pi = Ptotal x Yi

P*i / Ptotal = Yi / Xi

trong :

Pi : p sut ring phn ca cu t i

Pi* : p sut hi ca cu t i nguyn cht Ptotal : p sut tng ca dng kh Xi : % cu t i trong pha lng

Yi : % cu t i trong pha kh

Din ra hiu qu hn T thp v Ptotal cao

CN Ch Bin Kh 31

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Yu cu ca dung mi:

C i lc vi nc mnh, v vi HC thp C bay hi thp ti nhit hp th: gim mt mt dung mi C nht thp: d bm v tip xc tt vi dng kh

C bn nhit tt: hiu qu thu hi cao

Kh nng gy n mn thp

Triethylene glycol (TEG) l dung mi ph bin nht

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

32

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

u im DEG

Nhc im

ho nc cao, bn cao Mt mt do b li cun cao hn khi c hp cht lu hynh, oxy v so vi TEG. CO2 nhit cao. Khi han nguyn, kh nhn Dung dch m c khng ng c dung dch vi hm lng bng. DEG cao hn 95%. Gim nhit im sng t hn so vi s dng TEG. Gi thnh cao.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

33

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

u im TEG

Nhc im

ho nc cao. u t c bn cao. To kh nng gim im sng cao Dung dch TEG c kh nng to bt hn, bn tt khi c hn hp lu cao khi c hydrocarbon nng, thm. hynh. Ha tan hydrocarbon trong TEG cao Ha tan hydrocarbon trong TEG cao hn trong DEG. hn oxy v CO2 iu kin thng. Han nguyn d dng n nng dung dch 99%. Dung dch m c khng ng bng. bay hi ca TEG thp hn DEG.
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 34

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

u im

Nhc im

Dung dch 10-30% MEA, 60-80% DEG, 5-10% nc Cht hp th c nc, CO2, H2S. Mt mt do b cun ra cao hn so vi TEG. Kh nng to bt thp. Ch ng dng lm kh v lm sch kh chua. Cht hp th n mn kim lai nhit han nguyn. Gim nhit im sng t.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

35

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Theo thi gian, nng cht hp th trong kh gim do s pha lang ca nc kh nng lm kh gim.
Gii hn nhit lm vic ca qu trnh lm kh kh bng phng php hp th:
Tmax = 380C: nhit cao qu gy mt mt glycol.
Tmin = 100C: nhit thp qu lm tng nht dn n gim kh nng ht m ca glycol.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

36

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Khi tng nng glycol, lng gim im sng tng nhiu hn so vi khi tng chi ph ring cht hp th.
Nhit phn hy ca DEG l 164,40C; TEG l 206,70C khi han nguyn glycol p sut thng, 1 phn glycol b phn hy thc hin han nguyn glycol p sut chn khng.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

37

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

38

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

39

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

3.2.3. Lm khan bng phng php hp ph Da trn kh nng ht m t kh ca cht rn c cu trc xc nh nhit thp v gii hp chng nhit cao. L qu trnh vt l, hiu qu ty thuc vo nhit , p sut v bn cht chp hp ph.

ng dng lm kh su kh n -85 -1000C.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

40

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Cc cht hp ph thng s dng:

Al2O3 Silica gel Ry phn t (zeolite): khi cn h im sng n -85 -1000C.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

41

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Ch s
Hnh dng Kch thc, mm L xp ni, % T trng nn, kg/m3 ng knh trung bnh l xp, nm B mt hp ph hat ng, m2/g Th tch hp ph cht hp ph kh, g/g Nhit dung, kJ/kg 0C dn nhit, kJ/kg 0C Nhit hp ph cc i, kJ/kg nc

Al2O3
Tr, vin, cu, bt 0,6-6,0 25-40 480-850 6,0-20,0 100-300 0,10-0,25 1,005-1,047 795-1172 4787

Silica gel
Cu, bt 2,4-4,0 30-40 400-770 3,5-14,0 200-900 0,14-1,0 0,921 795 4187

Zeolite
Tr, cu, bt 1,6-3,2 30-35 480-800 0,3-1,0 500-800 0,20-0,65 0,837 4187

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

42

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

c im ca phng php hp ph
- Hiu qu hn qu trnh hp th bng TEG - C th lm kh n thp hn 0.1 ppm H2O - Hiu qu kinh t v mi trng tt - Thng c s dng cng vi mt qu trnh hp th bng TEG: + Thp hp th bng TEG lm kh n khong 60 ppm + Thp hp ph tip tc lm kh n 0.1 ~ 1 ppm

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

43

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Qu trnh hp ph ta nhit nhit cht hp ph tng ln trong qu trnh hp ph.

