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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM, MUI KM


I. Mui Al3+ tc dng vi dung dch kim.
- Khi cho mui nhm nh AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3, Al(NO3)3.. tc dng vi dung dch kim nh NaOH, KOH,
Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2. ta quy v ion => gii bi ton Al3+ tc dng vi OH-.
1. Phn ng.
a. V d: Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3, ta c phn ng:
Ban u:
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (1)
Sau (1), NaOH cn th c phn ng ha tan kt ta
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O (2)
Lu : AlCl3 cho vo dung dch NH3 s khng c phn ng (2) => khng c phn ng ha tan kt ta.
b. Phng trnh ion:
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 (1)
Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O (2)
c. Nhn xt:
- Khi cho OH- tc dng vi Al3+sn phm sinh ra c 3 trng hp l TH1 to Al(OH)3, TH2 to AlO2-,
TH3 to c Al(OH)3 v AlO2- => c im bi ton ra xy ra nhiu hng sn phm.
+ Nu Al3+ d th ch to kt ta
+ Nu OH- d ch to AlO2- hin tng ca phn ng to kt ta keo trng ( Al(OH)3), sau kt ta tan.
2. Nhn xt
a. Phng trnh phn ng.
- Vi cc dng bi sn phm xy ra theo nhiu hng ta vit phn ng to trc tip to ra tng sn phm
nh sau:
+ to Al(OH)3: Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 (1)
+ To AlO2-: Al3+ + 4OH- AlO2- + 2H2O (3)
Phn ng (3) l tng ca phn ng (1) + (2).
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
(1)
Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
(2)
Al3+ + 4OH- AlO2- + 2H2O
(3)
b. Bng tm tt
nOH
- Xt t l T =
nAl 3+
- Coi nh xy ra 2 phn ng sau:
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 4OH- AlO2- + 2H2O
- Bng tm tt
nOH
T=
nAl 3+
Al(OH)3
Al3+ d
c. th biu din kt ta.
a = nAl3+
x = nAl(OH)3

(1)
(2)

T=3
T=4

Sn phm

Al(OH)3
Al3+

Al(OH)3
AlO2-

Al(OH)3 Max

a
Al(OH)3

OHTH1

HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

AlO2-

AlO2OH- d

3a TH2 4a
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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

3. Cc dng bi v phng php gii.


- Tnh OH- Tnh kt ta
- Tnh lng Al3+ ban u.
- Tnh kt ta theo yu cu.
a. Bi ton thun: Cho Al3+, OH- => Tnh sn phm ( thng l kt ta).
Phng php:
nOH
- Lp t l: T =
xt xy ra theo trng hp no, c th nh sau:
nAl 3+
+ Nu T 3: Ch xy ra (1) v sau phn ng c Al(OH)3 v Al3+ d. (Al3+ ht nu T = 3)
Khi => nAl (OH )3 =

nOH
3

(Theo bo ton OH-)

+ Nu 3 < T < 4: Xy ra (1) v (2). To hn hp Al(OH)3 v AlO2-. (C Al3+ v OH- u ht)


Khi : t s mol Al(OH)3 l x v s mol AlO2- l y
H phng trnh:

x + y = nAl 3+
3x + 4y = nOH

c bit T =

n 3+
3+ 4
= 3,5 th nAl ( OH )3 = n[Al ( OH ) ] = Al
4
2
2

+ Nu T 4: Ch xy ra (2) v sau phn ng c AlO2- v OH- d (OH- ht nu T = 4)


Khi : nAlO2 = nAl 3+
VD1. Rt 100 ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M vo 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh
m?
Hng dn gii
n
Ta c: nNaOH = 0,35 mol,
AlCl3 = 0,1 mol
Cch 1: Phng php thng thng
AlCl3 + 3 NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
Ban u:
0,1
0,35
Phn ng: 0,1 0,3
0,1
0,3
Sau phn ng: 0
0,05
0,1
0,3
V NaOH cn d nn c tip phn ng:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4]
Ban u:
0,1
0,05
Phn ng:
0,05 0,05
0,05
Sau phn ng: 0,05
0
0,05
Vy sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c:
0,05 mol Al(OH)3
m = 0,05 . 78 = 3,9 g
0,05 mol Na[Al(OH)4]
Cch 2: Vn dng t l T
nOH = 0,35 mol,
nAl 3+ = 0,1 mol
n
T = OH = 3,5 To hn hp Al(OH)3: x mol v AlO2-: y mol
nAl3+
=> H: x + y = 0,1
3x + 4y = 0,35
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

x = 0,05
y = 0,05
.Trang:2

CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

=> m = 0,05 . 78 = 3,9 g


hoc T = 3,5 nn nAl (OH )3 = n[Al (OH )

nAl3+

= 0,05 mol
2
VD 2: Cho 450 ml dung dch KOH 2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1M c dung dch X.
Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch X?
Hng dn gii
nOH = 0,9 mol,
nAl 3+ = 0,2 mol
n
T = OH = 4,5 > 4 => To AlO2- v OH- d
nAl 3+

