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Cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn ang pht trin bng n trn th gii v c
Vit Nam. Trc yu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng dch v thng tin di ng v
cht lng, dung lng v tnh a dng ca dch v. c bit l cc dch v truyn d
liu tc cao v a phng tin. Qua vic nghin cu v p dng cc cng ngh k
thut tin tin p ng c nhu cu ny l mt i hi cp thit.
Mt trong cc k thut l k thut vi ba s. Vi ba s l h thng truyn dn s
dng tn s siu cao tn, vi bc sng cc ngn, vi kh nng ng dng rng ri v
thch nghi tt vi mi trng. K thut vi ba s ang dn c s dng ph bin trong
cc tuyn truyn dn.
L sinh vin chuyn nghnh in t vin thng, chng em cn i vo tm hiu h
thng vi ba s v nm vng cc bc thit k tuyn vi ba. l hnh trang cho chng em
tip cn h thng vin thng ni chung v h thng vi ba ni ring.
Xut pht t nhng yu cu trn, chng em chn ti THIT K TUYN VI
BA S H NI BC NINH. Tuyn truyn dn m bo truyn thng thoi v d liu
gia 2 khu vc. Trong ni dung hn hp ch a ra nhng phn k thut s lc nht
thit k cho 1 tuyn vi ba s.
n ny c chia lm 4 chng nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng vi ba.
Chng 2: L thuyt thit k tuyn.
Chng 3: Thit k tuyn viba H Ni Bc Ninh.
Chng 4: Tnh ton bng phn mm chuyn dng Pathloss.
Vic tip tc nghin cu v ng dng cc tuyn truyn dn vi ba s s mang li
nhng hiu qu to ln cho cc h thng v tuyn v dung lng cng nh cht lng dch
v ca h thng.
MC LC
Li ni u ...................................................................................................................... 1
Chng I ......................................................................................................................... 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG VI BA S ................................................................... 1
1.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Vi ba s l g? ................................................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Cu trc mt tuyn vi ba s ........................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Vi ba s im ni im .................................................................................. 2
1.1.4 Viba s im a im ................................................................................. 2
1.2 c im ca Viba s ......................................................................................... 3
1.3
Chng I
TNG QUAN V H THNG VI BA S
1.1 Gii thiu chung
Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh vin thng, i hi nhng ngi
lm ch mng li phi nm vng nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh vin thng hin
i, trong c vi ba s.
chng ny chng em s gii thiu cc khi nim v c im chung ca h thng
vi ba s, phn loi h thng vi ba s, u v nhc im ca h thng vi ba s, cc mng
vi ba s im im, im a im ng thi cng cho thy cc c s v sng v
tuyn fading.
1.1.1 Vi ba s l g?
Vi ba s l h thng thng tin chuyn tip mt t s dng sng in t tn s
GHz truyn dn thng tin s.
Lng thng tin c truyn dn bi h thng vi ba thng l kh ln ( v d: cc
lung E1, E3, STM1)
Vi ba s thuc nhm cc h thng thng tin nhiu knh.
1.1.2 Cu trc mt tuyn vi ba s
1.1.3 Vi ba s im ni im
Mng vi ba s im ni im hin nay c s dng ph bin. Trong cc mng
ng di thng dung cp si quang cn cc quy m nh hn t tnh n cc huyn
hoc cc nghnh kinh t khc ngi ta thng s dng vi ba im im dung lng trung
bnh hoc cao nhm tha mn nhu cu v c bit l dch v truyn s liu. Ngoi ra,
trong mt s trng hp vi ba dung lng thp l gii php hp dn cung cp trung k
cho cc mng ni ht, mng thng tin di ng.
1.2 c im ca Viba s
Thng tin viba s l mt trong ba phng tin thng tin ph bin hin nay bn cnh
thng tin v tinh v thng tin quang. H thng viba s s dng sng v tuyn v bin i
cc c tnh ca sng mang v tuyn bng nhng bin i gin on v truyn trong
khng trung. Sng mang v tuyn c truyn i c tnh nh hng rt cao nh cc
anten nh hng. H thng viba s l h thng thng tin v tuyn s c s dng trong
cc ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng v tuyn. H thng viba
s c th c s dng lm:
-
u im:
Do lm vic di sng siu cao tn nn m bo truyn c nhng tn hiu di
rng.
rng di tn siu cao do nhiu i c th lm vic ng thi.
