CH S HOT NG MI TRNG

Environmental Performent Index Nguyn Hin Thn 1. M u. Tnh bn vng mi trng ni ln tp trung cc chnh sch quan trng trn ton th gii. Gn y, cc vn v bin i kh hu, v cc vn mi trng khc c quan tm ch nhiu. Cht lng nc, s nhim khng kh, ph rng v s dng t ba bi, bin i tnh bn vng a dng sinh hc, nng nghip, ng nghip l cc vn c cp trn cc chng trnh ngh s cng cng. Trn th gii vic p dng ch s EPI nh gi hot ng mi trng l mt phng php hiu qu o mc nh hng ca nhim ln sc khe cng ng v kh nng chu tc ng ca h sinh thi, ti nguyn thin nhin. Trc tnh hnh c cu kinh t x hi tnh Bnh Dng ngy cng pht trin tt yu s nh hng n mi trng vi nhng tc ng tim tng n sc khe v suy gim cht lng mi trng sng do hot ng cng nghip. Do vy,vic nghin cu p dng ch s hot ng mi trng l rt cn thit v mang tm chin lc cho tnh. 2. Khi nim v ngha ca ch s hot ng mi trng. Khi nim v ch s hot ng mi trng (EPI) Trong phm vi nghin cu lun vn, thut ng Ch s kt qu hot ng mi trng c dng c ngun gc ting Anh l Environmental Performance Index. Hot ng mi trng l nhng hot ng ca con ngi tc ng ln mi trng. Cc hot ng ny c th xut pht t hot ng cng nghip ( pht sinh kh thi, nc thi t cc nh my ha cht, c kh, xi m, dt nhum), t hot ng sn xut nng, lm ng nghip...(khai thc rng qu mc, hot ng nh bt c, thu hp din tch t sn xut,), hay do hot ng ca con ngi (lng rc thi pht sinh, lng xe c, tng dn s qu nhanh). Nhng hot ng ny u tc ng ln mi trng t nhin v nh hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi. Hot ng mi trng cn nh hng rt ln n s thay i kh hu ton cu, gim a dng sinh hc, mt cn bng sinh thi Ch s EPI c xy dng da trn cc ch th hot ng mi trng, n ni ln kt qu hot ng mi trng phc v cc mc tiu ca nhng ngi lp chnh sch mi trng. Thng qua ch s EPI cc quc gia, vng lnh th s xc nh r cc vn

 u tin trong vic hoch nh chnh sch mi trng ca quc gia, c hng i r rng v c th hn trong cng tc qun l mi trng ca a phng . ngha v s cn thit ca ch s hot ng mi trng Hoch nh chnh sch mi trng l mt n lc kh khn. Hoch nh phi gii quyt mt lot cc kim sot nhim v nhng thch thc qun l ti nguyn thin nhin trn mi quan h nhn qu phc tp, d liu khng y , v v s nhng bt n khc. Nu khng tin hnh phn tch k lng da trn c s vng chc thc t thi khi thc hin cc chnh sch u t bo v mi trng cng s b nh hng. Hoch nh chnh sch mi trng phi da trn nn tng vng chc hn vo phn tch mt s vn cp bch. Khi phn tch cc vn th s chc chn trong o lng v d liu l rt quan trng. Nu cc s liu nh lng mi trng, k c ch s bn vng mi trng nm 2005 (Esty, Levy et al., 2005), c cho l qu rng v khng tp trung v kt qu hin ti trong vic ra mt chnh sch; th cc th im EPI nm 2006 quan tm n khai thc t ngun lc ti nguyn thin nhin, cc hot ng mi trng trong qu kh, kh nng thay i qu o nhim trong tng lai v s dng ti nguyn cng nh kt qu v mi trng hin nay. Cc th im EPI nm 2006 tp trung vo hin trng mi trng cc nc trong bi cnh pht trin bn vng. N hp hn khi theo di kt qu thc t cho cc vn mi trng trng tm m chnh ph c th phi chu trch nhim. Ch s ny hin nay c trn 16 ch th lin quan v sc khe mi trng v sc sng h sinh thi. Ngoi vic cung cp cho vic thc thi cc chnh sch, EPI c th gip ph v cc b tc tn ti ca cc vn nh th no tt nht thc y bo v mi trng. Nu c th khng chc chn v mc nghim trng ca mi e da mi trng, xu hng nhim ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, hay cc hiu qu ca cc chnh sch can thip l nghi ng, th EPI l mt cng c lm r vn , cc xu hng, v cc chnh sch hng dn: Theo hng dn bi Tuyn b Thin nin k nm 2000 nhng n lc ln ang c trin khai lm cho tin quy m ton cu trong cc lnh vc gio dc, y t, v gim ngho i. Theo di v cc din bin mi trng v m ra mt ng lc cnh tranh thc y hiu sut tt hn. Ch s cho php so snh gia cc quc gia cung cp mt nn tng nh gi kt qu, im chun EPI, v lm r nhng g c th t c trong nhng hon cnh c th. Bng cch la chn mt cch tip cn gn n mc tiu ra, EPI th im nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc chnh ph theo di thc t cc kt qu hot ng mi trng.

