CH S BN VNG MI TRNG Environmental Sustainable Index ESI Nguyen Hien Than

Email: nguyenhienthan@yahoo.com, i hc Nng Lam Tp.HCM

1. t vn . Bt u nhng nm 90, vi chnh sch tri thm cho n cc nh u t, Bnh Dng tr thnh a phng pht trin nng ng nht trong t gic kinh t trng im ca c nc. Ton tnh hin c 28 khu cng nghip c thnh lp (tng din tch 8.979 ha), trong 24 khu i vo hot ng, nhiu khu cng nghip cho thu gn ht din tch nh Sng Thn 1, Sng Thn 2, ng An, Tn ng Hip A, Vit Hng,... Vi tc gia tng gi tr sn xut cng nghip lun mc cao nh hin nay l 35%/nm th Bnh Dng s l mt trong nhng tnh v ch trc v sm tr thnh tnh cng nghip theo hng hin i. Tuy nhin, vn pht trin kinh t ca tnh lm ny sinh cc vn mi trng v c nhng tc ng ln n cht lng i sng ca cng ng, do tnh cn hoch nh cc chnh sch ph hp m bo s pht trin bn vng. lm c iu ny cn c cng c nh gi nhng tin trin trong mi trng. V th, ch s bn vng mi trng l mt trong nhng ch s quan trng v y ngha trong nh gi tnh bn vng mi trng ca tnh hin nay. 2. Khi qut v ch s bn vng mi trng.
Khi nim pht trin bn vng c U ban Mi trng v Pht trin th gii thng qua nm 1987 l : nhng th h hin ti cn p ng nhu cu ca mnh, sao cho khng lm hi n kh nng cc th h tng lai p ng cc nhu cu ca h". Vin Quc t v Mi trng v Pht trin (Intemational Institute for Environmental & Development - IIED) cho rng, PTBV gm 3 h thng ph thuc ln nhau:

nh gi tnh bn vng mi trng th trong nhiu nm qua cc t chc trn th gii c nhiu cuc hi tho v hi ngh nhm a ra cch nh gi v xy dng ch s bn vng mi trng.

Ch s bn vng mi trng l mt ch s tng hp c tnh ton da trn cc ch th chn lc c trng cho tnh bn vng v mt mi trng. Ch s ESI l mt thc o ca s tin b tng th pht trin theo hng bn vng v mi trng. Gi tr ca ch s ESI dao ng trong khong 0 100. Gi tr ny cng cao, tnh bn vng mi trng cng cao. V th, ch s ESI c ngha to ln trong vic nh lng ha s bn vng ca mi trng. Vic nh gi mc bn vng thng qua mt con s tnh ton r rng v c c s khoa hc s gip cho cc nh lnh o, cc c quan hoch nh chnh sch, cc chuyn gia mi trng v ton th cng chng c mt ci nhn trc quan v chnh xc v hin trng cng nh xu th din bin ca mi trng trong tng lai. Do vy, khi la chn cc ch th bn vng mi trng ph hp v p dng phng php tch hp hiu qu, khoa hc th ch s ESI s tr thnh mt ch s chun m c th d dng s dng nh gi mi trng v hoch nh chnh sch ti u. 3. Phng php xy dng ch s bn vng mi trng. Hin nay trn th gii c kh nhiu t chc, quc gia v ang ng dng ch s ESI tnh ton cho tng i tng c th vo tng thi im nht nh. Tuy nhin, t chc i u v c nhiu ng gp ni bt trong lnh vc nghin cu pht trin ch s ESI chnh l Trung tm Lut v Chnh sch mi trng Yale - i hc Yale kt hp vi Trung tm quc t nghin cu Mng li thng tin khoa hc tri t (CIESIN) i hc Columbia v Din n Kinh t th gii. Cc t chc ny lin kt vi nhau xut bn cc Bn bo co tng hp ch s ESI thng nin t nm 1999 2005. Trong bo co ESI gn nht ca i hc Yale v Columbia nm 2005 (ESI 2005), b ch th nh gi tnh bn vng v mi trng c trnh by trong bng 1 di y.
Tn ch Stt Tn ch th mi trng Cht lng khng kh Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 a dng sinh hc 7 8 9 3 t 10 11 M bin s NO2 SO2 TSP INDOR ECORISK PRTBRD PRTMAM PRTAMPH NBI ANTH10 ANTH40 Bin s Nng NO2 o ti th Nng SO2 o ti th Nng bi o ti th Mc nhim khng kh trong nh do s dng nhin liu rn T l din tch quc gia nm trong vng sinh thi b e da nguy him T l cc loi chim b e do trong tng s cc loi chim nui bit ti mi quc gia T l cc loi ng vt c v trong tng s cc loi ng vt c v sinh bit ti mi quc gia T l cc loi ng vt lng c b e do trong tng s cc loi ng vt lng c bit ti mi quc gia Ch s a dng sinh hc quc gia T l phn trm tng din tch t (gm c cc ngun nc ni a) chu tc ng rt yu ca con ngi T l phn trm tng din tch t (gm c cc ngun nc ni a) chu tc ng rt mnh ca con ngi

