Toan 12

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12
MC LC
Chng I: NG DNG O HM
1. S ng bin - nghch bin ca hm s.............................................4
2. Cc tr ca hm s .....................................................................................................6
3. GTNN - GTLN ca hm s ............................................................................ 12
4. Tim cn .............................................................................................................................
13
5. Kho st hm s ........................................................................................................14
6. Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s, th ....................... 17
Chng II: HM S M, LY THA, LGARIT
1. M, ly tha v lgarit......................................................................................29
2. Phng trnh m.......................................................................................................33
3. Phng trnh lgarit.............................................................................................35
4. Bt phng trnh m, lgarit ....................................................................36
Chng III: NGUYN HM - TCH PHN
1. Nguyn hm ....................................................................................................................37
2. Tch phn...........................................................................................................................41
3. ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn ....................................................... 45
Chng IV: S PHC .............................................................................................................. 47
Chng V: TH TCH KHI A DIN, KHI TRN
XOAY .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Chng VI: PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG
GIAN
1. H ta trong khng gian ......................................................................... 51
2. Phng trnh mt cu.........................................................................................55
3. Phng trnh mt phng.................................................................................60
4. Phng trnh ng thng .......................................................................... 66
5. V tr tng i ...........................................................................................................73
6. Khong cch v gc................................................................................................75
7. Tm mt s im c bit ..............................................................................77
2
Chng VII: MT S KIN THC B SUNG
1. Tam thc bc hai, PT, BPT bc hai ...................................................79
2. Xt du biu thc ................................................................................................... 84
3. Gii hn v cc v ti v cc ca hm s .................................. 89
4. o hm ..............................................................................................................................92
5. Cng thc lng gic v phng trnh lng gic ........... 95
PH LC: Kinh nghim lm bi thi mn Ton....................................102
Trn con ng thnh cng khng c du chn

ca k li bing.
3
NG DNG O HM
Bi 1: S NG BIN NGHCH BIN CA HM S
* nh ngha:
- y f
(
x
)
ng bin trn K
x
1
, x
2
K : x
1
< x
2
f
(
x
1
)
<
f
(
x
2
)
- y
f
(
x
)
nghch bin trn K
x
1
, x
2
K : x
1
< x
2
* Dng ton:
f
(
x
1
)
>
f
(
x
2
)
Bi ton 1: Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh.
2. Tm o hm, tm cc im ti hn.
3. Xt du o hm
4. Kt lun:
a) Nu
f '
(
x
)
>
0
vi mi x
(
a; b
)
th hm
s
f
(
x
)
ng
bin trn khong
(
a; b
)
b) Nu f '
(
x
)
<
0
vi mi x
(
a; b
)
th hm
s
f
(
x
)
nghch
bin trn khong
(
a; b
)
Ch : f '
(
x
)
0 ch ti mt s hu hn im trn
khong
(
a; b
)
th hm s cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong .
Bi ton 2: Dng tnh n iu chng minh bt ng thc
chng minh 1. Bin i:
f
(
x
)
> g
(
x
)
,x
(
a; b
)
ta qua cc bc sau:
f
(
x
)
> g
(
x
)
,x
(
a,b
)
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
> 0,x
(
a,b
)
2. t h
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
4
y'
y'
3. Tnh h'
(
x
)
v lp bng bin thin
ca
h
(
x
)
. T suy ra kt qu.
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin hm s y
lun lun gim) trn min xc nh
f
(
x
)
lun lun tng (hoc
- Cc hm s
2
y ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
(
a 0
)
v
y
ax
+
bx
+
c
(
a 0
)
lun lun tng (hoc lun lun
gim)
Ax + B
trn min xc nh ca n khi v ch khi y' 0 (hoc y' 0 )
x D . Nu a c cha tham s th xt thm trng hp a=0
(i vi hm bc 3)
'
a > 0
0

(hoc
'
a < 0
)
0
- Hm s
y

ax + b
cx + d
lun lun tng (hoc lun lun gim) trn
min xc nh ca n khi v ch khi
x D
y' > 0 (hoc y' < 0 )
5
Bi 2: CC TR CA HM S
Bi ton 1: p dng quy tc 1 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh
2. Tm
f '
(
x
)
3. Tm cc im ti f '
(
x
)
0
hoc
f '
(
x
)
khng xc nh
(gi
chung l im ti hn).
4. Sp xp cc im theo th t tng dn v lp bng xt du
o hm.
5. Nu kt lun v cc tr.
Bng tm tt:
x a
f'(x)
+
f(x)
x
o b
-
C
x a
f'(x)
-
x
o b
+
f(x)
CT
Bi ton 2: p dng quy tc 2 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tnh
f '
(
x
)
. Gii phng
trnh
f '
(
x
)
0 .
Gi x
i
(
i 1,2,...
)
l cc nghim ca phng trnh.
2. Tnh f "
(
x
)
v
f "
(
x
i
)
3. Da vo du ca
x
i
theo nh l sau:
nh l:
f "
(
x
i
)
suy ra kt lun v cc tr ca
im
6
Gi s hm s y f
(
x
)
c o hm cp hai trn khong
(
a; b
)
cha im x
o
v f '
(
x
o
)
0 . Khi :
a) Nu
b) Nu
f "
(
x
o
)
> 0
th
f "
(
x
o
)
< 0
th
x
o
l im cc tiu.
x
o
l im cc i.
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin ca m hm s t cc tr ti mt im
cho trc.
p dng nh l Fec-ma:
Gi s
y f
(
x
)
c o hm ti
im
x x
o
.
Khi nu y f
(
x
)
t cc tr ti
im
x x
o
th f '
(
x
o
)
0 .
Ch : Nu f '
(
x
o
)
0 th cha chc hm s t cc tr ti
im
x x
o
. Do khi tm c m th p h i t h l i.
Bi ton 4: Tm iu kin hm s c cc i v cc tiu
2
Cc hm s y ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d va y
ax
+ bx + c
c mt cc i
Ax + B
v mt cc tiu khi v ch khi phng trnh y' 0 c hai nghim phn
bit (khi hin nhin y i du hai ln khi qua cc nghim). Nu
hm hu t th phi khc nghim mu.
Bi ton 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr
ax
2
+
bx
+
c
1. Cho hm s y
Ax + B
(
C
)
- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l
(
ax
2
+ bx + c
)
'
2a b
y
(
Ax + B
)
'
hay y

A
x
+

A
2. Cho hm s y ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
(
C
)
- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr v chia y cho y ta c
y y' .A
(
x
)
+ x +
7
(
y'
'
'
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l
y x +
y'
(
x
0
)
0
Bi ton 6: iu kin hm s t cc tr ti x
0
:
'
y"
x
0
(hoc
)
0
y'
(
x
0
)
0
'
)
y' oi da u khi qua x

0
Bi ton 7: iu kin hm s t cc i ti
x
0
:
y'
(
x
0
)

0
y"
(
x
0
)
< 0
(hoc
'
y'
(
x
0
)
0
)
y' oi da u t + sang khi qua x
0
Bi ton 8: iu kin hm s t cc tiu ti
x
0
:
y'
(
x
0
)

0
y"
(
x
0
)
> 0
(hoc
'
y'
(
x
0
)
0
)
y' oi da u t sang + khi qua x
0
Bi ton 9: iu kin hm s t C,CT ti
> 0
x
1
, x
2
tha

Ax + Bx C
1 2
Ax
1
+ Bx
2
C :
'
x
+

x

b
vi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca y' 0

1 2
a
c
x x

1 2
a
Bi ton 10: iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT v hai gi tr cc tr
y'
cng du:
iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT l

> 0
'
a 0
8
NGUYN TUN KIT
y
Gi A
(
x
1
; y
1
)
,B
(
x
2
; y
2
)
l hai im cc tr. Ta c
y
(
x
1
)
.y
(
x
2
)
> 0 (trng hp tri du th ngc li)
Ch : Hm s vit thnh: y P
(
x
)
.y' + mx + n (ly hm s
chia
cho o hm)
'
y
(
x
1
)
mx
1
+ n
y
(
x
2
)
mx
2
+ n
Bi ton 11: iu kin hm s bc 3 c C,CT nm v hai pha i
vi trc tung: iu kin ycbt c tha mn l y' 0 c hai nghim
tri du. Khi
P
c
< 0
a
Bi ton 12: Cch tnh nhanh gi tr cc tr ca hm hu t
ax
2
+ bx + c
y
mx + n
Tm cc im cc tr ca hm s (nghim ca phng trnh
y=0)
cc tr

a o ham
cu a TS
ao ham cua
MS

2ax
+
b
ri thay x cc tr vo phn
m
s ny ta c
hm hu t
y
c c tr
tng ng, v cch tnh trn ch p dng cho
Bi ton 13: Tm m hm trng phng
cc tr lp thnh mt tam gic u:
TX: D=R
y ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c c 3
im
Tnh
y' 4ax
3
+ 2bx 2 x
(
2ax
2
+ b
)
,
x 0
y' 0
2ax + b 0
x 0

x
2

b
(
a 0
)
(1)
2a
9
'
*
Ycbt tng ng phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
khc 0. Khi

b
> 0
2a
Bi ton 14: iu kin hm s
(
;
)

(
C
)
x l
y'
(

)
0
y''
(

)
0
y f
(
x
)(
C
)
t cc tr bng
ti
Bi ton 15: Hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt
tam gic. Tnh din tch tam gic :
Tnh y' , tm 3 im ti hn, suy ra 3 im cc tr A, B, C.
Tnh din tch tam giac ABC theo cng thc:
*
*
*

1
| xy'
x' y |
vi

AB
'
(
x; y
)
2
AC
(
x'; y'
)
Bi ton 16: Tm m hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp
thnh mt tam gic u:
TX: D=R
Tnh
x 0
y' 4ax
3
+ 2bx; y' 0
2ax
2
+ b 0
x 0

b

x
2

2a
(
a 0
)
(1)
iu kin ycbt c tha l phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
phn bit khc 0. Khi :

b
> 0
(
*
)
2a
10
NGUYN TUN KIT

Vi iu kin (*), gii phng trnh
x 0 y c
(
A
)
y' 0

x
b
2a
y ?
(
B
)
. Tm c 3 im cc tr
b

x
2a
y ?
(
C
)
AB
2
AC
2
A, B, C. Do tam gic ABC u nn
'

AB
2

BC
2
, t tm
c m v ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).
11
NGUYN TUN KIT
Bi 3: GI TR NH NHT GI TR LN NHT
CA HM S
* nh ngha:
f
( x
) m,x K
- min y m
'
K
x
0
K : m f
(
x
0
)
- max y M
'
f
(
x
)
M ,x K
K
* Dng ton:
x
0
K : M f
(
x
0
)
Bi ton 1: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s trn mt khong
tm GTNN v GTLN ca hm s
y f
(
x
)
trn khng
(
a; b
)
ta
lp
bng bin thin ca hm s trn khong
(
a; b
)
ri da vo m
kt
lun.
Bi ton 2: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s lin tc trn mt on
a; b
Cch 1: C th lp bng bin thin ri da vo m kt lun.
Cch 2: Qua 3 bc:
1. Tm cc im
x
1
, x
2
,..., x
n
trn
a;
b
m ti f '
(
x
)
0
hoc
f '
(
x
)
khng xc nh.
2. Tnh f
(
a
)
, f
(
b
)
, f
(
x
1
)
, f
(
x
2
)
,..., f
(
x
n
)
.
3. Tm s ln nht M v nh nht m trong cc s trn. Khi :
M max f
(
x
)
,m min f
(
x
)
a ;b
a ;b
Bi ton 3: Tm m phng trnh f
(
x
)
m c nghim trn D:
Xt hm s y f
(
x
)
trn D, tm maxy, miny hoc tm tp
gi
tr ca y t kt lun c m.
12
NGUYN TUN KIT
0
lim
Bi 4: TIM CN
1. Cch tm tim cn:
Nu
lim y t(') th ng
thng
x x
t
x x
0
l tim cn ng.
Nu lim y y
0
th ng thng
x t
y y
0
l tim cn ngang.
Nu hm s vit thnh
y thng ax + b
+
So d
Ma u so
(chia a thc)
m lim
So d
0
th ng
thng
y ax + b l tim cn xin.
x t
Mau so
* ng thng
y ax + b gi l TCX ca hm s
f
(

x
)
y
f
(

x
)

a
x
t
x
'
lim
(
f ( x )
ax
)
xt
ax + b
2. Cc ng tim cn ca th hm s
TC : x

d
y
cx + d
l :
c
'
TCN : y
a
c
3. Cho M thuc (C). Tnh tch cc khong cch t 1 im trn (C) n
2 tim cn:
Gi M
(
x
0
; f
(
x
0
))

(
C
)
. Tm TC, TCX (hoc TCN)
d=d
(M,TC)
.d
(M,TCN)
l mt hng s.
13
NGUYN TUN KIT
Bi 5: KHO ST HM S
1. S kho st:
1. Tp xc nh:
2. S bin thin:
D -
a) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s:
- Tm o hm
- Tm cc im m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.
- Xt du o hm, suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
b) Tm cc tr.
c) Tm cc gii hn v tm tim cn (nu c)
d) Lp bng bin thin.
* Ch : Kt lun v tnh ng bin, nghch bin phi trc BBT
3. Da vo bng bin thin v cc yu t xc nh trn v
th.
Ch :
- v th chnh xc nn tnh thm ta ca mt s im,
c bit cn tm ta cc giao im ca th vi cc trc ta
.
- Cn lu cc tnh cht i xng trc, i xng tm.
2. Cc dng th:
1. Hm s bc ba: y ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
(
a 0
)
14
NGUYN TUN KIT
th nhn im un lm tm i xng.
2. Hm s trng phng: y ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c
(
a 0
)
15
NGUYN TUN KIT
th nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng.
3. th hm s y
ax
+
b
(
c 0
)
; ad bc 0
cx + d
th nhn giao im hai tim cn lm tm i xng.
* Ch : M
(
x
0
; y
0
)