H thng c kh nng linh hot, nhanh chng p ng phc v thng tin cho
khch hng mi lc mi ni v dch v.
Vic trin khai hay tho g h thng truyn dn rt c ng, khi khng cn thit
c th nhanh chng chuyn sang lp t v tr khc ca mng vin thng.
Gi c h thng v u t ban u thp. u im ny cho php cc nh khai thc
pht trin mng vin thng nhanh chng cc vng c s h tng vin thng cha
pht trin vi vn u t thp nht.
Nhc im:
Di tn s SCT c nhc im l ch truyn c trong phm vi nhn thng c ly
di 70Km (tu thuc vo bng tn cng tc). V vy mun truyn thng tin i xa
cn thc hin chuyn tip nhiu ln.
C tc nh hn nhiu so vi h thng cp quang, v hin nay ng chc ch
cn s dng nhng khu vc cha ko c cp quang do a hnh phc tp.
Cht lng tn hiu khi truyn dn viba chu tc ng rt ln ca cc iu kin kh
hu, thi tit nh ma, gi, my m, bo, tuytv.v
Suy hao cng sut tn hiu kh ln trong mi trng truyn dn. Chu s can nhiu
ln nhau gia cc knh thng tin v tuyn v cc h thng thng tin khc nhau.
Sng t
Sng b mt
Sng truyn
trc tip
Sng phn x t
tng i lu
Sng phn x
t mt t
t do t l vi bnh phng khong cch. Mc suy hao ny gi l suy hao kh quyn trong
khng gian t do. N t l nghch vi di bc sng.
: Bc sng ca sng in t
Pt: Cng sut tn hiu ti anten pht
d: Khong cch gia 2 anten
c: Vn tc nh sng ( 3 x 108 m/s)
Suy hao trong khng gian t do
LdB = 10log
= 20 log(
Pt
4d
= 20log(
) = -20log + 20 logd + 21.98dB
Pr
4fd
) = 20log(f) + 20log(d) 147.56dB
c
Nu khong cch l Km, tn s tnh theo Ghz th suy hao trong khng gian t do
tnh theo dB l:
LdB = 92,4 + 20log + 20 logd
(dB)
Khng kh cng ln cao cng long (chit sut gim), nn sng in t c xu hng b
cong v mt t. Do , c th gy ra hin tng fading nhiu ng.
d) nh hng ca a hnh
S phn x t mt t
10
Chng II
L THUYT THIT K TUYN VI BA S
2.1 Gii thiu chung
thit k mt h thng viba im ni im trc x gm cc bc c bn sau y:
Bc 1:Nghin cu dung lng i hi
Bc 2: Chn bng tn s dng, thit b s dng, sp xp cc knh RF.
Bc 3: Tm trm trn bn , kho st v tr t trm.
Bc 4: Dng mt ct ng truyn v tnh cc thng s lin quan.
Bc 5: Xc nh cao anten.
Bc 6: Tnh ton ng truyn.
Bc 7: Cc ch tiu k thut.
Bc 8: nh gi cht lng tuyn.
11
12
thoi c m ha
1495 - 1535
30
2110 - 2130
3,5
96
2160 - 2180
3,5
96
3700 - 4200
20
1152
5925 - 6425
30
1152
10700 - 11700
40
1152
( MHz)
13
S sp xp cc knh v tuyn
Bng sau lit k s sp xp cc knh v tuyn theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR cho h v
tuyn chuyn tip quc t
Bng 2.2: S sp xp cc knh v tuyn theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR
CCIR Rec
(MHz)
(MHz)
238 - 1
60/120
1808,2000,2203
200
385
60/120/300
7575
300
1903,2101,4003
400
1800
6475
500
960/2700
6770
680
300/960
8350
300
960
1120
1000
14
15
F1=
d1d 2
dd
= 17,32 1 2 [m]
d
df
17
Trong thc t, thng gp ng truyn i qua nhng a hnh khc nhau c th chn
min Fresnel th nht gy nn tn hao trn ng truyn, cc loi a hnh ny c th
c vt chn hnh nm trn ng truyn v cc loi chng ngi khc. Trong hnh di
ch ra m hnh vt chn trn ng truyn dn, trong F1 l bn knh min frsnel th
nht, F l khong h thc: l khong cch gia tia trc tip v vt chn hnh nm ti
im tnh ton min Fresnel th nht.
