KIM NH PHI THAM S

TS Nguyn Ngc Rng, Email: bsrang@bvag.com.vn

Kim nh phi tham s (Nonparametric Tests) c s dng trong nhng trng hp d liu khng c phn phi chun, hoc cho cc mu nh c t i tng. Kim nh phi tham s cng c dng cho cc d liu nh danh (nominal), d liu th bc (ordinal) hoc d liu khong cch (interval) khng c phn ph i chun. Nhc im ca kim nh phi tham s l kh nng tm ra c s sai bit km, khng mnh nh cc php kim c tham s (T student, phn tch phng sai). Sau y l cc kim nh phi tham s c dng tng ng vi cc kim nh c tham s: Bng 1. So snh kim nh phi tham s v kim nh c tham s KIM NH Kim nh tng quan Mu bt cp KIM NH PHI THAM S Spearman Kim nh du (Sign test) hoc kim nh du v hng Wilcoxon (Wilcoxon test) Hai mu c lp Kim nh Mann- Whitney KIM NH C THAM S Pearman Php kim T vi mu phi hp tng cp (PairedSamples t test) Php kim T vi 2 mu c lp (IndependentSamples t test) Ln hn 2 mu c lp Kim nh Kruskal-Wallis 1. Kim nh du (Sign test) Kim nh du l th tc phi tham s n gin nht c s dng cho 2 mu c lin h nhau (v d: lng ferritin mu trc v sau khi iu tr). Trong kim nh du ngi ta khng quan tm n th hng, ch ghi nhn du (-): lng ferritin gim v du (+) khi lng ferritin tng v zero khi khng tng khng gim sua iu tr. Kim nh du thng yu v kh pht hin s khc bit gia 2 nhm. V d: iu tr 10 bnh nhn c ferritin mu cao, vi lng ferritin mu trc v sau iu tr c ghi nhn trong bng sau: ANOVA mt chiu

Bng 2. Lng ferritin mu (ng/ml) trc v sau iu tr Ferritin ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (trc) 1800 1200 1000 900 800 700 600 500 550 400 Ferritin (sau) 800 500 400 1000 950 450 400 200 550 100 Chnh Lch -1000 -700 -600 100 150 -250 -200 -300 0 -300 Th hng 9 8 7 1 2 4 3 5.5 0 5.5 Du (-) (-) (-) (+) (+) (-) (-) (-) 0 (-)

Tng hp c 7 (-): 7 trng hp ferritin gim sau iu tr , 2 (+): tng ferritin sau iu tr v 1 trng hp ferritin khng thay i. 2. Kim nh du v hng Wilcoxon. Kim nh ny s dng lun cc thng tin v ln ca chnh lch v vy n mnh hn kim nh du. Xp th hng theo gi tr tuyt i (khng k du) t nh n ln (v d BN th 6 c tr tuyt i ferritin =100 l nh nht c xp hng 1, BN th 5 c ferritin=150, xp hng 2), trong trng hp lng ferritin bng nhau th hng ca chng c tnh bnh qun (BN 8 v 10 c ferritin bng nhau= (5+6)/2=5,5). Sau tnh tng cc hng i vi chnh lch (+)v chnh lch (-). Tng chnh lch dng (+)= 1+2 =3 Tng chnh lch m (-)= 9+8+7+4+3+5,5+5,5= 42 Thc hin kim nh du v Wilcoxon trong SPSS. Nhp d liu vo SPSS nh sau: C 3 ct: Ct 1: ID bnh nhn, Ct 2: Ferritin trc iu tr v ct 3: Ferritin sau iu tr

Vo Analyze> Nonparametric Tests> 2 Related Samples

M mn hnh Two-Related-Samples Tests. Dng chut bi c 2 bin Ferritin_T v Ferritin_S cng lc, nhp chuyn c hai (1 cp) vo Test Pairs. nh du nhy vo 2 kim nh Wilcoxon v kim nh Sign

Nhn OK, cho kt qu sau y: Bng 3. Kt qu kim nh du:

Chnh lch mang du (-) l 7 (gim ferritin mu sau iu tr) Chnh lch mang du (+) l 2 (tng ferritin mu sau iu tr) Bng nhau (Ties) l 1 (ferritin khng thay i sau iu tr) Mc ngha chnh xc l 0,180. Khng bc b gi thuyt khng. Kt lun: Khng c s khc bit nng ferritin trc v sau iu tr.

