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CHNG 10
OPAMPCCMCHNGDNG

10.1.TNG QUAN V OPAMP:
10.1.1.V TR OPAMP TRONG TH GII NGY NAY:

Nm 1934, Harry Black thng xuyn dng xe la lm phng tin di chuyn t nh ti
thnh ph Newyork n lm vic phng th nghim thuc cng ty Bell - New Jersey. Trong thi
gian ngi trn xe la, Harry suy ngh cc vn cn phi gii quyt lin quan n ng dy
di in thoi. Tn hiu truyn trn cc ng dy ny cn phi c khuch i v cc b
khuch i khng tin cy s gii hn kh nng hot ng ca ng dy in thoi. u
tin, li khuch i rt thp v vn ny c x l nhanh bng cc phng php hiu
chnh. K tip, ngay khi cc b khuch i c hiu chnh chnh xc trong qu trnh sn xut,
li vn tri rt nhiu trong qu trnh hot ng; bin m thanh rt nh hay ting ni b
si dng.
C rt nhiu ci tin hon thin v n nh b khuch i, nhng do nh hng ca s
thay i nhit v in p ca b ngun cung cp tc ng rt ln n ng dy in
thoi, a n hin tng tri khng kim sot c li khuch i. Cc phn t th ng
c c tnh lm tri li nhiu hn so vi cc cc phn t tc ng. y l bi ton cn phi gii
quyt. Chnh Harry tm c gii php v vn ny trong khong thi gian ngi trn xe la,
trn tuyn ng t nh n vn phng lm vic.
Gii nghim u tin l to ra cc b khuch i c li ln hn gi tr yu cu.
Mt phn cc tn hiu ra c hi tip v ng vo, li ca mch ph thuc vo cc phn
t th ng hi tip hn l phn t tc ng ca b khuch i (mch khuch i c cc phn t
hi tip). Mch in ny c gi l hi tip m, y chnh l nguyn l hot ng nn tng
ca tt c cc op amps hin i ngy nay. Ti thi im ny, cc mch hi tip c to ra u
tin ny nhng cc nh thit k khng n hiu qu ca n.
Thi gian tri qua chng minh cc suy ngh ca Harry l ng, nhng vn m
Harry khng gii thch c l hin tng dao ng. Mt mch khuch i c thit k vi
li vng h rt ln i khi dao ng khi hot ng trong iu kin vng kn. Nhiu ngi
nghin cu tm ti hin tng bt n v hiu thu o vn ny vo nm 1940. Nhng vic gii
quyt vn n nh cn nhiu thi gian tnh ton cc bi tan phc tp, nhiu nm tri
qua con ngi cha to c gii nghim n gin d hiu.
Nm 1945 H.W.Bode biu din mt h thng gii tch s n nh ca h thng hi
tip bng phng php th. Cho n nay, gii tch hi tip c thc hin bng cc php
tnh nhn, chia, tnh ton trn hm chuyn (transfer functions hay hm truyn) l cng vic
cn nhiu thi gian v s c gng. Chng ta nn nh trong giai on ny cho n nm 1970, cc
k s khng tnh ton trn cc my tnh. Gin Bode c biu din bng logarit, c chuyn
sang phng php ton hc mnh m hn tnh ton s n nh ca h thng hi tip bng
phng php gii tch th n gin v d hiu hn. Vic thit k h thng hi tip vn cn
phc tp, nhng sau khng lu mt s cc k s in ngh phng php dng n hp
en. Bt k mt k s in no cng c th dng phng php Bode xc nh tnh n nh cho
mt mch hi tip, t cc p dng hi tip cho my mc thit b c pht trin. Vic thit k
h thng hi tip bng mch in t thc s khng cn n nhiu ti thi im ny, cho n thi
i ca my tnh v cc b chuyn i ra i cc h thng hi tip mi c s dng nhiu hn..
Cc my tnh u tin dng my tnh tng ng (analog computer), hay my tnh
tng t. Cc my tnh ny s dng cc phng trnh c lp trnh trc v cc d liu
nhp tnh ton v iu khin cc tc ng. S lp trnh c kt ni vi mt chui cc mch
ni tip thc thi cc php tnh trn cc d liu; cui cng chnh s kt ni ny lm gim tnh
thng dng ca my tnh tng dng.


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Thnh phn chnh ca my tnh tng ng l cc linh kin c gi l khuch i
thut ton (operational amplifier) v cu hnh ca n dng thc thi cc php tnh: cng, tr,
nhn, chia d liu ca cc tn hiu ng vo. Tn gi tt ca cc linh kin khuch i thut ton
l Op Amp. Op Amp c dng khuch i vi li khuch i vng h gi tr ln, v khi
khuch i vng kn, b khuch i to thnh cc php tnh ton hc c ghi nhn bi cc phn
t th ng bn ngoi. Cc b khuch i ny u tin c kch thc rt ln v c to
thnh t cc n in t chn khng v cn in p ngun cung cp c gi tr cao dn n gi
thnh cao khi s dng trong lnh vc thng mi.
Ngy nay, cc my tnh tng ng c mc tiu tng qut c tm thy trong cc
trng i hc v trong cc phng th nghim ln vi mc tiu nghin cu cc hot ng. Cn
thc hin hot ng song song tn hiu ca cc b chuyn i trong cc th nghim v Op Amps
tm ra cc phng thc ng dng cc tn hiu ny. Khi nhng p dng cc tn hiu c m rng,
yu cu s dng Op Amps pht trin, dn n s cn thit v my tnh tng ng: Op Amp tip
tc tn ti v tnh quan trng ca cc p dng analog a nng. Ngay khi my tnh s thay th
my tnh tng t (khi cn o lng theo thi gian thc) cc yu cu v Op Amps vn gia tng v
cc p dng o lng vn cn c nhu cu.
Cc tn hiu tc ng u tin c to thnh bng cc n chn khng ri tip n l
do cc transistor.Trong sut khong thi gian ca thp nin 1950, cc n chn khng c kch
thc nh hn hot ng vi in p ngun thp hn c cc nh sn xut thu gn kch thc
v a vo cc thit b dn dng, mt module Op Amps lc by gi c tn ring l brick.
Kch thc ca cc n chn khng v cc linh kin c gim dn cho n khi mt Op Amps
c thu nh kch thc ch cn bng kch thc ca mt n octal chn khng (n 8 cc chn
khng). Khi cctransistor c a vo lnh vc thng mi thp nin 1960, kch thc ca
Op Amps thu gn n vi inches
3
(1 inch
3
~ 16,4 cm
3
) v vn cn c gi l brick. Tn gi
brick c gi cho bt k module in t no s dng phng php kt khi dng
phng php hn hp, khng dng phng php to khi dng mch tch hp IC
(intergrated circuit). Hu ht cc Op Amps u tin c ch to vi cc ng dng ring,
khng c mc tiu chung tng qut.

