C S L THUYT PHN TCH LA CHN CH TH THNH PHN V PHNG PHP TNH HIU SUT SINH THI VNG Nguyen

n Hien Than
Email: nguyenhienthan@yahoo.com

1. M u Bnh Dng l mt tnh mi c ti lp, thuc vng min ng Nam B nm trong vng kinh t trng im pha Nam. Qua qu trnh pht trin sau 10 nm ti lp, Bnh Dng l mt trong nhng a phng c tc tng trng kinh t nhanh v c nng lc cnh tranh cao. Tuy nhin cng vi nhng thnh tu trong qu trnh pht trin, Bnh Dng cng phi gnh chu nhng h qu mi trng do pht trin kinh t cha ph hp vi xu hng pht trin bn vng nh nhim mi trng nc, khng kh ngy cng gia tng, ngun ti nguyn ngy cng b suy gim. Do Bnh Dng cn thit phi thc hin nh gi li hiu qu hot ng kinh t v cht lng mi trng trong giai on pht trin va qua. chun b cho k hoch pht trin kinh t nhng giai on tip theo, vic nh gi ny cng s gp phn gip ch cho cc cp lnh o UBND Tnh Bnh Dng c c ci nhn ton din hn v qu trnh pht trin kinh t gn vi bo v mi trng ca tnh nh. Mt cch tip cn hiu qu c nh gi mt cch nh lng l da vo h thng ch th hiu sut sinh thi tnh ton v nh gi ch s tng hp hiu sut sinh thi cho tnh. 2. Khi qut v hiu sut sinh thi v phng php tnh. Khi nim HSST hin nay vn cha c s thng nht c th. Tuy nhin cc khi nim ny c s khc nhau khng ng k, ty thuc vo bi cnh m c cch nh ngha khc nhau. nh ngha chi tit v cch thc o lng HSST ph thuc rt nhiu vo cch hiu dng vo v dng ra l g v loi hnh hot ng kinh t c xem xt n l g. Chng hn nh s o lng HSST ca mt cng ty ring l s khc bit vi vic o lng HSST ca ton b nn kinh t quc gia ni chung. Theo Lehni (1998), HSST c hiu nh l s kt hp xut sc ca mi trng v kinh t, to ra lin kt gia thnh phn mi trng v kinh t ca s pht trin bn vng. Mt nh ngha rng hn v HSST c a ra trong mt hi tho c t chc bi WBCSD thng 11 nm 1993 ti Antwerp. WBCSD nh ngha thut ng ny nh sau: Hiu sut sinh thi l kt qu t c bng vic phn phi hng ha vi gi cnh tranh v dch v tt nhm p ng nhu cu ca con ngi, mang li cht lng cho cuc sng; trong khi dn dn gim bt mc tc ng n sinh thi v s dng ti nguyn thng qua chu k sng mt mc t nht nm trn cng ng gii hn vi kh nng chu ti c c tnh ca tri t (WBCSD 1996). Bn cnh WBCSD, T chc OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) cng quan tm ti thut ng HSST. OECD nh ngha HSST nh sau: Hiu sut sinh thi th hin hiu sut ca vic s dng ti nguyn mi trng nhm tha mn cc nhu cu ca con ngi. N c th c xem nh l

mt t s ca dng ra: dng ra l gi tr ca sn phm v dch v sn phm ca mt cng ty, mt lnh vc hay ca nn kinh t ni chung; v dng vo l tng p lc mi trng to ra bi cng ty , lnh vc hay nn kinh t (OECD 1998). Tm li, c th ni rng HSST hng ti cc mc tiu c bn sau (WBCSD 2000a):
-

Ct gim s dng ti nguyn thin nhin. Gim cc tc ng mi trng. Gia tng gi tr sn xut.