4]

nOH du = 0,9 0,2 . 4 = 0,1 mol


Dung dch X c nAl (OH )4 = nAl 3+ = 0,2 mol;
0, 2
0,36 M
=> CM (KAlO2) =
0, 45 + 0,1
0,1
0,18M
CM(KOH) =
0, 45 + 0,1
VD 3: Dung dch A cha 16,8g NaOH cho tc dng vi dung dch cha 8g Fe2(SO4)3. Thm tip vo
13,68g Al2(SO4)3 thu c 500ml dung dch B v m gam kt ta. Tnh CM cc cht trong B v m?
Hng dn gii
n
=
nAl 2 ( SO4 ) 3 = 0,04 mol
nNaOH = 0,42 mol;
0,02 mol;
Fe 2 ( SO4 ) 3
nOH
= 10,5 => To Fe(OH)3 v Fe3+ ht, OH- d
Ta c:
nFe3+
nFe (OH ) 3 = nFe3+ = 0,04 mol;
nAl 3+ = 0,08 mol;
nOH du = 0,42 0,04 . 3 = 0,3 mol
nOH
=> T =
= 3,75 => to hn hp Al(OH)3 : x mol
nAl 3+

v AlO2-: y mol

Ta c h:

x + y = 0,08
x = 0,02
3x + 4y = 0,3
=>
y = 0,06
Vy khi lng kt ta l: m = 1,56g
Dung dch B gm NaAlO2:
0,06 mol
Na2SO4: (0,42 0,06)/2 = 0,18 mol
=> CM (NaAlO2) = 0,12M;
CM (Na2SO4]) = 0,36M
b. Bi ton ngc: Cho kt ta, tnh cht ban u.
* Tnh OH-.
- Nu s mol Al(OH)3 = s mol Al3+: c 2 cht phn ng va vi nhau to Al(OH)3. Khi :
nOH = 3nAl (OH )3
- Nu nAl (OH )3 < nAl3+ th c 2 trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: t < 3 => Al3+ d, OH- ht ch c kt ta Al(OH)3 to thnh
( trng hp ny OH- nh nht, nu thm OH- th kt ta tng): nOH = 3nAl (OH )3 .
+ Trng hp 2: 3 < t < 4 => Al3+, OH- u ht to thnh Al(OH)3 v AlO2-.
( Trng hp ny OH- ln hn, nu thm OH- th kt ta gim)
Cch 1: Phng php thng thng ( vit phng trnh ion)
Cch 2: p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, nu trng hp 2
+ Bo ton nguyn t Al: nAl3+ = nAl(OH)3 + nAlO2+ Bo ton nhm OH-: nOH- = 3nAlOH)3 + 4nAlO2Cch 3: Cng thc gii nhanh
TH1: nOH- = 3n
TH2: nOH- = 4nAl3+ - n
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

Lu : nu cho OH- vo hn hp gm Al3+ v H+ cng thm H+3+vo v phi ca cng thc trn.
Al
TH1: nOH- = 3n + nH+
TH2: nOH- = 4nAl3+ - n + nH+
Cch 4: Phng php th
- Da vo th, chng minh theo tam gic ng dng
Al(OH)3 Max
Ta d c:
a
TH1: nOH = 3x
Al(OH)3=x
TH2: nOH- = 4a - x

OH-

TH1

3a TH2 4a
VD1: Cho 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH tc dng vi 300ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,2M thu c 1,56g kt ta.
Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn gii
S mol Al3+ = 0,12 mol.
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,02 mol < s mol Al3+ nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
+TH1: Al3+ d => Ch to Al(OH)3 nn s mol OH- = 3 . 0,02 = 0,06 mol.
=> CM(NaOH) = 0,12M
+TH2: Al3+ ht => to
Al(OH)3: 0,02 mol
AlO2-: 0,12 0,02 = 0,1 mol
=> S mol OH- = 3 . 0,02 + 4 . 0,1 = 0,46 mol
=> CM(NaOH) = 0,92M
VD2: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 0,4M tc dng vi 58,14g Al2(SO4)3 thu c 23,4g kt ta. Tm gi tr
ln nht ca V?
Hng dn gii
S mol Al3+ = 0,34 mol.
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,3 mol < s mol Al3+ nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
+TH1: Al3+ d => Ch to Al(OH)3 nn s mol OH- = 3 . 0,3 = 0,9 mol.
=>V(dd NaOH) = 2,25 lt = Vmin
+TH2: Al3+ ht => to
Al(OH)3: 0,3 mol
AlO2-: 0,34 0,3 = 0,04 mol
=> S mol OH- = 3 . 0,3 + 4 . 0,04 = 1,06 mol
=> V(dd NaOH) = 2,65 lt = Vmax.
Cu 39-A8-329: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta
trn l
A. 0,35.
B. 0,45.
C. 0,25.
D. 0,05.
3+
* Tnh Al .
Phng php: So snh s mol OH- ca bi cho vi s mol OH- trong kt ta.
Nu s mol OH- ca bi cho ln hn s mol OH- trong kt ta th c hin tng ho tan kt ta.
Sn phm ca bi c Al(OH)3 v AlO2- :
Cch 1: bo ton nguyn t
n 3nAl ( OH )3
(Theo bo ton nhm OH-)
nAlO = OH bai
2
4
=> nAl 3+ = nAl ( OH )3 + n[Al ( OH ) ]
4