Cc IC c trang b vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 1950 v u thp nin 1960,
nhng cho n gia thp nin 1960 nh sn xut Fairchild cho ra linh kin Op Amp u tin l
A709 do Robert J.Widler thit k dng trong lnh vc thng mi. Bt li chnh ca linh
kin A709 l vn n nh, linh kin cn bi hon (b) t mch ngoi . Tip theo l linh
kin A741 l Op Amps c bi hon bn trong, khng dng mch ngoi, hot ng theo tnh
nng trnh by trong ti liu k thut (data sheet). Tuy nhin A741 khng c chp nhn s
dng nhiu hn so vi A709. Tip sau cc phin bn khc ca Op Amps c thit k lin
tc vi cc c tnh v tin cy c ci thin khng ngng.
Cc Op Amp ngy nay c th hot ng n nh trong dy tn s (frequency
spectrum) t 5 kHz n 1 GHz. Dy in p ngun cung cp m bo cho cc hot ng t 0,9 V
n 1000 V. Op Amps tht s tr thnh mt IC analog a nng cho cc hat ng di
dng analog. Op Amps c th hot ng nh b driver ,b so snh (comparator), b khuch i
(amplifier), b di mc (level shifter) , b dao ng (oscilator), b lc (filter), b to tn hiu iu
khin, actuatordriver, ngun dng (current source), ngun p (voltage source) v cc p dng
khc . . .
Vn thng c t ra cho ngi thit k l: bng cch no gii quyt nhanh chn
ra cc mch hiu chnh dng t hp t cc Op Amps, v bng cch no tnh nhanh cc thng s
cho cc phn t th ng cn thit trong cc mch dng lm hm chuyn (hm truyn). Qu trnh
ny c gii quyt bng nhiu mn hc: Mch in T , iu Khin T ng . . .
Vi phn trnh by tm tt qu trnh lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca linh kin Op
Amps, chng ta c c tm nhn khi qut v hiu c cc phm vi p dng cng nh cng
dng ca linh kin Op Amps.



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10.1.2.M HNH CA OP AMPS:

10.1.2.1. M HNH CA B KHUCH I:

B khuch i l linh kin c tnh nng lm tng
bin ca cc tn hiu. Thnh phn chnh trong b
khuch i l ngun p ph thuc in p ng vo. M
hnh n gin ca b khuch i in p trnh by trong
hnh H.10.1. T m hnh ny, chng ta rt ra cc nhn xt
nh sau:

Khi ng ra h mch, in p trn ng ra c xc nh theo quan h:


2 1
v K.v = (10.1)

Trong , K l h s nhn; c gi l Li mch h
(Open circuit Gain).

in tr R
i
v R
o
ln lt c gi l: in tr ng vo
v in Tr ng ra ca b khuch i. Vi yu cu hot ng tt
nht cho b khhuch i, gi tr R
i
rt ln v gi tri ca R
o
rt
b. Trong cc b khuch i l tng, R
i
= v R
o
= 0.

Mch tng ng ca b Khuch i l tng c
trnh by trong hnh H.10.2.

TH D 10.1

Cho mch khuch i nh trong hnh H.10.3. Xc nh
li
2
v
s
v
A
V
= theo hai trng hp :
a./ Ng ra b khuch i h mch.
b./ Ti trn ng ra b khuch i l in tr R
T
.

GII

a./ Trng hp b khuch i h mch ng ra:

p dng cu phn p trn mch ng vo, ta c quan h sau:


i
1 s
i s
R
v v
R R
| |
= -
|
+
\ .
(10.2)
Suy ra:

i
2 1 s
i s
K.R
v K.v v
R R
| |
= = -
|
+
\ .
(10.3)
li in p A
v
xc nh theo quan h:


2 i
v
s i s
v K.R
A
v R R
= =
+
(10.4)

T quan h (1.4) cho thy. li (hay khuch i) in p mch h gim thp v
ph thuc vo gi tr ni tr Rs cu Ngun p cp n ng vo b khuch i.

Gi tr R
s
cng thp th gi tr A
v
cng ln.


H.10.1
H.10.2

H.10.3


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b./ Trng hp ti R
T
lp trn ng ra b khuch i:

p dng cu phn p trn mch ng vo,
ta c quan h sau:

1 s
i s
Ri
v v
R R
| |
= -
|
+
\ .
(10.5)

Tng t, p dng cu phn p trn
mch ng ra, ta c quan h sau:

T
2 1
T o
R
v Kv
R R
| |
= -
|
+
\ .
(10.6)

T (1.5) v (1.6) suy ra quan h sau:


2 i T
V
s i s T o
v R R
A
v R R R R
| | | |
= = -
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
(10.7)

Tm li, theo quan h (1.7) cho thy li in p ph thuc gi tr in tr Ti R
T
.

10.1.2.2. M HNH CA B KHUCH I L TNG C HI TIP:

Vi b khuch i l tng c mch tng
ng trnh by trong hnh H.10.2 cp ngun p v
s

trn ng vo b khuch i; ng ra c ni vo
in tr ti R
T
; in tr hi tip R
f
, ni hai im A t
mt u ng vo n im B trn mt u ng ra ,
xem hnh H.1.5.

By gi chng ta kho st li in p ca
mch khuch i c hi tip. p dng phng php
gii mch dng phng trnh in th nt ti A, ta
c:


1 s 1 2
s f
v v v v
0
R R

+ = (10.8)
Hay:

s 2
1
s f f s
v v 1 1
v
R R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(10.9)

Ti B ta c:

2 1
v K.v = (10.10)

T (10.9) v (10.10) suy ra:


s 2
s f f s
v v 1 1 K
K R R R R
| |
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
\ .

Tm li:


( )
s f 2
V
s s s f s
s f f
R R v K 1 K
A
v R R R K 1 R
1 1 K
R R R
| | | |
= = - = -
| |
| |
\ . \ .
+
|
\ .



H.10.4
H.10.5


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Thu gn ta c:


( )
2 f
V
s f s
v KR
A
v R K 1 R
= =

(10.11)
t:

s
s f
R
B
R R
=
+
(10.12)
Tm li:

( )
2
V
s
1 B .K v
A
v 1 B.K

= =

(10.13)

iu cn ch khi K c gi tr rt ln, v mt ton hc xem nh gi tr K +; trong
trng hp ny gi tr ca li in p A
v
tin n gi tr sau:


( )
V
K
K
1 B .K B 1 1
limA lim 1
1 B.K B B +
+

= = =

(10.14)

10.1.2.3. MCH TNG NG CA MT OPAMP:

Theo Ti liu K Thut ca nh sn xut National Semiconductor s nguyn l ca
mch in bn trong, cu thnh IC Op Amp LM 741 c trnh by trong hnh H.10.6. Chng ta c
th hiu mt cch n gin: Op Amps l linh kin c to thnh bng s t hp t nhiu
phn t tch cc (transistor) vi cc phn t th ng khc theo mt qui lut ring c
qui nh do nh sn xut. Qui lut ring chnh l mch in c trnh by trong s nguyn l

Hnh dng thc ca linh kin Op Amp LM741 c trinh by trong hnh H.10.7, kch thc
thc s ca IC 8 chn trnh by trong hnh H.10.8.


