CNG C H TR NH GI PHN HNG RI RO THUC BO V THC VT CHO TI NGUYN NC A TOOLKIT SUPPORTS TO EVALUATE PESTICIDE RISK RATING FOR WATER

RESOURCES Ths. Nguyn Hin Thn Vin Mi trng v Ti Nguyn, HQG TP. HCM Email: nguyenhienthan@yahoo.com. ABSTRACT In this paper, the author introduces a new tool to assess environmental impact and pesticide risk. This tool named Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) that outputs an improved pesticide risk indicator for water resouces. PIRI can be used as an aid in minimizing the off-site impacts of pesticides. PIRI is a simple screening tool that can be used interactively to assess the relative risk of pesticides or cropping systems in terms of their potential impact on surface water or on groundwater quality and ecosystem health. Key work: Pesticide risk, environmental risk assessment, risk assessment, risk indicator, pesticides risk. 1. T VN Nn kinh t nng nghip Vit Nam vi hn 70% dn s ang chuyn mnh sang c cu sn xut hiu qu hn [1]. V vy, vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt nng cao nng sut cy trng ngy cng gia tng. Hin nay, danh mc thuc BVTV s dng Vit Nam: vi 800 hot cht, 2.700 tn thng mi [2]. Tnh trng s dng ha cht trong nng nghip nh phn bn ha hc, thuc bo v thc vt trn lan, thiu kim sot. Theo thng k ca ngnh chc nng, t nm 2000 n nay, mi nm Vit Nam s dng khong t 35.000 n hn 100 nghn tn ha cht bo v thc vt [1]. Theo kt qu iu tra ca Cc BVTV v Chi cc BVTV, t nm 2006 n nay cho thy, t l mu c d lng vt qu mc d lng ti a cho php vn mc cao (8,53%) s mu kim tra [2]. Trc y, thuc ch yu s dng cho cy la th ngy nay cn c s dng ph bin trn cy rau v nhiu loi cy trng khc. Vi din tch t nng nghip chim gn 80% nn lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t hot ng nng nghip rt ln. Do vn nhim mi trng nc, t v ri ro sc khe t thuc BVTV l rt ln. Vic nghin cu nh gi ri ro mi trng t thuc BVTV thng rt phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian. V vy, vic s dng cc cng c h tr nh gi v tc ng cng nh ri ro t thuc bo thuc BVTV l rt cn thit. Cng c PIRI l mt trong cc cng c hu ch cho vic nghin cu nh gi tc ng v ri ro mi trng t vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt. 2. CC CNG C H TR NH GI RI RO MI TRNG V THUC BVTV nh gi ri ro mi trng ngy cng pht trin v khng ngng c nghin cu nhiu nc trn th gii. Do , ngy cng nhiu cng c nh gi ri ro c xy dng v pht trin. C quan Bo v mi trng Hoa K xy dng h thng nh gi ri ro vi tn gi Integrated Risk Information System [3]. y l h thng nh gi cc tc ng sc khe t phi nhim cc cht nhim mi trng. D liu IRIS lu tr thng tin ca hn 550 cht ha hc c tc ng n sc khe con ngi t phi nhim cc cht nhim khc nhau trong mi trng. Trong h thng IRIS c thu thp nhiu ti liu nghin cu m t cc tc ng sc khe ca tng cht v cc thng tin nh lng theo hai loi: cht khng gy ung th (Noncancer effects) v cht gy ung th (Cancer effects). Hin nay, h thng IRIS