(
C
)
: y
f
(
x
)
y
0
f
(
x
0
)
16
NGUYN TUN KIT


Bi 6: MT S BI TON
LIN QUAN N HM S V TH
Bi ton 1: S tng giao ca cc th (bng phng trnh honh
giao im)
Cho hai ng cong
(
C
1
)
: y
f
(
x
)
,
(
C
2
)
: y g
(
x
)
.
xt s tng giao gia
(
C
1
)
,
(
C
2
)
ta lp phng trnh honh
giao im f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
(1)
1.
(
C
1
)
khng c im chung vi
(
C
2
)
pt (1) v nghim.
2.
(
C
1
)
ct
(
C
2
)
ti n im phn bit
pt (1) c n nghim
phn
bit. ng thi nghim ca pt (1) l honh giao im ca
(
C
1
)
v
(
C
2
)
.
Ch :
Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0 .Ta bin lun theo A v . Tc l:
- Nu A=0. Ta c kt lun c th v giao im ca (C
1
) v (C
2
).
- Nu A 0. Tnh
+ < 0 : khng c giao im.
+ 0 : C 1 giao im.
+ > 0 : c hai giao im.
Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng
ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d 0 . a phng trnh ny v dng:
(
x
)
(
Ax
2
+ Bx + C
)
0 (Chia Horner, a 0 )
x

Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0
(
1
)
Bin lun theo phng trnh (1) ta suy ra c s giao
im.
Bi ton 2: Da vo th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
F
(
x ,m
)

0
(1)
1. Bin i F
(
x ,m
)
0 v
dng
f
(
x
)
g
(
m
)
.
17
NGUYN TUN KIT
2. S nghim ca phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca th hm
s y
f
(
x
)
v ng
thng
y g
(
m
)
3. Da vo th bin lun cc trng hp.
Ch :
y g
(
m
)
l ng thng song song vi trc Ox v
ct
trc Oy ti im c tung bng
y
g
(
m
)
y=f(x)
O 1
g(m)
x
y=g(m)
Bi ton 3: Phng trnh tip tuyn iu kin tip xc
Dng 1: Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im thuc th:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C):
M
(
x
o
; y
o
)

(
C
)
l:
y f
(
x
)
ti im
y y
0
f '
(
x
0
)(
x x
0
)
Trong : + M
(
x
0
; y
0
)
gi l tip im.
+ k
f '
(
x
0
)
l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
Dng 2: Phng trnh tip tuyn bit h s gc k:
- Nu tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y ax + b th k a
- Nu tip tuyn vung gc ng thngy ax + b th k
1
a
- Tip tuyn hp vi chiu dng ca trc honh mt gc th
k tan
1. Gii phng trnh
f '
(
x
)
k tm
x
0
l honh tip im.
2. Tnh y
0
f
(
x
0
)
.
18
NGUYN TUN KIT
c
3. Phng trnh tip tuyn l y k
(
x x
0
)
+ y
0
Dng 3: Tip tuyn i qua im A
(
x
A
; y
A
)
1. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn (d). Khi phng trnh ca
(d) c dng
y k
(
x x
A
)
+
y
A
.
f '
(
x
)
k
2. (d) tip xc vi (C) thi v ch khi h
'
f
(
x
)
k
(
x x
A
)
+ y
A
nghim (h c n nghim th c n phng trnh tip tuyn)
3. Gii h tm c honh tip im l x
0
v h s gc k.
4. Thay vo phng trnh ca (d) ta c tip tuyn cn tm.
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) bit tip tuyn to vi
ng thng ( ): y=ax+b mt gc bng ( 0 < 90
):
1. Gi , ln lt l gc hp bi tip tuyn (d), ng thng ( )
vi chiu dng trc honh. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn, khi
ta c: suy ra:
tan tan tan
(

)

tan tan
1 + tan tan

k a
1 +
ak
(1 )
2. Gii phng trnh (1) tm c h s gc k ca tip tuyn.
3. Lm tng t nh dng 2 ta c c phng trnh tip tuyn.
Bi ton 4: iu kin hm bc 3 ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v trc honh l:
ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d 0
(
x
)
(
Ax
2
+ Bx + C
)
0 (chia
Horner)
(t g
(
x
)

Ax
2

Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0
(
1
)
+ Bx + C )
iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit
khc
. Khi

(
1
)
> 0
'
g
(

)

0
19
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
'

Bi ton 5: iu kin hm trng phng
ti 4 im phn bit:
y ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c ct
Ox
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c 0
'
t x
2
0
at
2
+ bt + c 0 (1)
* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
> 0
bit. Khi

P > 0
S > 0
Bi ton 6: iu kin hm trng phng ct Ox ti 4 im phn
bit lp thnh CSC:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c 0
'
t x
2
0
at
2
+ bt + c 0 (1)
* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
> 0
bit. Khi

P > 0
S > 0
(*)
* Vi iu kin (*) c tha ta c 4 im c honh lp thnh CSC
nn (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn bit tha t
2
9t
1
(2).
b
Theo nh l Vit

t
1
+
t
2

a
(3)
'
t .t

1 2
c
(4)
a
* T (2), (3), (4) ta gii ra tham s, ch nhn tham s khi m tha iu
kin (*).
Bi ton 7: Tm m d:
cho AB=l:
y m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
20
NGUYN TUN KIT
> 0
> 0
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d. Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0 (1)
* iu kin d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit l

'
A 0
(1)
(
*
)
* Gi
A
(
x
1
; m
)
,B
(
x
2
; m
)
l hai giao im ca (C)
v d;
x
1
, x
2
l
nghim ca (1). Ta c:
AB
(

x
x
)
2
|
x
x ||
x
x |

2 '
l . T tm
2 1 1 2 2 1
| a | | a |
c m, ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).
Bi ton 8: Tm m d:
choAB c di ngn nht:
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0
(1)
A 0
'
(1)
(*)
* Gi
A
(
x
1
; m
)
,B
(
x
2
; m
)
v d;
x
1
, x
2
l
nghim ca (1). Ta c
AB
(

x
x
)
2
| x x ||
x
x |

2
'
. T tm
2 1 1 2 2 1
| a | | a |
iu kin ca m AB nh nht, ch nhn m tha (*).
Bi ton 9: Tm m d:
cho OA OB vi O l gc ta :
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0
(1)
A 0
'

> 0
(1)
(*)
21
NGUYN TUN KIT

* Gi A
(
x
1
; m
)
,B
(
x
2
; m
)
v d;
x
1
, x
2
l
nghim ca (1). Ta c OA OB nn ta c OA.OB 0 . T y tm
c m, ch nhn nhng m tha (*).
Bi ton 10: Tm m d:
y ax + b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
trn cng mt nhnh ca (C):
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0 (1).

A 0
* iu kin ycbt c tha l

s.
'
(
1
)
> 0

A.g
(

)
> 0
vi l nghim ca mu
Bi ton 11: Tm m d: y ax + b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
trn cng hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C)
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0 (1).

A 0
* iu kin ycbt c tha l

s.
'
(
1
)
> 0

A.g
(

)
< 0
vi l nghim ca mu
Bi ton 12: Tm nhng im trn (C): y
vung gc vi ng thng y ax + b .
f
(
x
)
m ti tip tuyn
* Gi M
0
(
x
0
; y
0
)

(
C
)
. H s gc ca tip tuyn
ti
M
0
l f '
(
x
0
)
.
Gii phng trnh f '
(
x
0
)
.a 1. T y tm
c
x
0
v c c M
0
.
Bi ton 13: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C): y
giao im hai tim cn:
f
(
x
)
u khng qua
22
NGUYN TUN KIT
* Ta giao im I hai tim cn l nghim ca h phng trnh:
Tiem can ng
'
Tiem can xien (hay TCN)

* Lp phng trnh tip tuyn qua I, kt qu l khng c tip tuyn.
T ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 14: Cho
M
(
C
)
, tip tuyn ti M ct hai tim cn ca
(C)
ti A, B, gi I l giao im hai tim cn. CMR M l trung im ca
AB. Tnh din tch tam gic IAB:
* Gi M
(
x
0
; f
(
x
0
))

(
C
)
. Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
y y
0
f '
(
x
0
)(
x x
0
)
y
f '
(
x
0
)(
x x
0
)
+ y
0
.
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect IA,IB . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 15: CMR tip tuyn ti im un l tip tuyn c h s gc
nh nht (hoc ln nht):
* Tm h s gc ca tip tuyn ti im
un
I
(
x
0
; y
0
)
l
f '
(
x
0
)
.
* Gi h s gc ca tip tuyn bt k
l
f '
(
x
)
. Ta chng minh
f '
(
x
)
f '
(
x
0
)
(trong trng hp ln nht ta lm ngc li).
Bi ton 16:Tm nhng im trn ng thng :
c th k c 2, 3 tip tuyn n (C):
y y
0
m t
* Gi M
(
a; y
0
)

(

)
. Vit phng trnh d qua M v c h s gc k
l:
y y
0
k
(
x a
)
y k
(
x a
)
+ y
0
.
23
NGUYN TUN KIT

* iu kin d l tip tuyn ca (C)

f
(
x
)
k
(
x a
)
+ y
0
'

f '
(
x
)
k
(1) .
Mun t M v c 2,3 tip tuyn th (1) c 2,3 nghim.
Bi ton 17: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C) to vi hai tim cn 1 tam
gic c din tch khng i:
* Gi M
(
x
0
; f
(
x
0
))

(
C
)
. Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
y y
0
f '
(
x
0
)(
x x
0
)
y
f '
(
x
0
)(
x x
0
)
+ y
0
.
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect IA,IB . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 18:Tm trn (C) nhng im c ta l cc s nguyn:
So d
* Hm s vit thnh y Thng+
Mau so
(chia a thc)
* Do x, y nguyn nn Mu s = t c ca S d.
Bi ton 19: Tm nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta :
* Nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta l nghim ca h
phng trnh

'
f
(
x
)
hoc
'
f
(
x
)
y x y x
Bi ton 20: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng nhau qua gc ta :
* Gi
.
A
(
x
0
; y
0
)
,B
(
x
0
; y
0
)
l hai im i xng nhau qua gc
ta
* Thay ta A, B vo phng trnh ca hm s ta c h phng
trnh. Gii h ny ta c ta im cn tm.
Bi ton 21: Tm nhng im trn th hm nht bin sao cho tng
khong cch t n hai tim cn t GTNN:
24
NGUYN TUN KIT
* Gi
M
(
x
0
; f
(
x
0
))

(
C
)
. Tm TC, TCN.
* Tnh d d
M,TC
+ d 2
M,TCN
d .d
M,TC
1
]
M,TC
N
A . Vy
mind=A. Khi
d
M ,
TC
d . T tm c M
M ,TCN 1
]
Bi ton 22: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng qua d: y ax + b
* Gi d . Vy phng trnh
im I ca d v
: y
1
x + m . Tm ta giao
a
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v . Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng
Ax
2
+ Bx + C 0 (1).
* Gi
A
(
x
1
; y
1
)
,B
(
x
2
; y
2
)
l hai giao im ca v (C). ta c I l
trung im AB. Vy
tm A v B.
x
1
+ x
2
2 x
I
. T y tm c m. Thay vo (1)
Bi ton 23: Tm nhng im trn (C) m khong cch t n Ox
bng k ln khong cch t n Oy:
* Gi M
(
x
0
; f
(
x
0
))

(
C
)
.
Tnh
d ,d
M ,Ox 1
]

M ,Oy1
]
* Gii phng trnh:
d
M ,
OX
k
.d

M ,Oy
Bi ton 24: CMR th (C) nhn im
* Bng php tnh tin theo vect OI vi
I
(
x
0
; y
0
)
lm tm i xng:
I
(
x
0
; y
0
)
, h trc Oxy thnh
h trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:

'
X x x
0
'
x X + x
0
(1)
Y y y
0

y Y + y
0
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c Y F
(
X
)
. Kim
chng
hm l.
F
(
X
)
l
Bi ton 25: CMR th (C) nhn ng thng
xng:
x x
0
lm trc i
25
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
'

* Bng php tnh tin theo vect OI vi I
(
x
0
; 0
)
, h trc Oxy thnh
h
X x x
trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:
'
Y y 0
0

X
+
x
0
y Y
(1)
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c Y F
(
X
)
. Kim
chng
hm chn.
Bi ton 26: Tm tp hp im (qu tch)
F
(
X
)
l
* Tm ta im
M
(
x; y
)
theo mt tham
s
x g
(
m
)
'
y h
(
m
)
* Kh m t h trn ta c phng trnh F
(
x; y
)
0 .
* Gii hn: da vo iu kin tn ti im M hay iu kin khi kh
m tm iu kin ca x hoc y.
Kt lun: tp hp im M l ng (L) c phng trnh
F
(
x; y
)
0 tha iu kin bc 3.
Bi ton 27: Tm im c nh m h
(
C
m
)
lun i qua:
* Bin i phng trnh y f
(
x ,m
)
v
dng
Am + B 0 (hay
Am
2
+ Bm + C 0 (n m)).
* Ta im c nh l nghim ca h phng trnh
A 0
A 0
'
B 0
(hay
B 0)
C 0
Bi ton 28: S tng giao gia 2 th m trong tham s m c
bc 1 (tc l trong biu thc khng cha m
2
, m
3
)
Gi s bi ton tm giao im ca ng cong qui v tm nghim ca
phng trnh
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
(1)
Trong (1) khng nhm c nghim v tham s m trong (1)
c dng bc nht (tc l trong (1) khng
cha
m
2
,m
3
,... ), khi :
26
NGUYN TUN KIT
* Bin i (1) v dng
thc.
F
(
x
)
m (2), y F(x) c th l hm phn
* Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
y F
(
x
)
* Da vo bng bin thin ta bin lun s nghim ca (2), v t suy
ra kt lun i vi (1).
Nhn xt: Phng php ny cng c bit c ch cho bi ton tm m
nghim ca phng trnh, h phng trnh,... tha iu kin cho
trc no v mt s bi ton khc v tm m.
Bi ton 29: Cc php bin i th:
* T th hm s
1. V (C)
y f
(
x
)(
C
)
suy ra th hm s y
f ( x ) (C' )
2. Gi nguyn phn th (C) nm pha trn trc honh; ly i xng
ca phn th (C) nm pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
3. Xa phn th nm pha di trc honh, th cn li chnh l
(C)
y
1
x
th hm s y
f
(
x
)
(phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)
* T th hm s
1. V (C)
y f
(
x
) (
C
)
suy ra th hm
s
y f
(
x
)
27
NGUYN TUN KIT
2. Xa phn th (C) nm pha bn tri trc Oy v cha li phn th
nm bn phi.
3. Ly i xng phn th ca (C) bn phi trc Oy qua Oy, ta c
c th (C).
y
1
x
th hm s y f
(
x
)
(phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)
28
NGUYN TUN KIT
b
m
HM S M, LY THA, LGARIT
M, LY THA V LGARIT
1. Ly tha, cn bc n:
a) nh ngha:
* a
n
a
_
.a.
_
...
_
.
_
..a
(
a
-, n - *
)
n tha so
b) Tnh cht:
Vi a,b -*; m, n - ta c:
* a
m
a
n
a
m +n
*
* a
0
1;
a
a
mn
a
n