H.10.6: S nguyn l (Schematic Diagram) m t cu trc bn trong Op Amp LM 741


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H.10.7. chn IC ( 8 DIP Socket) IC Opamp c 8 chn ra





















Vi IC Op Amp LM741 vi kiu v 8 DIP
300 cc chn ra c nh s th t t 1 n 8 v
xp tun t theo th t t 1 n 8 theo chiu
dng lng gic. V tr chn 1 qui nh xp trn
cng ca hng chn pha tri khi nhn xung t
pha trn thn ca IC.

V tr chn 1 cn c qui nh theo v tr
du chm pha u trn thn IC (xem hnh
H.10.7). Mi chn ra IC c mang tn theo chc
nng, xem hnh H.10.8. K hiu biu din cho IC
Opamp trnh by trong H.10.9.



Nm 1968, nh sn xut Fairchild Semiconductor
sn xut opamp A741 vi cc ng dng rng ri
tng qut trong cc lnh vc thng mi. Linh kin c
kiu v MINIDIP v c 8 chn ra . DIP l danh t vit tt
t thut ng Dual Inline Packages, c ngha l tt c
cc u ra ca linh kin trn mi pha c b tr
trn ng thng (cc u ra ti mt pha thng hng
vi nhau).


Khi kho st Opamp, cn quan tm n cc u ra sau y :

u cp ngun in DC Opamp hat ng: u Vcc+ v u Vcc-.
Ng vo khng o (noninverting input).
Ng vo o (inverting input).
Ng ra (output).

Thng thng c th nh du cc u cung cp ngun in Opamp hat ng bng k
hiu V+ (hay V
cc+
) ; V- (hay V
cc-
) .

Trn ng vo ca khi Opamp, tn hiu vo cp ti v tr c nh du + l ng vo khng
o; ngc li tn hiu cp vo ti v tr c nh du ng vi ng vo o.

H.10.8: Chc nng cc chn ra IC LM741

H10.9


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10.1.2.4. IN P V DNG IN TRN CC U CA OP AMP:

Khi kho st in p trn cc u ca
Opamp, chng ta cn chn mt nt lm nt in
th chun (0V). Trong trng hp ny nt chun
c chn l giao im ca mt cc dng v
mt cc m ca hai ngun DC c in p Vcc
to thnh ngun kp cung cp vo hai u V+ v
V- ca opamp, xem hnh H10.10.

Cc tn hiu in p cp ti cc ng vo o
v khng o ca opamp cng u chung mt u
v nt chun. Cc quan h in p trn ng ra vi
in p cp n cc ng vo c xy dng nh
sau:


o in in
v A.(v V )
+
= (10.15)
Vi:

cc o cc
V v V s s (10.16)

Quan h (10.15) xc nh in p ng ra
theo chch lch in p gia cc ng vo ca
opamp ( )
in in in
v v v
+
A = . Quan h (10.16) xc
nh gii hn ca gi tr in p ng ra.

A l h s khuch i in p vng h.

Mt cch tng qut, khi cung cp ngun
in kp c gi tr V
cc
cho Op Amp, in p ng
ra v
o
tha tnh cht sau:

Opamp hat ng theo ch khuch
i tuyn tnh khi
o cc
v V s .

Khi gi tr v
o
nm ngai khang gi tr
cho trong quan h (10.16), Opamp hat ng
theo ch bo ha. Ti trng thi ny in p
ng ra v
o
= +Vcc (bo ha dng) hay v
o
= Vcc
(bo ha m) v c lp i vi gi tr
( )
in in in
v v v
+
A = .

c tnh lm vic ca Opamp m t quan h gia p ng ra v
o
theo ( )
+
= A
in in in
v v v
theo hnh H.10.11. c tnh lm vic cn c gi l c tnh chuyn in p (Voltage
Transfer characteristic). Chng ta cn ch tnh cht sau, gi s Opamp c h s khuch i
in p vng h l A = 10000 =10
4
, nu cp in p ngun cho Opamp c gi tr V
cc
= 20 V (gi
tr ti a cho php trn mt s Opamp) th gi tr tng ng ca ( )
+
= A
in in in
v v v c xc
nh nh sau:


cc
in
V 20V
v 2mV
A 10000
A = = =

Vi kt qu ny chng ta thy c vng khuch i tuyn tnh m rng trong phm vi
Av
in
t - 2mV n +2mV. Lc ny xem nh V
in+
~ V
in-
.

( ) ( )
in in in in in
v v v 0 V V
+ +
A = ~ ~ (10.17)


Vi kt qu tm c, cho thy iu kin tht s ti cc ng vo opamp.
A
V
cc
A
V
cc

in
v A

H.10.11: c tnh chuyn in p ca Op Amp


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Vn t ra l : lm th no duy tr c iu kin trn ti cc ng vo opamp trong
khi mch in ang hat ng.

Cu tr li cho vn ny l: dng tn hiu ng ra hi tip tr v ng vo o ca opamp,
qu trnh phn hi tn hiu theo m t trn c gi l hi tip m; tn hiu nhn c trn
ng ra s a v v tr vi tn hiu trn ng vo khng o.

By gi chng ta xt n cc thnh phn dng in trn cc u ca opamp, xem hnh
H.10.12. p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ta c kt qu sau:

i
in+
+ i
in-
+ i
c+
+ i
c-
+ i
o
= 0 (10.18)


Vi gi thit rng buc cc dng in trn
cc ng vo Opamp rt nh so vi dng in trn
cc u khc cn li trn Opamp, chng ta c m
hnh Opamp l tng vi dng in trn cc
ng vo trit tiu, i
in+
= i
in-
~ 0 .Vi gi thit ny
cho thy tng tr nhp ca opamp c gi tr rt
ln. Dy gi tr ca tng tr nhp t vi trm KO
n vi ngn MO . Quan h i
in+
= i
in-
~ 0 lun
c p dng gii tch cc mch s dng
opamp.

T gi thit trn,quan h (10.18) c vit
li nh sau:

( )
o c c
i i i
+
= + (10.19)

Tm li , khi b qua nh hng cc dng in trn ng vo opamp; dng in trn
ng ra ca opamp lun bng tng gi tr cc dng in t cc ngun cung cp vo opamp.

