Construction Surveying

and Layout
A Field Engineering Methods Manual
Third Edition
WESLEY G. CRAWFORD
.CREATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
Creative Construction Publishing, Inc.
2720 South River Road
West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-4347
www.creativeconstruction.com
~ construction surveying and layout
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Construction Surveying
CHAPTER 2
Communication
CHAPTER 3
Fieldwork Practices
IV
PART ONE - SURVEYING FIELD PRACTICES
Getting Started and Organized 1-2
Field Engineering Responsibilities 1-7
Preparing Reports and Charts 1-14
Qualified Land Surveyor 1-18
Summary 1-20
The Basics 2-2
Communicating with Signals 2-11
Stakes and Laths 2-17
Marking Line and Grade 2-25
Abbreviations and Symbols 2-30
Summary 2-35
Safety 3-2
Measurement Principles 3-10
Tolerances for Construction Layout 3-14
Field Notekeeping Practices 3-17
General Instrument Care 3-25
Use and Care of Hand Tools 3-33
Leveling an Instrument 3-43
Instrument Setups 3-51
Summary 3-62
CHAPTER 4
Distance Measurement - Chaining
CHAPTER 5
Angle Measurement
construction surveying and layout @
Introduction 4-2
Chaining a Distance 4-7
Chaining a Traverse 4-15
Analysis of Chaining Errors 4-18
Summary 4-21
Introduction 5-2
Instruments 5-6
Horizontal Angle Measurement 5 -14
CHAPTER 6
Total Station
Carrying
Handle
Horizontal
Drive
Horizontal Angle Layout
Vertical or Zenith Angles
Summary'
Introduction
Measuring Basics
Measuring Details
Layout of a Point
Trigonometric Elevations
Electronic Data Collection
Summary
5-24
5-28
5-32
6-2
6 -11
6-16
6-24
6-33
6-40
6-43
v
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 7
Leveling
CHAPTER 8
Lasers
CHAPTER 9
GPS Field Procedures
CSo
I
VI
Introduction 7-2
Standard Practices 7 -11
Field Notes for Leveling 7-17
Differential Leveling 7-22
Profile Leveling 7-28
Cross-Section Leveling 7-33
Grid Leveling 7-39
Transferring Elevations 7-43
Applied Leveling 7-47
Setting Grade 7-53
Summary 7-57
Introduction 8-2
Standard Practices 8-7
Applications 8-14
Summary 8-16
Introduction 9-2
Standard Practices 9-7
Summary 9-16
CHAPTER 10
Equipment Calibration
Vertical
Axis
I
CHAPTER 11
Office Practices
CHAPTER 12
Math Essentials
a
construction surveying and layout @
Introduction 10-2
Testing of a Chain 10-6
Angle-Measuring Instruments 10-10
Total Station 10-19
Tribrach and Plummets 10-21
Levels 10-24
Laser 10-31
Prism Pole Bubble 10-34
Hand Level 10-40
Summary 10-43
PART TWO - OFFICEWORK AND CALCULATIONS
Drafting 11 - 2
Construction Drawings 11-7
Site Plans 11 -11
Contours 11 -1 6
Lift Drawings 11-26
Summary 11-34
Review and Formulas 12-2
Units and Conversions 12-11
Summary 12-17
VII
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 13
Chain Corrections
CHAPTER 14
Traverse Computations
CHAPTER 15
Coordinate Geometry
VIII
Introduction 13 -2
Length Correction 13-8
Slope Correction 13 -12
Temperature Correction 13 -17
Combined Corrections 13 - 21
Summary 13-27
Introduction 14-2
Angle Adjustment 14-9
Direction Calculations 14-13
Latitudes and Departures 14-19
Closure and Precision 14-22
Adjustments 14-26
Adjusted Distances and Directions 14-30
Coordinates 14-32
I
Examples 14-36
Summary 14-41
Introduction 15 -2
Inversing 15 -7
Intersections 15 -13
Re-Section 15-19
Layout Data 15-24
Areas 15-30
Summary 15-34
CHAPTER 16
Horizontal Curves
CHAPTER 17
Vertical Curves
CHAPTER 18
Quantities
construction surveying and layout @
Introduction 16- 2
