THYRISTOR 1 / 12

Chng 4. THYRISTOR
Thyristor l tn chung ch mt h cc linh kin ng ngt bn dn. Chng c c tnh chung l cho
dng in qua khi c knh dn v cn dng in khi cha c kch dn. Khi c kch dn, Thyristor
chuyn sang trng thi tng tr thp (ging nh cng tt ng) v gi trng thi ny n khi dng in
i qua di mc nh nht no gi l mc gi (holding level). Mt khi c kch dn, Thyristor
s khng tr li trng thi ngng dn d mt dng kch.
Nhng c tnh trn lm cho Tryristor c bit thch hp cho cc ng dng iu khin. So vi cng tc
c, Thyristor c u im tui th di, thi gian chuyn mch ngn. Thyristor c s dng nhiu trong
cc mch cng sut v ng ngt thit b v bo v qu ti. Mt s lnh vc ng dng in hnh l: iu
khin ng c, n in, cc thit b gia dng, thit b vn phng, b ngun
Hai linh kin c bn trong h Thyristor l SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers) v TRIAC (Triode
Alternating Current). SCR dng cho ng ngt ti mt chiu trong khi TRIAC dng cho ng ngt ti c
hai chiu.
V mt thit k v s dng, cn m bo Thyristor nm trong gii hn an ton tng p (dv/dt) v tng
dng (di/dt). Ngoi ra cn phi c xung kch ln v nhanh. Thng thng Thyristor cn dng kch
ti thiu 50% dng chu ng ti a ca chn kch. C nhiu mch kch cho Tryristor nh kch bng
transistor, bng cng logic, bng linh kin cch li quang optocoupler
1. Cu to v k hiu:
Bng lit k tn gi v k hiu ca mt s loi Thyristor. Trong SCR l linh kin iu khin cng sut
c dng nhiu nht. TRIAC thng dng cho dng in xoay chiu AC vi cng thp (di
40A). DIAC, SUS v SBSs th thng dng lm linh kin kch dn cho cc linh kin cng sut.
Tn K hiu
SUS (Silicon Unilateral Switch)
SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers)

DIAC (Diode for Alternating Current)

TRIAC (Triode Alternating Current)

Thysistor Surge Protective Devices and Sidac

PUT (Programmable Unijuntion Transistor)

2. C bn v hot ng ca Thyristors:
Xt cu to ca SCR trn Hnh 4.1(c), SCR l do 2 transistor BJT ghp li: B1 ni vi C2 v C1 ni vi
B2. Nu ban u cc cng GATE c cp mt dng in ln IG, s c dng in khuch i (do
THYRISTOR 2 / 12
BJT2) chy t Anode qua cc B1 n C2 ri ra Cathode. Dng in ny l dng IC2 = IB1 lm cho BJT1
khuch i dng in t Anode n C1 ri B2 ri ra Cathode IG + IC1 = IB2. Hai dng in trong mt
vng khp kn khuch i ln nhau v nhanh chng t n bo ha. Khi t trng thi dn bo ha,
dng kch IG ban u khng cn cn thit duy tr trng thi bo ha ca hai BJT.

Hnh 4.1- Cu to v k hiu ca Thyristor
ngt Thyristor, cn phi thay i dng in khuch i khp kn. iu ny c th thc hin bng
cch ngn mch chn Anode v Cathode dng in gim v gi tr nh, gi l dng gi (holding
current).
2.1. c tnh kch dn (Triggering characteristics)
kch dn Thyristor cn bm dng in vo vng khuch i khp kn. Dng in c th c bm
vo bng 2 cch: Dng in i vo chn Gate (cng) hoc nh thng lp tip gip P-N bn trong
TRIAC. Dng in cp vo chn Gate tng ln s lm cho in p nh thng gim nh trn Hnh 4.2.



Hnh 4.2 c tnh kch dn ca Thyristor
Khi kch dn Thyristor bng in p nh thng, Thyristor chu cng sut tc thi qu ln v nhit sinh
ra c th lm hng Thyristor. Cho nn bnh thng SCR v TRIAC hot ng di mc in p nh
thng v c kch dn bng dng in cc cng ln, bt chp in p t vo linh kin.
V nh hng ca nhit , nhit tng lm c tnh kch dn d xy ra hn. Nguyn nhn l do cc
cng c xem nh Diode (ni B-E ca transistor): nhit tng lm ri p qua diode gim.
V c tnh kch dn bng xung dng in, rng xung kch gim th ln xung kch phi cng ln
m bo kch dn. th cho thy quan h gia ln v ng rng xung kch.
THYRISTOR 3 / 12
2.2. c tnh chuyn mch (Switching characteristics)
Kch dn: Ban u kch dn Thyristor, in p thun (MT1-MT2) qua thyristor gim xung VF no
(gi tr nh), v dng in qua thyristor tng dn (Hnh 4.3(a)). Qu trnh ny tn hao cng sut v
thyristor pht nhit. gii hn nhit lng pht ra qu nhanh
1
c th gy hng thyristor, tc tng
ca dng in cn phi gii hn (gi tr di/dt cho trong datasheet).