Cc h thng mi trng

Tn ch

Stt

Tn ch th mi trng Cht lng nc

Stt 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

M bin s WQ_DO WQ_EC WQ_PH WQ_SS WATAVIL GRDAVIL COALKM NOXKM SO2KM VOCKM CARSKM FOREST ACEXC GR2050 TFR EFPC RECYCLE HAZWST BODWAT FERTHA PESTHA WATSTR OVERFSH FORCENT WEFSUB IRRSAL AGSUB DISINT DISRES U5MORT UND_NO WATSUP DISCAS DISEXP GASPR GRAFT GOVEFF PRAPEA WEFGOV LAW AGENDA21 CIVLIB CSDMIS IUCN KNWLDG POLITY ENEFF RENPC DJSGI ECOVAL ISO14 WEFPRI RESCARE

Bin s Nng oxy ha tan dn in Nng phospho Cht rn l lng Lng nc ngt sn c/u ngi Lng nc ngm ni a sn c/u ngi Mc tiu th than /din tch t c tr Lng pht thi NOx do hat ng con ngi /din tch t c tr Lng pht thi SO2 do hat ng con ngi/din tch t c tr Lng pht thi VOC do hat ng con ngi/din tch t c tr S xe c ang s dng/din tch t c tr Tc thay i che ph rng trung bnh hng nm t 19902000 Mc axt ho do sa lng lu hunh t hat ng ca con ngi vt tiu chun T l phn trm thay i dn s d bo trong thi k 2004-2050 Tc sinh tng cng Du vt sinh thi/u ngi(*) Tc ti s dng cht thi Tc pht sinh cht thi nguy hi Pht thi nc thi cng nghip nhim cht hu c /lng nc ngt sn c Lng phn bn ho hc s dng/ hecta t hoa mu Lng thuc BVTV s dng/hecta t hoa mu T l phn trm quc gia b sc p gay gt v cp nc nh bt c vt qu nng sut T l phn trm tng din tch rng c cng nhn l qun l bn vng iu tra ca Din n kinh t th gii v mc tr cp T l phn trm din tch t b nhim mn do thy li/tng din tch t hoa mu Cc tr cp v nng nghip T l t vong do bnh ly nhim ng rut T l tr em t vong do cc bnh h hp T l tr em di 5 tui t vong/1.000 tr em s sinh T l phn trm s ngi suy dinh dng/tng dn s T l phm trm dn s c tip cn ngun nc sch mi nng cp S ngi cht trung bnh do l lt, lc xoy, hn hn/triu ngi

Tr lng nc

Gim nhim khng kh

20 21 22

Gim sc p ln h sinh thi Gim p lc dn s Gim sc p tiu th v x thi

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

8 Mc gim p lc mi trng 9

10

Gim sc p ln ngun nc

31 32 33 34 35

11

Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

12 Mc gim ri ro cho con ngi

S lnh mnh ca mi trng Ngun sng c bn ca con ngi Gim ri ro mi trng v thit hi do thin tai

13

14 Nng lc th ch v x hi

15

Qun l mi trng

16 17

Hiu qu sinh thi Phn ng ca khu vc t nhn

59 60 61 62 63 64

Ch s tip xc i vi cc mi nguy hi v mi trng T l ca gi xng so vi gi trung bnh ca th gii nh gi mc tham nhng Hiu lc ca Chnh ph T l phn trm tng din tch t c bo v Kho st ca Din dn kinh t th gii v qun tr mi trng Cc quy nh cu Php lut Cc sng kin Agenda 21 a phng/1 triu ngi dn Quyn t do chnh tr v cng dn T l phn trm cc bin s cn thiu do Nhm t vn v cc ch th PTBV thuc Ban iu hnh t Hi ngh Rio de Janero n Hi ngh Johaneshburg khuyn ngh. S lng t chc thnh vin trong Hip hi Bo tn Thin nhin Th gii/triu ngi dn Pht minh tri thc v khoa hc, cng ngh v chnh sch mi trng nh gi mc dn ch Hiu qu nng lng T l phn trm nng lng thy in v ti to trn tng s lng nng lng tiu th Ch s bn vng ao Jn Gi tr i mi sinh thi trung bnh tnh trn cc cng ty c vn phng ti mi quc gia S lng cc cng ty ng dng ISO 14001/t la GDP (PPP) Kho st ca Din n kinh t th gii v ci tin mi trng trong khu vc t nhn Mc tham gia vo cc Chng trnh Thc hin Trch nhim

