NC O V PHONG CCH TIU DNG HP L

Nguyn Hin Thn

Email: nguyenhienthan@gmail.com

Nc o l lng nc cn sn xut ra sn phm, trong c thc phm. Lng nc o l mt lng khng l khng th hnh dung ni. Trong bi cnh lng nc sch ngy cng thiu ht trn tri t, khi nim nc o l mt bn co trng dnh cho li sng tiu th ca nhn loi. Li sng xanh mt phong cch tiu dng hp l - ang c gii tr hc ng Vit Nam c v chnh l mt p ng tch cc. 1.Nc o l g? Nc o (Virtual water) l lng nc tht cn sn xut ra lng thc thc phm v hng ha khc. V vy nc o cn c gi l lng nc gn vo, bao gi vo (embedded) sn phm. Khi nim nc o c GS John Anthony Allan, lm vic ng thi ti Trng Hong gia Lun nv Trng Nghin cu Chu Phi v Vin ng ca Vng Quc Anh, gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1993. Phng php tnh ton lng nc o ca gio s Allan gip cc nh nghin cu c c s nh gi hp l mc lin quan gia ngun nc vi cc lnh vc sn xut v tiu dng. Hi ng Nc Ton cu (The World Water Council) (2) tnh ton c nhng s liu ng quan ngi: - n ung duy tr s sng : 264 gallons nc o/ ngi/ ngy (Gallon- n v o lng cht lng bng 4, 54 lt Anh, 3, 78 lt M); - n chay: 686 gallons nc o/ngi/ngy; - n mn ca ngi M :1320 gallons nc o/ngi/ngy; - Mi mt ngi mt nm cn s dng 110 m3 nc, trong 1000 lit ung, 100.000 lt cho cc nhu cu nh tm, git. Cn li l cho cc nhu cu khc ca c nhn. Bn v s tiu dng nc, bn cnh khi nim Nc o khng th khng nhc ti khi nim Du chn nc (Water footprint). Nu nh nc o l lng nc cn sn xut ra 1 n v sn phm th Du chn nc l lng nc cn cho mi ngi trong sut cuc i ca h, bao gm c lng nc c s dng t ngun nc ni a hay t ngun nc nhp t cc quc gia khc, khu vc khc sn xut cc hng ha ri nhp v tiu th. Hin tng nhp hng ha t cc quc gia khc v tiu dng trong nc c gi l nhp siu nc o. Ngc li, vic xut khu hng ha sang nc khc c gi l xut siu nc o Nhiu quc gia khan him nc ang tch cc nhp siu nc o. Do khng tnh gi thnh ca nc o nn nhng nc xut siu nc o lun thit thi. Tnh trng thiu nc ang ngy cng tr nn nghim trng, do thin nhin v c chnh con ngi gy ra. Nhiu nghin cu cho rng kh hu m dn ln nhng lu lng nc nhiu con sng c chu Phi v chu u c th gim i t 10-15%. Hn na nc bng tan khng b sung cho ngun nc ngt m thng chy ra bin thnh nc mn. Ti nm 2010, tnh trng hn hn v nhim mi trng c nguy c gy thiu nc sch ti 70 nc trn th gii. Cn theo vin nc quc t, nng nghip th gii s dng ti 70% lng nc khai thc, m 60% trong s ny ang b s dng khng h hiu qu. Ngoi ra cn mt vi nguyn nhn khc dn n cn kit ngun nc trn th gii, trong c vic r r, tht thot nc qua h thng ng ng nc. Theo mt s nghin cu ng tin cy, con s tht thot

ny ln ti 60%.Mc d b mt a cu c nc tht che ph, nhng nc sch ung c th rt t. D rng trnh khoa hc cng ngh hin nay c th ch tc nc ung t nc bin hay thm ch t nc cng, nhng iu ny li i hi tiu ph nng lng v cc ngun ti nguyn khc (1). Vi vic xut ra khi nim nc o, gii thng Nc Stockhom 2008 c trao cho gio s John Anthony Allan, 15 nm sau khi v gio s ng knh ny xut khi nim nc o trn c s nhng nghin cu ca mnh ti vng kh hn chu Phi. Tuy nhin trong thi gian 2002 - 2005, mt nhm nghin cu H Lan, do Arjen Hoekstra dn u hon thin phng php tnh ton nc o (6) v nh l thuyt nc o tr nn ph bin ton cu. 2. Lng nc o / n v sn phm (Ngun:Product Gallery (2)): 1.To (ty): 70 lt nc /1 qu; hay 190 lt nc / 1 ly nc to loi 200ml 2.La mch: 1.300 lt nc/1 kg 3.Tht b: 15.500 lt nc /1 kg 4.Bia: 75 lt nc /1 cc bia loi 250 ml 5.Bnh m trng: 40 lt nc / 1 lt bnh m 6.Pho mat: 5.000 lt nc / 1 kg 7.Tht g: 3.900 lt nc /1 kg 8.Da qu: 2.500 lt nc / 1 kg cm da 9.C ph: 140 lt nc / 1 ly c ph 10.Bng vi: 2.700 lt nc / 1 chic o s mi vi bng kch c trung bnh 11.Qun b: trung bnh 5.400 lt nc / 1 chic. Loi qun b dy (1.000 gr/chic) chim 10.850 lt. 12.Tm dra tri ging loi 900gr/ 1 chic cha 9.750 lt nc 13.Trng g: 200 lt nc/ 1 qu trng 14.Tht d: 4.000 lt nc / 1 kg 15.Bnh hamburger: 2.400 lt nc / 1 chic bnh hamburger loi 150 gr 16.Hng cng nghip: trung bnh ton cu 80 lt nc / 1 USD sn phm cng nghip 17.Xe con 4 ch: 50.000 lt nc / 1 chic 18.Da: 16.600 lt nc / 1 kg da thuc 19.Ng ht : 900 lt nc / 1 kg ng ht 20.Sa b: 1000 lt nc / 1 lt sa ti