Theo cc tu chun thit k v khong ht n truyn c khuyn ngh th cao
ti thiu ca anten m bo sao cho tn hiu khng b nhiu x bi vt cahwns nm trong
min fressnel th nht l F=0,6 F1
18
gia tuyn v bn knh ca min Fresnel th nht(F1). Biu thc x nh cao ca tia v
tuyn nh sau:
4 d1 d 2
51
B = E + (O + T) + C.F1 =
+ (O +T) + C.F1 [m]
k
Vi C=1
Thng thng cao ca tia B c tnh ton ti im c vt chn cao nht nm gia
tuyn.
Hnh 2.6.2:Biu minh ha cao ca mt anten khi bit cao anten kia.
Tuy nhin nh cp phn trc, m bo h thng hot ng khng chu
nh hng ca cc yu t trong tng lai th cao anten phi s dng mootjkhoangr d
phng, ph thc vo ngi thit k.
20
21
2.7.2 li
a) li ca anten
li ca anten l cng sut bc x theo mt hng so vi cng sut bc x theo
mt hng bt k bng anten ng hng.
li ca anten ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca anten.
y l tng cc li ca anten mi mt u cui ca tuyn. l ca anten
ph thuc vo ng knh ca anten, tn s lm vic, gc m hiu dng ca anten v
c biu din bng cng thc:
G= 20lgD 20lg + 10lg n + 9,943 dB
Trong : D l ng knh a anten(m)
22
FMa
10
Pb = 10
FMb
10
23
Chng III
THIT K TUYN VI BA H NI BC NINH
3.1 Nghin cu dung lng i hi
Tnh Bc Ninh
a hnh
Bc Ninh l tnh thuc vng ng bng Bc b, nm gn trong chu th sng
Hng, lin k vi th H Ni. Bc Ninh nm trong vng kinh t trng im: tam gic
tng trng H Ni - Hi Phng - Qung Ninh, khu vc c mc tng trng kinh t cao,
giao lu kinh t mnh.
a hnh Bc Ninh tng i bng phng. Tuy dc t bc xung nam v t ty
sang ng, nhng dc khng ln. Vng ng bng chim gn ht din tch t nhin
ton tnh, c cao ph bin 3 - 7m so vi mt bin. Do c bi p bi cc sng ln
nh sng ung, sng Cu, sng Thi Bnh nn vng ng bng ch yu l t ph sa
mu m. Vng g i trung du ch chim 0,5% din tch t nhin v phn ln l i ni
thp, cao nht l ni Hm Long 171m.
Kh hu
Kh hu c trng ca tnh l nhit i gi ma, ma h nng nng nhit trung
bnh 30 - 36C, ma ng lnh, t 15 - 20C. Lng ma trung bnh trong nm 1.800
mm, s gi nng khong 1.700 gi/nm, thch hp cho trng la v cc cy cng nghip,
cy thc phm khc.
Dn s
Nm 2010, dn s Bc Ninh l 1.038.229 ngi, ch chim 1,21% dn s c nc
v ng th 39/64 tnh, thnh ph, trong nam 511,7 nghn ngi v n 526,5 nghn
ngi; khu vc thnh th 268,5 nghn ngi, chim 25,9% dn s ton tnh v khu vc
nng thn 769,7 nghn ngi, chim 74,1%. Tnh ra, mt dn s Bc Ninh nm 2010
ln ti 1,262 ngi/km2, gn gp 5 ln mt dn s bnh qun ca c nc v l a
24
25
26
Trm A
TrmB
d1= 6,9km
d2=28,9 km
cao so vi mc nc bin
h1=12,3 m
h2= 22,5m
ha1=50m
Cn tnh
(m)
(3.1)
Trong :
d1, d2: Ln lt l khong cch gia cc trm ti im ang xt li ca
mt t (km).