Formulas 16-7
Deflections and Chords 16-14
Layout by Deflections 16-21
Layout by Coo r di n ate s 16-30
Moving Up 16-35
Offset Curves 16-43
Summary 16-49
Introduction 17-2
Gradient Elevations 17-4
Elements and Properties 17 -9
Cu rve Elevations 17-12
Unequal Length Curves 17 -16
High and Low Points 17- 20
Layout 17-23
Summary 17-26
Introduction. 18-2
Area 18-4
Average End-Area Method 18-8
G rids and Contours Method 18-11
Summary 18-15
IX
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 19
Layout Techniques
- - - ~
-
CHAPTER 20
Construction Control
x
PART THREE - APPLlCA TlONS
Introduction 19-2
Control 19-9
Methods 19-21
Li ne 19-36
Grade 19-46
Vertical Alignment 19-56
Sticks and Strings 19-61
Summary 19-69
Introduction 20-2
Sitework 20-4
Retaining Systems 20-8
Caissons 20-11
Footings and Foundation 20-14
Anchor Bolts 20-17
Structural Steel 20-20
Concrete and Metal Decks 20-23
Block-Outs and Embeds 20-26
Concrete Columns 20-29
Elevator and Stair Cores 20-33
Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters 20-38
Summary 20-41
CHAPTER 21
One-Person Surveying
:: ".-- - - - - - - - - =-- . -
-- --
CHAPTER 22
Field Observations
APPENDICES
construction surveying and layout @
Introduction 21-2
Distances 21-6
Line 21-10
Elevations 21-16
Layout 21-18
Summary 21-23
Introduction 22-2
Tech Tips 22-7
Rules of Thumb 22-11
Common Mistakes 22-14
Appendix A - Glossary 1
Appendix B - Bibliography 7
Appendix C - Additional Problems 10
Index 15
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XI
3/4/5
3/4/5 Requirements, 19-23
Common Uses of the 3/4/5, 19-23
Multiples of the 3/4/5, 19-22
Using the 3/4/5, 19-22
3/4/5 Layout Square, 19-63
3/4/5, 21-21
Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-35
Common Abbreviations, 2-31
Common Symbols, 2-34
Accuracy Standards, 7-16
Adjusted Distances and Directions, 14-30
Anchor Bolts, 20-17
Angle Adjustment, 14-9
Angle Measurement
Horizontal Angle Layout, 5-24
Horizontal Angle Measurement, 5-14
Vertical or Zenith Angles, 5-28
With a Chain, 21-21
Angles
Close the Horizon, 5-17
Determine the Average Angle, 5-22
Direct and Reverse, 5-17
Double-Center, 5-17, 5-26
Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-21
Procedure for Reading Angles, 5-17
Turning an Angle, 5-18
Types of Angles, 5-3
Field Angles Measured, 5-4
Horizontal, 5-3
Vertical, 5-3
Angular Closure, 14-5
Applied Leveling, 7-47
Approximate Right Angle, 21-13
Arc Length, 16-15
Area by Coordinates, 15-33
Area, 12-16, 18-4
Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6
Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7
Areas, 15-30
Procedure for area by coordinates, 15-33
Procedure for area by geometry, 15-31
Arm Signals
Arm Signals for Numbers, 2-12
One-Hand Signals for Numbers, 2-13
Field Operations Signals, 2-14
Signals to crane operators, 2-16
Stakes and Laths, 2-17
index @
Index
Arm Signals
Marking
Basic Principles of Chalking Lines, 2-27
Communicating the Meaning of Marks, 2-27
Marking Line and Grade, 2-25
Principles of Marking, 2-26
As-BuiIts, 20-13
Average End-Area Method, 18-10, 18-8
Azimuths, 14-14
Backsight (BS), 7-3
Backsights, 21-11
Baseline, 19-30
Procedure for Baseline Offset, 19-31
Batter Boards, 19-63
Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65
Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66
Types of Batter Boards, 19-64
Uses of Batter Boards, 19-64
Bearings, 14-14
Benchmark (BM), 7-3
Benchmarks, 19-16
Block-Outs and Embeds, 20-26
Borrow Pit, 18-12