Cch 2: p dng cng thc


n +n
nAl 3+ = OH bai
4
Nu trong bi c nhiu ln thm OH- lin tip th b qua cc giai on trung gian, ta ch tnh tng s mol
OH- qua cc ln thm vo ri so snh vi lng OH- trong kt ta thu c ln cui cng ca bi.

HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

VD: Thm 0,6 mol NaOH vo dd cha x mol AlCl3 thu c 0,2 mol Al(OH)3. Thm tip 0,9 mol NaOH
thy s mol ca Al(OH)3 l 0,5. Thm tip 1,2 mol NaOH na thy s mol Al(OH)3 vn l 0,5 mol. Tnh
x?
Hng dn gii
n
n
=
0,
6
+
0,9
+
1,
2
=
2,
7
mol
;
Al ( OH )3 = 0,5
OH
S mol OH- trong kt ta l 1,5 mol < 2,7 mol => c to AlO2n 3nAl ( OH )3
= 0,3 mol
n[Al ( OH ) ] = OH bai
4
4
=> nAl 3+ = nAl (OH )3 + nAlO2 = 0,8 mol
Cu 10-B10-937: Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 nng x
mol/l, thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH
1,2M vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 1,0.
B. 0,9.
C. 1,2.
D. 0,8.
c. Bi ton cho 2 ln OH- to 2 kt ta
* 2 kt ta bng nhau
Nu cho cng mt lng Al3+ tc dng vi lng OH- khc nhau m lng kt ta khng thay i hoc
thay i khng tng ng vi s thay i OH-, v d nh:
TN1: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi b mol OH- to x mol kt ta.
TN2: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi 3b mol OH- to x mol kt ta hoc 2x mol kt ta.
Khi , ta kt lun:
n
TN1: Al3+ cn d v OH- ht.
nAl (OH )3 = OH = x.
3
3+
TN2: C Al v OH u ht v c hin tng ho tan kt ta.
n
3nAl (OH )3 (TN 2)
nAlO = nAl 3+ nAl (OH )3 (TN 2) = OH (TN 2)
2
4
VD: TN1: Cho a mol Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M c m gam kt ta.
TN2: Cng a mol Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 750ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M thu c m gam kt ta.
Tnh a v m?
Hng dn gii
V lng OH- 2 th nghim khc nhau m lng kt ta khng thay i nn:
TN1: Al3+ d, OH- ht.
n
S mol OH- = 0,6 mol => nAl ( OH )3 = OH = 0,2 mol => m = 15,6 g
3
TN2: Al3+ v OH- u ht v c hin tng ho tan kt ta.
S mol OH- = 0,9 mol => To
Al(OH)3: 0,2 mol
AlO2-: 0,075 mol
=> nAl 3+ = 0,2 + 0,075 = 0,275 mol
S mol Al2(SO4)3 = 0,1375 mol = a.
* 2 kt ta khc nhau
Nu cho cng lng Al3+ tc dng vi 2 lng OH- khc nhau m thu c 2 kt ta, v d nh:
TN1: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi b mol OH- to x mol kt ta.
TN2: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi 3b mol OH- to y mol kt ta
Khi ta so snh lng 2 kt ta nh sau:
+ Nu x < y, th => TN1 c 1 trng hp l ch to kt ta, kt ta cha tan. TN2 c 2 trng hp
+ Nu x > y, th => TN1 c 2 trng hp, TN1 c 1 trng hp l c kt ta v kt ta ang tan.
d. Bi ton tm OH- tha mn iu kin kt ta: ln nht, nh nht.
Cu 8-A1-748: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt
ta th cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 5.
B. a : b > 1 : 4.
C. a : b = 1 : 4.
D. a : b < 1 : 4.
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