10.1.3. M HNH TON HAY MCH TNG NG CA OP AMP:

10.1.3.1.M HNH TAN CA OPAMP KHI HAT NG TRONG VNG KHUCH I:

Trong phn ny chng ta trnh by mch tng ng ca opamp thc t khi hot ng
trong vng khuch i tuyn tnh.

y l m hnh tan hc m t cu
trc Op Amp gn ging thc t, c s
dng trong mt s cc phn mm dng m
phng, hnh H10.13. n gin cho qu
trnh kho st ngh gi tn cho m hnh
ny l m hnh ton dng chnh xc.Trong
m hnh ny, ta c:

R
i
: tng tr nhp Opamp.
A: khuch i in p vng h.
R
o
: tng tr ng ra Opamp

Trn mch tng ng chng ta
cn c ngun p ph thuc gi tr
( )
+
= A
in in in
v v v ca in p trn cc ng
vo v khuch i in p vng h A.

Vi IC Opamp LM741, gi tr ca cc
phn t trong mch tng ng tham
kho c tm tt nh sau:

R
i
= 2 MO ; A = 10
5
; R
0
= 75 O.

H.10.12:
+
-
Ro
Ri
+
-
A.(vin+ -vin-)
+
Vin+
-
+
Vin-
-
+
Vo
-
iin +
iin-
io
+
-
h0 Vk0
h0 k
kY hIE0 60k
0FkMF

H.10.13: M Hnh Ton ( hay mch tng ng)
ca IC Op Amp.


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10.1.3.2.M HNH TAN CA OPAMPL TNG:


Trong hnh H.10.14 trnh by m hnh
mch tng ng ca Opamp l tng tha
cc gi thit c t ra nh sau:

R
i
=
A =
R
o
= 0

Vi cc thng s trn tho mn cc
iu kin sau:

( ) 0 v v v
in in in
= = A
+
(10.20)

i
in+
= i
in-
= 0 (10.21)



10.2. CAC MACH NG DUNG DUNG OP-AMP :

10.2.1. MCH KHUCH I C HI TIP :

10.2.1.1.MCH KHUCH I U VO KHNG O (NON-INVERTING OPAMP):




S nguyn l mch khuch i u vo
khng o trnh by trong hnh H.10.15. Trong :

R
F
: in tr hi tip.
R
G
: in tr ni n nt in th chun
(OV) t ng vo o. in tr ny cn c gi
l in tr vo Opamp.

Gi A
v
l li (hay khuch i) in
p ca mch khuch i Opamp. Ta c nh
ngha tng qut nh sau:

o
V
in
V
A
V
= (10.22)

Gi V
b
l in th ti b so vi nt chun, p dng phng trnh in th nt ti b cho ta
quan h nh sau:


b b o
in
G F
V V V
i 0
R R

+ + = (10.23)

p dng cc gi thit Opamp l tng ta c:


in
i 0

= (10.24)


in a b in b
V V V V V 0 A = = = (10.25)


T cc quan h (10.24) v (10.25) , suy ra quan h:


in o in
G F
V V V
0
R R

+ =

+
-
+
-
A.(vin+ -vin-)
+
Vin+
-
+
Vin-
-
+
Vo
-
iin +
iin-
io
+
-
h0 Vk0
h0 k
kY hIE0 60k
0FkMF
RO = 0
=
i
R

H.10.14: M hnhTon (hay mch tng ng)
ca Op Amp l tng.


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

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K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

Tm li:

o
in
G F F
V 1 1
V
R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .

Hay:


o F
V
in G
V R
A 1
V R
| |
= = +
|
\ .
(10.26)

CH : T quan h (10.26) chng ta rt ra cc nhn xt nh sau:

Khi Opamp c cung cp bng
ngun kp, c tnh chuyn in p ca Opamp
c dng nh trong hnh H.10.11. Nu in p
ng vo V
in
= K (hng s), ni khc i V
in
l
in p mt chiu c lp i vi bin thi
gian. Theo (10.26) in p nhn trn ng ra
cng l in p mt chiu c gi tr l V
o
= K.A
V

v gi tr V
o
phi nm trong phm vi gii hn
sau y: V
cc
s V
o
s +V
cc


Trong hnh H.10.26 trnh by mch
khuch i u vo khng o dng Opamp
mang m s LM324, c cung cp bng ngun
kp 12V DC (to bi cc ngun V
1
v V
2
).

Khi ngun p V
3
(trn ng vo) thay i gi tr t -12V n +12V, in p V
o
trn ng ra
thay i tng ng. c tnh chuyn m t quan h gia V
o
theo V
in
trnh by trong hnh H.10.17.

H.10.16


H.10.17: c tnh chuyn DC ca Opamp LM324 m t quan h gia V
o
khi thay i V
in



i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

357
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

Cn ch , vi mch khuch i trong hnh H.10.16, h s A
v
= 2. Da vo c Tuyn
chuyn ca Opamp LM324 trong hnh H.10.17 ta suy ra c phm vi ca gi tr V
in
mch
khuch i tuyn tnh l : -6,25V s Vin s 5,25V. Kt qu nhn trn ng ra tng ng l -12,5V s
Vo s 10,5V. Mc ngng bo ho dng v mc ngng bo ho m ca Opamp LM324
c gi tr khc nhau.

By gi, nu tn hiu V
in
c cp n ng vo mch khuch i l tn hiu bin
thin theo thi gian, gi s c dng ( ) | |
in
V 2 2 sin 100 t V = t ; in p trn ng ra ca mch
khuch i c trnh by trong hnh H.10.18. H s khuch i ca mch trong trng hp ny
vn l A
V
= 2 v in p sin trn ng ra v ng vo ng pha vi nhau. iu ny c th hiu
d dng v gi tr A
v
> 0.

Trong hnh H.10.18, khi bin in p ng vo rt ln ( ) | |
in
V 6 2 sin 100 t V = t in
p trn ng ra b sai dng v bin in p ng ra b gii hn bi mc ngng bo ha
ng v m. By gi, in p ng ra khng cn dng sin m c dng hnh thang; bin
ca Vo t ga tr +10,5 V (bin dng) v -12,5V (bin m). Kt qu ny c th an
nhn c da vo c tuyn hnh H.10.17.


iu quan trng cn ch ngng bo ha dng v bo ha m ca c tnh
chuyn in p, khi p dng trn mch khuch i Opamp thc t. Cc mc ngng ny cn
ph thuc vo c tnh ca tng Opamp, thay i m s ca Opamp cc mc ngng ny
c th thay i.

Chng ta c th kho st v d on kt qu bng cc phn mm m phng nh
Spice (Orcad) hay NI multisim . . .



H.10.18: Dng in p Vo trn ng ra v Vin trn ng vo mch khuch i hnh H.10.17.


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

358
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

10.2.1.2.MCH KHUCH I U VO O (INVERTING OPAMP):
S nguyn l mch khuch i u vo
o trnh by trong hnh H.10.20. Trong :

R
F
: in tr hi tip.
R
G
: in tr ni t ngun V
in
n ng vo
o. in tr ny cn c gi l in tr vo
Opamp.
A
v
l li khuch i in p ca
mch khuch i dng Opamp.