Bucking In, 19-39
Procedure for Bucking In On Line, 19-40
Bucking In (Elevation), 7-51
Building Benchmarks, 7-48
CAD,11-6
Caissons, 20-11
Calculating Coordinates on a Traverse, 14-33
Calculating Directions, 14-16
Calculating L.E.O.c., 14-24
Calculating Latitudes and Departures, 14-20
Care of Hand Tools, 3-33
Know Your Tools, 3-34
The Importance of Maintenance, 3-34
Care of Hand Tools, 3-33
General Rules of Use, 3-34
Do Not Force Equipment
Keep the Equipment Clean, 3-34
Know How to Operate the Equipment, 3-34
Parts, 3-34
Use a Protective Case, 3-34
General Surveying Equipment, 3-35
Brusl1 Clearing Equipment, 3-37
Chaining Pins, 3-36
<=:loth Tape, 3-39
INDEX - 15
~ construction surveying and layout
Gammon Reel, 3-36
Hammers, 3-38
Level Rods, 3-40
Plumb Bob, 3-35
Prism Poles, 3-37
Range Poles, 3-36
Rock Chisel, 3-38
Sight Level, 3-35
Steel Chain, 3-38
Care of Hand Tools, 3-33
Instrument Handling Guidelines, 3-42
Carpenter's Level, 19-58
Centerlines, 20-9
Chain Corrections
Combined Corrections, 13-21
Length Correction, 13-8
Measuring Conditions, 13-3
Slope Correction, 13-12
Temperature Correction, 13-17
Chalk Lines and Plumb Lines, 19-68
Chalk Lines, 21-4
Change Technology, 19-7
Check Equipment, 20-21
Checking Grade, 21-17
Checking Layout, 19-7
Checking Plumb, 21-15
Chord, 16-16
Chord Calculations, 16-15
Long Chords, 16-19
Short Chords, 16-19
Climatize, 3-29, 8-10
Closed Loop, 7-3
Closed Traverse, 14-3
Closure and Precision, 14-22
Color Code, 20-5
Color Coding, 22-8
Column Dowel Layout, 20-30
Combined Corrections, 13-21
Common Mistakes, 22-14
Communicating with Signals, 2-11
See Arm Signals
Communication
Dealing with People, 2-8
Giving and Receiving Criticism, 2-9
Meetings, 2-7
Radio Communication, 2-6
Recognizing Communication Barriers, 2-10
Structuring Written Documents, 2-7
Telephone Communication, 2-5
Writing an Effective Letter, 2-6
Communicating on Stakes, 2-20
Compass rule, 14-27
Concrete and Metal Decks, 20-23
Concrete Columns, 20-29
, Construction Control, 20-1
16 - INDEX
Construction Drawings, 11-7
Drawing Types, 11-9
Reading Drawings, 11-10
Site Plans, 11-11
Standard Practices, 11-8
Construction Staking, 2-18
Cut or Fill Stakes, 2-21
Principles of Communicating on Stakes, 2-20
Color Code the Flagging, 2-19
Face Stakes in the Correct Direction, 2-18
Offset Stakes for Protection, 2-18
Use the Proper Size Stake, 2-18
Setting Stakes on the Site, 2-21
Types of Construction Stakes
Control, 2-24
Curb and Gutter, 2-23
Fine Grade, 2-22
Minor Structures, 2-24
Pipe, 2-23
Rough Grade, 2-22
Site-Clearing Limits, 2-22
Slope, 2-23
Consult with Subcontractors, 22-6
Contour Areas Method, 18-14
Contour Characteristics, 11-19
Contour Intervals, 11-17
Contours, 11-16
Contouring Rules, 11-21
Defined, 11-17
Drawing Contours, 11-21
Representations by Contours, 11-17
Depression, 11-18
Highway Cut, 11-18
Highway Fill, 11-18
Hill, 11-17
Control, 19-9
Coordinate Geometry, 15-1
Coordinates, 14-32
Coordinates in Construction, 15-5
Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6
Where to Use Coordinates, 15-4
Correction Calculations, 13-4
Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6
Cross-Section Leveling, 7-33
GPS Cross-Sectioning, 7-37
Cross-Section Interval, 7-34
Total Station Cross-Sectioning, 7-37
Curb and Gutter Construction, 20-39
Curve Layout Data, 16-20
DD to DMS, 12-15
Data Sheet, 15-26
Deflection Angles, 14-5
Deflection Increment, 16-15
Deflection per Foot of Arc, 16-15
Deflection, 16-16
...