Cu 26-CD7-439: Thm m gam kali vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu
c dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M thu c kt ta Y.
thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l
A. 1,59.
B. 1,95.
C. 1,71.
D. 1,17.
5. Bi tp t luyn.
a. Bi ton thun: Cho Al3+, OH- => Tnh sn phm ( thng l kt ta).
Cu 1.7-B07-285: Cho 200 ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M,
lng kt ta thu c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,2.
B. 1,8.
C. 2,4.
D. 2.
Cu 2.28-CD9-956: Nh t t 0,25 lt dung dch NaOH 1,04M vo dung dch gm 0,024 mol FeCl3;
0,016 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,04 mol H2SO4 thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,560.
B. 4,128.
C. 2,568.
D. 5,064.
Cu 3.33-CD9-956: Ho tan hon ton 47,4 gam phn chua KAl(SO4)2.12H2O vo nc, thu c dung
dch X. Cho ton b X tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M, sau phn ng thu c m gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 54,4.
B. 62,2.
C. 46,6.
D. 7,8.
Cu 4: Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 7M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1M . Xc nh nng
mol/l NaOH trong dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 1M
B. 2M
C. 3M
D. 4M
Cu 5. Ha tan 0,24 mol FeCl3 v 0,16 mol Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch cha 0,4 mol H2SO4 c
dung dch X. Cho dung dch cha 2,6 mol NaOH vo X c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 15,6 gam
B. 25,68 gam
C. 41,28 gam
D. 0,64 gam
Cu 6. Ha tan 0,1 mol phn nhm amoni (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O vo nc c dung dch
X. Cho n d dung dch Ba(OH)2 vo dung dch X th thu c kt ta Y. Khi lng kt ta Y bng:
A. 46,6 gam
B. 69,9 gam
C. 93,2 gam
D. 108,8 gam
b. Bi ton ngc: Cho kt ta, tnh cht ban u.
* Tnh OH-.
Cu 1. Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH vo 200 ml dung dch 200 ml dung dch AlCl3 2M, thu c mt kt
ta, nung kt ta n khi lng khng i c 5,1 gam cht rn. Nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH
l:
A. 1,5 M v 7,5 M
B. 1,5 M v 3M
C. 1M v 1,5 M
D. 2M v 4M
Cu 2. Cho m gam kim loi Na vo 200 gam. dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1,71%. Sau khi phn ng xong thu
c 0,78 gam kt ta. m c gi tr l
A. 0,69 gam.
B. 1,61 gam.
C. c A v B u ng.
D. p n khc
Cu 3: Cho 3,42gam Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 25 ml dung dch NaOH to ra c 0,78 gam kt ta. Nng
mol ca NaOH dng l
A. 1,2M
B. 2,8M
C. 1,2 M v 4M
D. 1,2M hoc 2,8M
Cu 4: Ha tan 21 gam hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 bng HCl c dung dch A v 13,44 lt H2(ktc). Th
tch dung dch (lt) NaOH 0,5M cn cho vo dung dch A thu c 31,2 gam kt ta l?
A. 2,4
B. 2,4 hoc 4
C. 4
D. 1,2 hoc 2
Cu 5: Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch AlCl3 0,2M thu c mt kt ta
trng keo, em nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th c 1,02 gam cht rn. Nng
mol/l ln nht ca dung dch NaOH dng l?
A.1,9M
B.0,15M
C.0,3M
D.0,2M
Cu 6. Cho V lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,5M vo 200ml dung dch Al(NO3)3 0,75M thu c 7,8 gam kt
ta. Tm V
A. 0,3 v 0,6 B. 0,3 v 0,7 C. 0,4 v 0,8 D. 0,3 v 0,5
Cu 7. Trn V ml dung dch KOH 2M vo cc ng 300ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,25M .Ta thu c
mt kt ta ri nung n khi lng khng i th thu c 5,1 gam cht rn .Tnh V
A. 0,15 lt
B. 0,25 lt
C. 0,15lt hoc 0,25 ltD. 0,25 lt v 0,35 lt
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