Phng php tnh ton hiu sut sinh thi nh sau: HSST c th c biu din di dng mt thng s hoc t s nh sau (OECD 1998, Lehni 1998): Gi tr kinh t gia tng (Added Economic value) Hiu sut sinh thi (1) = (Eco-Efficiency) Tc ng mi trng gia tng (Added Environmantal influence) Theo cng thc (1), HSST l t s gia gi tr kinh t v tc ng mi trng. Trong , tc ng mi trng l tt c nhng can thip n mi trng nh l nhng pht thi, tiu th nguyn vt liu th v nng lng. Mt cch thc tri ngc trong tnh ton HSST c gii thiu bi Mller v Sturm (2001). H tnh ton HSST theo cch nghch o li so vi (1), v xem HSST nh l t s gia gnh nng mi trng trn n v gi tr kinh t. Cng thc biu din nh sau: Hiu qu hot ng mi trng ( Environmantal performance) Hiu sut sinh thi (2) = (Eco-Efficiency) Hiu qu ti chnh (Economic performance ) HSST l mt khi nim mang tnh tng i. Nu c xem xt theo cng thc (1) c th xy ra trng hp, cng mt thi im bn cnh tng trng kinh t, gng nng ca mi trng cng gia tng, khi HSST vn c th gia tng. Nh vy v mt l thuyt iu ny s mu thun vi nhng nguyn tc c bn ca PTBV. Chnh v s mu thun ny m c nhiu kin ph bnh HSST. Theo Welford (1996), hiu mt cch thng thng, HSST chng i li nhng quan nim truyn thng ca cc l thuyt mi trng. C hai cch tip cn trn (1) v (2) u c s hp l ton hc nh nhau. Tuy nhin khng h n gin trong vic tnh ton hiu sut ca kinh t hay mi trng. Do vic la chn cch thc tip cn s ph thuc rt nhiu v nhng thng tin tt nht ph hp vi mc ch nghin cu. ng thi vic la chn t s v mu s cng da vo phong tc v tin trnh (Mller and Sturm 2001). WBCSD khuyn nn s dng cng thc (1) bi v theo hnh thc ny khi t s hiu sut tng n s phn nh c mt s ci thin hiu qu tch cc. iu ny tng ng vi cch m lnh vc kinh doanh theo di hiu qu hot ng ti chnh (WBCSD, 2000b). 3. Khi nim v phng php nh gi hiu sut sinh thi vng ( Regional EcoEfficiency)

Mc d mc tiu chung ca HSST l t mt mc t nht nm trn cng ng gii hn vi kh nng chu ti c c tnh ca tri t cho iu kin mi trng kinh t v m. HSST vn c th c nghin cu nhiu cp khc nhau, nh cho mt nn kinh t quc gia, mt vng, cng ty hay cho mt sn phm (Hoffren 2001). Trong vic pht trin chin lc HSST cho mt vng, s nhp khu v xut khu bn trong v ngoi vng mang tnh cht quyt nh. Hinterberger xy dng m hnh hin trng dng vt cht ca mt vng nh sau:
Hin trng Sn phm Nguyn vt liu th Sn xut nguyn vt liu th Ch bin Sn phm Ti s dng Thi b cht thi Qun l cht thi Tiu th Nguyn vt liu th

Sn phm

Hnh 1.1. Hin trng dng chy vt cht Ngun: Hoffrn, J. 2001. (Xy dng bi Hinterberger v cc tc gi khc) Trong hnh trn, s nhp khu v xut khu ca mt vng c m t chim u th trong vng (c th hin thng qua ln ca cc mi tn). Trong khi , khi lng ca nhng dng chy nguyn vt liu v nng lng trong vng li kh nh. Cng vi s phn vng kinh t, nguyn vt liu, nng lng cng nh l vic xy dng v thc y nhng mi quan h hp tc gia tt c cc b phn, c th gip nng cao s c lp ca mt vng, gia tng s cnh tranh v n nh cho vng. Trong khi gnh nng mi trng ca a phng c gim hn, v y cng chnh l mc tiu ca chin lc HSST vng. Hinterberger cng th hin cc mc tiu ca HSST vng trong mt m hnh nh sau:
Mc tiu Sn phm Nguyn vt liu th

Nguyn vt liu th Sn xut nguyn vt liu th Ch bin Sn phm Ti s dng Thi b cht thi Tiu th

Qun l cht thi

Sn phm

Hnh 1.2. Mc tiu dng chy vt cht ca vng Ngun: Hoffrn, J. 2001. (Xy dng bi Hinterberger v cc tc gi khc)