Deflections and Chords, 16-14
Degree of Curve, 16-6
Degree of Curve, Da, 16-11
Departure, 14-20
Departure Correction, 14-29
Differential Leveling, 7-22
Digitizer, 18-5
Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12
Direction Calculations, 14-13
Comparison Between Azimuths and Bearings,
14-14
Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15
Chaining
Analysis of Chaining Errors, 4-18
Analysis of Common Chaining Errors, 4-20
Breaking Chain, 4-5
Chaining a Distance, 4-7
Chaining a Traverse, 4-15
Chaining Basics, 4-3
Reading a Metric Chain, 4-4
Reading an Engineering Chain, 4-4
Chaining Equipment, 4-3
Properly Care for Chains & Chaining
Equipment, 4-6
Sources of Error in Chaining, 4-19
Instrumental, 4-19
Natural, 4-19
Personal, 4-19
Traverse Chaining Field Notes, 4-17
Types of Errors, 4-19 .
Random, 4-19
Systematic, 4-19
~ M S to DD, 12-15
Double-Centering, 19-43
Double-Check Grade Sheets, 7-55
Drafting, 11-2
CAD, 11-6
Equipment, 11-3
Graphical Scale, 11-13
Legend of Symbols, 11-13
Principles of Lettering, 11-5
Techniques, 11-4
Earthwork, 20-6
Electronic Data Collection, 6-40
Electronic Instruments, 3-29
Elevation, 7-3
Elevations, 8-15
Elevator and Stair Cores, 20-33
Engineering Layout, 1-9
Equipment
Equipment Checklists, 1-4
Personal Equipment, 1-3
Equipment Calibration
Angle-Measuring Instruments, 10-10
Basic Principles, 10-3
Development of a Test Area, 10-4
Hand Level, 10-40
index @
Procedure for Calibration of a Hand Level,
10-41
Laser, 10-31
Procedure for laser calibration, 10-32
Laser Plummets, 10-23
Levels, 10-24
Levels, 10-24
Quick-Peg by One Person, 10-29
Review of the Geometry of a Level, 10-25
The Principal Lines on a Level, 10-25
Two-Peg or Quick-Peg Test, 10-26
Optical Plummet in a Tribrach, 10-22
Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34
Using a Door Frame, 10-38
Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37
Using Tables, 10-35
Testing of a Chain, 10-6
Testing Requirements, 10-4
The Circular Level, 10-22
Total Station, 10-19
Total Station, 10-19
Horizontal Collimation, 10-20
Vertical Index Error, 10-20
Tribrach and Plummets, 10-21
Laser Plummets, 10-23
Review of Instrument Geometry, 10-11
The Circular Level, 10-22
The Optical Plummet, 10-22
Principle Lines Angle-Measuring Instr., 10-11
Establishing a Line, 21-12
Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65
Existing Objects as Benchmarks, 7-48
External E, 16-10
Field Book, 1-15
Field Engineering
Field Duties, 1-9
Getting Started and Organized, 1-2
Office Duties, 1-11
Responsibilities, 1-7
Success Characteristics, 1-8
Field Notekeeping, 3-17
Basic Practices, 3-18
Keep Field Book Safe, 3-18
Leave No Room for Interpretation, 3-18
Make References, 3-18
Record Data Exactly, 3-18
Use a Hard Pencil, 3-18
Do Not Erase, 3-21
Guidelines, 3-21
Layout, 3-18
Methods of Notekeeping, 3-23
Sample Combination, 3-24
Sample Description, 3-24
INDEX -17
~ construction surveying and layout
Sample Sketch, 3-23
Sample Tabulation, 3-23
Record Everything, 3-21
Use Standard Drafting Techniques, 3-22
Use Standard Lettering Techniques, 3-22
Field Notes
Arithmetic Check, 7-20
Field Note Samples
Field Notes for Profile Leveling, 7-31
Field Notes for Referencing, 19-20
Field Notes for Bucking In, 19-42
Field Notes for Chaining, 4-14
Field :Notes for Cross-Sectioning, 7-38
Field Notes for Differential Leveling, 7-27
Field Notes for Distances Between Control
Points, 6-23
Field Notes for Grid Leveling, 7-42
Field Notes for Horizontal Control Layout,