.Trang:6

CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

Cu 8. Ha tan 10,8 gam Al trong mt lng H2SO4 va thu c dung dch A. Thm V lt dung
dch NaOH 0,5M vo dung dch A c kt ta m sau khi nung n khi lng khng i cho ra mt
cht rn nng 10,2g. Vy gi tr ca V (lt) l :
A. 1,2 v 2,8 B. 0,6 v 1,6 C. 1,2 D. 1,2 v 1,4
Cu 9. Ha tan 5,34g AlCl3 vo nc cho 200ml dung dch. Thm tip dung dch NaOH 0,4M vo
dung dch trn. Phn ng xong thu c 1,56g kt ta. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn dng :
A. 150ml
B. 300ml hoc 450ml C. 100ml
D. 150ml hc 350ml
Cu 10. Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 500ml dung dch X cha Al2(SO4)3 0,2M v H2SO4 0,1M
thu c kt ta keo em nung n khi lng khng i th th c 8,16 gam cht rn.
Hy tnh V ? ( s : 290ml v 370ml )
* Tnh Al3+.
Cu 1. 13-A12-296: Cho 500 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo V ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M; sau khi
cc phn ng kt thc thu c 12,045 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 300.
B. 75.
C. 200.
D. 150.
Cu 2.7-B11-846: Cho 400 ml dung dch E gm AlCl3 x mol/lt v Al2(SO4)3 y mol/lt tc dng vi 612
ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 8,424 gam kt ta. Mt khc, khi cho
400 ml E tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 (d) th thu c 33,552 gam kt ta. T l x : y l
A. 3 : 4.
B. 4 : 3.
C. 7 : 4.
D. 3 : 2.
Cu 3. Thm 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo cc ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 x mol/l khuy u n
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thy c 0,1 mol kt ta. Thm tip 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo cc
khuy u n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thy trong cc c 0,14 mol kt ta. Gi tr ca x bng:
A.2
B.1,6
C.0,8
D.1
Cu 4. Cho a mol AlCl3 vo 200g dung dch NaOH 4% thu c 3,9g kt ta. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,05B. 0,0125
C. 0,0625
D 0,125
Cu 5. Cho 400ml dung dch X cha NaOH 0,7M v Ca(OH)2 0,05M vo 250ml dung dch AlCl3 a
mol/l thu c 7,02 gam kt ta keo. Hy tnh a ? ( s: 0,41 M )
c. Bi ton cho 2 ln OH- to 2 kt ta
* 2 kt ta bng nhau
Cu 1. TN1: Trn 100 ml dd Al2(SO4)3 vi 120 ml dd NaOH. Lc ly kt ta v nung n hon ton c
2,04g cht rn.
TN2: Trn 100 ml dd Al2(SO4)3 vi 200 ml dd NaOH. Lc ly kt ta v nung n khi lng khng i
c 2,04g cht rn. Tnh nng ca cc dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOH trn.
A. 1M v 0,3M
B. 1M v 1M
C. 0,3M v 1M
D. 0,5M v 1M
* 2 kt ta khc nhau
Cu 1. Cho a mol AlCl3 vo 1 lt dung dch NaOH c nng b (mol/l) c 0,05 mol kt ta, thm
tip 1 lt dung dch NaOH trn th c 0,06 mol kt ta. Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l
A. 0,15 v 0,06
B. 0,09 v 0,18
C. 0,09 v 0,15
C. 0,06 v 0,15
Cu 2. X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Cho 150 ml dung dch Y vo cc cha 100 ml
dung dch X, khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 7,8 gam kt ta. Thm tip vo cc
100 ml dung dch Y, khuy u n khi kt thc phn ng thy trong cc c 10,92 gam kt ta. Nng
mol ca dung dch X l
A. 3,2M
B. 2,0 M
C. 1,6M
D. 1,0M
Cu 3. X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 1M. Cho 240 ml dung dch Y vo cc cha 100 ml
dung dch X, khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 6,24 gam kt ta. Thm tip vo cc
100 ml dung dch Y, khuy u n khi kt thc phn ng thy trong cc c 4,68 gam kt ta. Nng
mol/l ca dung dch X l:
A. 1,0M
B. 1,2M
C. 1,5M
D. 1,6M
d. Bi ton tm OH- tha mn iu kin kt ta: ln nht, nh nht.
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Cu 1: 200 ml gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45 M; HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V(lt) gm NaOH
0,02M v Ba(OH)2 0,01M. Ga tr ca V(lt) c kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht l?
A. 1,25lt v 1,475lt
B. 1,25lt v 14,75lt
C. 12,5lt v 14,75lt
D. 12,5lt v 1,475lt
Cu 2. Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,01 mol HCl v 0,01 mol AlCl3. S mol
NaOH ti thiu phi dng lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht ln lt l
A. 0,01 mol v 0,02 mol
B. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol
C. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol
D. 0,04 mol v 0,05 mol
Cu 3. Cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH x mol/l vo dung dch cha 0,02 mol MgCl2 v 0,02 mol AlCl3.
Lc ly kt ta v nung n khi lng khng i c m gam cht rn. m nh nht th x bng
A. 0,6M
B. 0,8M
C. 1,0M
D. 1,2M
Cu 4. Thm 2,16 gam Al vo dung dch HNO3 long, lnh (va ) th thu c dung dch X v
khng thy c kh thot ra. Thm dung dch NaOH vo dung dch n khi kt ta va tan ht th s mol
NaOH dng l:
A. 0,16 mol
B. 0,19 mol
C. 0,32 mol
D. 0,35 mol
Cu 5. Khi cho a mol Al3+ vo dung dch cha b mol OH . iu kin a v b thu c kt ta ln
nht l :
A. a < 3b
B. a = 3b
C. b < 4a
D. b = 4a

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II. Mui aluminat AlO2- tc dng vi dung dch H+.