EPI cung cp mt cch nh gi hiu qu ca chnh sch mi trng chng li cc mc tiu thc hin c lin quan. N c thit k gip hoch nh chnh sch ca vn mi trng hin ti: + Theo di kim sot nhim v ti nguyn thin nhin v qun l cc xu hng mi trng; + Xc nh cc vn u tin v mi trng; + Xc nh mc ph hp ca chnh sch hin ti; + Cung cp mt c s thc hin so snh cho cc quc gia, khu vc, lin ngnh; + Tm ra cc "nhm ng ng" ; xc nh cc vn khng ph hp; + Xc nh cc chnh sch v m hnh c thc hin tt v thnh cng nht. 3. H thng ch th nh gi ch s hot ng mi trng. Ch s hot ng mi trng c xy dng trn 2 ch l sc khe mi trng v sc chu ti ca h sinh thi, 10 ch th chnh v 25 ch th.
Trng s ch (% ca EPI) M ch th chnh Trng s ch th chnh (% ca EPI) 25

Ch

M ch

Ch th chnh

Ch th

Gnh nng bnh tt mi trng Sc khe mi trng nhim khng kh (tc ng ca con ngi) Nc (tc ng ca con ngi) Sc chu ti ca h sinh thi ECOSYSTEM 50

EH

Gnh nng bnh tt mi trng nhim khng kh ngoi th nhim khng kh trong nh Tip cn ngun nc Tip cn v sinh mi trng Pht thi SO2 trn din tch t nhim Pht thi Nit i oxt trn mi din tch t nhim Pht thi din tch t hu c trn din tch t nhim Khu h sinh thi

ENVHEALTH 50

AIR_H

12,5

WATER_H 12,5

nhim khng kh (nh hng h sinh thi)

AIR_E

4,16666 7

Nc (tc ng ca h sinh thi)

WATER_E

4,16666 7

Water quality index Ch s p lc nc

a dng sinh hc v ni c tr

BIODIV

4,16666 7

Ch s khan him nc Bo v qun x sinh vt Bo v hng hi Bo v tiu ch tiu trng sng Thay i pht trin ng cc Thay i din tch lm nghip Ch s dinh dng bin Cng nh bt c Nhu cu nc nng nghip Tr cp nng nghip Thuc bo v thc vt Pht thi kh nh knh trn u ngi Pht thi CO2 trn n v in Mc pht thi kh nh knh trong ngnh cng nghip

Lm nghip

FOREST

4,16666 7

Thy sn

FISH

4,16666 7

Nng nghip

AGCLTR

4,16666 7

Bin i kh hu

CLIMATE

25

4. Phng php nh gi ch s hot ng mi trng. Cc bc tnh ch s hot ng mi trng: Bc 1: Thu thp s liu Bc 2: Chuyn i d liu. Bc 3: X l tt c d liu sau chun ha. Bc 4: Thit lp mc tiu Bc 5: Chuyn i mc tiu Bc 6: Tnh ton cc ch th th cp i vi hot ng mi trngc tc ng tt: 100 - [(gi tr mc tiu gi tr x l) x 100 / (gi tr mc tiu gi tr c x l nh nht)] i vi hot ng mi trng c tc ng xu:

100 - [(gi tr x l - gi tr mc tiu) x 100 / (gi tr x l ln nht - gi tr mc tiu)] Bc 7: Tch hp cc ch th thnh phn Bc 8: Tch hp cc ch Bc 9: Hiu chnh t s ch sc chu ti sinh thi cho ph hp vi sc khe mi trng. Bc 10: Tnh ton ch s hot ng mi trng. (Policy, (CIESIN), Forum, & Commission, 2010) Ch s EPI cng l gi tr tch hp nh gi s bin i v ti nguyn v mi trng c tnh ton t cc ch th c trng. Thang im tch hp trung bnh cng ca ch s EPI nm trong khong 0 100 im. Ch s EPI cng cao th kt qu hot ng mi trng cng tt: Thang im 1,00 20,0 20,1 40,0 40,1 60,0 60,1 80,0 80,1 -100 Kt qu hot ng mi trng - EPI Rt xu Xu Trung bnh Tng i tt Tt

5. Xem xt p dng ch s hot ng mi trng trong a bn tnh Bnh Dng. Ch s hot ng mi trng c xy dng nh gi kt qu hot ng mi trng ca quc gia. Do vy, khi p dng ch s ny cho quy m cp tnh i hi phi c s iu chnh v sng lc cc ch th cho ph hp. Bng: Khung ch th thnh phn EPI trong iu kin tnh Bnh Dng Mc tiu Sc khe mi trng Nhm chnh sch Bnh tt v mi trng nhim khng kh (tc ng n con ngi) Nc (tc ng n con ngi) nhim khng kh (tc ng h sinh thi) Nc (tc ng ln h sinh thi) a dng sinh hc v ni c tr Ch th T l tr em t vong Ti lng bi Nc ung iu kin v sinh SOx NOx VOC CO Tiu th nc COD NH3-N Din tch rng t nhin

Sc sng h sinh thi v qun l ti nguyn

Lm nghip Thy sn Nng nghip Bin i kh hu

Din tch rng chm sc T l khai thc g Din tch rng bao ph Din tch trng rng nh bt c Din tch nc mt nui trng Tr cp Nng lm nghip CO NOx

6. Kt lun v kin ngh Ch s hot ng mi trng l mt ch s tng hp kt qu hot ng mi trng ca tt cc cc thnh phn mi trng nh: cht lng khng kh, cht lng nc, mc chu ti ca h sinh thi, sc khe mi trng...Vic p dng ch s hot ng mi trng s d dng cung cp thng tin cho nh qun l v cng chng. Trong tnh trng mi trng ang din bin xu nh hin nay vic p dng ch s hot ng mi trng l rt c ngha, c bit li cc tnh v thnh ph cng nghip. Tuy nhin, hin nay vic p dng ch s hot ng mi trng ti Vit Nam cn gp nhiu kh khn v mt s liu thng k mi trng. Do , p dng ch s hot ng mi trng ti tnh Bnh Dng, tnh cn thc hin mt s gii php v thu thp s thng k mi trng: Thc hin quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh, cht lng mi trng nc hng nm. Xy dng c s s liu thng k mi trng. S liu thng k mi trng cn phi ph bin trn thng tin i chng ti web ca s ti nguyn mi trng tnh. Ti liu tham kho 1) Coll, J. (2010). Environmental Indicators System of the Spanish Tourist Sector. Retrieved 1/1, 2010, from http://destinet.eu/tools/measurement_instruments/Spanish_Indicators_Conclusi ons.doc/download/1/Spanish_Indicators_Conclusions.doc 2) Hayward, S. F. (2008). Index of Leading Environmental Indicators, _008. Retrieved 10/1, 2010, from http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20080401_08_Enviro_Index.pdf