1
a
n
a
n
n
n
*
(
ab
)
n

a
n
b
n *
a
_

a
*
(
a
m
)
n
a
mn
* Nu: 0 < a < b th:
n
,
b
a
n
< b
n
, n > 0
a
n
> b
n
, n < 0
* Nu a > 1 v m > n
th:
a
m
> a
n
* Nu 0 < a < 1 v m > n
th:
c) Cc tnh cht ca cn bc n:
a
m
< a
n
Gi s cc biu thc di y u c ngha. Khi :
n
a a
*
n
a .
n
b
n
ab
m
*
n
n
b b
a, khi n le
*
(
n
a
)
*
n
m
a

n
a
m

mn
a
*
n
a
n
m

'
| a |, khi n chan
* Ly tha vi s m hu t: a
n

n
a
m
29
NGUYN TUN KIT
c
2. Lgarit:
a)nh ngha: log
a
b) Tnh cht:
b c b a
c
(
0 < a 1, b > 0
)
Cho a,b>0,
ngha:
a 1 . Cc tnh cht sau c suy trc tip t nh
* log
a
1 0 * log
a
a 1
* a
log
a
b
b
c) So snh logarit:
Cho a,b,c>0, c 1 . Ta
c:
* log
a
a
k
k
(
k -
)
*log
c
a log
c
b a b
* Ne u c > 1th: log
c
a < log
c
b a < b
* Ne u 0 < c < 1th: log
c
a < log
c
b a > b
d) Cc quy tc tnh logarit:
Logarit ca mt tch:
Cho
a, x
1
, x
2
> 0, a 1. Ta c: log
a
(
x
1
x
2
)
log
a
x
1
+ log
a
x
2
Logarit ca mt thng:
x
1
Cho a, x
1
, x
2
> 0, a 1. Ta c:
log
a
log
a
x
2
x
1
log
a
x
2
Logarit ca mt ly tha:
Cho
a,b
>
0, a
1 . Ta c:
log
b
k
k log b
(
k
-
)
a a
log b
i c s: log b

c
a
log a
*log
a
b
1
log
b
a
(
b 1
)
c bit: *log
k
a
b
1
. log
k
a
b
(
k 0
)
*log
a
b log
a
c.log
c
b
(
0 < c 1
)
30
NGUYN TUN KIT
Hm c bn Hm hp
1/
(
x

)
/
.x
1
/

1
_
1
2/

x
2
3/
(
x
)
/
1
2 x
(
u

)
/
.u 'u
1
/

1
_
u '

u
2
(
u
)
/
u '
2 u
4/
(
e
x
)
/
e
x
5/
(
a
x
)
/
a
x
.ln a
(
e
u
)
/
u '.e
u
(
a
u
)
/
u ' a
u
ln a
6/
(
ln x
)
/

1
x
7/
(
ln x
)
/

1
x
8/
(
log x
)
/
1
9/
(
log x
)
/
1
(
ln u
)
/

u '
u
(
ln u
)
/

u '
u
(
log u
)
/
u '
(
log u
)
/
u '
Logarit thp phn:
- Logarit c s 10 gi l logarit thp phn
- log
10
a thng c vit l lg a hoc log a
Logarit t nhin:
- Logarit c s e gi l logarit t nhin.
(
e 2, 71828...
)
- log
e
a thng c vit l lna
Bng o hm ca hm s ly tha, hm s m v hm s logarit:
, ,
a
x ln
a
a
u ln a
a
x ln
a
a
u ln a
31
NGUYN TUN KIT
PHNG TRNH M
1. Phng php a v cng c s:
Vi a > 0,a 1. Ta c: a
f (
x )

a
g(
x )

2. Phng php t n ph:

Dng 1:
A.a
2 x
+ B.a
x
+ C 0
A.a
3 x
+ B.a
2 x
+ C.a
x
+ D 0
.............................................
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
t a
x
t
Dng 2:
(
t > 0
)
A.a
2 x
+ B
(
ab
)
x
+ C.b
2 x
0
2 x x
A
a _
+
B
a _
+ C 0

b
,
b
,
x
a _
t:

t

b
,
(
t > 0
)
Dng 3:
A.a
x
+ B.b
x
+ C 0 vi a
x
.b
x
1
t: a
x
t
(
t > 0
)
. Khi : b
x

1
t
3. Phng php logarit ha: Vi M > 0,0 < a 1. Ta c:
f
(
x
)

(

)

a M f x log
a
M
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht.
Gi s
y f
(
x
)
v
y g
(
x
)
l hai hm s lin tc:
Cho y f
(
x
)
tng
v
y g
(
x
)
gim. Khi phng trnh
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
32
NGUYN TUN KIT
Cho y f
(
x
)
l hm tng (hoc gim). Khi phng trnh
f
(
x
)
k nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
y a
x
tng nu
a > 1 v gim nu 0 < a < 1
33
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
a a
a a
PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
1. Phng php a v cng c s:
Vi 0 < a 1. Ta c:
log f
(

x
)

log g
(

x
)

f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)

f
(
x
)
> 0 hoa c g
(
x
)
> 0
Ch : log
a
f
(
x
)
M
f
(
x
)

a
M
(khng cn t iu kin ca
f(x))
2. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1:
A.log
2
x + B.log x + C 0
(
a > 0,a 1
)
t: log
a
x t
Dng 2: A.log
a
x + B.log
x
a + C 0
(
a > 0,a 1
)
1
t: log
a
x t.Khi
3. Phng php m ha:
log
x
a
t
(
x > 0, x 1
)
(

)

(

)

M
log
a
f x M f x a
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht.
Vi 0 < a < 1 th hm
s
y log
a
x lm hm gim
Vi a > 1 th hm
s
y log
a
x lm hm tng
34
NGUYN TUN KIT
BT PHNG TRNH M, LGARIT
Khi gii bt phng trnh m v bt phng trnh lgarit th cn ch :
1. iu cn xc nh ca bt phng trnh.
2. C s ca ly tha hoc c s ca logarit, nu c s ln hn 1
th hm s ng bin, c s ln hn 0 v nh hn 1 th hm s
nghch bin.
a > 1 : a
f (

x )

a
g(

x )

f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
0 < a < 1 : a
f (
x )

a
g(
x )

f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
a > 1 : log f
(
x
)
< log g
(
x
)

'
( ) ( )
f x < g x
a a
f
(
x
)
> 0
0 < a < 1 : log f
(
x
)
< log g
(
x
)

'
( ) ( )
f x
a a
g
(
x
)
> g x
> 0
Trong qu trnh gii bt phng trnh c th dng phng php t
n ph, logarit ha hoc m ha. Nu c n mu s th quy ng
nhng khng c b mu.
35
NGUYN TUN KIT
/
NGUYN HM TCH PHN
NGUYN HM
1. nh ngha:
Hm s
F
(
x
)
c gi l nguyn hm ca hm
s
f
(
x
)
trn khong
(
a; b
)
nu vi mi x thuc
(
a; b
)
, ta c: F '
(
x
)
2. nh l:
f
(
x
)
Nu
F
(
x
)
l mt nguyn hm ca hm
s
f
(
x
)
trn khong
(
a; b
)
th:
a) Vi mi hng s C, F
(
x
)
+ C cng l mt nguyn hm ca
hm
s f
(
x
)
trn khong .
b) Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm s f
(
x
)
trn khong
(
a; b
)
u c th vit di
dng
s.
F
(
x
)
+ C vi C l mt hng
Ngi ta k hiu h tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm
s

f
(
x
)
dx . Nh vy:
f
(
x
)
l

f
(
x
)
dx F
(
x
)
+ C F '
(
x
)
3. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm:

f
(
x
)
]
*

f
(
x
)
dx F
(
x
)
+ C F '
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
*
(

f
(
x
)
dx
)
/
f
(
x
)
v

(
f
(
x
)
)
dx
f
(
x
)
+ C
*

af
(
x
)
dx a

f
(
x
)
dx
(
a 0
)
*

f
(
x
)
t g
(
x
)
1

f
(
x
)
dx t
g
(
x
)
dx
36
NGUYN TUN KIT
Nguyn hm cc hm s s cp
thng gp
Nguyn hm ca cc hm s h
(di y t t
(
x
)
)
*

dx x + C
+1
* x

dx
x
+ C
(
1
)
*

dx
ln x + C
(
x 0
)
dx 1

x
2
x
* + C
*

e
x
dx e
x
+ C
x
*

a
x
dx
a
+ C
(
0 < a 1
)
*

cos xdx sin x + C
*

sin xdx cos x + C
*
dx
tan x + C
*
dx
cot x + C
*

dt t + C
+1
* t

dt
t
+ C
(
1
)
*

dt
ln t + C
(
t 0
)
dt 1
*

t
2

t
+
C
*

e
t
dt e
t
+ C
a
t
*

a
t
dt
+
C
(
0
<
a
1
)
*

cos tdt sin t + C
*

sin tdt cos t + C
*
dt
tan t + C
*
dt
cot t + C
+1
*
(
ax + b
)

dx
(

ax
+
b )

+ C
dx 1

ax
+
b a
* ln ax + b + C
dx 1

(

x
+
b
)
2
a
(
ax
+
b
)
* + C
+1
*
(
at + b
)

dt
(

at
+
b )

+
dt 1
*

at + b

a
ln at
+
b
+
C
dt 1
*
2
+ C
at
+
b
a
(

at + b
)
( )
4. Bng cc nguyn hm:
+ 1

+ 1
x t
ln a
ln a

cos
2
x

sin
2
x
a
(
+
1
)

cos
2
t

sin
2
t
a
(
+ 1
)
a
37
NGUYN TUN KIT
] ]
'
ax
+b
1
ax
+
b at +
b
1
at
+
b
*

e dx

a
e
+
C *

e dt

a
e
+
C
* cos
(
ax + b
)
dx
1
sin
(
ax + b
)
+C
a
* sin
(
ax +b
)
dx
1
cos
(
ax + b
)
+C
a
5. Cc phng php tm nguyn hm
i bin:
* cos
(
at + b
)
dt
1
sin
(
at + b
)
+ C
a
* sin
(
at + b
)
dt
1
cos
(
at + b
)
+C
a
Nu

f
(
t
)
dt F
(
t
)
+ C v t
(
x
)
c o hm lin tc th:

f

(
x
)
1
.'
(
x
)
dx F

(
x
)
1
+ C
Ch :
- t
(
x
)
dt '
(
x
)
dx
- g
(
t
)

(
x
)
g'
(
t
)
dt '
(
x
)
dx
Nguyn hm tng phn:
Nu hai hm s
u
(
x
)
v
v
(
x
)
c o hm lin tc trn mt khong hay
mt on no , th trn khong hay on :

u
(
x
)
v'
(
x
)
dx u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)

u'
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
dx
Hay:

udv uv

vdu
Ch :
u f
(

x
)

du
f '
(
x
)
dx
* t:
'
dv g
(
x
)
dx

g
(
x
)
dx
G
(
x
)
+
C
Ta thng chn C 0 v G
(
x
)
Cc dng c bn: Cho P
(
x
)
l mt a thc.
38
NGUYN TUN KIT

- Dng 1:

P
(
x
)
sin
(
ax + b
)
dx . t:
'
u P
(
x
)
dv sin
(
ax + b
)
dx
- Dng 2:

P
(

x
)

cos
(

ax
+
b
)

dx .
t:
'
u P
(
x
)
dv cos
(
ax + b
)
dx
- Dng 3:

P
(
x
)
e
ax
+
b
dx .
Dt:
'
u P
(
x
)
dv
e
ax +b
- Dng 4:

P
(
x
)
ln
(
ax + b
)
dx . t:
'
u ln
(
ax + b
)
dv P
(
x
)
dx
Dng 5:

e
ax
+
b
sin
(
a' x + b'
)
dx hoc

e
ax
+
b
cos
(
a' x + b'
)
dx .
Dng nguyn hm tng phn hai ln vi u e
ax
+
b
Nguyn hm ca hm s hu t: ta c th dng cc php bin i
lng gic, thm-bt, a nguyn hm cn tm v dng n
gin, d tm
Nguyn hm hm phn thc hu t dng
P
(
x
)
Q
(
x
)
.
- Nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) th chia a thc
phn tch thnh tng, hiu cc nguyn hm n gin hn tnh.
- Nu bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x) v Q(x)=0 c nghim th
dng phng php h s bt nh nh sau:
P
(
x
)
P
(
x
) A B
+
Q
(
x
)

(
ax + b
) (
mx + n
)

ax + b
+

mx + n
. Quy ng mu
v cui cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c A,B.
39
NGUYN TUN KIT
P
(

x
)
P
(

x
)
A B C
+
+ +
. Quy
Q
(
x
)
(
ax + b
)(
mx + n
)
2
ax + b mx + n
(
mx + n
)
2
ng mu v cui cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c
A,B,C. T bin i c bi ton cho v dng n gin hn
tnh.
* Ch : Trong qu trnh gii ton cn ch n cng thc
f
(

x
)
+ g
(

x
)
f
(

x
)
g
(

x
)
+ a bi ton v dng n gin hn.
h
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
40
NGUYN TUN KIT
]
b
a
TCH PHN
b
1. nh ngha:

f
(
x
)
dx F
(
x
)
a
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn:
a
F
(
b
)
F
(
a
)
1.

f
(
x
)
dx 0
a
b a
2.

f
(
x
)
dx

f
(
x
)
dx
a b
b b
3.

kf
(
x
)
dx k

f
(
x
)
dx
(
k -
)
a a
b b b
4.

f
(
x
)
t g
(
x
)
1
dx

f
(
x
)
dx t
g
(
x
)
dx
a a a
b c b
5.