21.Cam: 50 lt nc / 1 qu cam 22.Giy: 10 lt nc / 1 t giy trng kh A4 23.Tht heo: 4.800 lt nc / 1 kg tht 24.Khoai ty: 900 lt nc / 1 kg khoai ty chin 25.Go: 3.400 lt nc / 1 kg 26.La (go) 3000 lt nc/ 1 kg (9) 27.Tht cu: 6.100 lt nc / 1 kg tht 28.Cao lng: 2.800 lt nc / 1 kg ht 29.u tng: 1.800 lt nc / 1 kg ht 30.ng ma: 1.500 lt nc / 1 kg ng 31.Tr (ch): 30 lt nc/ 1 ly tr loi 250 ml 32.La m; 1.300 lt nc/ 1 kg la 33.Ru: 120 lt nc / 1 ly ru loi 125 ml Gio s John Anthony Allan lm r vic nhp siu nc o, thng qua lng thc v hng ha nh l mt ngun nc thay th gim bt sc p trn cc ti nguyn nc qu hn ch Trung ng cng nh cc vng khan him nc khc. Chng hn thay v s dng ngun nc hn ch ca sng Jourdan, Israel nhp nc o qua vic nhp bt m ca M hay go ca Thi Lan. Hin nay Israel nhp n 80% lng thc, v nhiu l do, trong c nguyn nhn tit kim nc. Nhiu th k nay, lu vc sng Thames (Anh) phi nhp mt lng nc o rt ln thng qua lng thc nh tin thu c t hai lnh vc cng nghip v dch v. Nu dng nc tht, lu vc ny ch nui c khong 500.000 ngi. Th m hin nay vng ny c n hn 17 triu dn! Nh l thuyt nc o, ngi ta pht hin nhng quc gia nh M, Argentina v Brazil xut khu hng t mt khi nc o trong khi cc nc nh Nht, Ai Cp v li nhp hng t mt khi nc o mi nm thng qua lng thc, thc phm v hng tiu dng (3). 62% lng nc tiu th Anh l nc o c nhp khu qua hng ha v thc phm (7) . Trn th gii nhng nc xut khu nc o nhiu nht l : M, Canada, Thailand, n , Vit Nam, Php v Braxin. Nhng nc nhp khu nc o nhiu nht l : Sri Lanka, Nht Bn, H Lan, Hn Quc, Ty Ban Nha, Ai Cp, c v Italy (8). 3. Bn co trng li sng tiu th ca loi ngi Lao ng v tch ly ca ci l ng lc khin t tin kh vn tin ha thnh loi ngi. Tr gip cho ng lc ny l s hnh thnh ngn ng, ch vit, sau l gio dc v o to. Phn ln nhn loi hng n s giu c, v ang n lc ht mnh cho l tng tr thnh giu c, theo ngha giu l c rt nhiu th. Ngoi tha mn nhu cu n mc, ngi ta ngy cng tch ly nhiu hn nh ca, xe c, tu thuyn, cng nh nhiu phng tin tiu dng t tin khc. Ri tch ly tin bc thnh nhiu dng u t, thnh cc loi ti khon nh bng, thnh kim loi qu him bt c lc no cng c th bin chng thnh nhng th tha