(a) c tnh dng v p khi ng Thyristor

(b) c tnh dng v p khi ngt Thyristor
Hnh 4.3 c tnh chuyn mch ca Thyristor
Khi ngt dn, Thyristor chu nh hng ca in p phn cc thun mi ni P-N. Nn s c dng in
ngc qua Thyristor ging nh Diode. Thi gian chu dng ngc tq ca Thyristor loi thng khong
100uS n 500uS. Thyristor loi nhanh khong 10uS n 100uS.
2.3. Kch dn khng mong mun False triggering
Kch dn khng mong mun l hin tng Thyristor b kch dn khi khng c tin hiu iu khin kch
cc cng. Cc nguyn nhn dn n kch dn khng mong mun l:
- tng p dv/dt t vo Thyristor ln: in p t ngt t vo Thyristor trong trng thi tt s
lm cho Thyristor tr li trng thi m. Nguyn nhn l do c t in k sinh bn trong Thyristor: Khi
t ngt t in p ln vo Thyristor, dng in sinh ra t in np
dt
dv
C
dt
dQ
I
C
= = s kch dn
Thyristor. hn ch dv/dt trong gii hn cho php, ngi ta dng mch RC snubber.
- in p thay i (transient voltage): in p thay i c th l in p nhiu do nhiu nguyn nhn
khc nhau. in p nhiu ny vt qu gi tr gii hn p ng VBR s lm kch ng Thyristor.
- Nhiu chn cng Gate: Trong mt s trng hp kch dn khng mong mun do nhiu t chn iu
khin. hn ch nhiu ny, ta c th ni t cho thit b hoc gn mt t in t 0.01 n 0.1uF t
chn Gate n chn Cathode lc nhiu. Ngoi ra, t in lc nhiu cng gip tng kh nng chu
ng dv/dt ca Thyristor.

1
Khng kp tn nhit
THYRISTOR 4 / 12
2.4. c tnh hot ng ca SCR:

Hnh 4.4 c tnh hot ng ca SCR
2.5. c tnh hot ng ca TRIAC:
TRIAC c kh nng dn in theo 2 chiu cho nn thng c xem nh 2 SCR ghp song song ngc
chiu. Trn Hnh 4.5 l k hiu ca TRIAC v c tnh hot ng ca TRIAC. Cc min kch dn ca
TRIAC c cho trn Hnh 4.5(c). Min I nhy kch dn nht v min IV l km nhy kch dn nht.

(a) K hiu

(b) c tnh hot ng

(c) Min kch dn
Hnh 4.5 c tnh hot ng ca TRIAC
So vi cng tc c, TRIAC c mt s u im nh sau:
- Khng b hin tng di cng tc hay phng in do tip im c
- Kh nng ng ngt nhanh so vi cng tc c nh relay.
- C th kch dn bng nhiu ngun khc nhau: AC, DC, xung
THYRISTOR 5 / 12
3. Mch kch Thyristors:
Nhn chung, kch dn Thyristor, mch
kch cn phi cung cp nng lng vo
chn kch. C rt nhiu cch thc hin
kch dn nhng nhn chung cc mch kch
cn dng in ln v nhanh m bo
kch dn hon ton, ti thiu ha nh
hng di/dt. Thng thng mch kch cn
cung cp cng dng in ln gp 3 ln
cng ti thiu cn kch dn vi sn
xung kch di 1us, rng xung kch ln
hn 10 us. Hnh 4.6 biu th mi quan h
gia rng xung v cng dng in
kch cn thit cho mt Thyristor.
tnh ton dng kch dn, cn xt 2 yu
t: Dng kch IGT v in p kch VGT nh
trn Hnh 4.4. im kch dn (IGT,VGT)
phi nm trong min kch dn l min gii
hn bi cc ng. Lu l hai thng s
dng v p ny c h s nh hng nhit
m, ngha l nhit tng th th dng IGT
v p VGT gim. Cho nn khi tnh ton, cn
xt IG v VGT nhit thp nht (25
0
C).
Ngoi ra, m bo Thyristor khng dn,
cn m bo VGT 0.4V

Hnh 4.6 Quan h xung kch v dng kch Thyristor

Hnh 4.7 - Yu cu dng v p kch ca Thyristor

THYRISTOR 6 / 12
Kch trc tip bng in tr

Kch trc tip bng chn TTL ng ra ct-chm
(1)

Cu trc chn TTL ng ra ct chm nh Hnh 4.8(a), nguyn l hot ng nh mt mch khuch i o
knh AB: Khi tn hiu Vin mc logic [1] th ng ra mc logic [0] v ngc li.