- Khi cho mui aluminat nh NaAlO2, KAlO2.. tc dng vi dung dch axit nh HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 th ta
quy v ion => thnh gii bi ton AlO2- tc dng vi H+
1. Phn ng.
a. V d: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO2, ta c phn ng:
Ban u:
HCl + NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl (1)
Sau (1), HCl cn th c phn ng ha tan kt ta
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O (2)
Lu : Sc kh CO2 vo dung dch NaAlO2 s khng c phn ng (2) => khng c phn ng ha tan kt
ta.
b. Phng trnh ion:
AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3 (1)
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O (2)
c. Nhn xt:
- Khi cho H+ tc dng vi AlO2- sn phm sinh ra c 3 trng hp l TH1 to Al(OH)3, TH2 to Al3+,
TH3 to c Al(OH)3 v Al3+=> c im bi ton ra xy ra nhiu hng sn phm.
+ Nu AlO2- d th ch to kt ta
+ Nu H+ d ch to Al3+
- hin tng ca phn ng to kt ta keo trng ( Al(OH)3), sau kt ta tan.
2. Nhn xt
a. Phng trnh phn ng.
- Vi cc dng bi sn phm xy ra theo nhiu hng ta vit phn ng to trc tip to ra tng sn phm
nh sau:
+ to Al(OH)3: AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3 (1)
+ To AlO2-: AlO2- + 4H+ Al3++ 2H2O (3)
Phn ng (3) l tng ca phn ng (1) + (2).
AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3
(1)
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
(2)
+
3+
AlO2 + 4H Al + 2H2O
(3)
b. Bng tm tt
nH +
- Xt t l T =
nAlO
2

- Coi nh xy ra 2 phn ng sau:


AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3
AlO2- + 4H+ Al3++ 2H2O
- Bng tm tt
nH +
T=
nAlO
2

Al(OH)3
AlO2- d
c. th biu din kt ta.

(1)
(2)

T=1
T=4

Sn phm

Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3
AlO2-

AlO2

AlO2H+ d

AlO2-

Al(OH)3 max

Al(OH)3 = x
x1
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

H+
x2

n Al(OH) = x
3

n AlO2 = a

= x1 , x 2
n H+

4a
.Trang:9

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3. Cc dng bi v phng php gii.


- Tnh cht ban u
- Tnh kt ta
a. Bi ton thun: Cho AlO2-, H+ => Tnh sn phm ( thng l kt ta).
Phng php:
nH +
- Lp t l: T =
xt xem xy ra phn ng no nh sau:
nAlO
2

+ Nu T 1: Ch xy ra (1) v sau phn ng c Al(OH)3 v AlO2- d. (AlO2- ht nu T = 3)


Khi => nAl (OH )3 = nH +
+ Nu 3 < T < 4: Xy ra (1) v (2). To hn hp Al(OH)3 v AlO2-. (C AlO2- v H+ u ht)
Khi : t s mol Al(OH)3 l x v s mol Al3+ l y
H phng trnh:

x + y = nAlO2
1x + 4y = nH +

c bit T =

n
1+ 4
= 2,5 th nAl ( OH ) = n 3+ = AlO2
Al
3
2
2

+ Nu T 4: Ch xy ra (5) v sau phn ng c Al3+ v H+ d (H+ ht nu T = 4)


Khi : nAl 3+ = nAlO2
b. Bi ton ngc: Cho kt ta, tnh H+
* Tnh OH-.
- Nu s mol Al(OH)3 = s mol AlO2- : c 2 cht phn ng va vi nhau to Al(OH)3. Khi :
nH + = nAl (OH )3 = s mol OH- b mt t AlO2- Nu nAl ( OH )3 < nAlO th c 2 trng hp:
2

+ Trng hp 1: t < 3 => AlO2- d, H+ ht ch c kt ta Al(OH)3 to thnh


( trng hp ny H+ nh nht, nu thm H+ th kt ta tng): nH + = nAl (OH )3 .
+ Trng hp 2: 3 < t < 4 => AlO2-, H+ u ht to thnh Al(OH)3 v Al3+
( Trng hp ny H+ ln hn, nu thm H+ th kt ta gim)
Cch 1: Phng php thng thng ( vit phng trnh ion)
Cch 2: p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, nu trng hp 2
+ Bo ton nguyn t Al: nAlO2- = nAl(OH)3 + nAl3+
+ Bo ton nhm OH-: nH+= nAlOH)3 + 4nAl3+
Cch 3: Cng thc gii nhanh
TH1: nOH- = n
TH2: nOH- = 4nAl3+ - 3n
Lu : nu cho H+ vo hn hp gm AlO2- v OH- cng thm OH
vo v phi ca cng thc trn.
3+
Al
TH1: nOH = n + nOH
TH2: nOH- = 4nAl3+ - 3n+ nOHCch 4: Phng php th
- Da vo th, chng minh theo tam gic ng dng
Al(OH)3 Max
Ta d c:
a
+
TH1: nH = x
Al(OH)3=x
TH2: nH+= 4a - 3x
TH1

HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

OH-

3a TH2 4a
Trang:10
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4. Bi tp luyn tp
a. Bi ton thun: Cho AlO2-, H+ => Tnh sn phm ( thng l kt ta).
VD:
b. Bi ton ngc: Cho kt ta, tnh H+
VD: Cho 1 lt dung dch HCl tc dng vi 500ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 1M v NaAlO2 1,5M thu
c 31,2g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch HCl.
Hng dn gii
Do c to kt ta Al(OH)3 nn OH- phn ng ht.
S mol OH- = 0,5 mol => S mol H+ phn ng vi OH- = 0,5 mol
S mol AlO2- = 0,75 mol hay s mol ca [Al(OH)4 ]- = 0,75
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,4 mol < s mol AlO2- nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
TH1: [Al(OH)4 ]- d.
Khi : nH + = nAl ( OH )3 = 0,4 mol
=>Tng s mol H+ dng l 0,5 + 0,4 = 0,9 mol
Vy CM(HCl) = 0,9M
TH2: [Al(OH)4 ]- ht
Khi : Sn phm c Al(OH)3: 0,4 mol
Al3+: 0,75 0,4 = 0,35 mol
=> nH + = nAl (OH )3 + 4n Al3+ = 1,8 mol
=>Tng s mol H+ dng l: 0,5 + 1,8 = 2,3 mol
Vy CM(HCl) = 2,3M
Kt lun: CM(HCl) = 0,9M hoc 2,3M
c. Bi ton AlO2- tc dng vi CO2
VD: Trn 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 2,25M c dung dch X. kt
ta hon ton ion Al3+ trong dung dch X di dng hiroxit cn dng V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca
V l:
A. 1,12
B. 2,24
C. 3,36
D. 6,72
5. Bi tp t luyn.
a. Bi ton thun: Cho AlO2-, H+ => Tnh sn phm ( thng l kt ta).
Cu 1.
b. Bi ton ngc: Cho kt ta, tnh H+
Cu 1. Trn mt dung dch cha a mol NaAlO2 vi mt dung dch cha b mol HCl. c kt ta sau khi
trn th:
A. a = b
B. a = 2b
C. b < 4a
D. b < 5a
Cu 2. Mt dung dch X cha NaOH v 0,3 mol Na[Al(OH)4]. Cho 1 mol HCl vo X thu c 15,6 gam
kt ta. S mol NaOH trong dung dch X l
A. 0,2 hoc 0,8
B. 0,4 hoc 0,8
C. 0,2 hoc 0,4
D. 0,2 hoc 0,6
Cu 3. Mt dung dch cha a mol KAlO2 (hay K[Al(OH)4] cho tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol HCl.
iu kin sau khi phn ng thu c lng kt ta ln nht l
A. a > b
B. a < b
C. a = b
D. a < 2b
Cu 4. Mt dung dch X cha NaOH v 0,3 mol Na[Al(OH)4]. Cho 1 mol HCl vo X thu c 15,6 gam
kt ta. S mol NaOH trong dung dch X l:
A. 0,2 hoc 0,8
B. 0,4 hoc 0,8
C. 0,2 hoc 0,4
D. 0,2 hoc 0,6
Cu 5. Thm dung dch HCl vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 1M v Na[Al(OH)4] 1M. Khi kt ta
thu c l 6,24 gam th s mol HCl dng l
A. 0,08 hoc 0,16
B. 0,18 hoc 0,26
C. 0,18 hoc 0,22
D. 0,26 hoc 0,36
Cu 6: Dung dch X cha NaAlO2 a mol/l v NaOH 0,5M. Cho 200ml dung dch X tc dng vi 500ml
dung dch HCl 1M thu c 15,6 gam kt ta. Gi tr a l :
A. 0,25B. 1,5 C. 1,25D. p n khc
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