Vit phng trnh in th nt ti nt b,
vi V
b
l in th ti nt b so im in th
chun ta c :

0 i
R
V V
R
V V
in
F
o b
G
in b
= +

(10.27)

p dng cc gi thit Opamp l tng ta c:

0 i
in
=

v 0 V 0 V V V
b b a in
= = = A hay V
b
= 0.
Suy ra:

o in
G F
0 V 0 V
0
R R

+ =
Tm li:

o F
V
in G
V R
A
V R
| |
= =
|
\ .
(10.28)

L lun tng t nh trn, vi Opamp l tng c cung cp ngun kp: gi tr ca
Vo cng b chn gii hn trong phm vi : V
cc
s V
o
s V
cc
khi thay i gi tr V
in
.



H.10.19: Dng trn ng vo mch khuch i hnh H.10.16 v in p V
o
trn ng ra V
in
;
lc bin V
o
t trng thi bo ha dng v bo ha m.


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

359
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

10.2.2.MCH CNG TN HIU (ADDER):

Chng ta xt hai trng hp cho mch
cng tn hiu dng Opamp:


Mch cng tn hiu ti ng vo khng
o (hnh H.10.21).

Mch cng tn hiu ti ng vo o
(hnh H.10.22).


MACH CNG CC TN HIU TI NG VO
KHNG O:

Vit phng trnh in th nt ti b,
ta c:


b b o
in
G F
V V V
i 0
R R

+ + = (10.29)

Phng trnh in th nt ti a :



a in1 a in2 a in3
in
1 2 3
V V V V V V
i 0
R R R
+

+ + + = (10.30)

Cc gi thit Opamp l tng cho ta :

i
in-
= i
in+
= 0 v AV
in
= V
a
V
b
= 0 hay V
a
= V
b
.

Suy ra:


o
b
G F F
V 1 1
V .
R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(10.31)


in3 in1 in2
a
1 2 3 1 3
V V V 1 1 1
V .
R R R R R2 R
| |
+ + = + +
|
\ .
(10.32)

T iu kin V
a
= V
b
, phi hp (2.10) v (2.11) ta c kt qu sau:


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
3 2 1
G
F
3
3 in
2
2 in
1
1 in
o
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
R
1
R
V
R
V
R
V
V
(10.33)

Khi chn cc gi tr R
1
= R
2
= R
3
, quan h (2.12) c vit li nh sau:



in1 in2 in3 F
o
G
V V V R
V 1 .
R 3
| | + + | |
= +
|
|
\ .
\ .
(10.31)

Nu chn gi tr 3
R
R
1
G
F
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ hay R
F
= 2.R
G
ta c :

V
o
= (V
n1
+ V
n2
+ V
n3
).

Kt qu nhn c cho thy in p ng ra l tng hp cc tn hiu ng vo. Mt cch
tng qut vi mch cng hnh H.2.9 dng m ngun tn hiu in p trn ng vo tng ng vi
cc mc in p: V
in1
; V
in2
V
inm
.


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

360
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10
Mun in p trn ng ra t kt qu l :

=
=
m
1 i
i o
V V , ta ch cn chn gi tr cho cc in
tr trong mch tha quan h sau:

m 2 1
R .... R R = = = (10.32)
V:
( )
G F
R . 1 m R = (10.33)


MACH CNG CAC TIN HIU TI NG
VAO DO:

Trong trng hp ny ta c
mch in hnh H.10.22. p dng iu
kin Opamp l tng ta c kt qu sau:

i
in-
= i
in+
= 0

AV
in
= V
a
V
b
= 0 V
b
= 0
Suy ra:
V
b
= 0.

p dng phng trnh in th
nt ti b ta c:


b in1 b in2 b in3 b o
in
1 2 3 F
V V V V V V V V
i 0
R R R R


+ + + + = (10.33)
Tm li:

in3 in1 in2
o F
1 2 3
V V V
V R .
R R R
| |
= + +
|
\ .
(10.34)


Khi chn cc gi tr in tr ng vo R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
in
, ta c kt qu:

( )
F
o in1 in2 in3
in
R
V . V V V
R
| |
= + +
|
\ .
(10.35)

Trong trng hp c bit nu chn R
F
= R
in
ta c ::

( )
o in1 in2 in3
V V V V = + + (10.36)

in p trn ng ra bng tng cc gi tr tn hiu in p ng vo nhng o du.

CH :

Khi tn hiu in p ng vo mch cng l cc in p mt chiu, in p trn ng
ra cng l dng mt chiu. Du ca in p ng ra ty thuc vo dng mch s dng.

Khi tn hiu in p ng vo khng l dng mt chiu, c th l cc hm s theo
bin s thi gian t, tn hiu in p ng ra s l hm tng hp ca cc tn hiu ng vo.

TH D 10.2:

Trong mch H.10.23 cho : V
cc
= 12 V ; R
1
= R
2
= 4,7 K ; R
F
= R
G
= 10 K ; Opamp c
m s l TL084. Cc tn hiu in p trn ng vo V
in1
v V
in2
c dng nh trong hnh H.10.24.
c tuyn chuyn ca Opamp TL084 (tng ng vi thng s ca mch khuch i trong hnh
H.10.23) trnh by trong hnh H.10.25.

Xc nh dng tn hiu p Vo trn ng ra ca mch khuch i cho trong hnh H.10.26.



i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

361
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10






GII:
p dng quan h (10.31) ta c:
F in1 in2
o
G
R V V
V 1 .
R 2
| | + | |
= +
|
|
\ .
\ .
.V R
F
= R
G
= 10 K suy ra
kt qu nh sau:
o in1 in2
V V V = + . Khi V
in1
thay i trong phm vi
in1
10V V 10V s s v
in2
V 5V = gi tr tnh ton theo l thuyt ca in p V
o
l :
o
15V V 5V s s . Do nh hng
mc ngng bo ho dng v bo ho m ca c tuyn chuyn, phm vi thay i in p
V
o
trn ng ra ca mch cng l:
o
10,5V V 5V s s , xem hnh H.10.25.




H.10.25: c tuyn chuyn ca Opamp TL084 trong mch cng hnh H.10.23.