f
(
x
)
dx

f
(
x
)
dx +

f
(
x
)
dx
a a c
6. f
(
x
)
0 trn
on
a;
b
b

f
(
x
)
dx 0
a
7. f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
trn
on
a;
b
b b

f
(
x
)
dx

g
(
x
)
dx
a a
8. m
f
(
x
)
M trn
on
b
a; b
m
(
b a
)

f
(
x
)
dx M
(
b a
)
a
3. Cc phng php tnh tch phn
Phng php tch phn tng phn:
41
NGUYN TUN KIT
a
]
]
Nu u u
(
x
)
v v v
(
x
)
l hai hm s c o hm lin tc trn
on
b
b
b
a;
b
th

udv uv

vdu
a a
Ch : Phng php t u, dv cng ging nh nguyn hm tng phn.
Phng php i bin loi 1:
b
Tnh tch phn c dng: I
t:
(
x
)
t . Khi : I
Ch :

g

(
x
)
1
(
x
)
dx
a
b

g
(
x
)
1
'
(
x
)
dx
a
(b )
(
a
)
g
(
t
)
dt
- t
(
t
)
dt '
(
x
)
dx
- g
(
t
)

(
x
)
g'
(
t
)
dt '
(
x
)
dx
Phng php i bin loi 2:
b
Tnh
t:
I

f
(
x
)
dx
a
x
(
t
)
. Vi l hm s c o hm lin tc tr6n on
;
trong : a
(

)
,b
(
)
.
Khi :
b
I
f
(

x
)

dx

(
t
)
1

'
(
t
)

dt

]
a
Cc dng c bn (vi k>0)
b
1
a) Dng 1:
1 x
2
dx .
t:
x sin t,t
;
1
a

2 2
]
b

1
M rng:
k
2
x
2
dx .
t:
x k sin t ,t
;
1
a

2 2
]
42
NGUYN TUN KIT
b
dx
2
1
1
2 2
b) Dng 2: . t:
x sin t,t
;
1
a
x ]
b
dx

2
1
2 2
M rng: . t:
x k sin t ,t
;
1
a k x
b
dx
]
_
c) Dng 3:

x
2
+

1
. t: x tan t,t

2
;
2
a
,
M rng:
b
dx
_

x
2
+
k
2
. t: x k tan t ,t

2
;
2
a
b
dx

(
+

)
2
+

2
,
_
2 2
. t: ax + b k tan t,t ;
a ax b k
b
f '
(

x
)
,

f
2
(

x
)
+

k
2
dx . t: f
(
x
)
k tan t,t

2
;
2
a
,
(Cc phng php tnh tch phn hon ton ging nh
cc phng php tm nguyn hm)
43
NGUYN TUN KIT
NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN
1. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi 1 ng cong v
trc honh:
Cho hm s
y f
(
x
)
(C)
lin tc trn on a;
b
. Din
tch hnh phng gii hn bi (C),
trc honh v hai ng thng
x a, x b c tnh bi cng
thc:
b
S

a
f
(
x
)
dx
2. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong:
Cho hai hm s
y f
(
x
)
(C) v y g
(
x
)
(C) lin tc trn
on a;
b
. Din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi (C), (C) v
hai ng thng
x a, x b ,
c tnh bi cng thc:
b
S
a
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
dx
Ch :
- Trong trng hp cha cho cn a,b th phi gii phng trnh
honh giao im tm cn. Nghim nh nht l cn di
a, nghim ln nht l cn trn b.
- tch tch phn c cha du gi tr tuyt i c 2 cch:
44
NGUYN TUN KIT
+ Cch 1: Xt du biu thc di du tch phn b du gi tr
A, ne u A
0
tuyt i theo tnh cht A
'
A,ne u A < 0
Cch 2: Nu
f
(
x
)
khng i du trn
(
a; b
)
(tc l
f
(
x
)
0 khng c nghin thuc
(
a; b
)
) th ta c
b b

f
(
x
)
dx

f
(
x
)
dx . Cch th 2 ny gip gii ton
a a
nhanh hn.
3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay trc Ox:
Cho hm s
y f
(
x
)
(C) lin tc trn
on
a;
b
. Nu hnh phng
gii hn bi cc ng (C), x=a, x=b, trc Ox quay quanh trc Ox
th th tch V ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
b
V
y
2
dx
a
b
Hay: V

f
2
(
x
)
dx
a
4. Th tch vt th trn xoay trc Oy:
Cho hm s
x g
(
x
)
(C) lin tc trn
on
c;
d
. Nu hnh phng
gii hn bi cc ng (C), y=c, y=d, trc Oy quay quanh trc Oy
th th tch V ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
d
V
x
2
dy
c
d
Hay: V

g
2
(
y
)
dy
c
45
NGUYN TUN KIT
1. S i: i
2
1
2. nh ngha:
S PHC
- S phc z l biu thc c dng:
a gi l phn thc.
b gi l phn o.
i gi l n v o.
z a + bi, a,b - ,i
2
1
- Tp hp s phc k hiu l - . Vy - -
3. S phc bng nhau:
a a'
Cho hai s phc z a + bi,z' a' + b' i , z z'
'
b b'
4. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc:
Cho s phc z a + bi , im
M
(
a; b
)
trong mt phng ta
Oxy
gi l im biu din cho s phc z
Gi s s phc z a + bi c biu din bi
im
M
(
a; b
)
.
di ca vect OM gi l mun ca s phc z, k hiu: z . Vy:
*
*
*
5. S phc lin hp:

z OM a
2
+ b
2
- S phc z a bi gi l s phc lin hp ca s phc z a + bi
- Ta c: z z; z z
6. Cng, tr, nhn hai s phc:
46
NGUYN TUN KIT
Cho hai s phc z a + bi; z' a' + b' i . Ta c;
z + z'
(
a + a'
)
+
(
b + b'
)
i z z'
(
a a'
)
+
(
b
b'
)
i
z.z'
(
aa' bb'
)
+
(
a' b + ba'
)
i
7. S phc nghch o, chia hai s phc:
- S phc nghch o ca s phc z a + bi l mt s phc, k hiu l:
1
z
1

1
z
z z
2
a
2
+ b
2
Chia hai s phc:
z

z.z'
(nhn t v mu cho z' )
z'
z'
2
8. Phng trnh bc hai h s thc trn tp - :
Cho phng trnh
b
2
4ac :
ax
2
+ bx + c 0
(
a 0; a,b,c -
)
. Gi
+ Nu > 0 phng trnh c hai nghim thc:
+ Nu 0 phng trnh c mt nghim thc:
x
b
t

2a
x
b
2a
+ Nu < 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phc: x

b
t i
2a 2a
47
NGUYN TUN KIT
(
TH TCH KHI A DIN, KHI
TRN XOAY
I. Th tch khi a din:
1. Th tch khi lp phng cnh a: V a
3
(vtt)
2. Th tch khi hp ch nht c ba kch thc a,b,c l V a.b.c
(vtt)
3. Th tch khi lng tr c din tch y l B, chiu cao l h l;
V B.h (vtt)
4. Th tch ca khi chp c din tch y B, chiu cao h l: V
1
Bh
3
(vtt)
5. Th tch khi chp ct c din tch hai y l B v B, chiu cao
h l:
V
1
B + B' +
3
6. Mt s tnh cht:
BB'
)
h (vtt)
T s th tch ca hai khi a din ng dng bng lp phng t
s ng dng
Cho khi chp S.ABC. Trn cc on thng SA, SB, SC ln
lt ly 3 im A, B, C khc vi S. Khi :
V
S .A' B' C '
V
S .ABC
II. Th tch khi trn xoay:
1. Mt nn trn xoay:

SA'
.
SB'
.
SC' SA SB
SC
Cho hnh nn N c chiu cao l h, ng sinh l , bn knh y R
- Din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn:
S
xq
Rl (vdt)
- Din tch ton phn: S S + S
Rl + R
2
tp xq ay
48
NGUYN TUN KIT
- Th tch khi nn: V
1
R
2
h (vtt)
3
2. Mt tr trn xoay:
Cho hnh tr T c chiu cao h v bn knh y R.
- Din tch xung quanh hnh tr: S
xq
2Rh (vdt)
- Th tch khi tr: V R
2
h (vtt)
3. Mt cu:
- Din tch mt cu (S) bn knh R l:
S 4R
2
(vdt)
- Th tch khi cu (S) bn knh R l: V
4
R
3
3
(vtt)
49
NGUYN TUN KIT
PHNG PHP TA
TRONG KHNG GIAN
H TA TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. H trc ta trong khng gian:
z
z
M(x;y;z)
k
O
y
y
i
j
x
H
x
2. Ta ca im v ca vect:
- M
(
x; y; z
)
OM xi + y j + zk
- u
(
x; y; z
)
u xi + y j +
zk
* Tnh cht: Cho a
(
a
1
; a
2
; a
3
)
; b
(
b
1
; b
2
;
b
3
)

a b

1 1
a b a b
-
'
2 2
b

3 3
- a t b
(
a
1
t b
1
; a
2
t b
2
; a
3
t b
3
)
50
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
z
M
2
G
G
- k a
(
ka
1
; ka
2
; ka
3
)
3. Lin h gia ta vect v ta hai im mt:
Cho ba im
A
(
x
A
; y
A
; z
A
)
,B
(
x
B
; y
B
; z
C
)
,C
(
x
C
; y
C
; z
C
)
. Khi
:
AB
(
x
B
x
A
; y
B
y
A
; z
B
z
A
)
Chia on thng theo t s k: M chia AB theo t s k
MA k MB
x kx
x
M

A B
1
k
y ky
Khi :
'
y
M

A B
1
k
z kz
z
A B

M
1 k
Cng thc tnh ta trung im on thng:
x + x

x
M
M l trung im ca on thng AB
A B
2

y
A
+
y
B
2
z
A
+ z
B
M
Cng thc tnh ta trng tm tam gic:

x + x + x

x
G

A B C
3
y + y + y
G l trng tm tam gic ABC
'
y
A B C
z + z + z
z
A B C
3
Khong cch gia hai im:
51
NGUYN TUN KIT
1 2 3

.

AB
(

x
x
)
2
+

(

y

y
)
2
+

(

z

z
)
2
B A B A B A
4. Biu thc ta ca tch v hng:
Cho
-
a
(
a
1
; a
2
; a
3
)
; b
(
b
1
; b
2
; b
3
)
.
a.b a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3

2
2 2 2
- a a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
- a a
2
+ a
2
+ a
2
- a b a.b 0 a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
5. Gc gia hai vect:
cos
(
a,b
)

a b
a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
a . b a
2
+ a
2
+
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
+ b
2
1 2 3 1 2 3
6. Tch c hng ca hai vect v ng dng:
a) nh ngha:

a a a a a a
_
1
a,b
2 3
;
3 1
;
1 2
]
b b b b b b
a b
Ch : ad bc
c d
b) Tnh cht:

2 3 3 1 1 2
,
a
- Nu c
a,b
1
]
th:
'

c b

- a,b cng phng

a,b
1
0

]
- a,b,c ng phng

a,b
1
.c 0
]

-
a,b
1
]
a . b sin
(
a,b
)
c) Din tch tam gic:
52
NGUYN TUN KIT
Cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S. Khi : S

1
***

***

AB, AC
1
(vdt)
d) Th tch khi hp:
2
]
Cho khi hp ABCD.ABCD c th tch V. Khi :
*** *** ***
V

AB , AD
1
.AA' (vtt)
]
e) Th tch khi t din:
Cho khi t din ABCD c th tch V. Khi :
***
***
1 ***
V
6

AB, AC
]
.AD (vtt)
53
NGUYN TUN KIT
I ,(
I ,(
I ;(
I ,(

PHNG TRNH MT CU
1. Phng trnh chnh tc:
Phng trnh mt cu tm I
(
a; b; c
)
bn knh R:
(
x a
)
2
+
(
y b
)
2
+
(
z c
)
2
R
2
2. Phng trnh tng qut:
Trong khng gian Oxyz, phng trnh :
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2ax 2by 2cz + d
0
vi a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0
l phng trnh mt cu tm I
(
a; b; c
)
, bn knh
R a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d
Ch : Nu phng trnh cho di dng
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d
0
vi a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0
th mt cu c tm I
(
a; b; c
)
, bn knh R
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d
3. V tr tng i gia mt cu (S) v mt phng
(

)
:
* Nu d > R : mt phng v mt cu khng c im chung
]
* Nu d R : mt phng
(

)
tip xc mt cu (S), khi
(

)
gi
]
l tip din ca mt cu (S).
iu kin mt phng
(

)
tip xc mt cu
l
d R
]
* Nu d < R : mt phng ct mt cu theo 1 ng trn c phng
]
trnh
gian.

ptmc
(
S
)
'

ptmp
(

)
(C). (C) gi l ng trn giao tuyn trong khng
54
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
'
I ,(
4. Cch xc nh tm ca ng trn giao tuyn c phng trnh

ptmc
(
S
)
trong khng gian:

ptmp
(

)
* Gi H l tm ng trn (C). Lp
phng trnh IH (IH qua I v nhn n

lm
VTPT)
* Ta H l nghim ca h

pt IH
'
ptmp
(

)
4. Cch tnh bn knh ng trn trong khng gian c phng trnh

ptmc
(
S
)

ptmp
(

)
2 2 2
1
p dng r R IH
d
(
I ,
(
)
)
, vi I l tm mt cu.
5. Mt cu qua 4 im A,B,C,D khng ng phng (ngoi tip t din
ABCD):
- Gi phng mt cu (S) cn tm c phng trnh l:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2ax 2by 2cz + d
0
(1)
- Do A,B,C ,D
(
S
)
nn thay ta ca A,B,C,D vo phng
trnh (1) ta c h 4 phng trnh 4 n a,b,c,d.
- Gii h tm c a,b,c,d t c c phng trnh mt cu (S)
cn tm.
6. Vit phng trnh mt cu tip xc mt phng :
Do mt cu (S) tip xc mt phng
nn
mt cu.
R d vi I l tm ca
]
7. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d:
55
NGUYN TUN KIT
I ,(d )
1
I ,(
( )
( )
I ,(
Do mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d nn
mt cu.
R d vi I l tm ca
]
8. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha ng thng d v tip
xc mt cu (S):
* Gi l mt phng cha d. Lp phng trnh mt phng di
dng chm mt phng.
* Do tip xc mt cu (S) nn
R d . T y chn v tm .
]
9. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) qua A, B, C v c tm nm trn
mt phng
* Gi
(
S
)
: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2ax 2by 2cz + d 0
* Thay ta im A, B, C vo phng trnh trn v tm I
(
a; b; c
)
vo
phng trnh ri gii h tm c a,b,c,d.
10. Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc mt cu (S) ti H:
Mt phng tip xc mt cu (S) ti H l mt phng i qua H v c
vect php tuyn l IH (I l tm mt cu)
11. Lp phng trnh tip din ca mt cu (S) bit n song song
d
1
,d
2
:
* Tm VTCP ca d
1
l u
1
, VTCP ca d
2
l u
2
. Tnh
* **
n
u ,u
1
A,B ,C