(a) Ng ra ct chm

(b) Ng ra cc thu h
Hnh 4.8 - Cu trc chn logic
i vi cc Thyristor c c tnh kch nhy (dng kch thp di 200A), c th dng chn TTL kch
trc tip cho Thyristor (Hnh 4.9), lu cn phi thm in tr hn dng, tng dng cho chn TTL


(c)
Hnh 4.9 Mch kch trc tip bng TTL ng ra ct chm
Khi TTL logic [0]: dng in khng vt qu 16mA chn TTL:
O ~ > 312
16
1
mA
V
R
CC
=> Chn R1 = 330

1
TTL with TOTEM-POLE output
THYRISTOR 7 / 12
Khi TTL logic [1], in p ti thiu 2.4V, do ri p qua R2 ti thiu l (2.4V-VGT). Ngoi ra ta c:
mA
V V
I I
CC
R R
9 . 7
330
4 . 2
1 2
~
O

= =
Nh vy ta c: O ~

= 177
9 . 7
1 4 . 2 4 . 2
2
2
mA
V V
I
V V
R
R
GT
. Chn R2 = 180
Khi cn kch Thyristor bng in p m ta s dng mch Error! Reference source not found.(c).
dng in chn TTL khng vt qu 16mA, ta cn in tr Rlim:
O ~

> 250
16
1 5 5
mA
V V
I
V V
R
OL
GT
LIM
, chn RLIM = 270
Kch trc tip bng chn TTL ng ra cc thu h:
Cu trc chn ng ra cc thu h nh (b). s dng chn ng ra cc thu h, cn gn thm in
tr treo (ln hoc xung). Cc mch kch trc tip nh Hnh 4.10Error! Reference source not found..
Tnh ton v thng s ng ra tng t nh kiu TTL ng ra ct chm.

(a) Kch mc cao

(b) Kch mc thp
Hnh 4.10 Kch trc tip bng chn TTL cc thu h
Kch Thyristor s dng transistor m dng:
Khi kch Thyristor cn dng kch ln vt qu p ng ca chn TTL, ta cn m dng bng mt
hoc nhiu transistor. Nhng mch sau minh ha mt s cch kch Thyristor s dng transistor.

Transistor BJT kch ni tip Thyristor
mc logic [1], min I v min IV

Transistor BJT kch ni tip Thyristor
mc logic [0], min I v min IV
Hnh 4.11 Mch kch Thyristor dng transistor BJT m
Cc in tr R1, R3, v R5 n nh hot ng mch (c th khng cn thit). in tr R4 kch Thyristor
khi Q1 dn
THYRISTOR 8 / 12
GTMIN
GT SAT CE CC
MAX
I
V V V
R

=
) (
4

in tr R2 kch Q1 dn. Gi tr R2 cn gii hn sao cho dng IB ca Q1 khng vt qu gi tr cc i
IBMAX
BMAX
GT BE CC
MIN
I
V V V
R

=
2


(a) Transistor BJT kch ni tip Thyristor
mc logic [1], min II v min III

(b) Transistor BJT kch ni tip Thyristor
mc logic [0], min II v min III

(c) Transistor BJT kch song song Thyristor
mc logic [0], min I v min IV

(d) Transistor BJT kch song song Thyristor
mc logic [1], min II v min III
Hnh 4.12 Cc dng mch kch dng transistor m dng
Kch Thyristor s dng Opto cch ly:
cch ly in gia phn t iu khin v phn t cng sut, ta s dng Opto quang nh Hnh 4.13

Hnh 4.13 Kch Thyristor bng opto chuyn dng
Nguyn l hot ng rt n gin: Phn t iu khin kch LED sng, LED sng kch Photo Triac dn.
Photo triac kch chn G ca Triac cng sut. in tr R gii hn dng kch.
THYRISTOR 9 / 12
Kch Thyristor s dng bin p cch ly

Giao tip vi iu khin kch Triac:
Chn ng ra vi iu khin thng tng thch chun TTL nn v c bn giao tip giao tip VK vi
Thyristor l giao tip TTL vi Thyristor. Tuy nhin VK cn cch ly m bo chng nhiu tt.