6-15
Field Notes for Level Loop, 7-19
Field Notes for Leveling, 7-17
Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles
with a Chain, 21-22
Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles,
5-23
Field Notes for Radial Layout, 6-32
Field Notes for Slope Stake, 19-55
Field Notes for Transferring an Elevation Up
a Structure, 7-46
Field Notes for Traverse Chaining, 4-17
Field Notes for Traverse Computation, 14-11
Field Notes for Traverse Data, 14-6
Field Notes for Trigonometric Leveling, 6-39
Rules Related to Field Book Use, 7-21
Field observations, 22-1
Field Work Tips, 22-8
Footings and Foundation, 20-14
Foresight (FS), 7-3
Formulas, 12-2
Foundations, 8-15
GPS, 19-46, 21-5
Calibrate, 9-12
GPS equipment care, 9-12
GPS Project Planning, 9-9
Iobsite Applications, 9-5
Recording log sheets, 9-14
Satellites, 9-11
Standard Practices, 9-7
Advantages, 9-4
Disadvantages, 9-4
Gradient or Grade, 17-5
Calculating Elevations on t h e ~ Gradient, 17-7
Gradient Elevations, 17-4
Negative Gradient, 17-6
Positive Gradient, 17-5
Zero Gradient, 17-6
18 - INDEX
Grading with a Laser, 20-25
Grid Leveling, 7-39
Grids and Contours Method, 18-11
Height of Instrument (ID), 7-3
ID From Two BM's, 7-54
High and Low Points of a Vertical Curve, 17-20
Equation for the High or Low Point, 17-21
Procedure for Calculating a Low Point, 17-21
Horizontal Control, 19-14,20-3
Horizontal Control and Layout, 20-30
Horizontal Curves
Formulas, 16-7
Layout by Coordinates, 16-30
Procedure for Coordinate Calculations, 16-32
Procedure for Radial Lines, 16-28
Layout by Deflections, 16-21
Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17
Curve Layout Data, 16-20
Deflection Increment, 16-15
Procedure for Long Chord Layout, 16-26
Procedure for Short Chord Layout, 16-22
Parts of a Horizontal Curve, 16-4
Arc Length, 16-15
Deflections and Chords, 16-14
Degree of Curve, 16-6
External E, 16-10
Length of Curve L, 16-9
Long chord LC, 16-8
Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10
Station Interval, 16-15
Stationing, 16-12
Tangent T, 16-8
Types of Curves, 16-3
Broken-Back, 16-4
Compound Curve, 16-3
Reverse Curve, 16-3
Simple Curve, 16-3
Spiral Curves, 16-4
Index Contour, 11-19
Instrument Angle Error, 19-38
Instrument Care, 3-25
General Instrument Care and Use, 3-27
Attach Instrument Snugly to the Tripod, 3-27
Do Not Touch the Lenses, 3-27
Establish a Wide Foundation, 3-28
Grasp the Instrument Firmly, 3-27
Keep Equipment Dry, 3-28
Keep it Clean, 3-28
Never Leave the Instrument Unattended, 3-28
Silicone Lubricant, 3-31
Transporting Surveying Instruments, 3-26
Carrying the Instrument, 3-27
Keep an Empty Case Closed, 3-27
Transport the Instrument in its Case, 3-27
Instrument Setups, 3-51
Procedure for Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52
Procedure for Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54
Procedure for Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57
Instruments
Digital Theodolite, 5-9
For Working Alone, 21-5
Geometry of Angle-Measuring Instruments, 5-10
Optical Theodolite, 5-8
Components of Theodolites & Total Stations,
5-12
Total Stations, 5-10
Transit, 5-7
Angle-turning Clamping (Motion) Systems,
5-12
Components of a Transit, 5-11
Use of an Instrument, 20-36
Interior Angles, 14-4
Interpolation, 11-22
Procedure for Interpolation, 11-22
Intersections, 15-13, 19-33
Direction / Direction Intersection, 15-17
Distance / Direction Intersection, 15-16
Distance / Distance Intersection, 15-14