1 2
]
* Gi
(

)
l mt phng song
song
* **
d
1
,d
2
nn c VTPT l
n
u ,u
1
A; B;C v c phng trnh l

1 2
]
Ax + By + Cz + m 0
* iu kin
(

)
l tip din ca (S)
l
d R.T iu kin ny
]
tm m v c c phng trnh tip din (I l tm mt cu (S))
12. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v mt phng :
* Gi H l tip im. Lp phng trnh IH (H qua I v
nhn
VTPT)
n
(

)

lm
56
NGUYN TUN KIT
+
2
pt IH
* Ta ca H l nghim ca h
'
ptmp
(

)
13. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d:
* Gi
(

)
l mt phng qua I v vung gc vi d. Lp phng trnh
mt
phng
(

)
(
(

)
qua I v nhn u
d
lm VTPT)
* Ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d l nghim ca
h
'
ptmp
(

)
ptt
(
d
)
14. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I v ct d ti 2 im A, B
sao cho AB=L:
p dng R
d
(

I ,(d )
)
1
2
L _

]

2
,
15. Vit phng trnh mt phng
(

)
qua M (M nm trong mt cu
(S)) v ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh nh nht:
* Ta c r R
2
IH
2
, r nh nht IH ln nht. Mt khc
IH IM , nn IH ln nht khi IH=IM, khi
IM
(

)
.
H M , do
* Vy mt phng
(

)
cn tm cnh l mt phng qua M v nhn IM
lm
VTPT.
16. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua
mt phng
(

)
:
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua mt phng
(

)
* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu
(S)). T lp c phng trnh (S).
17. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua
ng thng :
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua ng thng .
57
NGUYN TUN KIT
M ,( )
1 N ,(
* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu
(S)). T lp c phng trnh (S).
18. Tm im trn mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t n
mt phng
(

)
t GTLN (GTNN):
* Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
* Lp phng trnh ng thng d qua I v vung gc
(

)
di dng
tham s (d qua I v c VTCP l n
( )
)
ptt
(
d
)
* Ta giao im ca d v (S) l nghim ca h
'
ptmc
(
S
)
(tm c
M v N)
* Tnh
d ,d . So snh hai khong cch trn, s ln l GTLN,
] ]
s nh l GTNN. T chn M, N thch hp.
58
NGUYN TUN KIT
PHNG TRNH MT PHNG
1. Vect php tuyn ca mt phng:
n l VTPT ca mt
phng
(

)
gi ca
n
n vung gc vi mt
phng
2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng:

- Mt phng
(

)
i
qua
M
(
x
0
; y
0
; z
0
)
v nhn n
(
A; B;C
)
th
phng trnh mp
(

)
l:
A
(
x x
0
)
+ B
(
y y
0
)
+ C
(
z z
0
)
0
- Mi phng trnh dng
Ax + By + Cz + D 0
(
A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
0
)
u l phng
trnh
ca mt mt phng xc nh,
v mt phng .
n
(
A; B;C
)
l mt VTPT
ca
- Mt phng
(

)
ct cc trc Ox,Oy,Oz theo cc giao im
A
(
a; 0; 0
)
,B
(
0; b; 0
)
,C
(
0; 0; c
)
th phng trnh ca mt
phng
(

)
l:
x
+
y
+
z
1 (phng trnh theo on chn.
a b c
Cc dng ton vit phng trnh mt phng:
Dng 1: mp
(

)
l mt phng trung trc on thng AB
59
NGUYN TUN KIT
B
]

A
Phng php:
- Tm ta trung im M ca AB
- Tm ta vect AB
M
-
(

)
l mt phng qua M v
c
VTPT l AB
B
Dng 2: mp
(

)
l mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C
Phng php:
n =[AB,AC]
C
- Tm: AB, AC
*** ***
- Tm:
B
n

AB, AC
1
]

A
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua A v c
VTPT l n
Dng 3: mp
(

)
l mt phng qua A v cha ng thng (d)
Phng php:
ud
- Chn B thuc (d)
n
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua A v
A
***
**
c VTPT l
n

AB,u
d
1
Dng 4: mp
(

)
qua
im
M
(
x
0
; y
0
; z
0
)
v song song mt phng
(
)
: Ax + By + Cz + D
0
n =(A;B;C)
Phng php:
- n
(
A; B;C
)
l VTPT ca
mp
(
)
M
- Do
(

)
/ /
(
)
nn n cng l
VTPT ca mp
(

)
60
NGUYN TUN KIT
u
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M
v c VTPT l n
Dng 5: mp
(

)
qua hai im M,N v vung gc mt phng
(
)
: Ax + By + Cz + D 0
N
M
n
Phng php:
- Tm
MN
; n

(
A; B;C
)
l
VTPT ca
(
)
.
**** **
- Tm n

MN ,n
1
.

]
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M v
c VTPT l n
Dng 6: mp
(

)
cha ng thng (d) v vung gc
(
)
: Ax + By + Cz + D 0
Phng php:
- Chn
M
(
d
)
d
- Tm
u
l VTCP ca (d),
u
l VTCP
M
ca (d), n

l VTPT ca
(
)
n
R

**
R
- Tm n
u,n
1
.

]
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l n
Dng 7:
trc
mp
(

)
i qua M v vung gc hai mt phng (P), (Q) cho
61
NGUYN TUN KIT
I
Phng php:
n
n
Q
- Tm: n
P
l VTPT ca (P); n
Q
l
P
VTPT ca (Q).
** **
- Tm n
n ,n
1
.
()
M

P Q
]
(P)
(Q)
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M v
nhn n lm VTPT.
Dng 8: mp
(

)
tip xc vi mt cu (S) tm I ti
im
Phng php:
M
(
S
)
- Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
- Tm IM
- mp
(

)
l mt phng i qua M
v c VTPT l IM
M
Dng 9: mp
(

)
i qua M v vung gc ng thng (d) cho trc
Phng php:
- Tm a l VTCP ca ng
a thng (d).
- Do
M
mp
(

)
song song vi (d)
()
nn a cng l VTPT ca mp
(

)
.
62
NGUYN TUN KIT
Dng 10: mp
(

)
qua M v song song vi hai ng thng
(
d
1
)
,
(
d
2
)
cho trc
d
1
Phng php:
a
1
- Tm:
a
2
a
1
l VTCP ca
(
d
1
)
;
d
2
()
M
a
2
l VTCP ca
(
d
2
)
*
**
- Tm n
a ,a
1

1 2
]
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M v
c VTPT l n
Dng 11: mp
(

)
l mt phng cha ng thng
(
d
1
)
v song song
ng thng
(
d
2
)
a
2
d
2
d
1
()
a
1
M
Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
(
d
1
)
-
(

)
l mt phng qua M v c
*
**
VTPT l
n
a ,a
1

1 2
]
Dng 12: mp
(

)
cha hai ng thng ct nhau
(
d
1
)
,
(
d
2
)
Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
(
d
1
)
a
1
d
1
()
hoc
(
d
2
)

.
M
a
2
d
2
- VTPT ca
(

)
l
* **
n
a ,a
1

1 2
]
Dng 13: mp
(

)
cha hai ng thng
(
d
1
)
/ /
(
d
2
)
Phng php:
63
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
A
M
R
u
1
d
1
d
2
- Chn
A
(
d
1
)
, B
(
d
2
)
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua 3
B
im A v c VTPT l
*** *
n

AB,u
1
1
]
Dng 14: mp
(

)
cha giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v (Q),
ng thi vung gc mt phng (R)
Phng php:
- Chn M,N thuc
(
P
)

(
Q
)
(bng cch cho x=0, x=1,v

N
n
thay vo h
'
R
ptmp
(
P
)
ptmp
(
Q
)
tm y,z)
- mp
(

)
l mt phng qua M,N
v vung gc (R) (dng 4)
Dng 15: Vit phng trnh mt phng
(

)
qua song d v vung gc mt phng
(
)
:
M
(
x
0
; y
0
; z
0
)
,
song
qua M
(

x
0
; y
0
; z
0
)
Khi mt phng
(

)
:
** **
TPT n
u ,n
1
V

d
]
Dng 16: Vit phng trnh mt phng theo on chn: ct Ox ti
A
(
a; 0; 0
)
, ct Oy ti B
(
0; b; 0
)
, ct Oz ti C
(
0; 0; c
)
:
Khi phng trnh mt phng (ABC) l
x
+
y
+
z
1
a b c
64
NGUYN TUN KIT
PHNG TRNH NG THNG
1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng:
Vect a gi l vect ch phng (VTCP) ca ng thng (d)
gi ca a song song hoc trng (d).
2. Cc dng phng trnh ng thng:
Cho im M
(
x
0
; y
0
; z
0
)
v vect u
(
a; b; c
)
ng thng (d) qua M v nhn u lm VTCP c phng trnh
x x
0
+ at
tham s l
'
y y
0
+ bt
(
t -
)
z
+ ct
0
ng thng (d) qua M v nhn u lm VTCP c phng trnh
chnh tc l
x x
0
y y
0
z z
0
(
a,b,c 0
)
a b c
3. Cc dng ton vit phng trnh ng thng:
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua 2 im AB
Phng php:
- Tm AB
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l AB
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song
ng thng
(

)
Phng php:
- Tm vect u l VTCP ca
(

)
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l u .
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v vung gc
mt phng
(

)
Phng php:
65
NGUYN TUN KIT
- Tm n l VTPT ca mt phng
(

)
.
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l n
Dng 4:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l giao tuyn ca 2
mt phng (P) v (Q)
Phng php:
- Tm n
P
l VTPT ca mp(P), n
Q
l VTPT ca mp(Q).
*** **
- Tm u

n ,n
1

P Q
]
- Chn im M thuc giao tuyn bng cch cho 1 n bng 0
thay vo pt (P) v mp(Q) gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
- (d) l ng thng qua M v nhn u lm VTCP
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song 2
mt phng (P) v (Q) (hoc song song vi giao tuyn ca hai mt
phng (P) v (Q))
Phng php:
- Tm n
P
l VTPT ca mp(P), n
Q
l VTPT ca mp(Q)
*** **
- Tm u

n ,n
1

P Q
]
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l u
Dng 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l hnh chiu ca ng
thng
(

)
ln mt phng (P)
Phng php
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha (d) v vung gc mt
phng (P) (xem dng 5 ca phng trnh mt phng)
- Chn
N
(
P
)

(
Q
)
bng cch cho 1 n bng 0, thay vo pt
(P)
v pt (Q), gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
*** **
- Tm u

n ,n
1

P Q
]
- (d) l ng thng qua N v c VTCP l u
66
NGUYN TUN KIT
Dng 7:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng cao k t A
ca tam gic ABC
Phng php:
*** *** * *** ***
- Tm
AC ,BC
,n

AC ,BC
1
** ***
]
- Tm u

n ,BC
1
]
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l u
Dng 8: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng trung trc
ca cnh BC ca tam gic ABC
Phng php:
*** *** * *** ***
- Tm
AC ,BC
,n

***

AC ,BC
1
]
- Tm u
n,BC
1
]
- Tm M l trung im ca BC
- (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l u
Dng 9: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng vung gc
chung ca 2 ng thng cho nhau
(
d
1
)
,
(
d
2
)
Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
(
d
2
)
v song song
(
d
1
)
(dng 11 phng trnh mt phng)
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha
(
d
1
)
v vung gc mt
phng (P) (dng 6 phng trnh mt phng)
- Tm giao im M ca ng thng
(
d
2
)
v mt phng (Q).
- (d) l ng thng qua M v vung gc vi mt phng (P) (dng
3 phng trnh ng thng)
Cch khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh
d
1
,d
2
di dng tham s.
- Gi M d
1
di dng cha tham s t
1
v
cha tham s
t
2
. Tnh
vect MN .
N d
2
di dng
67
NGUYN TUN KIT
**** *
- Do

MN u
1
'
******
. T y tm c t
1
,t
2
v c M,N
MN u
2
- ng vung gc chung qua M v nhn MN lm VTCP.
Dng 10: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v ct hai
ng thng d
1
, d
2
cho trc:
A
d
d
1
M
N
d
2
C1:
* Chuyn d
1
,d
2
v phng trnh tham s
* Gi M d
1
, N d
2
(ta M,N cha
t
1
,t
2
). Tnh AM , AN .
* Do AM cng phng AN nn t k
cng phng tm c t
1
,t
2
v c c M,N.
* ng thng cn tm qua A v c VTCP
AM
Cch khc:
* Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v
cha
(
d
1
)
(xem dng 3 ca phng trnh
mt phng)
* Tm giao im M ca mt phng (P) v
(
d
2
)
*
(
d
)
l ng thng qua 2 im A,M
(dng 1)
Dng 11: Vit phng trnh ng hng (d) qua A, vung gc v
ct ng thng :
68
NGUYN TUN KIT
d

* Tm VTCP ca l u
* Gi M (ta M cha tham s t).

u
Tnh AM
* AM u

. T y tm t v c M.
M
ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
A
AM lm VTCP
Cch khc:
* Gi
(

)
l mt phng qua A v
vung
gc . Lp phng trnh mt
phng
(
)
(qua A v nhn u

lm VTPT)
A
H
* Ta giao im H ca mt phng
(

)
v l nghim ca
h

ptmp
(

)
'
.

pt
(

)
.* ng thng cn tm qua A v nhn
AH lm VTCP.
Dng 12: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm trong mt phng
(