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Cu 7: Cho V ml dung dch HCl 2M vo 200ml dung dch NaAlO2 0,5M ta thua c kt ta, em nung
n khi lng khng i thu 2,04 gam cht rn. Hy tnh V ? ( S : 20ml v 140ml )
Cu 8: Cho V ml dung dch H2SO4 0,25M ln nht tc dng vi 400ml dung dch Ba(AlO2)2 thu
c m gam kt ta A. Cho A vo dung dch NaOH d thy lng kt ta A gim 3,12 gam. Hy tnh V
v m ?
( s : V = 1040ml v m = 21,76 gam )
Cu 9: Mt dung dch X c cha NaOH v 0,3mol Na[Al(OH)4] . Cho 1 mol HCl vo X thu c
15,6g kt ta. Tnh khi lng NaOH trong dung dch X.
A. 32g B. 16g C. 32g hoc 16g
D. p n khc
Cu 10: Cho dung dch cha 0,7 mol HCl vo dung dch cha x mol Ba(OH)2 v 0,4 mol NaAlO2 thy
c 0,2 mol kt ta. Gi tr x l :
A 0,5
B. 0,35
C. 0,1
D. Kt qu khc
Cu 11. Cho 0,54 gam Al vo 40 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau phn ng hon ton thu c dung dch
X. Cho t t dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch X thu c kt ta. thu c lng kt ta ln nht
cn th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M l
A. 110 ml.
B. 90 ml.
C. 70 ml.
D. 80 ml.
Cu 12: Ha tan 3,9 gam Al(OH)3 bng 50ml NaOH 3M c dung dch A. Th tch dung dch(lt) HCl
2M cn cho vo dung dch A xut hin tr li 1,56 gam kt ta l? (Al=27;Na=23;Cl=35,5;O=16;H=1)
A. 0,02
B. 0,24
C. 0,06 hoc 0,12
D. 0,02 hoc 0,24
c. Bi ton AlO2- tc dng vi CO2
Cu 1. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Al, Na bng dung dch NaOH d thu c 0,4 mol H2 v dung dch
X.. Sc kh CO2 vo X ti khi lng kt ta khng thay i na thu c 15,6 gam kt ta. Khi lng
m dng l
A. 10,0
B. 7,7
C. 7,3
D. 5,0
Cu 2. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Na2O v Al2O3 vo H2O thu c 200 ml dung
dch Y ch cha cht tan duy nht c nng 0,5M. Thi kh CO2 (d) vo Y thu c a gam kt ta.
Gi tr m v a ln lt l
A. 13,3 v 3,9
B. 8,3 v 7,2
C. 11,3 v 7,8
D. 8,2 v 7,8
(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009)
Cu 3. 23 ( H Khi A 2008) : Ho tan hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp gm Al v Al4C3 vo dung dch
KOH (d), thu c a mol hn hp kh v dung dch X. Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch X, lng kt ta
thu c l 46,8 gam. Gi tr ca a l A. 0,40.
B. 0,45.
C. 0,60.
D. 0,55.
Cu 4. Cho m gam Na vo 50 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, th thu c
V lt kh (ktc), dung dch X v 1,56 gam kt ta.Khi thi CO2 d vo dung dch X li thy xut hin
thm kt ta.Khi lng Na ban u l:
A. 4,14 g
B. 1,44 g
C. 4,41 g
D. 2,07 g
Cu 5: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Na2O v Al2O3 tc dng vi H2O cho phn ng hon ton thu c
200 ml dung dch A ch cha mt cht tan duy nht c nng 0,5M. Thi kh CO2 d vo dung dch A
c a gam kt ta. Ga tr ca m v a l? A. 8,2g v 78g
B. 8,2g v 7,8g
C.
82g v 7,8g
D. 82g v 78g
III. Cu hi nh tnh.
Cu 1. ( H Khi A 2007) : Nh t t cho n d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3. Hin tng
xy ra l
A. C kt ta keo trng, sau kt ta tan. B. Ch c kt ta keo trng.
C. C kt ta keo trng v c kh bay ln. D. Khng c kt ta, c kh bay ln.
Cu 2. Nh t t cho n d dung dch NH3 vo dung dch AlCl3. Hin tng xy ra l
A. C kt ta keo trng, sau kt ta tan. B. Ch c kt ta keo trng.
C. C kt ta keo trng v c kh bay ln. D. Khng c kt ta, c kh bay ln.
Cu 3. Cho t t dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch AlCl3, hin tng quan st c l
A. To kt ta keo trng, sau kt ta tan. B. To kt ta keo trng v c kh bay ra.
HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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C. Lc u khng hin tng, sau c kt ta keo trng. D. To kt ta trng c.


Cu 4. D on hin tng khi cho t t dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)4]
A. C kt ta keo
B. C kh thot ra, c kt ta keo
C. Khng hin tng D. C kt ta keo, sau dd trong sut tr li
Cu 5. Cp cht no sau y khng phn ng vi nhau :
A. Dung dch Na2CO3 v dung dch AlCl3 B. Al(OH)3 v dung dch NH3.
C. Al(OH)3 v dung dch HCl.
D. AlCl3 v dung dch NH3.

HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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CHUYN : BI TON MUI NHM

Gio vin: Trn c Tun ( 01695 178 188)

Cu 25-A9-438: Ho tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M
vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th cng thu c a
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,125.
B. 22,540.
C. 17,710.
D. 12,375.
Cu 19-A10-684: Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110 ml dung
dch KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X
th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,10.
B. 17,71.
C. 24,15.
D. 32,20.

HA 12 ( Mc : kh)

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