H.10.23
+
-
Vo
O V
+
-
VCC-
VCC+
RF
RG
a
b
Vin1
+
-
Vin2
+
-
R1 R2


H.10.24: Dng in p V
in1
v V
in2
trn ng vo
ca mch cng dng Opamp trong H.10.23.
V
in1

V
in2



i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

362
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10


H.10.26: Dng in p V
out
trn ng ra ca mch cng dng Opamp trong hnh H.10.23

10.2.3. MCH TR TN HIU V MCH KHUCH I VI SAI:

u tin, chng ta xt trng hp tng
qut khi cc in tr hi tip R
F
, in tr ni t
R
G
v cc in tr ni tip vi cc ngun p c
gi tr khc nhau.

p dng phng trnh in th nt ti
cc nt a v b, chng ta c cc quan h sau
y.
Phng trnh in th nt ti a:

a a in1
in
G 1
V V V
i 0
R R
+

+ + =

(10.37)

Phng trnh in th nt ti b:

b in2 b o
in
2 F
V V V V
i 0
R R


+ + = (10.38)

p dng iu kin Opamp l tng ta c:

in in in a b
V V V V V 0
+
A = = = v i
in-
= i
in+
= 0
Hay:

a b
V V = v i
in-
= i
in+
= 0

Suy ra:
in1
a
G 1 1
V 1 1
V .
R R R
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(10.39)



i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

363
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10
V
o in2
b
F 2 2 F
V V 1 1
V .
R R R R
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
(10.40)

Lp t s gia (10.39) v (10.40) ta c kt qu sau:

in1
G 1 1
o in2
F 2 2 F
V 1 1
R R R
V V 1 1
R R R R
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
(10.41)
Tm li:
F 2 o in1 in2
F 1 2
G 1
1 1
R R V V V
R R R
1 1
R R
| |
+
|
\ .
= -
| |
+
|
\ .
(10.42)
Thu gn ta c:

( )
( )
G 2 F
F
o in1 in2
2 2 1 G
R . R R
R
V V V
R R . R R
+ | |
= - -
|
+
\ .
(10.43)

Khi chn R
1
= R
2
= R
in
v R
F
= R
G
, quan h (10.43) c vit li nh sau:


( )
F
o in1 in2
in
R
V V V
R
| |
= -
|
\ .
(10.44)

Mch khuch i trong trng hp ny c gi l khuch i vi sai.

TH D 10.3:


Trong mch in
hnh H.2.16, tm
quan h gia p
trn ng ra V
o
theo
cc p trn ng vo
V
in1
v V
in2
.

GII:

PHNG PHP 1:

Gi ln lt in th ti cc nt a, b,c,d v e l V
a
, V
b
, V
c
, V
d
v V
e
. p dng phng trnh
in th nt ta c:

Ti nt b:


b in1 b c
in1
1 F1
V V V V
i 0
R R


+ + = (10.45)

Ti nt d:

d in2 d c d o
in2
2 3 F2
V V V V V V
i 0
R R R


+ + + = (10.46)

p dng iu kin Op Amps l tng cho cc Op Amps ta c:


in1 in1 in1 a b
V V V V V 0
+
A = = = v i
in1-
= i
in1+
= 0 (10.47)


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

364
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10


in2 in2 in2 e d
V V V V V 0
+
A = = = v i
in2-
= i
in2+
= 0 (10.48)

T (10.247) suy ra
a b
V V = v V
a
= 0 suy ra V
b
= 0. Tng t theo (10.48) ta suy ra
c kt qu
e d
V V 0 = = .

Quan h (10.45) c vit li khi p dng iu kin Op Amps l tng nh sau:


c in1
1 F1
V V
0
R R

+ = (10.49)
Hay:

F1
c in1
1
R
V V
R
| |
=
|
\ .
(10.50)

Tng t,quan h (10.46) c thu gn nh sau khi p dng cc gi thit Op Amps l
tng:

c o in2
2 3 F2
V V V
0
R R R

+ + = (10.51)


3 3
c o in2
F2 2
R R
V V V
R R
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
(10.52)

T cc quan h (10.51) v (10.52) suy ra:


3 3 F1
o in2 in1
F2 2 1
R R R
V V V 0
R R R
| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Hay:

F2 F1 F2
o in1 in2
3 1 2
R R R
V V V
R R R
| | | | | |
= -
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(10.53)

Trng hp c bit khi chn
1 F1
R R = v
2 3
R R = , ta c kt qu sau:

( )
F2
o in1 in2
2
R
V V V
R
| |
= -
|
\ .
(10.54)

Mch khuch i trong trng hp ny c gi l khuch i vi sai.

PHNG PHP 2:

Trong phng php 1, chng ta p dng l thuyt gii tch mch tm ra kt qu. Khi p
dng phng php ny chng ta hiu r c ch hot ng ca mch ng thi nm vng cch p
dng cc gi thit ca Op Amps l tng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca phng php gii ny tn
nhiu thi gian.

Trong phng php 2, chng ta p dng cc kt qu tnh ton sn cho tng trng
hp ring suy ra kt qu cho mch hin c.

Trong mch H.10.28, mch Op Amp 1 c dng khuch i c hi tip ng vo o vi tn
hiu p trn ng vo l V
in1
, v in p trn ng ra ca Op Amp 1 l V
C
. p dng quan h (10.28)
ta suy ra kt qu:


F1
c in1
1
R
V V
R
| |
= -
|
\ .
(10.55)

Vi Op Amp 2 , trn ng vo o gm 2 in p vo V
c
v V
in2
; mch Op Amp c dng
mch cng in p trn ng vo o. p dng quan h (10.34) ta c:




i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

365
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10


c in2
o F2
2 3
V V
V R .
R R
| |
= +
|
\ .

Hay:

F2 F2
o in2 c
2 3
R R
V V V
R R
| | | |
= - -
| |
\ . \ .
(10.56)

T (10.55) v (10.56) ta suy ra kt qu sau:


F2 F2 F1
o in2 in1
2 3 1
R R R
V V V
R R R
| | | | | | | |
= - - - | | | |
|
\ . \ . \ . \ .

Tm li:

F1 F2 F2
o in1 in2
1 3 2
R R R
V V V
R R R
| | | | | |
= -
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(10.57)

10.2.4 MCH VOLTAGE FOLLOWER :
Mch trong hnh H.10.29 c gi l mch
Voltage follower (tm dch l in p theo); mch cn c
cc tn gi khc l: source follower ; hay unity gain
amplifier (mch khuch i c li bng 1); hay
isolation amplifier (mch khuch i cch ly); hoc
buffer amplifier (mch khuch i m).

Vi s kt ni trong hnh H.10.29 ta c:


o b
V V = (10.58)

p dng gi thit Op Amps l tng, ta c quan h:


in in1 in1 in b
V V V V V 0
+
A == = = (10.59)

T cc quan h (10.58) v (10.59) suy ra:


o in b
V V V = = (10.60)

TH D 10.4:

Trong mch in hnh H.10.29, cho V
cc
= 12V xc nh gi tr V
o
theo p trn ng vo V
in
. Xt
cc trng hp V
in
= 4 V v V
in
= 4V.

GII:

u tin, ta c nhn xt sau :
cc in cc
V V V < < do
cc o cc
V V V < < v V
in
= V
o
.
Kt qu c biu din trong hnh H.10.30 nh sau.

+
-
O V
+
-
-12V
+12V
a
b
Vin= +4 V
+
-
Vo = +4 V
+
-
O V
+
-
-12V
+12V
a
b
Vin= +4 V
+
-
Vo = -4 V


H.10.30: Kt qu V
o
tu theo in p cp n ng vo mch Voltage Follower.


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

366
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

TH D 10.5:

Trong mch in hnh H.10.29,
cho V
cc
= 12V .