)
v ct 2 ng thng d
1
,d
2
:
* Tm giao im A ca d
1
v mp
(

)
:
d
2
Gii h:
1
pt (d
1
)
'

ptmp ( )
A
B
* Tm giao im B ca d
2
v mp
(

)
:
Gii h:

pt (d
2
)
'

ptmp ( )
* ng thng d chnh l ng thng qua
A v nhn AB lm VVTCP.
69
NGUYN TUN KIT
]
d
u
1
Dng 13: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song v ct 2
ng thng d
1
,d
2
:
* Chuyn phng trnh d
1
,d
2
di dng
tham s cha t
1
,t
2
.
d
1
M
d
N
* Gi M d
1
, N
d
2
t
1
,t
2
). Tnh MN
* MN cng phng u
(ta M, N cha
, t y tm t ,t
1 2
d
2
v c M,N.
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn u
lm VTCP
Dng 14: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua giao im ca
(

)
v , nm trong
(

)
v vung gc :
* Tm giao im A ca
(

)
v : gii h
[n,u ]
n

ptmp ( )
'

ptdt ( )
A
* Dng thng d qua A v c VTCP l

d
** **
u
n

,u

1
Dng 15: Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua M vung gc d
1
v ct d
2
:
d
1
u
d
* Chuyn phng trnh d
2
v dng tham
s. Gi N thuc d
2
(ta N cha tham
s t). Tnh vect MN
* Do MN u
d
2
1
, t phng trnh ny ta
M
N
d
tm c tham s t, t tm c N.
ng thng d qua M v c VTCP l
MN
Dng 16: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc mt phng
(

)
v ct 2 ng thng d
1
, d
2
:
70
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
* Chuyn phng trnh d
1
, d
2
v dng
tham s.
* Gi M thuc d
1
di dng cha tham s
t
1
, N thuc d
2
di dng cha tham s t
2
.
d
1
M
d
N
d
2
Tnh vect MN .
* Do MN cng phng n

, t tm
c tham s t
1
,t
2
ta tm c M,N
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
MN lm VTCP
Dng 17: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M v vung gc hai
ng thng d
1
,d
2
:
** **
Khi (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l u
u ,u
1

d
1
d
2
]
Dng 18: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
(

)
v vung gc ng thng
(

)
:
u
Qua M
** **
1
M
d
* ng thng (d):
n
VTCP u
n

,u

]
Dng 19: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
(

)
v ct ng thng :
* Chuyn phng trnh thnh phng
trnh tham s.
M
N d
* Gi N thuc (ta N cha tham
n

s t). Tnh MN
* Do MN u

nn t y tm c t, t
c N.
* ng thng d cn tm qua M v nhn
vect MN lm VTCP
71
NGUYN TUN KIT
*
]
]
]

V TR TNG I
1. CM
(

)
ct
(
)
: Ta chng minh A : B : C A' : B' : C '
2. CM
(

)

(
)

: Ta chng minh
A

D
A' B' C ' D'
3. CM
(

)

//
(
)

: Ta chng minh
A

D
A' B' C '
*
D'
****
4. CM d ,d ' ng phng: Ta chng
minh

u ,u'
1
.MM '
0
vi
M d ,M ' d
'
* *****
5. CM d ,d ' ct nhau:
u ,u'
1
.MM '
0
6. CM d // d: Ta chng minh
v a : b : c a' : b' : c'
a : b : c a' : b' : c'
(
x'
0
x
0
)
:
(
y'
0
y
0
)
:
(
z'
0
z
0
)
7. CM d d: Ta chng minh
a : b : c a' : b' : c'
(
x'
0
x
0
)
:
(
y'
0
y
0
)
:
(
z'
0
z
0
)
*
*****
8. CM d v d cho nhau: ta chng minh
M d ,M ' d '

u ,u'
1
.MM '
0
vi
9. CM d ct
(

)
: Ta chng
minh:
aA + bB + cC 0
aA + bB + cC 0
10. CM d//
(

)
: Ta chng
minh

'
M
0
d M
0

(

)
aA + bB + cC 0
11. CM d
(

)
: Ta chng minh
Ch :

'
M
0
d M
0

(

)
* CM
(

)

(
'
)
ta chng
minh
AA' + BB' + CC ' 0
* CM d d '
ta chng minh u.u' 0
* CM d
(

)
ta chng minh a : b : c A : B : C .
72
NGUYN TUN KIT
* Chng minh A
(
x
A
; y
A
; z
A
)
,B ( x
B
; y
B
;
z
C
)
nm v 2 pha i vi
( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D 0 , ta chng
minh:
(
Ax
A
+ By
A
+ Cz
A
+ D
)(
Ax
B
+ By
B
+ Cz
B
+ D
)
< 0
73
NGUYN TUN KIT
(P ),(Q )
1 A ,(Q
(d ),(P )
1 A ,(P
A ,(d
d d , A
(
d
)
] ]
KHONG CCH V GC
1. Khong cch t im M n mt phng
(
P
)
: Ax + By + Cz + D 0
A.x
+ B.y + C.z + D
d
M ,
(
P
)
1
M M M
2 2 2
]
A + b + C
2. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song (P)//(Q):
d d , A
(
P
)
] ]
3. Khong cch gia ng thng (d) v mt phng (P), vi (d)//(P):
d d , A
(
d
)
] ]
4. Khong cch t im A n ng thng (d): (khng c cng
thc tnh trong chng trnh chun, nhng c th tnh theo cc bc
sau y)
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v vung gc ng thng
(d).
Tm giao im H ca (d) v (P)
- Khi
d AH
]
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song
(
d
1
)
//
(
d
2
)
:
(
d
)
;
(
d
)
1 A ,
(
d
)
1
1
1 2 ] 2 ]
6. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
(
d
1
)
,
(
d
2
)
:
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
(
d
2
)
v song song
(
d
1
)
.
Tm M thuc
(
d
1
)
.
- Khi d
(

)

(

)

d
(

)

d
1
, d
2
1
M , P
1
7. Gc gia hai mp (P): A
1
x+B
1
y+C
1
z+D
1
=
0 v mp(Q): A
2
x+B
2
y+C
2
z+D
2
= 0
74
NGUYN TUN KIT
1 1 1 2 2 2
0
0 1
** **
n
1
.n
2
th cos =
*** =
n
1
. n
2
1
A
2
+ B
1
B
2
+ C
1
C
2
A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
. A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
Vi
(
(mp(Q),mp( P )
)
x x
0
+ at
8. Gc gia ng thng (d):

'
y y
0
+ bt
z z + ct
v mt phng (P):
Ax+By+Cz+D
**
=
*
0
*
l
n .u
P d
a + bB + cC
sin=
**
*
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
n
P
. u
d
A + B + C . a + b + c
vi
(
(D ),
mp(P ))
x x
0
+ a
1
t
9. Gc gia hai ng thng (D

1
) :
'
y y
0
+ b
1
t
v (D
2
):

z z + c t
/ /

x x
0
+ a
2
t
/ /
'
y y
0
+ b
2
t
/ /

z
z
0
th cos =
+ c
2
t
*
*
u
1
.u
2
*
* =
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+
c
1
c
2
vi
u
1
. u
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
D
1 1 1 2 2 2
((
1
), ( D
2
) )
75
NGUYN TUN KIT
'
0
0
TM MT S IM C BIT
x x
0
+ at
1. Tm giao im M ca ng thng (d):

y y + bt v mt
phng
(P): Ax + By + Cz + D
0
z z + ct
Phng php:
- M
(
d
)
nn
M
(
x
0
+ at; y
0
+ bt; z
0
+ ct
)
(1)
- M
(
P
)
nn ta M phi tha mn phng trnh ca (P). Thay ta
ca M vo phng trnh (P) gii tm c t.
- Thay t va tm vo (1) ta tm c ta ca M.
2. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln mt phng (P):
Phng php:
M
H
(P)
- Vit phng trnh ng thng
(d) qua M v vung gc vi mt
phng (P).
- Tm giao im H ca ng
thng
(d) v mt phng (P).
- H chnh l hnh chiu cn
tm.
3. Tm M i xng im M qua mt phng (P):
Phng php:
M
H
(P)
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M
ln mt phng (P)
- M i xng vi M qua mp(P)
H l trung im ca MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta M
M'
4. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ng thng (d):
76
NGUYN TUN KIT

Phng php:
d
(P)
M
H
- Vit phng trnh mt phng
(P) qua M v vung gc ng
thng (d).
- Tm giao im H ca ng
thng
(d) v mt phng (P).
- H l hnh chiu cn tm
Cch
khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh ca (d)
v
dng tham s, suy ra VTCP u
.
- H thuc (d) nn ta H cha
t.
Tnh MH .
- Do MH u
v c H.
nn t y tm c t
5. Tm im M i xng vi M qua ng thng (d)
Phng php:
d
M'
M
H
(P)
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M
ln ng thng (d).
- M i xng m qua (d) H l
trung im MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta im M.
6. Tm chn ng cao H k t A ca t din ABCD
A Phng php:
- Gi H
(
x; y; z
)
- Ta ca H l nghim ca h
*** ***
AH .BC 0
D
*** ***
B
phng trnh:
'
AH .BD 0
***
***
1

***

BC ,BD .BH
0
C
]
77
NGUYN TUN KIT
MT S KIN THC B SUNG
CH 1: TAM THC BC HAI, PHNG
TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH BC 2
I. Tam thc bc hai:
1. N: Tam thc bc hai l biu thc c dng:
ax
2
+ bx + c , trong x
l bin s; a, b, c l cc s thc
a 0 .
Ch : + Ta thng t
f
(
x
)
ax
2
+ bx + c .
+ Nu b 0 th ta c tam thc bc hai dng
f
(
x
)
ax
2
+ c
+ Nu c 0
th ta c tam thc bc hai dng f
(
x
)
ax
2
+ bx
2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai: Cho tam thc bc hai
f
(
x
)
ax
2
+ bx + c
(
a 0
)
. Gi b
2
4ac . Khi :
a).
- Nu < 0 th a. f
(
x
)
> 0 , x
R
Bng xt du:
a>0
(tc l f
(
x
)
cng du vi
x

+
f(x)
+
a<0
x

+
f(x)
-
- Nu 0 th a. f ( x ) 0, x
R
(tc l f ( x ) cng du vi a
vi mi
x
b
,
2a
f
( x
) 0 x
b
)
2a
Bng xt du:
a>0
b
X
2a +
f(x)
+ 0 +
78
NGUYN TUN KIT
a<0
b
x
2a +
f(x)
- 0 -
- Nu > 0 th
f
(
x
)
c hai ngim phn
bit
x
1
, x
2
(
x
1
< x
2
)
v:
+ a. f
(
x
)
> 0, x
(
; x
1
)

(
x
2
; +
)
+ a. f
(
x
)
< 0, x
(
x
1
;
x
2
)
.
Bng xt du:
a>0
x

+
x
1
x
2
f(x) + 0
-
0 +
a<0
X

+
x
1
x
2
f(x) - 0
+
0 -
II. Phng trnh bc hai:
1. N: Phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin c dng
ax
2
+ bx + c 0
(
a 0
)
. Trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc

bit.
2. Cch gii:
Gi b
2
4ac . Khi :
- Nu < 0 : phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu 0 : phng trnh c nghip kp x x
b
1 2
2a
- Nu > 0 : phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
* Ch :
x
b
1
2a
, x
2

b
+

.
2a
- Nu h s b ca phng trnh l s chn, ta c cng thc
nghim thu gn nh sau:
Gi ' (b ')
2

ac
(trong b '
b
). Khi :
2
79
NGUYN TUN KIT
+ Nu ' < 0 : phng trnh v nghim.
+ Nu ' 0 : phng trnh c nghip
kp
x
1
x
2
b '
a
+ Nu > 0 : phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
x

b ' '
,
x

b '+ '
.
1
a
2
a
- Nu hai h s a v c c du tri ngc nhau th phng trnh
bc hai lun c hai nghim phn bit.
- Nu h s b=0, phng trnh c dng:
ax
2
+ c 0 x
2

c
a
l x
1,2
+ Nu a, c tri du nhau th phng trnh c hai nghim
t
c
a
+ Nu a, c cng du nhau th phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu h s c=0, phng trnh c dng

x
1

0
ax
2
+ bx 0 x
(

ax + b
)
0
b
3. nh l Vit:
* Nu phng trnh bc hai

x
2

a
ax
2
+ bx + c 0 c hai nghim phn
bit
x
1
, x
2
th tng v tch ca hai nghim l:
x
+
x

b
1 2
a
'
P x x
c
1 2
a
- Hai s thc c tng bng S v tch bng P th hai s thc l
nghim ca phng trnh
* Ch :
x
2
Sx + P 0 .
- Nu tam thc bc hai
th c th vit li thnh
f
(
x
)
ax
2
+ bx + c c hai
nghim
f
(
x
)
a
(
x
x
1
) (
x x
2
)
.
x
1
, x
2
80
NGUYN TUN KIT
a
a
- Nu phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c 0 c h s a,b,c tha
c
a + b + c
0
th phng trnh c hai nghim l: x
1
1, x
2
a
- Nu phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c 0 c h s a,b,c tha
c
a b + c 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim
l:
x
1
1, x
2

a
4*. Xc nh du cc nghim s ca phng trnh bc 2:
ax
2
+ bx + c 0 :
- Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du
ac < 0
0
- Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit cng
du