c s dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii v l cng c h tr c lc cho nh gi ri ro sc khe mi trng. Mt h thng h tr nh gi mi trng kh ni ting vi tn gi l CatchIS. y l cng c h thng thng tin qun l mi trng lu vc. Chc nng chnh ca cng c ny l h tr nh gi m hnh ri ro cht lng nc, kch bn h tr ra quyt nh, tch hp h thng GISc bit trong c h tr nh gi ri ro ca thuc bo v thc vt [4]. Cc cng c nh gi ny c ngun d liu ln v mt s c thng mi ha. Bn cnh c rt nhiu cng c c pht trin thc hin nh gi lin quan tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng . Mt s cng c ny phc tp v kh hiu bao gm nhiu thnh phn nh: d liu khng gian, nh gi nguy hi n mu hoc a mu, h thng phn hng tc ng tng hp, kt hp kinh t v cc mu v tr xc nh [5] khc phc nhng vn va c cp, T chc Nghin cu Cng nghip v Khoa hc lin bang (CSIRO) pht trin cng c PIRI v c s dng rng ri cho nh gi kh nng gy tc ng ca thuc tr su cho ngun nc [6]. PIRI l cng c nh gi ri ro nh gi ri ro nhim nc mt bi thuc tr su thng qua qu trnh ging thy. PIRI c s dng trong nhiu nghin cu nh gi cht lng nc gy ra do thuc BVTV [7] [8], nh gi ri ro thuc BVTV [9], nh gi c cht sinh thi [10], nh gi ri ro ti khu vc ti tiu [11], v c xem l ch th ri ro thuc BVTV tt [12]. PIRI hon ton c s dng min ph v d dng s dng. V vy, trong iu kin nghin cu cn hn ch nh Vit Nam vic ng dng PIRI vo nh gi ri ro thuc BVTV s ph hp hn. 3. KHI QUT V CNG C PIRI V D LIU U VO 3.1. Khi qut v cng c PIRI PIRI l cng c n gin v c cc c im sau: Phn mm thn thin cho ngi s dng. L mt ch s ri ro cho cht lng nc. Tit kim v lng mu u vo. Yu cu d liu c sn. Cho php cp nht d liu u vo ca a phng v thuc BVTV mi. Ngun d liu khoa hc. C th thay i v iu chnh theo ngi dng. nh gi cc loi thuc tr su khc nhau cho cc vng nng nghip c kh nng nhim thuc BVTV. Xc nh vng c hi cho phun thuc BVTV, gim thiu ti a tc ng. H tr pht trin chng trnh quan trc. c lng cc ri ro ca cc loi thuc BVTV khc nhau. Kim ton hoc phn hng thc hnh h thng qun l mi trng. Nng cao nhn thc v ri ro lin quan n thuc tr su v ri ro cng ng.

PIRI c s dng cho cc trng hp:

PIRI c 3 thnh phn nh gi c bn: - Cc mi e da ( hm lng thuc BVTV) i vi ti nguyn nc, - S lan truyn thuc BVTV to nn nhng mi e da cho ti nguyn nc, - Ga tr mi e da cho ti nguyn nc. 3.2. D liu u vo

Nguyn l chung ca PIRI l s dng d liu sn c hn l yu cu nhng thng tin chi tit cho mi mt trng hp ring bit. Do , PIRI hng n mc tiu l cung cp c lng hu ch cc ri ro ca tng loi thuc BVTV mt cch c th. Cc d liu u vo cho PIRI nh sau: Kt cu t (Soil texture): PIRI yu cu phn lp thc vt nh che ph, di tn cy, loi cy. D liu thi tit (Weather data): d liu lng ma trung bnh ngy v nhit trung bnh ngy. Cc d liu ny c th c thu thp t nhiu nm hoc c th c lng. - dc ca t (Slope of land): dc trung bnh c th c c lng hoc c o t. - rng tng m (Buffer width): mt tng m hp l c nh hng ln, c bit nu n gn kt vi cc ht t c kh nng b nhim thuc BVTV. - T l si mn (Rate of soil erosion): t l si mn l tiu ch cho c lng s di chuyn ca thuc tr su. - Chiu su mc nc (Depth to water table): chiu su mc nc thng c s dng trong thnh phn nc ngm. Kt qu t ch s PIRI th khng qu nhy cm i vi s thay i su ca mt nc ngm v hu ht s suy gim xy ra 1m u tin. - c tnh sinh thi (Ecotoxicology): d liu v thuc BVTV trong PIRI bao gm d liu c tnh cho to, c, chut v mt s tiu ch sc khe con ngi. 4. QUI TRNH NH GI CH S PHN HNG TC NG TBVTV CHO MI TRNG NC PIRI c th nh gi cho cht lng nc mt v nc ngm. Trong c chia ra lm 2 dng l tc ng c cht (toxicity) v tc ng di chuyn (mobility impact). Qu trnh ton ch s PIRI c thc hin theo 3 bc khi d liu c thu thp sn sng. Hnh 1: Danh mc nh gi tc ng thuc BVTV trong phn mm PIRI Bc 1: Nhp cc d liu s dng t (Hnh 2): -

Hnh 2: D liu s dng t cho PIRI

Bc 2: Nhp thng tin d liu tn sut v t l cc loi thuc BVTV s dng (Hnh 3).

Hnh 3: Mn hnh la chn cc loi thuc tr su cho tnh ton PIRI Bc 3: Tnh ton ri ro thuc (pesticide) v ri ro dn nc (cactchment risk)

Hnh 4: Kt qu tnh ton ri ro v phn hng tc ng ca thuc tr su

Thang nh gi ri ro c chia lm 6 mc : Rt thp (very low), Thp (low), Trung bnh (medium), Cao (high), Rt cao (very high) v Cc k cao (extremely high). Thang nh gi ny da trn mi lin h phn hng ca hp cht cho kh nng di chuyn ca chng ti a im ny so vi a im khc di s thit lp ca iu kin mi trng v t. Rt thp v Thp ch kh nng di chuyn ca thuc tr su l thp. Ri ro Trung bnh cho thy cc hp cht ny di chuyn ra khi a im v c pht hin trong nc ti cc v tr ln cn. Ri ro cao cho thy kh nng cht ha hc di chuyn khi v tr hin ti cao v c pht hin ti dng nc. Phn hng tc ng da trn c tnh n mt sinh vt, t s di ng (mobility score) l t l ca gi tr EC50, LC50 hoc LD50 so vi cht ha hc c lng mt t l theo n v c.