E: li ca mt t (m).
d dng cho vic tnh ton v v mt ct nghing ng truyn ta lp bn gi
tr ca X cc im khc nhau trn ng truyn.
ng truyn c 1 hop AB di 35,8 km. Ta c bng tnh nh sau:
d1(km) d2(km) E(m)
1
34.8
4.094118
33.8
7.952941
32.8
11.57647
31.8
14.96471
30.8
18.11765
29.8
21.03529
28.8
23.71765
27.8
26.16471
26.8
28.37647
10
25.8
30.35294
11
24.8
32.09412
12
23.8
33.6
13
22.8
34.87059
14
21.8
35.90588
15
20.8
36.70588
16
19.8
37.27059
28
17
18.8
37.6
18
17.8
37.69412
19
16.8
37.55294
20
15.8
37.17647
21
14.8
36.56471
22
13.8
35.71765
23
12.8
34.63529
24
11.8
33.31765
25
10.8
31.76471
26
9.8
29.97647
27
8.8
27.95294
28
7.8
25.69412
29
6.8
23.2
30
5.8
20.47059
31
4.8
17.50588
32
3.8
14.30588
33
2.8
10.87059
34
1.8
7.2
35
0.8
3.294118
29
(
0,6F
17.9 +15 m
42.3
37,5 m
Trm B
Trm A
28.9 km
6,9 km
F =
(3.2)
Vi:
F: Bn knh ca min Fresnel
f: Tn s sng in t
d= d1 + d2: Khong cch hai trm
Trong :
d1= 6,9 km: Khong cch t trm A (M nh) n im c vt chn cao nht..
d2= 28,9 km: Khong cch t im c vt chn cao nht n trm B (Bc Ninh).
d= d1+ d2= 35,8 Km.
f= 8 GHz.
T cng thc (3.5.2b) v cc s liu trn ta tnh c bn knh min Fresnel l:
F1=
= 14,43 (m)
30
(3.4)
-37.5
ha2= 53,5 m.
Thc t ta phi cng thm vo gi tr tnh ton mt khong d phng, ta chn
khong d phng l 5 m. Vy cao ct anten :
Trm A ( H Ni) 50 + 5= 55m
Trm B ( Bc Ninh) 53,5 + 5= 58,5m
4d
(dB)
(3.5)
32
Suy hao do feeder l suy hao m ng dn sng truyn sng gia anten v my
pht/my thu. Gi s thit b c ni trc tip t my pht v anten khng cn ng dn
sng. V vy suy hao feeder trong tuyn l Lf = 0 dB.
d. Suy hao hp th kh quyn.
Da theo tiu chun ca CCIR v suy hao trong kh quyn th ng vi tn s
8Ghz ta c suy hao l 0.01 dB/km.
Vy suy hao hp th kh quyn trn ton tuyn l:
Lsp = Lsp0 x d = 0.01 x 35,8= 0.358 dB.
e. Tng suy hao v tng ch
Tng suy hao v tng ch ca tuyn truyn l:
L = A0 + Lb + Lf +Lsp Gt Gr = 141,64 +1 + 0 +0,358 2x36,6 = 69,798 dB.
3.6.2 Tnh cng sut thu thc t
Cng sut thu ti my thi c tnh bng cng thc:
Pr= Pt L
Trong :
Pr: Cng sut thu ca my thu (dBm).
Pt: Cng sut ca my pht (dBm).
L : Tng suy hao v tng ch (dB).
Thay s vo cng thc (3.7.2) ta c cng sut thc t ca my thu l:
Pr= 26 69,798 = -43,798 (dBm)
3.6.3 Tnh d tr Fading thc t
Ta chn my thu c ngng thu l Pth = -88dBm.
d tr fading l lng chnh lch gia cng sut thu c v ngng thu ca
my thu, trong cng sut thu c ln hn ngng thu ca my thu.
33
FM
10
Trong :
PF l xc sut hin tng Fading vt qu tr Fading yu cu (FM) gy
gin on thng tin trong thng xu nhtv PF = 0,1%.
c: H s a hnh v kh hu:
c= 4: Vng bin hoc ven bin.
c=1: Vng trung du, kh hu n ho, khng phi ven bin.
c=1/4: Vng ni, kh hu n ha.
f: tn s sng mang.
B: 0,85 B 1,5, thng ly B=1.
d: Khong cch hop (km).
C: 2 C 3,5 :thng ly C=3.
Do kh hu tuyn H Ni vnh phc l nhit i nn chn c=1.