mn nhu cu ca mnh. Hng ha sn xut ra ngy cng a dng v chng loi v nhiu v s lng c siu cng ngh qung co sut ngy quyn r tiu dng. Rng phi mua sm th no mi l snh iu. Theo l thuyt nc o, nhng ti sn tch ly bao chim mt khi lng nc khng l. Lng nc khng l ly t ngun ti nguyn nc t i ca M Tri t, hay ni hp hn l ca quc gia, ca mi vng. V nhng ngi dn c sinh k ph thuc vo thin nhin (nng - lm - ng nghip) l nhng ngi b tc ot mt dng tc ot sinh thi. S thiu ht ngun nc nhiu ni tt nhin dn n ci ngho ca mt s ng nhm ngi c gi l ngho i do mi trng (Environmental Poverty) ang ngy cng khng ngng tng ln trn c bnh din quc gia ln quc t (4,5) . Vic s hu nhng ti sn ln v tiu dng lng ph, cng vi mt s dn khng ngng tng khin cho s khan him ti nguyn nc tr thnh mi e da chnh ca nn vn minh loi ngi. Ngn hng Th gii (WB) d bo rng trong 30 nm ti dn s th gii c th t n 8 t, s lm tng nhu cu nc ln 650% khin cho 26 quc gia vi 250 triu dn s lm vo tnh cnh thiu nc cng thng. Ngi ta tnh rng c sau 21 nm, nhu cu s dng nc li tng gp i. Trong khi , hin nay nhim nc vn khng ngng tng ln. 1/4 s h ca Trung Quc b nhim, hng ngn h ca Thu in b axit ho, 3/4 lng nc sng ca Balan b nhim bn n mc ch s dng cho nhu cu cng nghip cng khng t. Vic s dng qu mc nc sng Amu Daria v Syr Daria ti bng trn lnh th Lin X c lm gim 75% lng nc ngt chy vo bin Aral khin bin ny tr nn kh cn v tng mn, lng c nh c hng nm khong 50.000T hon ton cn kit khin cho 60.000 ngi mt vic lm v e do cuc sng ca 50 triu dn sng xung quanh bin Aral(4). y l thng ip chnh ca l thuyt nc o gi gm cho ton th nhn loi. L thuyt nc o, theo mt bnh din no y, chnh l bn co trng dnh cho li sng thin v tiu th ca con ngi. 4. Sng xanh: s cu ri nhn loi Mt cuc sng cht lng nhng tit kim hp l c l l phng n duy nht cu ri loi ngi, xt trn gc nc o. Tiu dng xa x hay lng ph cng u l tc ot c hi ca ngi khc, phn nh s thiu hiu bit v thiu trch nhim. Ngy nay xut hin nhng quan im lm giu bn vng : giu l khng cn n rt nhiu th, bit l giu. Gii sinh vin ngy nay H Ni v T P H Ch Minh c nhng sng kin rt hay: mi tun n chay t nht 1 ngy, nu i b c th khng i xe my, i chung xe my gim tc ng v nhim, c dng bn khng phi mua mi, dng bt bi loi thay c rut, dng giy c 2 mt, dng c ch 12 thay cho c ch 14, bo qun v chuyn giao gio trnh cho sinh vin nm di, i dng cho nhau khng cn mua mi, Bo v mi trng khng c ngha l t b cc tin nghi hin i tr v vi li sng n s. Khng ai c th bt con ngi phi tht lng buc bng trong khi kh nng ca chng ta rt ln. qua ri thi i snh iu c nh gi bng s phung ph. Thay i thi quen khng phi l d dng, thay i cch n ung gn vi vn ha li cng l kh hn. Th nhng khng g l khng th. GS. Allan - ngi a ra khi nim nc o - quyt nh tr thnh ngi n chay, bi v s khc nhau gia n mn v n chay l qu ln xt v phng din nc o. Hy th hnh dung th gii ny c ti hn 6 t ngi, ch mi ngi gim bt i mt khu phn tht th lng nc c tit kim s ln nh th no... quyn la chn vn thuc v ngi tiu dng.

Sinh vin ang i u trong li sng bn vng, ci c gi l tro lu sng xanh. Sng xanh ngy nay ang pht trin trong gii tr cc trng i hc Vit Nam, sng xanh mi l snh iu mt quan im rt tin b v rt bn vng. Xt trn quan im ca l thuyt nc o, chnh l mt trongnhngphng n cu ri nhn loi./. Ch thch : (1).What is virtual water? Green Living Tips | Published 02/12/2008 (2).Water Footprint, Product Gallery, 2010. http://www.waterfootprint.org/? page=files/productgallery&product=cheese (3).Tn dng nc o tit kim nc tht http://sgtt.vn/Thoi-su/126037/Tandung-%E2%80%9Cnuoc-ao%E2%80%9D-de-tiet-kiem-nuoc-that.html (4).ADB, The Environments of Poverty- A Geographical Approach to PovertyReduction in Asia and the Pacific. 2008. (5). UNDP-UNEP.Poverty and Environment Initiative. Poverty & Environment Indicators.. St Edmunds College, Cambridge. 2008 (6). Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain and Mesfin M. Mekonnen,water footprint calculators http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=cal/WaterFootprintCalculator. 2005. (7) . Virtual water. http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-vir1.htm (8) . Vitual water. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_water (9).http://www.gdrc.org/uem/footprints/water-footprint.html)