' c
> 0
a
- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng dng

b
>
0 '
c
> 0
a
- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng m

b
<
0 '
III. Bt phng trnh bc hai:

c
> 0
a
1. N: Bt phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin thuc 1 trong 4
dng sau:
ax
2
+ bx + c >
0;
ax
2
+ bx + c <
0;
ax
2
+ bx + c
0;
ax
2
+ bx + c 0 ,
trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc bit.
2. Cch gii:
- Xt du tam thc bc hai v tri (da vo nh l v du ca
tam thc bc hai lp bng xt du)
81
NGUYN TUN KIT
- Da vo bng xt du chn cc khong cha x m lm
cho v tri tha mn du ca bt phng trnh (nu bt phng trnh
cho >0 th ly phn du +, <0 th ly phn du , cn nu c du
= th ly lun nghim ca tam thc)
* Ch : Nguyn tc chung gii cc bt phng trnh
l:
- Chuyn tt c v bn tri ca du bt ng thc, cn
v phi phi l s 0. Nu c n s mu s th khi quy ng khng
c b mu.
- Phi xt du biu thc v tri.
- Da vo bng xt du chn tp nghim cho ph hp
vi chiu bt phng trnh.
82
NGUYN TUN KIT
n n1 1 0
CH 2: XT DU BIU THC
Xt du biu thc l mt bi ton trung gian gii nhiu bi
ton, c bit l gii cc bi ton bt phng trnh, h bt phng
trnh. Ngoi phng php hc chng trnh i s 10, ta c th s
dng phng php gii nhanh c trnh by sau y rt ngn thi
gian lm bi. V y l bi ton trung gian nn cch gii s khng
c trnh by trong bi ton, do ta khng cn quan tm n cch
chng minh phng php xt du ny (nhng c th dng kin thc
v gii hn chng minh d dng)
I. PHNG PHP:
1. Khi nim nghim bi ca phng trnh: S thc
x
0
c gi l
mt nghim bi k ca phng
trnh lp li k ln.
V d:
f
(
x
)

0
nu nh nghim x
0
c
VD1. Phng trnh
(

x
1
)

(

x
2
6x
+
5
)

0

x
1 0

x 1
1 . Khi s 1 gi l

x
2
6x + 5 0

x 5
mt nghim bi 2 ca phng trnh (cn gi l nghim kp)

x 1
VD2. Phng trnh
(
x 1
)
3
(
x
2
+ 4 x + 3
)
0

x 1 .
Trong
s 1 l nghim bi 3 ca phng trnh, v

x 1
(
x 1
)
3
0
(
x 1
) (
x 1
) (
x 1
)
0

x 1
x 3
x 1
2. Xt du biu thc f
(
x
)
l mt a thc c dng:
P
(
x
)
a x
n
+ a x
n
1
+ ... + a x +
a
(
a
n

0
)
(cc s hng ca P
(
x
)
c sp xp theo th t gim dn theo s m ca x)
83
NGUYN TUN KIT
- Tm cc nghim ca
P
(
x
)
, gi s cc nghim l
x
1
, x
2
,...,
x
n
v x
1
< x
2
< ... < x
n
(xp theo th t t nh n ln, nghim
bi ch vit 1 ln)
- Lp bng xt du:
+ L bng gm 2 dng v 2 ct,
+ in cc gi tr ca x l cc nghim ca
P
(
x
)
va tm
c trn v cc k hiu
n ln.
, + vo bng theo th t t nh
+ in du ca
P
(
x
)
vo bng theo quy tc:
* Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
x
n
(nghim
ln nht) th
P
(
x
)
cng du vi h s ca x mang m cao nht trong
biu thc
P
(
x
)
(tc l cng du vi a
n
)
* Xen k du ca
P
(
x
)
v bn tri khi i qua cc
nghim ca P
(
x
)
nu nghim l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du
khi i qua nghim bi chn ca
Bng xt du:
P
(
x
)
.
a
n
> 0 , gi
s
x

P ( x ) c nghim bi chn
l
x
n1
x
1
x
n 2
x
n1
x
n
+
P
(
x
)
0
+
0
-
0
-
0
+
a
n
< 0 , gi
s
P
(
x
)
c nghim bi chn
l
x
n1
x

x x
P
(
x
)
0
-
0
+
0
+
x
+
x
1 n 2 n1 n
0
-
3. Xt du biu thc dng tch ca cc a thc:
(

) (

) (

)
(
n n1
)(
m m
1
)
P x f x .g x a
n
x + a
n1
x
+ ... +
a
0
b
m
x + b
m 1
x
+ ... + b
0
- Tm nghim ca cc a thc f
(
x
)
, g
(
x
)
, gi s cc nghim
l
x
1
, x
2
,...,
x
n
v x
1
< x
2
< ... < x
n
(xp theo th t t nh n ln,
nghim bi ch vit 1 ln)
84
NGUYN TUN KIT
+ a x + b x
k k 1 0
tc:
- Lp bng xt du nh trn v in du ca P
(
x
)
theo nguyn
+ Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
x
n
(nghim ln
nht) th P
(
x
)
cng du vi tch ca h s ca x c m cao nht trong
mi a thc
f
(
x
)
, g
(
x
)
(tc l cng du vi
tch
a
n
.b
m
)
+ Xen k du v bn tri khi x i qua nghim ca
P
(
x
)
nu l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du nu x i qua nghim bi
chn ca P
(
x
)
4. Xt du ca biu thc dng hu t: (c bin s mu s)
P
(

x
)

f
(
x
)
.g
(
x
)
(
a
n
x
n n1
n
+ ... +
a
)(
b
m
x
m m 1
m
+
...
+
b
)
(trong
h
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
, g
(
x
)
, h
(
x
)
1 0 1 0
c x
k
+ c x
k
1
+ ... + c
l cc a thc theo bin s x, c xp theo
th t gim dn s m ca x)
- Tm nghim ca cc a thc
f
(
x
)
, g
(
x
)
, h
(
x
)
, gi s cc
nghim l
x
1
, x
2
,...,
x
n
v x
1
< x
2
< ... < x
n
(xp theo th t t nh
n
ln, nghim bi ch vit 1 ln v tnh lun nghim
ca
h
(
x
)
)
ca
- Lp bng xt du nh trn, nu l nghim mu th hng du
P
(
x
)
l du ||. in du theo nguyn tc:
+ Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
x
n
(nghim ln
nht) th P
(
x
)
cng du vi tch ca h s ca x c m cao nht trong
mi a thc f
(
x
)
, g
(
x
)
, h
(
x
)
(tc l cng du vi tch a
n
.b
m
.c
k
)
+ Xen k du v bn tri khi x i qua nghim ca
P
(
x
)
nu l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du nu x i qua nghim bi
chn ca
P
(
x
) (tnh
lun c nghim ca
h
(
x
)
)
Bng xt du:
a
n
.b
m
.c
k
> 0 , gi s c nghim bi chn
l
x
n1
, P
(
x
)
khng xc
nh ti
x
n
(tc x
n
l nghim ca mu)
85
NGUYN TUN KIT
x

x
x
P
(
x
)
0
-
0
+
0
+
x
x
1
x

x
x
n 2
x
n1 n
+
P
(
x
)
0
+
0
-
0
- || +
a
n
.b
m
.c
k
< 0 , gi s c nghim bi chn
l
x
n1
, P
(
x
)
khng xc
nh ti
x
n
(tc x
n
l nghim ca mu)
x
1 n 2 n1
+
n
|| -
II. CC V D:
Lp bng xt du cc biu thc sau:
a. f
(
x
)
x
3

8
b. f ( x )

(
x
2
3x + 2
) (
x
2
6x + 5
)
2
c. f
(
x
)

(
2
x
)

(

x
3
2x
2
+
3x
2
)
d. f
(

x
)

2x 3x + 1
Gii:
a. Ta c
(
x
2
4
)(
x
2
5x + 6
)
f
(
x
)
x
3
8 0
(
x 2
)
(
x
2
+ 2x + 4
)
0 x 2
Bng xt du: (h s ca
x
3
l 1>0)
x
2
+
f
(
x
) -
0
+

x 1

2
+

b. f
(
x
)

(

x
2
3x
+
2
)(

x
2
6x
+
5
)

x
3x 2 0 x 2
(x=1 l nghim bi 2)
Bng xt du:

x
2
6x + 5
0
x 1

x 5
(Tch cc h s ca x c m cao nht ca hai tam thc l 1.1>0)
x
1
f
(
x
) + 0 + 0 - 0 +
2 5
+
86
NGUYN TUN KIT
x
-2 1/2 1 2
f
(
x
) +
||
-
0
+
0
-
||
-
||
+

x
3
2x
2
+ 3x

c. f
( x
)
(
2 x
)
(
x
3
2x
2
+ 3x 2
)
0
2

x 2

x 2

(

x
1
)

(

x
2
x
+
2
)

0

x
Bng xt du: (Tch cc h s ca x c m cao nht l -1.1<0)

x
1 2
+
f
(
x
)
2x
2
3x
+

1
- 0 + 0 -
d. f
(
x
)

(
x
2
4
)(
x
2
5x + 6
)
Ta c:

x 1
*2x
2
3x + 1 0
1

x
2
*x
2

x 2

x 2
*x
2
5x
+
6

x 2

x 3
Bng xt du: (x=2 l nghim bi 2,
f
(
x
)
khng xc nh ti
x=-2;2;3, tch cc h s ca x m cao nht l 2.1.1>0)
3
+
87
NGUYN TUN KIT
+
( )
CH 3: GII HN V CC V GII HN TI V CC
CA HM S
1. Mt vi qui tc tm gii hn v cc:
Cc gii hn sau y c xt khi x x
0
(
x x
0
, x x
0
, x +, x
)
Qui tc nhn
lim f
(
x
)
lim g
(
x
)
L lim f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
t L > 0 t
t L < 0
'
Qui tc chia
lim f
(
x
)
lim g
(
x
)

L
f
(
x
)
lim
g
(
x
)
L t 0
lim f
(
x
)
L lim g
(
x
)
Du ca g
(
x
)
lim
f ( x )
g
(
x
)
L > 0 0
+ +
L > 0 0

L < 0 0
+

L < 0 0

+
2. Mt s gii hn c bn:
a) lim x x
0
;
x x
0
b) lim c x
0
;
x x
0
lim x x
0
;
x x
+
0
lim c x
0
x x
+
0
lim x x
0
x x
0
lim c x
0
x x
0
c) lim x t d) lim c c e) lim
c
0
x t
f) lim
x +
x + ;
x t
lim
3
x t
x t
x t
x
g) lim x
k
+ ;
x +
lim x
2 k
+ ;
x
lim x
2k +1
k -
+
x
88
NGUYN TUN KIT
t
0
+
n n1 1 0
3. Mt s lu khi tm gii hn:
lim
x
x
0
a) Phng php xc nh du ca
f
( x
)
:
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
khi tm gii hn dng
Khi tnh gii hn ca hm s c dng
f
( x
)
y khi
g
(
x
)
x x
t
vi
x
0
l nghim ca a thc f
(
x
)
th ta cn xc
nh
0

. C th lm nh sau:
f
(
x
)
dn ti 0
+
hay
- Lp bng xt du ca
bng sau:
x

f ( x ) (lm ngoi nhp), gi s ta c
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
+ 0 -
- Xc nh du ca f
(
x
)
:
+ x x
0
(
x > x
0
)
th du ca f
(
x
)
l du pha bn
phi s 0 nm di
x
0
(theo bng trn l du - do
f
(
x
)
0

)
+ x x
0
(
x < x
0
)
th du ca f
(
x
)
l du pha bn
phi s 0 nm di
f
(
x
)
0
+

)
x
0
(theo bng trn l du + do
b) Phng php tm nhanh gii hn dng
lim
f ( x
)
a x
m
+ a x
m 1
+ ... + a x +
a
lim
m m 1 1 0
(trong f
(

x
)

, g
(

x
)

l
x t
g
(
x
)
x t
b x
n
+ b x
n
1
+ ... + b x + b
cc a thc c bc ln lt l m v n):
f
(
x
)
- Nu m < n : th
- Nu m n : th
lim
x t
g ( x
)
f
(
x
)
lim
x
t

g ( x
)
0

a
m
b
n
89
NGUYN TUN KIT
- Nu m > n : th lim
f ( x
)
t hoc lim
f ( x
)
' ty
x t
g
(
x
)
x t
g
(
x
)
theo bi ton (xc nh du da vo qui tc mc 1).
90
NGUYN TUN KIT
CH 4: O HM
1. nh ngha:
o hm hm s y f
(
x
)
ti
im
x
0
k hiu
l
f '
(
x
0
)
v
c nh ngha
f '
(

x
)

lim
f
(
x
0
+ x
)
f
(
x
0
)
lim
y
0
x 0
x
x 0
x
S x x x
0
c gi l s gia ca bin s ti
im
x
0
; s
y
im
f
(
x
0
+ x
)
f
(
x
0
)
gi l s gia ca hm s ng vi s gia
x
x
0
.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nh ngha theo cng thc sau:
ti
f ' (
x
0
) lim
x
x
0
f (
x )
f (
x
0
)
.
x x
0
2. ngha hnh hc ca o hm:
- o hm ca hm s
y f
(
x
)
ti im
x
0
l h s gc ca
tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im
M
0
(
x
0
; y
0
)
.
- Nu hm s
y f
(
x
)
c o hm ti im x
0
th tip tuyn
ca th hm s ti im M
0
(
x
0
; y
0
)
c phng trnh l:
y y
0
f '
(
x
0
) (
x
x
0
)
3. o hm ca hm s trn mt khong:
Hm s f gi l c o hm trn khong I nu n c o hm
f '
(
x
)
ti mi im x I .
4. Quy tc tnh o hm:
* Cc cng thc:
1)
(
x
n
)
'
nx
n
1
(
n -, n > 1
)
2)
(
c
)
' 0 (c l hng s)

1
_
1
3)
(
x
)
'
1 ;

'
2

x
,
x
4)
(
x
)
'
1
2 x
(
x > 0
)
91
NGUYN TUN KIT
v
v
v
2
v
2
5) Gi s u u
(
x
)
, v v
(
x
)
l cc hm s c o hm ti
im
x thuc khong xc nh, ta c:
(
u + v
)
' u '+ v '
(u v ) ' u ' v '
(u.v ) ' u ' v + uv '

u
_
'

u ' v uv '

,
(
k.u
)
'
k.u '

1
_
'

v
'
(
v
v
(

x
)

0
)