T cng thc (3.7.4) ta suy ra d tr Fading yu cu l:
FMyc= -10log
(3.8)
= -10 log
= 24,1 dBm
T kt qu tnh ton d tr Fading thc t ( FMtt= 44,077 dBm) v d tr
Fading yu cu ( FMyc= 24,1 dBm) ta thy : FMtt>FMyc Hop tho mn.
Sau khi tnh ton ta c bng tm tt kt qu
Tn s lm vic f
8 Ghz
35,8 km
34
42,3 m
Trm B:
37,5 m
25 m
Trm B:
43,9 m
2,4 m
0,5 dB
26 dBm
-88 dBm
141,76 dB
0 dB
0,358 dB
li ca mi anten G
36,6 dB
69,798 dB
Mc u vo ca my thu Pr
- 43,798 dBm
44,202 dBm
d tr Fading yu cu FMyc
24.1dBm
35
3.7 Lp t v kim th
Tin hnh kho st v o c lp Anten ti cc trm sao cho tha mn vi yu
cu tnh ton trn.
Ti H Ni ni t trm v lp t Anten ti cc trm anten sao cho tha mn vi
yu cu tnh ton trn.
Ti h ni ni t trm v lp t anten l bu in Thng Long, 5 Phm Hng, M
nh ta s tin hnh o c lp t anten c cao 25 m trn ta nh 10 tng cao 30m,
iu chnh gc ngng ca anten theo hng ng truyn.
Ti Bc Ninh ni t trm l trung tm vin thng Bc Ninh, s 64 Ng Gia T,
p.V Ninh, tp Bc Ninh, Bc Ninh. cao thp anten l 37m.
Fma
10
= 3,74.10-3 .
10
.f
36
erf(t) =
37
u im:
-
S dng cng ngh s mi nht v cung cp cc giao thc qun l mng m gip
khch hng c th tch hp thit b mt cch thun li vo mng hin c ca mnh
C hiu sut cao, kh nng truyn ti dch v nhanh chng vi chi ph thp nht
Nhc im:
-
Ch truyn cu hnh im im
H tr ch bo v 1+1.
38
u im:
-
Lp t thun tin, truyn ti dch v nhanh chng v l cc gii php kinh t nha
nh i vi c nhu cu truyn dn dung lng cao cng nh trong cc tnh hung
khn cp.
Nhc im:
-
Truyn dn c ly ngn
Chi ph u t cao.
39
u im:
-
Thit k gn nh, cng sut tiu th thp, dung lng ln t E1 STM-1, s dng
di tn rng t 7 38 Ghz.
H tr cu hnh im im, im a im, vng ring, hnh sao, hnh cy, h tr
nh tuyn.
Nhc im:
-
40
41
C 4 loi MMU:
43
Khi SMU- Switch Multiplexer Unit: Khi ny ch dng vi cu hnh 1+1. chuyn
mch v ghp tch knh cc lung 2Mbps.
SAU:
44
45
46
47
Add thm chiu cao vt chn khong 18m (ty thc t nh th no). Vo Structure
> Range of structure. Minh ha:
Chnh cao anten thch hp (ty vo thc t), Pathloss s t tnh gc phng v, bn
knh min Freshnel, cao nh trm so vi mc nc bin. Vo mc module> print
profile s c nh hnh:
48
49
69,798 dB
68.77 dB
Pr
-43,798dBm
-42,77 dBm
FMtt
40,93 dBm
45,23 dBm
50
KT LUN
Viba s c mi trng truyn dn l v tuyn nn n d b nh hng ca mi trng
xung quanh, cht lng truyn dn khng tt bng cp hu tuyn nh l cp ng, cp
quang. Nhng vic thit k v tnh ton n gin vi chi ph thp v vi vic truyn trong
c ly ngn th vn m bo cht lng truyn dn tt.
Qua vic thc hin 9 bc ca n nhm thc hin hc hi c nhiu kin thc
v kinh nghim qu bu v ngh nghip tng lai. Hiu c kh khn khi bt tay vao
mt lnh vc.
Qua bi n : Thit k tuyn Vi ba s thc t em hiu thm c cc bc
thit k mt tuyn Vi ba, cch la chn thit b vi ba sao cho ph hp vi tuyn truyn
dn, nu chn thit b c dung lng truyn ln s gy lng ph, khng c tnh kinh t,
bn cnh thit b c chn phi ph hp vi bng tn v tuyn v cc knh RF.
51