Trong s hp ph chu k, c t 2-3 thp lm cc nhim v: hp ph, gii hp, lm lnh cht hp ph.

Nhit han nguyn cht hp ph: 176-2040C (Al2O3, silica gel); 316-3700C (zeolite).
Nhit han nguyn c nh hng n kh nng hp ph v lng gim nhit im sng ca cht hp ph. Thi gian lm vic ca cht hp ph: 2-5 nm.
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 44

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

La chn cht hp ph:

Silica gel: lm kh n im sng -53 -570C. t st: lm kh n im sng -550C. Al2O3: lm kh n im sng -610C. Zeolite NaA: lm kh n im sng -70 -750C.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

45

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Yu cu v c tnh ca cht hp ph
- Kh nng hp ph cao ti trng thi cn bng + gim th tch cht hp ph cn thit, gim chi ph v nng lng qu trnh gii hp - chn la cao + gim mt mt cc kh - D gii hp + Nhit gii hp thp, gim chi ph nng lng - gim p nh - Tnh cht c hc tt - R, tr v mt ho hc, khi lng ring ln v khng thay i th tch nhiu trong qu trnh hp ph - Din tch b mt, kch thc mao qun
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 46

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Silica gel
- R - D gii hp - Kh nng hp ph cao: c th hp ph lng nc bng 45%
khi lng ca n

- Thi gian s dng lu

- Hp ph n 5-10 ppm nc

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

47

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Alumina
- C tnh cht c hc tt nht - Hp ph c kh chua (H2S, CO2) - D gii hp nht - Hp ph n 10-20 ppm nc

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

48

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Ry phn t (Zeolite)
- Hp ph n 0.1 ppm nc - Quan trng cho cc qu trnh kh nc trc khi dng kh

tri qua cc qu trnh lm lnh

- C cu trc mao qun kch thc u v c th iu khin c - C kh nng hp ph kh chua - t nht trong cc cht hp ph - Nhit gii hp cao nht - Chi ph cho qu trnh hp ph vi zeolite l cao nht
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 49

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

t im sng ca kh thp v lng gim im sng cao:

Lm kh hn hp 2 giai an: giai an 1 dng phng php hp th, giai an 2 dng phng php hp ph. Lm kh bng hp ph tng hp: bc 1 hp ph trn silica gel hoc Al2O3, bc 2 hp ph trn zeolite. Phng php ny cho php lai vt nc ra khi dng kh v kh c im sng thp.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

50

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

u, nhc im ca phng php lm kh bng hp ph u im Khang bin thin thng s cng ngh rng. Cho php nhn c im sng thp v gim im sng cao. Thay i nhit v p sut khng nh hng ng k n cht lng lm kh. n gin, tin cy cao. Nhc im u t ln. Chi ph vn hnh cao. Khng c cc qu trnh lm vic lin tc trong tng cng an hp ph, gii hp, lm ngui. Hiu qu hp ph gim dn do b u c bi cc cht c ch n mn v cc hp cht ha hc khc dn n phi thay mi.
51

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

Chng 3: Lm kh kh
Bng chuyn i n v
0F

= 0C x 1.8 + 32 0R (Rankine Temperature) = oF + 460 1 psi = 0.068 bar = 6.8 kPa 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 inch = 0.0254 m MMscfd ~ milion standard cubic feet per day
TS. Nguyn Hu Lng CN Ch Bin Kh 52

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Bng iu kin chun

H T P V

SI
Universal scientific

273.15K
0oC 60oF 32oF

101.325 kPa
760 mm Hg

22.415 m3/kmol
22.415 L/mol

Nat. gas industry

American engineering

14.7 psi
1 atm

379.4 ft3/lb mol

359.05 ft3/lb mol

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

53

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Mt s im cn lu khi hat ng thit b kh nc bng cht hp ph ry phn t:

S thay i p sut ti lp cht hp ph khng nn vt qu 50 psi/ph (6 kPa/s). ng knh lp hp ph khng nn qu ln. Khi kh nng hp ph gim v gim p sut tng mnh, cht hp ph nn c thay mi. Thng thng, cht hp ph ry phn t mt 35% hat tnh sau thi gian hat ng 1-3 nm; hoc mt 50% hat tnh sau 1600 ln ti sinh.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

54

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

Thng thng, cht hp ph ry phn t 4A c kh nng hp ph 20 lb nc/100 lb ht i vi ht mi, v 13 lb nc/100 lb ht i vi ht s dng iu kin 75oF (24oC).
Hai yu t nh hng n kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph:

bo ha hi nc trong dng kh. Nhit dng kh.

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

55

Chng 3: Lm kh kh

TS. Nguyn Hu Lng

CN Ch Bin Kh

56