Phng php tnh hiu sut sinh thi vng: - La chn cc ch th ca HSST vng: Da vo thc t, cc d liu hin c, ti da vo h thng ch th c xy dng ca Trung Quc v cc quc gia khc thit lp cc ch th HSST vng. - H thng ch th bao gm 22 ch th, c chia lm 3 nhm ch s gm pht trin kinh t-x hi, tiu th ti nguyn v p lc mi trng: + S pht trin kinh t v tin b x hi gp li thnh ch s kinh t x hi _ SDI (Socio-Economic Development Index). + S tiu th nc v nguyn vt liu chnh lin quan n pht trin kinh t c gp chung thnh ch s tiu th ti nguyn_RCI (Resources Consumption Index). + Nhng tc ng mi trng t cc hot ng kinh t ca vng c gp li thnh ch s p lc mi trng_EPrI (Environmental Pressure Index). - S dng phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh ( Principal Components Analysis_ PCA) cho im trng s ca cc ch th. Cch tnh ton Theo cc trng s c xc nh bi PCA, c lng t s ca SDI, RCI v EprI c tnh ton bng cch thc sau:
S = WiCi
i =1 m

(7)

- S: l t s ca SDI, RCI v EPrI. - Wi: l trng s ca ch th th i. - Ci: gi tr c chun ha - m : S lng ch th trong 3 loi ch s Ch s tng hp hiu sut sinh thi c tnh theo cng thc:
EESI = SDI ( RCI + E Pr I ) / 2

(8)

Bng 1: H thng ch th hiu sut sinh thi vng ca cc tc gi Trung Quc

Ch s HSST tng hp

Loi ch s 1. 2. Ch s pht trin 3. kinh t-x hi Soci-economic 4. Development 5. Index (SDI) 6. 7. 1. Ch s Tiu th2. ti nguyn 3. Resources 4. Consumption 5. Index 6. (RCI) 7. 1. 2. Ch s p lc 3. mi trng 4. Environmental Pressure Index 5. 6. (EPrI) 7. 8.

Ch th GDP/C1 Gi tr gia tng cng nghip (C2) Thu nhp ca a phng (C3) T l gia tng dn s t nhin (C4) Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca nng dn (C5) Mc lng trung bnh ca cng chc v cng nhn (C6) S lng ging bnh trn 10.000 ngi (C7) Tiu th nc/C8 Tiu th nhin liu ha thch/C9 Biomass input /C10 Qung kim loi u vo/C11 Qung phi kim u vo/C12 Tiu th phn bn ha hc/C13 Tiu th thuc BVTV /C14 Th tch kh t cng nghip/C15 Th tch kh SO2/C16 Th tch bi cng nghip/C17 Pht thi nc thi cng nghip/C18 Pht thi COD/C19 Cht thi rn cng nghip/C20 Cht thi rn th/C21 Xi mn t /C22

Ch s Tng hp Hiu sut sinh thi Eco-efficiency Synthetic Index (EESI)

4. Nghin cu p dng hiu sut sinh thi cho tnh Bnh Dng. Qua nghin cu cc cng trnh nghin cu ca th gii, tc xut cch tnh HSST cho tnh Bnh Dng c tnh ton da vo 3 ch s thnh phn: Ch s v pht trin kinh t x hi SDI. Ch s chnh v tiu th ti nguyn RCI. Ch s v nhng tc ng mi trng t cc hot ng kinh t EPrI. Cc bc thc hin tnh ton HSST tnh Bnh Dng: Bc 1: Thu thp, tnh ton v tng hp din tin gi tr cc ch th ca cc ch s thnh phn t nm 1999-2008. Bc 2: Chun ha s liu bng cch quy v cng th nguyn cho cc gi tr ca cc ch th thun li cho qu trnh pht trin theo qui tc logic m (fuzzy logic) : Si = (Sthc Smin)/(Smax-Smin) (9) Ghi ch: Si: Gi tr chun ha ca ch th th i; Sthc: Gi tr o hin trng ca ch th th i trong h thng nghin cu;

Smax: Gi tr ln nht ca ch th th i trong h thng nghin cu; Smin: Gi tr cc tiu ca ch th th i trong h thng nghin cu. Bc 3: S dng phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh PCA xc nh trng s ca cc ch th thng qua s dng phm mm Minitap 16. Bc 4: Theo cc trng s c xc nh bi PCA, thc hin c tnh cc ch s thnh phn SDI, RCI v EPrI bng cch thc sau:

S=

WiCi
i =1

(10)

S: L gi tr im s ca cc ch s ca SDI, RCI v EPrI; Wi: L trng s ca ch th th ;. Ci: Gi tr ca ch th th i sau khi chun ha s liu; m : S lng ch th. Bc 4: p dng cng thc (8) tnh ch s tng hp HSST_EESI c thit lp bi cc tc gi Trung Quc:
SDI ( RCI + EPI ) / 2

ESI =

(11)