Procedure for Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34
Inversing, 15-7
Inverse Direction, 15-8
Inverse Distance, 15-11
Land Surveyor
Lasers, 21-5
Applications, 8-14
Benefits of using a Laser, 8-3
Calibration, 8-13
Classes of Lasers, 8-5
Fixed,8-5
Rotating, 8-5
Utility, 8-6
Standard Practices, 8-7
Types of Lasers, 8-4
Electronic Level, 8-4
Visible Light Laser, 8-4
Use of the, 20-35
Latitude Correction, 14-28
Latitude, 14-20
Latitudes and Departures, 14-19
Laying Out Distances, 21-9
Layout, 20-28
Baseline, 19-30
Change Technology, 19-7
Checking Layout, 19-7
Intersections, 19-33
Methods, 19-21
Radial Layout, 19-26
Rules of Layout, 19-5
Select the Layout Method, 19-11
Schedule, 1-6
index @
Layout Data, 15-24
Procedure to Calculate Layout Data, 15-28
Legend of Symbols, 11-13
Length Correction, 13-8
Length of Curve L, 16-9
Level Rods, 7-8
Rod Levels, 7-10
Rod Use, 7-14
Leveling
Differential Leveling Basics, 7-3
Leveling an Instrument, 3-43
Procedure for Electronic Leveling System,
3-49
Procedure for Four-Screw Leveling Head,
3-45
Procedure for Three-Screw LeveJing Head,
3-47
Leveling Instruments, 7-6
Automatic Levels, 7-7
Digital Levels, 7-8
Dumpy Levels, 7-6
Hand Levels, 7-7
Leveling Process
Bala.'1ce Backsights and Foresights, 7-16
Carrying a Level, 7-13
Check the Compensator, 7-13
Close the Loop, 7-16
Focusing, 7-13
Setting up, 7-12
Standard Practices, 7-11
Lift Drawings, 11-26
Basics, 11-28
Example Lift Drawings, 11-31
Lift Drawing Checklist, 11-30
Lift-Drawing Preparation and Use, 20-27
Line, 19-36
Linear Error of Closure, 14-23
Location of Embeds, Block-Outs, etc., 20-37
Long BS and Short FS, 19-37
Long chord, LC, 16-8
Long Chords, 16-19
Math Review
Algebra, 12-3
Formulas, 12-2
Plane Geometry, 12-4
Trigonometry, 12-5
Measurement Principles, 3-10
Accuracy vs. Precision, 3-13
Accuracy, 3-13
Errors, 3-11
Mistakes vs. Errors, 3-11
Mistakes, 3-11
Precision, 3-13
Measuring a Distance, 21-9
Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10
INDEX - 19
~ construction surveying and layout
Monumentation, 19-13
Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve, 16-35
Procedure for Moving Up, 16-36
Natural Backsights, 19-38
Natural or Quick Foresights, 19-39
Notekeeping for Three-Wire Leveling, 7-50
Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15
Office Work Tips, 22-10
Offset Curves, 16-43
Offset Chord Equations, 16-45
Offset Curve Layout Data, 16-46
Procedure for Offset Chord Layout, 16-47
Offset, 20-9, 20-12
One-Person Surveying, 21-1
3/4/5, 21-21
Approximate Right Angle, 21-13
Distances, 21-6
Chaining, 21-9
Elevations, 21-16
Layout, 21-18
Line, 21-10
Establishing a Line, 21-12
Obtaining a Backsight, 21-11
One-Person 90's, 21-19
Procedure for One-Person Radial, 21-19
Open Traverse, 14-3
Pacing, 21-7
Determine Pace Length, 21-8
Pegging a Level, 21-17
Permanent Backsight, 21-17
Pipelines, 19-48
Planimeter, 18-5
Planning, 1-3
Plumb Bob
Plumbing with, 20-31
Use of the, 20-35
Plumbing and Erection, 20-22
Plumbing the Column, 20-31
Plumbing with an Instrument, 20-32
Pocket Laser, 19-58
Precision Calculation and Analysis, 14-24
Preserving Points, 19-17
Primary Control, 19-14
Primary, 19-14
Secondary, 19-14
Working, 19-15
Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34
Procedures for
Adjusting Angles, 14-11
Area by Coordinates, 15-33
Area by Geometry, 15-31
Baseline Offset, 19-31
20 -INDEX
Bucking In On Line, 19-40
Calculate Layout Data, 15-28
Calculating Directions, 14-16
Calculating L.E.O.C., 14-24