Xc nh gi tr V
o
theo p
trn ng vo V
in
. Bit in p V
in1

bin thin theo thi gian theo th
trnh by trong hnh H.10.31.

Xt dng in p V
o
khi o
cc ngun p V
in
trn ng vo.


GII:
Thc hin phng php kho st tng t nh trong th d 10.4, tu thuc vo cch ni
ngun p V
in
n ng vo mch voltage follwer; ta c dng in p V
o
cho mi trng hp trnh
by trong hnh H.10.32a v H.10.32b.










H.10.32a









H.10.32b


10.2.5. MCH SO SNH IN P DNG OPAMP:
IC h LM311 cn c gi l Op Amps loi ng
ra c transistor h mch cc thu (Open collector
Output); s khi chc nng ca Op Amps c
biu din theo hnh H.10.33. Tn gi v chc nng ca
cc chn ra trn IC LM311 gm:

1. Ground: Chn ni n im 0V ca mch
ngun kp.

2. Noninverting Input: Ng vo khng o.

3. Inverting Input : Ng vo o.

4. V
EE
: Chn ni n u m ngun kp.

5. Balance: Cn bng.

6. Blance/Strobe

Vin
t
[V]
[s]
1 2 3 4 5 0
5
- 5

H.10.31: Tn hiu in p V
in

+
-
Vo
O V
+
-
VCC-
VCC+
a
b
Vin
+
-
+
-
Vo
O V
+
-
VCC-
VCC+
a
b
Vin
+
-

H.10.33
8
7
6
5 4
3
2
1 Ground
Input
Input
V
EE
V
CC
Output
Balance/
Strobe
Balance
LM311

H.10.34: S cc chn ra IC LM311


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K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

7. Output: Ng ra.

8. V
CC
: Chn ni n u dng ngun kp.

Trong mt s cc ti liu l thuyt, gii thch nguyn l hot ng cho IC LM311 chng
ta s dng n s nguyn l thu gn trnh by trong hnh H.10.35 nh sau.


10.2.5.1. NGUYN TC HOT NG OPAMP SO SNH P:

T cc s nguyn l trnh by trong cc hnh
H.10.33 v H.10.35 ng ra ti chn 7 ca Op Amps l
cc thu ca transistor ni bn trong mch nguyn l. Nh
vy mun nhn c tn hiu p trn ng ra ca Op
Amp chng ta cn kt ni chn 7 vi in tr ngoi; u
cn li ca in tr c ni n cc dng (+) ca ngun
p +V
cc
. in tr ny c gi l in tr pull up,
xem hnh H.10.36.

Gi v
P
l in p cp n ng vo khng o
(chn 2) ca Op Amp. v
P
l in p chnh lch t chn 2
n chn 1 (Gnd) .

Gi v
N
l in p cp n ng vo o (chn 3) ca Op Amp. V
N
l in p chnh lch
t chn 3 n chn 1 (Gnd) .

Da vo s nguyn l thu gn trong hnh H.10.35 chng ta gii thch nguyn l hot
ng cho Op Amp ; t a ra nguyn tc chung gii thch hot ng ca Op Amp trong cc
mch p dng khc.

v
N
v
P
V
CC
V
EE
500A
500A
10A 10A
R
1
R
2
1.2kO 1.2kO
R
3
750O
R
6
600O
I
BIAS
R
4
600O
R
5
4O
GND
OUTPUT
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Q
10
Q
5
Q
6
Q
7
Q
8
Q
9
Q
O
1
4
2
3
8
7
IB1
IB2
IE1
IB3
IE2
IB4
a
b
c
IB5
IB6
d
e
f
h
k

H.10.35: S mch nguyn l thu gn ca IC so snh in p LM 311.
V
CC(logic)
V
EE(logic)
V
CC
V
EE
R
C
v
O
v
P
v
N
1
2
3
4
8
7
311

H.10.36: Cch mc in tr pull-up


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K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

TRNG HP 1 : v
P
> v
N

Khi v
P
> v
N
V
BE Q1
< V
BE Q2

Transistor Q
1
dn yu hn Transistor Q
2

I
B1
< I
B2
I
E1
< I
E2

Ngoi ra , ta c:


E1 B3
I I 10 A + = v
E2 B4
I I 10 A + =
Suy ra:
Khi v
P
> v
N
I
B3
> I
B4
Transistor Q
3
dn mnh hn Transistor Q
4

V
ac
< V
bc

in th ti nt a (V
a
)< in th ti nt b (V
b
)
V
BE Q5
< V
BE Q6

Transistor Q
5
dn yu hn Transistor Q
6

V
ef
< V
df

in th ti nt e (V
e
)< in th ti nt d (V
d
)
Transistor Q
7
dn
in th ti nt e (V
e
)< in th ti nt h (V
d
)
Transistor Q
8
ngng dn
Transistor Q
0
khng c cp dng I
B
nn ngng dn
Tm li:
Khi v
P
> v
N
Transistor ng ra Q
0
ngng dn


TRNG HP 2 : v
P
< v
N

Khi v
P
< v
N
V
BE Q1
> V
BE Q2

Transistor Q
1
dn mnh hn Transistor Q
2

I
B1
> I
B2
I
E1
> I
E2

Ngoi ra , ta c:


E1 B3
I I 10 A + = v
E2 B4
I I 10 A + =
Suy ra:
Khi v
P
< v
N
I
B3
< I
B4
Transistor Q
3
dn yu hn Transistor Q
4

V
ac
> V
bc

in th ti nt a (V
a
)> in th ti nt b (V
b
)
V
BE Q5
> V
BE Q6

Transistor Q
5
dn mnh hn Transistor Q
6

V
ef
> V
df

in th ti nt e (V
e
)> in th ti nt d (V
d
)
Transistor Q
7
dn
in th ti nt e (V
e
)> in th ti nt h (V
d
)
Transistor Q
8
dn cp dng I
B
cho Q
0
Transistor Q
0
dn


H.10.37: Mch tng ng ca transistor trn ng ra Op Amp LM311 khi V
P
>V
N


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

369
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

Tm li:
Khi v
P
< v
N
Transistor ng ra Q
0
dn












Da vo phn tch trn chng ta c th tm tt nguyn tc hot ng ca Op Amp LM311
mt cch n gin theo hnh H.10.37 v xem transistor Q
0
trn ng ra tng ng nh kho
in K ng (lc Q
o
dn) v kha K h (lc Q
o
ngng dn). Tng t trong hnh H.10.38 trnh
by mch tng ng n gin ca transistor trn ng ra ca Op Amp LM311 khi transistor Q
0

trn ng ra dn .