Tn ch

Stt

Tn ch th mi trng

Stt 65 66

M bin s INNOV DAI PECR ENROL RESEARCH EIONUM FUNDING PARTICIP CO2GDP CO2PC SO2EXP POLEXP

Bin s ca Hip hi cc Nh my sn xut ho cht Ch th i mi cng ngh Ch th truy cp thng tin T l hon thnh chng trnh ph cp gio dc s cp cho n gii T l huy ng tr em n lp c 3 cp hc S nh nghin cu/triu dn S lng cc thnh vin tham gia vo cc t chc mi trng a quc gia Mc ng gp vo Qu cc d n mi trng v vin tr pht trin song phng hay a phng Mc tham gia vo cc cam kt quc t v mi trng Mc pht thi kh thi cacbon/triu la GDP Mc pht thi kh thi cacbon/u ngi Mc xut khu kh SO2 T l phn trm hng ho v nguyn liu th nhim nhp khu/tng khi lng hng ha v dch v nhp khu

18

Khoa hc v cng ngh

67 68 69 70

19 Qun l mi trng ton cu

Mc tham gia vo n lc hp tc quc t Mc pht thi kh thi nh knh Gim p lc mi trng ton cu

71 72 73 74 75 76

20 21

Nh vy ch s bn vng mi trng c xy dng da trn 76 ch th th cp, 21 ch th chnh thuc 5 ch . Phng php xy dng ch s bn vng mi trng Bc 1: Thu thp s liu v la chn ch th Bc 2: Chun ha s liu Chun ha s liu: chun ha s liu theo cng thc Z-core: Z = (x - )/ Trong : X = gi tr ca bin = gi tr trung bnh = lch chun Bc 3: Chuyn i cc bin Bc 4: X l s liu chuyn i v chun ha Bc 5: Tch hp cc ch th Tng hp cc ch th vi trng s bng nhau. Ii = Trong : Ii: ch s ca ch th th i : l trng s ca ch th th cp th j , i = 1,2,,n.

: l gi tr ca ch th th cp th J

ESI = Trong :

, i = 1,2,,n

ESI: ch s bn vng mi trng : l trng s ca ch th th i Hay c th vit khi qut nh sau: ESI = 100* ( )/j|

Trong :

gi tr lch chun ngc K l s lng ch th J l s lng ch th th cp (Xj )/j|: gi tr chun ha ca ca ch th th cp th j.

4. Kh nng p dng ch s bn vng mi trng vo tnh Bnh Dng. Hin nay s liu thng k mi trng ti tnh Bnh Dng cha y . c bit cc s liu v h sinh thi, sc khe mi trng, bn cnh , s liu quan trc mi trng trn a bn tnh khng y . Do vy nu p dng khung ch th ca ch s bn vng mi trng hin ti s khng hp l. Do , p dng ch s bn vng mi trng vo iu kin thc t trn a bn tnh cn phi tin hnh sng lc v la chn li cc ch th mi trng ph hp. Cc ch th thay th phi m bo nguyn tc sau: Ch th phi lin quan vi cc vn xc nh. Ch th phi tnh c. Cc ch th phi c lp vi nhau v khng trng lp. D liu cho ch th phi c t ngun ph bin v khoa hc. D liu phi ng tin cy.

D liu gn nht v thng xuyn cp nht. Do , t c kt qu thit lp cc ch th mong mun phi theo cc tiu ch sau:

Ch th thit lp phi d dng tip cn, cho c cng chng. iu ny c ngha l s lng cc ch th phi c gii hn. Ch th thit lp phi khi qut ton b tnh bn vng ca mi lnh vc, ph hp vi nh ngha nu. Cc ch th phi c sp xp gn gng, trnh by d hiu v d s dng. Tt c ch th thit lp phi to s hiu bit su sc hin trng hin ti lin quan vi tnh bn vng, v ch r khong trng gia hin trng hin ti v hin trng bn vng hon ton.

5. Kt lun v kin ngh. Vic p dng ch s bn vng mi trng trong nh gi v qun l mi trng quy m cp tnh l bc tin b trong qun l mi trng nhm d truyn ti thng tin n cng chng. Tuy nhin p dng ch s ESI c hiu qu i hi tnh cn xy dng c s d liu mi trng v phi thng nht cc ch th trong nh gi v xy dng ch s. TI LIU THAM KHO 1) forum, W. E. (2000). Pilot environmental sustainability index. Retrieved 27/5, 2011, from http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/ESI_00.pdf 2) Forum, W. E. (2001). 2001 environmental sustainability index. Retrieved 27/5, 2011, from http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/ESI_01_tot.pdf 3) Forum, W. E. (2002). 2002 environmental sustainability index. 27/5, 2011, http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/ESI2002_21MAR02tot.pdf Retrieved from

4) University, Y., & University, C. (2005). 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index. Retrieved 31/1, 2010, from http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/a_methodology.pdf 5) finance, C. f. d. (2009). Environmental sustainability index for Indian states 2009. Retrieved 2/5, 2011, from http://www.greenindiastandards.com/download_link/Final_draft_ESI09.pdf 6) OECD. (2004). OECD key environmental indicators. Retrieved 20/10, 2010, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/20/31558547.pdf