Hin nay Vit Nam cha xy dng h thng ch th nh gi hiu sut sinh thi vng. Do vy, tc gi s dng khung ch th hiu sut sinh thi ca mt s nc trn th gii. Vic la chn cc ch th tnh ton, nh gi HSST cho tnh Bnh Dng c thc hin da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn sau y: - n gin, d hiu v biu din c xu hng theo thi gian. - Ph hp trong vic lin kt vi cc h thng thng tin v d bo, ch phi m bo c tnh m, to iu kin cp nht thng xuyn theo thi gian. - Cc ch th c la chn phi m bo tnh kh thi v nh lng trong c s d liu ca h thng thng k hin c tnh Bnh Dng. Theo , cc ch th p dng tnh ton HSST tnh Bnh Dng bao gm 26 ch th, c chia lm 3 nhm ch s: - Ch s pht trin kinh t x hi_SDI bao gm 9 ch thi. - Ch s tiu th ti nguyn_RCI bao gm 6 ch th. - Ch s p lc mi trng_EPrI bao gm 11 ch th. Cc ch th c th hin c th trong Bng 1.3: Bng 2: Tng hp ch th tham gia tnh ton hiu sut sinh thi tnh Bnh Dng

Ch s HSST tng hp

Loi ch s 1. 2. 3. Ch s pht trin kinh t-x hi 4. Soci-economic 5. Development 6. Index 7. (SDI) 8.

Ch th Dn s trung bnh Mt dn c T l gia tng dn s t nhin GDP GDP bnh qun u ngi

K hiu SDI1 SDI2 SDI3 SDI4 SDI5 SDI6 SDI7 SDI8 SDI9 RCI1 RCI2 RCI3 RCI4 RCI5 RCI6 EPrI1 EPrI2 EPrI3 EPrI5 EPrI6 EPrI7 EPrI8 EPrI9 EPrI10 EPrI11

n v Ngi Ngi/km2 0 /00 T ng Triu ng/ngi T ng T ng Ging/ ngi dn % Triu m3 Triu Kwh Tn Nghn tn Nghn m3 Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Tn Ha

Ch s Tng hp Hiu sut sinh thi Ecoefficiency Synthetic Index (EESI)

Gi tr gia tng cng nghip Thu nhp a phng T l s ging bnh trn 10.000 dn 9. T l tht nghip 10. Tiu th nc Ch s Tiu th Tiu th in ti nguyn 11. Resources 12. Tiu th phn bn Consumption 13. Khai thc khong sn Index 14. Khai thc rng (RCI) 15. Khai thc thy sn 16. Ti lng bi cng nghip 17. Ti lng SO2 cng nghip 18. Ti lng CO cng nghip Ch s p lc 19. Ti lng BOD mi trng 20. Ti lng TSS Environmental 21. Ti lng Nito Pressure Index (EPrI) 22. Ti lng Photpho 23. Khi lng CTR cng nghip 24. Khi lng CTR sinh hot 25. Din tch rng b thit hi

5. Kt lun v kin ngh i cng vi nhng thnh tu trong pht trin kinh t, tnh Bnh Dng hin nay ang phi gnh chu nhng hu qu mi trng. V vy Bnh Dng rt cn thit nh gi li hiu qu hot ng kinh t x hi so vi tc ng mi trng gy ra. Do , nghin cu p dng hiu sut sinh thi vng rt c cn thit cho Bnh Dng hin ny nhm khi thc v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn, nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Qua qu trnh nghin cu hiu sut sinh thi ca mt s nc trn th gii, mt s kin ngh c xut nh sau i vi chnh quyn tnh Bnh Dng trong vic nng cao hiu sut sinh thi: 1) Cn phi gn lin cng tc bo v mi trng trong cc chin lc, k hoch, quy hoch tng th v chi tit v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca tnh v ton vng 2) Xy dng chnh sch c th v ng dng kinh t - mi trng vo hot ng sn xut v kinh doanh nhm khai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim ti nguyn ph hp theo nh hng cc chnh sch chung ca tnh Bnh Dng.

3) Cn phi thit lp h thng c s d liu hng nm c th b sung thm cc ch th tham gia tnh ton hiu sut sinh thi cho tnh. Tng cng cng tc nghin cu, iu tra c bn v kinh t, x hi v mi trng nhm bo m xy dng h thng c s d liu tin cy v hin trng pht trin ca cc lnh vc. TI LIU THAM KHO