,
6) o hm ca hm hp: Nu hm s u g
(
x
)
c o hm ti
x l u '
x
v hm s y f
(
u
)
c o hm ti u
l
y '
u
th hm hp
y f
(
g
(
x
))
c o hm ti x
l:
y '
x
y '
u
.u '
x
7) o hm ca hm s lng gic:
Bng tm tt:
(sin x ) ' cos x
(cos x ) ' sin
x
1
(sin u ) ' u '.cos u
(cos u ) ' u '.sin
u u '
(
tan x
)
'
cos
2
x
(
tan u
)
'
cos
2
u
(cot x ) '
1
sin
2
x
(cot u ) '
u '
sin
2
u
8) Mt s cng thc khc:
y
ax + b
y '
cx + d
ax
2
+
bx
+
c
ad bc
(cx + d )
2
amx
2
+ 2anx +
b c
m n
y y '
mx + n
(
mx + n
)
2
92
NGUYN TUN KIT
a b
x
2
+
2
a c
x
+

b c
ax
2
+ bx + c a ' b '
y y '
a ' c ' b ' c '
a ' x
2
+ b ' x +
c '
(
a ' x
2
+ b ' x + c '
)
2
5. o hm cp 2:
Cho hm s
y f
(
x
)
c o hm l f '
(
x
)
, khi o hm
cp hai ca hm s k hiu l y "
(
f ' ( x ))
'
93
NGUYN TUN KIT
CH 5:CNG THC LNG GIC V
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
I. Cng thc lc gic:
1. T s lng gic ca mt s gc cn nh:
Gc
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
0

6

4

3

2
2
3
3
4
5
6

sin 0
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
cos 1
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
tan 0
1
3
1
3 ||
3
1

1
3
0
cot
||
3
1
1
3
0

1
3
1 3 ||
* Cng thc lng gic c bn:
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
1
tan x.cot x 1
1
cos
2
x
1 + tan
2
x
1
sin
2
x
1 + cot
2
x
tan x
sin x
cos x
cot x
cos x
sin x
2. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:
cos a. cos b
1
[cos(a b) + cos(a + b)]
2
sin a.sin b
1
[cos(a b) cos(a + b)]
2
sin a.cos b
1
[sin(a b) + sin(a + b)]
2
94
NGUYN TUN KIT
3. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch:
cos a + cos b 2 cos
a
+
b
. cos
a
b
2 2
cos a cos b 2 sin
a
+
b
.sin
a
b
2 2
sin a + sin b 2 sin
a
+
b
.cos
a
b
2 2
sin a sin b 2 cos
a
+
b
.sin
a
b
2 2
4.Cng thc nhn i:
cos 2a cos
2
a sin
2
a 2 cos
2
a 1 1 2 sin
2
a
sin 2a 2 sin a cos a
tan 2a
2 tan
a
(a
+
k
, a
+
k

, k
)
1 tan
2
a 2 2 2
5. Cng thc nhn ba:
sin 3a 3sin a 4 sin
3
a
cos 3a 4 cos
3
a 3 cos a
6. Cng thc h bc:
95
NGUYN TUN KIT
cos
2
a
cos 2a
+
1
2
sin
2
a
1
cos 2a
2
tan
2
a
1
cos 2a
1 + cos
2a
sin
3
a
3 sin a
sin 3a
4
cos
3
a
3 cos a
+
cos 3a
4
7. Cng thc cng:
sin(a + b) sin a cos b + cos a sin
b
sin(a b) sin a cos b cos a sin
b cos(a + b) cos a cos b sin a
sin b cos(a b) cos a cos b + sin
a sin b
Ngoi ra ta cng c cng thc sau vi mt s iu kin:
tan(a b)
tan(a + b)
tan a tan
b
1 + tan a. tan
b
tan a + tan
b
1 tan a. tan
b
(*)
(**)
(*) c iu kin: a
+
k , b

+
k , a

+
k
(**) c iu kin:
2 2 2
a

+ k , b

+ k , a + b

+
k
2 2 2
8. Cng thc tnh tana, cosa, sina theo t tan
a
:
2
96
NGUYN TUN KIT
sin a
cos a
tan a
2t
1 + t
2
1 t
2
1 + t
2
2t
1 t
2
, a
2
+ k
9. Cng thc lin h gia 2 gc b nhau, ph nhau, i nhau v hn
km nhau 1 gc hoc

:
2
9.1. Hai gc b nhau:
sin( a) sin a
cos( a) cos a
tan( a) tan a
cot( a) cot a
9.2. Hai gc ph nhau:
sin(

a) cos a
2
cos(

a) sin a
2
tan(

a) cot a
2
cot(

a) tan a
2
9.3. Hai gc i nhau:
sin(a) sin a
cos(a) cos a
tan(a) tan
a cot(a)
cot a
97
NGUYN TUN KIT
9.4 Hai gc hn km nhau

:
2
sin(a +

) cos
a
2
cos(a +

) sin
a
2
tan(a +

) tan
a
2
cot(a +

) cot
a
2
9.5 Hai gc hn km nhau :
sin(a + ) sin a
cos(a + ) cos
a tan(a + ) tan
a cot(a + ) cot
a
9.6. Mt s cng thc c bit:
sin x + cos x
2 sin( x
+

)
2 cos

x

_
4

4
sin x cos x
2 sin( x
,
2 cos

x
+

_
4

4
cos x sin x
,
2 cos

x
+

_
,
III. Phng trnh lng gic:
1. Phng trnh c bn:
98
NGUYN TUN KIT
u v + k
2
*sinu sinv
u v + k 2
*cosu cosv u tv + k 2
*tanu
tanv
v
+
k

+
k
2

,
*cotu cotv u v + k
(
u k
)
2. Phng trnh ng cp i vi sinx v cosx:
Cc phng trnh lng gic
* asin
2
x + bsinx.cosx + c.cos
2
x +d= 0 (1)
* a sin
3
x + b sin
2
xcos x + c sin xcos
2
x + d cos
3
x + msin x + ncos x
0 (2)
* asin
4
x + bsin
3
x.cosx + csin
2
x.cos
2
x + dsinx.cos
3
x + ecos
4
x = 0 (3)
gi l phng trnh ng cp bc 2, 3, 4 i vi sinx v cosx.
- Kim tra cosx=0 c l nghim khng?
- Vi cosx 0, chia hai v ca phng trnh (1), (2), (3) theo th t
cho cos
2
x, cos
3
x, cos
4
x a phng trnh cho v phng trnh mi
vi n t=tanx v ta d dng gii cc phng trnh ny.
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
* sinx + bcosx + c = 0 (1), a
2
+ b
2
0 phng trnh (1) c nghim
a2 + b2 - c2 0
C ba cch gii loi phng trnh ny :
Cch 1: Gi s a 0
(1) sin x +
b
cos x +
c
0
a a
Cch 2: t : tan
b
a
(2) sin x + tan cos x +
c
0
a
Ta d dng gii phng trnh ny.
- t :
(2)
sin( x + )
c
cos
a
99
NGUYN TUN KIT
b
tan
x
t
2
2t 1
t
2
(1) a + b + c 0
1 + t
2
1 + t
2
Gii phng trnh bc hai i vi t, d dng gii c phng trnh (1).
Cch 3: Do a
2
+ b
2
0 , chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho
a
2
+ b
2
:
(1)
t :
a
a
2
+ b
2
sin x +
b
a
2
+
b
2
cos x
c
a
2
+
b
2
a

a
2
+ b
2
'

a
2
+
b
2
sin
cos
(1) sin( x + )
Ch : Ta lun c :
| a sin x + b sin x |
c
a
2
+ b
2
a
2
+ b
2
(y l phng trnh c bn).
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi sin(x + a) = 1.
4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sinx v cosx:
a(sinx + cosx) + bsinxcosx = c (1) (a, b, c l hng s)
Gii phng trnh (1) bng cch t :
sinx + cosx = t , | t | 2
a (1) v phng trnh
bt
2
+ 2at (b + 2c) 0 . Gii phng trnh (2) vi | t | 2 .
5. Phng trnh lng gic s dng nhiu n php bin i lng
gic:
y l dng ton ch yu trong cc k thi H-C, cch gii ch
yu l s dng cc php bin i lng gic thng dng a
phng trnh v mt trong cc dng trn hoc dng phng trnh tch
m mi tha s l mt phng trnh c bn gii gii.
100
NGUYN TUN KIT
Trong qu trnh bin i cn ch trnh s dng hai php
bin i tri ngc nhau, v ch quan st rt ngn thi gian v cc
bc gii, mun th cn nm tht vng cc cng thc lng gic,
nht l nhng cng thc c bit thng hay dng.
101
NGUYN TUN KIT
PH LC
Mt s gi c th v cch hc mn ton chun b cho cc k
thi
TNPT v tuyn sinh vo cc trng H
- Sau khi nghe ging trn lp cn c li ngay v thc hin cc bi
tp n gin hiu bi v ghi nh cc cng thc, tnh cht cn
thit. Khng phi ch c hiu m phi ch ng lm cc bi tp p
dng ti khi thnh thc. Ln hc th hai l lm cc bi tp kh hn,
hy c gng suy ngh tm ra cch gii v ch nn c cc hng
dn khi lm ht cch nhng khng t gii c. Ln hc th ba l
h thng li bi v lm b sung cc bi tp m trc ta cha gii
c.
- Sau khi hc xong mt chng (gm nhiu bi), nn thu xp thi gi
lm cc bi tp mang tnh tng hp kin thc ca ton chng.
y l c hi tt tp luyn cch huy ng kin thc lin quan cn
thit gii cc bi tp tng t nh cc cu hi trong thi sau ny,
ng thi cng l dp pht hin nhng thiu st trong kin thc cng
nhng sai lm m ta hay mc phi. Vic gii ngay bi tp ca tng
bi vi luyn gii cc ton tng hp c nhng khc bit rt ln
nn cc em cn phi tp luyn tch ly kinh nghim.
- Cn c trc bi s nghe ging trn lp. Vic lm ny rt cn thit
v nh ta bit mt s khi nim, mt s nh ngha ng thi
bit c phn no kh trong bi tp trung ch , nh d dng
nm vng ni dung bi ging ngay ti lp.
- Thi H mn ton ngoi ni dung ch yu trong chng trnh lp
12 cn c cc cu hi lin quan n cc vn hc trong chng
trnh lp 10, lp 11 nh bt ng thc, phng trnh, bt phng
trnh, h phng trnh v cc bi ton v lng gic. Do th sinh
cn c k hoch n tp mt cch h thng cc kin thc nu trn.
Theo ti, cch hc hp l vo cc ngy cn thi l gim cng
, ch yu l c li, xem li v h thng cc ni dung c
hc. Cn ch vo cc sai lm m mnh hay mc phi, cn xem k cc
cng
102
NGUYN TUN KIT
thc m ta nh khng chc chn. Cn m bo c sc kho tt nht
trc khi d thi. Cn tp thc dy sm vo bui sng (t thc dy
s sng khoi v c trng thi tm l tt hn b gi dy).
Khi nhn c thi cn c tht k phn nh u l cc
cu hi quen thuc v d thc hin (u tin gii trc), cn cc cu
hi kh s gii quyt sau. Th t cc cu hi c gii l theo kh
nng gii quyt ca th sinh, khng nn b l thuc vo th t trong
bi. C th nh gi mt cu hi no l d v lm vo giy thi
nhng khi lm mi thy kh th nn dt khot chuyn qua cu khc
gii c d dng, sau cn thi gian th quay li gii tip cu kh
y. Trong khi thi khng nn lm qu vi v cu d ( ri c sai st
ng tic) v ng sm chu thua cu kh. Hy tn dng thi gian thi
d li cc cu lm mt cch cn thn v tp trung cao tm ra
cch gii cc cu kh cn li.
(TS Nguyn Cam, khoa Ton - Tin H S phm TP.HCM)
lm bi thi H t im cao
Thc hin nguyn l 3
Nguyn l ny c c ng v theo th t: "ng - -
p".
ng chin lc lm bi: Thc hin theo chin thut: "Ht
nc vc n xng", tc l cu quen thuc hoc d lm trc, cu kh
lm sau. Nu cu kh th b qua, khng lm ra hoc lm sai th
nguy c trt H khng ln (bn ch thua rt t ngi lm c cu
kh), nhng nu cu d m khng gii c, lm sai, lm khng n
ni n chn th bn rt d trt (v bn s thua hng vn ngi lm
c cu d). ng p s: Nu bi lm c p s ng, b cc n th
gio vin chm ln 1 c th cho im ti a v nh k hiu d
thng nht im vi gio vin chm ln 2. Nu p s sai th thng
gio vin s tm im sai gn nht chm cho nhanh. V vy ng
p s l rt quan trng, thm ch c nhiu ngi lp lun cha chnh
xc nhng vn c im ti a. ng chng trnh SGK: Lm ng
p s nhng bn phi dng kin thc hc trong chng trnh SGK.
ng thi gian: C nhiu TS khng bit phn b thi gian, trnh by
qu cn thn dn n c cu
103
NGUYN TUN KIT
gii xong trn giy nhp nhng ht thi gian vit vo bi thi.
Cng c nhiu TS lm bi nhanh nhng khng xem li bi k nn b
mt im ng tic.
cc cu hi: TS cn iu tit thi gian lm ht cc cu
hi theo trnh t t d n kh, trnh tn qu nhiu thi gian cho
mt cu hi khng cn gi suy ngh cu khc. Trnh by y :
Do thang im chi tit n 0,25 nn nhng bi c lp lun y s
d t im ti a.
Tm li gii p: Khi gp mt bi ton, bn cn u tin cch
gii c bn x l nhanh m khng nn loay hoay mt thi gian tm
cch gii p. Tuy nhin mt s bi ton ng cp li cn n li gii
thng minh, ngn gn. Trnh by p: Mc d trong mn Ton yu t
p b xem nh hn rt nhiu so vi yu t ng, nhng nu 2 bi thi
c ni dung tng t nhau th bi trnh by p d c im cao
hn t 0,5 n 1 im.
(Trn Phng Ging vin mn Ton, Trung tm H tr pht trin ti
nng, Lin hip Cc hi khoa hc - k thut Vit Nam)
104
NGUYN TUN KIT

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TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

Trn con ng thnh cng khng c du chn

y' oi da u khi qua x

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

* iu kin d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit l

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

* iu kin ycbt c tha l

* iu kin ycbt c tha l

Tiem can xien (hay TCN)

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

h trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

2. Phng php t n ph:

3. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm:

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

5. S phc lin hp:

+ Nu < 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phc: x

Cng thc tnh ta trng tm tam gic:

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng:

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

(bng cch cho x=0, x=1,v

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

* Gi M (ta M cha tham s t).

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

8. Gc gia ng thng (d):

9. Gc gia hai ng thng (D

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng dng

- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng m

III. Bt phng trnh bc hai:

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12

Bng xt du: (Tch cc h s ca x c m cao nht l -1.1<0)

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