Hnh 5: Kt qu u ra cho phn hng kh nng bin i v c tnh ca thuc BVTV 5. KT LUN V KIN NGH

Hnh 6: Kt qu nh gi ri ro thuc BTVT

PIRI l mt cng c n gin nhng rt hu ch cho nh gi tc ng v ri ro ca thuc BVTV i vi mi trng v cng ng. Qu trnh nh gi ny da trn nguyn tc khoa hc v c s dng rng ri. D liu cho PIRI l sn c hoc c th tnh ton. Kt qu u ra ca PIRI khng th hin ri ro tuyt i nhng c phn nh lin h ri ro gia thuc BVTV hoc s dng t qua ng dn nc. Cc nghin cu trn th gii cho thy cc kt qu ca PIRI l thit thc v c chnh xc kh cao. Vic ng dng PIRI cho cc nh gi tc ng v ri ro thuc tr su Vit Nam s gp phn nng cao hiu qu nghin cu v tit kim chi ph nghin cu. c bit ti cc vng ng bng, ni s dng lng ln cc loi thuc BVTV v c h thng sng ngi chn cht. Vn lan truyn thuc BVTV trong mi trng nc s din ra nhanh chng v thun li. T d dng phi nhim v nh hng n sc khe ngi dn v h sinh thi.

T VIT TT BVTV CSIRO EC50 LC50 LD50 PIRI Bo v thc vt Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Nng nh hng 50% Nng gy cht 50% Liu lng gy cht 50% Pesticide Impact Rating Index

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. PCB. Bo ng nguy c nhim t bao b thuc bo v thc vt trn ng rung 2012 [cited 2013 19/6]; Available from: http://pops.org.vn/PCB_WB/TintucPCB/NewDetailPCB/tabid/160/newsid/669/language/viVN/Default.aspx. Vng Trng Giang and Bi S Doanh. Tnh hnh nhp khu v s dng thuc bo v thc vt Vit Nam. 2011 [cited 2013 19/6]; Available from: http://vea.gov.vn/VN/truyenthong/tapchimt/cccs/Pages/T%C3%ACnhh%C3%ACnhnh%E1%BA %ADpkh%E1%BA%A9uv%C3%A0s%E1%BB%ADd%E1%BB%A5ngthu%E1%BB%91cb%E 1%BA%A3ov%E1%BB%87th%E1%BB%B1cv%E1%BA%ADt%E1%BB%9FVi%E1%BB%87 tNam.aspx. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System. 2012. Hallett, S., J. Hannam, and A. Holden. CathchIS: A environmental catchment management information system. 2012 [cited 2012 19/6]; Available from: http://www.catchis.com/tour/downloads/CatchIS_Introduction.pdf. Kookana, R.S., R.L. Correll, and R.B. Miller, Pesticide impact rating indexApesticide risk indicator for water quality. Springer, 2005. 2(Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus): p. 45-65. Kookana, R. and R. Correll, Pesticide impact rating index (PIRI) risk indicator for minimising off-site migration of pesticides, 2008, CSIRO. Trainer, E. and P. Volker, Assessing runoff water quality following pesticide applications for validation of the PIRI risk assessment tool, 2008, Forestry Tasmania: Hobart. Oliver, D. and R. Kookana, Minimising agricultural pollution to enhance water quality in Laguna de Bay (Philippines) and Mt Lofty Ranges (Australia) 2010, Australia ACIAR ABN. Ouedraogo, R., et al., Pesticides risk assessment by piri for surface water in sugar cane cultivation in Burkina Faso. Journal Of Environmental Hydrology, 2012. 20: p. 1-10. Bajet, C.M., et al., Toxicological assessment of pesticides used in the Pagsanjan-Lumban catchment to selected non-target aquatic organisms in Laguna Lake, Philippines. SciVerse ScienceDirect, 2012. 106(Agricultural Water Management): p. 42-49. Kookona, R., et al. First-tier assessment of the risks associated with pesticides used in GoulburnMurray irrigation areas 2003; Available from: http://www.gmwater.com.au/downloads/R_D/pesticides_riskassessment.pdf. Feola, Rahn, and Binder, Suitability of pesticide risk indicators for Less Developed Countries: A comparison. ScienceDirect, 2011. 142(Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment): p. 238245.

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