Calculating Low Point, 17-21
Calculating Unequal Length Curve, 17-17
Calibration, 10-8
Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17
Coordinate Calculations, 16-33
Cross-Sectioning, 7-35
Differential Leveling, 7-23
Direct and Reverse Angles, 5-18
Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12
Double-Centering, 19-43
Electronic Leveling System
Establishing a Perpendicular Line, 21-14
Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45
Grid Leveling, 7-40
Intersecting Lines, 19-34
Laying Out and Staking a Vertical Curve, 17-24
Laying-Out a Point with a Total Station, 6-25
Layout Data, 15-28
Layout of an Angle, 5-26
Long Chord Layout, 16-26
Measuring a Distance with a Chain, 4-8
Measuring Distance & Angle with Total Station,
6-12
Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17
Moving Up On a Horizontal Curve, 16-36
Offset Curve Layout, 16-47
One-Person Radial, 21-19
Profile Leveling, 7-29
Quick-Peg, 10-27
Radial Lines, 16-28
Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53
Setting Grade, 7-55
Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57
Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52
Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54
Short Chord Layout, 16-22
Three-Screw Leveling Head, 3-47
Transferring Elevations, 7-44
Traverse Computations, 14-7
Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36
Using a Door Frame, 10-38
Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37
Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34
Using Tables, 10-35
Wingding Right Angle, 21-13
Zenith Angle Measurement, 5-30
Professional Surveyor, 19-11
Profile Leveling, 7-28
Project Documentation, 1-11
Pythagorean Theorem, 19-23
Quality Control, 1-11
Quantities
Determining Area, 18-5
Geometric Formula, 18-5
Radial Layout, 19-26
Rectangular Coordinate System, 15-3
Reference to Primary Control, 20-9
Referencing, 19-18
Re-Section, 15-19
Angle Re-Section, 15-21
Distance Re-Section, 15-20
Retaining Systems, 20-8
Review Tolerances, 22-5
Roadways, 19-47
Robotic Total Station, 21-5
Rules of Layout, 19-5
Rules of Thumb, 22-11
Safety
Construction-Site Hazards, 3-8
Crew Protective Equipment, 3-4
Hand Tool Hazards, 3-5
Highway hazards, 3-7
Natural Hazards, 3-6
Personal Protective Equipment, 3-3
Planning for Safety, 1-12
Safety is for life!, 1-12
Safety, 20-5
Sample Site Plans, 11-15
Satellites, 9-11
Signal Reception, 9-12
Schedule, 22-6
Scheduling
Daily Scheduling, 1-5
Maintaining the Schedule, 1-13
Sample Layout Schedule, 1-6
Secondary Control, 19-14
Select the Layout Method, 19-11
Setting a Backsight, 21-11
Setting a Slope Stake, 19-53
Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66
Setting Benchmarks, 7-48
Setting Grade, 7-53
Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6
Short Chords, 16-19
Sidewalk Construction, 20-40
Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters, 20-38
Significant Figures, 12-3
Site Plans, 11-11
Information on Site Plans, 11-12
Description of Benchmarks, 11-15
Description of Monuments, 11-14
Road Names, 11-15
Sitework, 8-15, 20-4
Slope, 17-5
Slope Correction, 13-12
Slope Staking, 19-50
Building Site, 19-52
Highway Project, 19-52
index @
Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53
Terms and Definitions, 19-51
Software and Computers, 1-4
Stakes, 22-8
Staking, 20-7
Stationing, 16-12
Station Interval, 16-15
Sticks and Strings, 19-61
Story Poles, 19-62
String Lines, 19-66
Characteristics, 19-67
Fastening Techniques, 19-67