Bng 4. Bng kt qu kim nh du v hng Wilcoxon

Th hng trung bnh chnh l ch (-): 6,00 Th hng trung bnh chnh l ch (+): 1,50 n v lch chun Z= -2,312 ngha thng k (2 ui)=0,021 Kt lun: C s khc bit nng ferritin trc v sau iu tr vi p=0,021. Nh vy, khc vi kim nh du trn. V vy kim nh Wilcoxon mnh hn kim nh du. 3 Kim nh Mann-Whiney c dng kim nh cc gi thit v 2 mu c lp khng c phn phi chun. V d: So snh lng ferritin mu gia 2 nhm bnh nhn c v khng c ung ru. Bng 5. D liu ferritin ca 2 nhm: 0 (khng ung ru); 1 (C ung ru)

NHOM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

FERRITIN
400 360 300 100 80 70 50 30 4500 1200 900 700 400 350 90 60

THUHANG
11.5 10 8 7 5 4 2 1 16 14.5 14.5 13 11.5 9 6 3

Tnh U bng cng thc:

Trong n1:s i tng nhm 1 n2 : s i tng nhm 2

2 = 1+1

: Tng th hng nhm 2

Ta c: n1=n2=8 v:
2

= +14,5 + 14,5 + 13 + 11,5 + 9 + 6 + 3 = 87,5

= 1+1

Nh vy: U= 8x8 +

8 (8+1) 2

87,5= 12,5

Cch thc hin Kim nh Mann-Whitney trong SPSS. Vo Analyze> Nonparametric Tests> 2 Independent Samples

Vo hp thoi Two-Independent-Samples Tests, nh du nhy vo MannWhitney U. Nhp chuyn FERRITIN vo Test Variable List Nhp chuyn NHOM vo Grouping Variable, nh n nt nh ngha nhm (Define Groups) vi Group 1: 0 ; Group 2: 1 Nhn Continue, nhn OK.

Ta c kt qu sau:

Bng 6. Kt qu kim nh Mann-Whitney

Tng hng trung bnh ca nhm 0 (khng ung ru) l 6,06 Tng hng trung bnh ca nhm 1 (c ung ru) l 10,94 Mann-Whitney U= 12,500 n v lch chun (Z score)= -2,049 Mc ngha quan st (2 ui)=0,040 Kt lun: Nng ferritin gia 2 nhm c v khng c ung ru khc nhau. vi p=0,04 4. Kim nh Kruskall- Wallis: S dng kim nh s khc bit v phn phi gia ba (hoc nhiu hn ba) nhm khng c phng sai tng ng nhau. V d. So snh lng ferritin mu gi a 3 nhm BN: (0): Khng ung ru; (1) C ung ru v (2) BN vim gan mn. Nhp d liu vo SPSS nh sau: Bng 7. Lng ferritin ca 3 nhm: (0): Khng ung ru; (1) C ung ru; (2): Vim gan mn

Vo Analyze> Nonparametric Tests> K Independent Samples

Vo hp thoi Tets for Several Independent Samples, Nh n nt Define Range nh vo Minimum s 0 (nhm 0) v Maximum s 2 (nhm 2)

Nhp Continue, nhp OK. Bng 8. Kt qu kim nh Kruskal-Wallis

Th hng trung bnh ca nhm 0 (Khng ung ru) : 6,88 Th hng trung bnh ca nhm 1 (C ung ru) : 14,62 Th hng trung bnh ca nhm 2 (Vim gan mn) : 16,00 Khi bnh phng 2=7,75 Mc ngha thng k p= 0,021 Kt lun: Nng ferritin khc nhau gia 3 nhm (Khng ung ru, c ung ru v vim gan mn) vi p=0,021. TS Nguyn Ngc Rng, website: bvag.com.vn