(a) Kch dn mc cao


(b) Kch dn mc thp
Hnh 4.14 Mch kch Triac bng vi iu khin c cch ly opto
V d tnh ton cc gi tr in tr cho mch kch Hnh 4.14(a).
Mt loi VK c cc c trng dng in v in p nh sau: IOHMAX = 300uA (VOH = 2.4V) ; IOLMAX =
1.8mA (VOL = 0.4V) ; VCC = 5V. Transistor m c dng IC = 10mA ( kch MOC3011) v dng in
kch IB = 0.75mA ; VCE(SAT) = 0.1V. Ta c
O ~ > < = k
I
V
R I
R
V
I
OLMAX
CC
OLMAX
CC
OL
77 . 2
1
1
; Chn R1= 3K , 1/4W
Vi dng in kch IB = 0.75mA, in p ti ng ra chn kch VOH = VCC IB.R1 = 5 0.75 x 3k = 2.75V
66 . 2
75 . 0
75 . 0 75 . 2 75 . 2
2
=

=
B
BE
I
B
R k ; Chn R2 = 2.7k , 1/4W
R3 hn dng qua LED: O =

=

= 370
10
2 . 1 1 . 0 5
10
5
) (
3
mA mA
V V
R
F SAT CE

3.1. iu khin kch Thyristor:
C hai k thut iu khin Thyristor l iu khin ng-m v iu khin phase. Trong k thut iu
khin ng-m (Hnh 4.15), Thyristor kch ti ng-m lin tc theo mt chu k no (thng ln hn
chu k dng in). Cng sut qua ti c thay i bng cch thay i t l thi gian ng v thi gian
m trong chu k. V d Thyristor ng ti nhit tr trong 2 pht v ngt ti trong 1 pht trong chu k
THYRISTOR 10 / 12
ng ngt 3 pht. Trong k thut iu khin phase, Thyristor c kch dn ti nhng thi im khc
nhau ca chu k dng in gi l gc kch. Vic thay i gc m s thay i cng sut qua ti.
Cng sut ti c tnh bng:
T
t
R
V
P
on
L
RMS
OUT
.
2
=


Hnh 4.15 K thut iu khin ng - m [1]

Hnh 4.16 K thut iu khin phase [1]
3.2. Mch Snubber cho Thyristor
Ti cm nh m-t, cun dy c c tnh dng in v in th khng cng phase (hnh ). Khi TRIAC
dn dng in AC, trong mi chu k c mt khong thi gian dng in tin v 0 (dng in hnh sin)
lm cho TRIAC ngng dn v dn li khi c dng in. Chnh s lch phase gia dng in v in p
lm cho khi dng in ri di mc gi (holding current), TRIAC khng dn, nhng in p t ln
TRIAC vn tn ti mt mc no (dng in sm phase hn in p). H qu l khi tc tng in
p dv/dt ny t mc no s lm cho TRIAC kch dn khng mong mun v qu trnh iu khin tht
bi. gii hn gi tr dv/dt ny, ngi ta mc song song vi TRIAC mt mch RC gi l Snuber
Network. in p c np vo t CS lm gim gi tr dv/dt qua TRIAC. in tr RS gii hn dng tc
thi qua t CS v gim dung khng cho ti cm.
THYRISTOR 11 / 12

Hnh 4.17- Ti thun tr u v i cng phase

Hnh 4.18 - Ti cm u v i lch phase

Hnh 4.19 Mch RC snubber cho Thyristor
i vi mch c h s cng sut cos 0.7, cc gi tr mch snubber c tnh gn ng:
2
) (
/
.
. 25
|
|
.
|

\
|
>
dt dV
I f
L C
RMS T
S
;
S
S
C
L
R
3
=
Vi IT(RMS) l dng in hiu dng qua Thyristor. L l cm khng ti. f l tn s mch.
Bi tp:
1. Cho cc mch kch nh Error! Reference source not found., TRIAC loi BTA12, ti R=100,
in xoay chiu hnh sin 60Hz, VRMS = 220V. Hy chn la transistor kch, tnh ton gi tr in tr
trong mch v:
(a) M phng mch bng proteus so snh gi tr tnh ton v gi tr m phng
(b) a ra cc th ng ngt ng vo (TTL) ng ra (ti), dng IB, dng IG, p qua thyristor, p
qua transistor, cng sut qua thyristor, cng sut qua transistor, cng sut qua cc in tr.
2. Cho mch kch nh Hnh 4.14(a),(b), MCU l vi iu khin s dng PIC, Opto s dng MOC3041,
TRIAC loi BTA12. Hy chn transistor theo bng ph lc v tnh cc in tr trong mch v
(a) M phng mch bng proteus so snh gi tr tnh ton v gi tr m phng
(b) a ra cc th ng ngt ng vo (TTL) ng ra (ti), dng IB, dng IG, p qua thyristor, p
qua transistor, cng sut qua thyristor, cng sut qua transistor, cng sut qua cc in tr.

THYRISTOR 12 / 12
Project c ti liu
[1] Datasheet Ratings for Thyristors Semikron
[2] Thyristor and Rectifier Dimensioning and Selection Semikron
[3] Fault behaviour and Diode-Thyristor protection Semikron (26p)
[4] Triggering and gate characteristics of Thyristors Teccor Electronics