Principles and Applications, 19-68
Types of stringlines, 19-66
Structural Steel, 20-20
Structures, 8-15
Symbols
See Abbreviations and Symbols
Tangent T, 16-8
Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5
Targets, 21-12
Tech Tips, 22-7
Temperature Correction, 13-17
Templates, 21-13
Tension and Sag, 13-6
The Theory of Differential Leveling, 7-4
Three-Wire Leveling, 7-49
Title Block, 11-13
Tolerances, 20-19, 20-22
Common Tolerances for Construction Layout, 3-15
Total Station
Layout of a Point, 6-24
Measuring Basics, 6-11
Measuring Details, 6-16
Procedure for Measuring with a Total Station,
6-17
Standard Practices, 6-7
Trigonometric Elevations, 6-33
Types of Total Stations, 6-5
Basic Total Stations, 6-6
Full-Featured Total Stations, 6-6
Reflectorless Total Stations, 6-6
Robotic or Automatic Tracking Total
Stations, 6-6
Transferring Elevations, 7-43
Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7
Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25
Traverse Adjustments, 14-26
Compass Rule, 14-27
Departure Correction, 14-29
Latitude Correction, 14-28
Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25
INDEX - 21
~ construction surveying and layout
Traverse Analysis, 14-24
Traverse Angles, 14-4
Adjustment Options, 14-10
Angle Adjustment, 14-9
Angular Closure, 14-5
Deflection Angles, 14-5
Interior Angles, 14-4
When to Adjust Angles, 14-10
Traverse Computation Sheet, 15-35
Traverse Computations
Closed Traverse, 14-3
Open Traverse, 14-3
Traverses, 14-3
Procedure for Traverse Computations, 14-7
Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36
Tripods and Bipods, 21-4
Tripods, 3-29
Position Tripod Legs Properly, 3-30
Keep it Horizontal, 3-30
Keep it Tight, 3-30
Tripods, 3-29
Ensure a Solid Setup, 3-30
Check all Screws and Bolts, 3-31
Maintain Proper Tension, 3-31
Secure Adjustable Legs, 3-31
Tripods, 3-29
Transport Carefully, 3-31
Turnbuckles and Cables, 20-22
Tumbuckles, 21-3
Turning Point (TP), 7-3, 7-14
Turning Point Pin, 7-15
Unequal Length Vertical Curves, 17-16
Procedure for Calculating an Unequal Length
Curve, 17-17
Units and Conversions, 12-11
DD to DMS, 12-15
DMS to DD, 12-15
Feet and Inches to Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths,
12-12
Feet to Meters, 12-13
Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths to Feet and Inches,
12-13
Meters to Feet, 12-13
Units of Length, 12-12
Utilities, 20-5
Utility Laser, 19-58
Vertical Alignment, 19-56
Methods, 19-57
Carpenter's Level, 19.58
Plumb Bobs, 19-57
Pocket Laser, 19-58
TransitlTheodolitelTotal Station, 19-60
Utility Laser, 19-58
Zenith Plu=et,19-60
22 -INDEX
Vertical Alignment, 20-35
Vertical Control, 19-15,20-3
Vertical Curves
Calculation of the Gradient from PVI to PVI, 17-6
Definitions, 17-5
Equations of the Vertical Curve, 17-13
Gradient or Grade, 17-5
Laying Out and Staking Vertical Curve, 17-24
Parts of the Vertical Curve, 17-10
Point of Vertical Intersection, 17-6
Properties of the Vertical Curve, 17-11
Crest Curve, 17-11
Sag Curve, 17-11
Sy=etry, 17-11
Vertical Curve Layout, 17-23
Vertical, 8-15
Vicinity Map, 11-13
Volume, 12-15
Volumes
Average End-Area Method, 18-8
Borrow Pit, 18-12
Contour Areas Method, 18-14
Grids and Contours Method, 18-11
Working Control, 19-15
Working-Alone Tools, 21-3
Carpenter's Tools, 21-3
GPS,21-5
Instruments for Working Alone, 21-5
Lasers, 21-5
Robotic Total Station, 21-5
Sticks and Strings, 21-4
Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5
Tripods and Bipods, 21-4
Zenith Plummet, 19-60