10.2.5.2. IN TR PULL-UP V IN P TRN NG RA OPAMP :

Trong hnh H.2.33. trnh by mch so snh
in p dng Op Amp LM311, vi ng ra kt ni
n ngun +Vcc bng in tr R pull-up. Ty thuc
vo cc gi tr ca cc in p V
P
v V
N
trn cc ng
vo ca Op Amp, transistor trn ng ra Op Amp
thay i trng thi dn sang ngng dn (hay
ngc li). in p V
out
ca mch so snh thay i
theo trng thi lm vic ca transistor trn ng ra Op
Amp.
Khi
P N
V V > transistor trn ng ra ca Op
Amp ngng dn, xem nh tng ng kha K h
mch (xem H.10.37).
in p trn ng ra mch so snh
out cc
V V = +

Khi
P N
V V < transistor trn ng ra ca Op Amp dn, xem nh tng ng kha K kn
mch (xem H.10.38). in p trn ng ra mch so snh
out
V 0,2V ~ +

Mc in p
out
V 0,2V ~ + l in p V
CE
khi transistor trn ng ra dn bo ha.

Gi tr ca in tr R
pull-up
c xc nh theo iu kin khng ch dng in qua
transistor trn ng ra khng vt qu 40 mA. Trong qu trnh thit k R
pull-up
c xc nh
theo dy gi tr thc ca in tr v khng ch dng qua transistor trong phm vi t 10 mA
n 20mA.

TH D 2.5:

Trong mch in hnh H.10.39, cho V
cc
= 12V. Xc nh gi tr R
pull-up
khng ch dng
qua transistor trn ng ra khng vt qu 10 mA.

GII:
Khi transistor trn ng ra Op Amp dn bo ha, p dng nh lut Kircfhoff 2 ta c:


CC CE pull up C
V V R .I

= + (10.61)
Suy ra:

CC CE
pull up
3
C
V V 12 0, 2
R 1180
I
10.10

= = = O
Chn
pull up
R 1,2 k

= O


H.10.38: Mch tng ng ca transistor trn ng ra Op Amp LM311 khi V
P
< V
N
+V
CC
+V
CC
-V
CC
R pull up
v
O
v
P
v
N
1
2
3
4
8
7
311
+
+
+
-
-
-

H.10.39


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

370
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

BITP


BI TP 10.1

Cho mch Op Amp l tng trong hnh
H.10.40. Xc nh in p V
o
theo tng iu kin
sau y:

a./
1 2
V 15 V ; V 0 V = =
b./
1 2
V 3 V ; V 0 V = =
c./
1 2
V 1V ; V 2 V = =
d./
1 2
V 4 V ; V 2 V = =
d./
1 2
V 6 V ; V 8 V = =
e./ Nu
1
V 4, 5 V = xc nh dy gi tr ca p V
2

mch khuch i khng bo ha.


BI TP 10.2

Cho mch Op Amp l tng trong hnh
H.10.41. Xc nh :

a./ in p V
o

b./ Dng i
o








BI TP 10.3

Cho Volt k c kim quay lch ton khung khi o
in p 10 V. Gi s Op Amp l tng.

Xc nh s ch ca Volt k khi lp trn ng ra ca
mch khuch i Op Amp trong hnh H.2.36.






BI TP 10.4

Gi s Op Amp cho trong mch hnh
H.10.43 l l tng.

Xc nh dng i
o
.





+18 V
-18V
R1
20 k
+
-
OUT
R2
5 k
R3
160 k
R4
40 k
V1
V2
0
0
0
Vo
-
+
+
-

H.10.40
-20V
+20 V
R1
5 k
+
-
OUT
R2
40 k
R3
3,2 k
2 V
0
0
0
+
+
Vo
-
-
io

H.10.41
+10 V
-10V
+
-
OUT
R
2,2 M
0 0
0
+
+
VoII ka
-
-
H.10.42
3,5 A

io
+ 6 V
- 6V
+
-
OUT
R1
10 k
0 0
0
+
-
R2
2,5 k
R3
5 k
0

H.10.43
0,5mA


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

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K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10



BI TP 10.5

Gi s Op Amp cho trong mch hnh
H.10.44 l l tng. Mch in c dng
mch kp duy tr in p ng ra V
o
thay i
trong phm vi 5V khi in p V
1
thay i
trong phm vi t 0 V n 5 V.

V c tuyn m t quan h in p
V
o
theo V
1




BI TP 10.6

Gi s Op Amp cho trong
mch hnh H.10.45 l l tng.

a./ Cho V
1
= 15 V; V
2
= 10 V; V
3
=
8 V v V
4
= 12V ; tnh p V
o
trn
ng ra.

b./ Gi s cc ngun p V
1
; V
2
v
V
4
c gi tr theo cu a; nu mun
mch khuch i hot ng trong
khong tuyn tnh tm dy gi tr
cho php ca in p V
3
.


BI TP 10.7

Gi s cc Op Amp
cho trong mch hnh H.10.46
l l tng. Tm dng i
o








BI TP 10.8

Gi s cc Op Amp cho
trong mch hnh H.10.47 l l
tng v
1
0 V 1, 2V s s

iu chnh bin tr VR
c dng i
o
= 0 A

a./ Xc nh gi tr VR.

b./ Nu p V
1
= 1 V tnh cng
sut tiu th trn bin tr VR.



-6 V
+6 V
R1
5 k
+
-
OUT
R6
5 k
R2
10 k
V1
2,5 V
0
0
0
+
+
Vo
-
-
2,5 V
.

H.10.44
R1
55 k
R3
220 k
R4
600 k
0
V2
0
V1
0
-20 V
+20 V
R2
66 k
+
-
OUT
R5
330 k
R6
20 k
V3
V4
0 0 0
+
+
Vo
-
-

H.10.45
-12 V
+12 V
R1
10 k
+
-
OUT
R2
50 k
2 V
0 0
+
-
+12V
-12 V
R3 5 k
+
-
OUT
R4
250 k
R5
25 k
1 V
0
+
-
io
0

H.10.46
VR
+5 V
-5 V
R1
20 k
+
-
OUT
R2 80 k
V1
0
0
+
-
+10 V
-10 V
R3
10 k
+
-
OUT
R4
16 k
R5
25 k
0
0
+
io
-

H.10.47


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

372
K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

BI TP 10.9

Gi s cc Op Amp cho trong mch hnh H.10.48
l l tng v mch hot ng trong dy tuyn tnh.

a./ Tm dng in i
o
.

b./ Xc nh gi tr in tr R lm mch khuch i
Op Amp t bo ha.








BI TP 10.10

Gi s cc Op Amp cho trong mch hnh H.10.49
l l tng v V
1
= 800 mV ; V
2
= 400 mV.

a./ Tm p v
o
.

b./ Tm dng i
1
v i
2
.

c./ Tm li in p ca mch khuch i.

BI TP 10.13:


Cho mch in hnh H.10.50 vi Op Amp l
tng . Xc nh :

a./ Gi tr ca in tr R
1
v R
3
sao cho:

o 1 2 3
v v 2v 3v = + +

b./ Tnh theo [A] gi tr dng i
1
; i
2
v i
2
lc:

v
1
= 0,7 V
v
2
= 0,4 V
v
3
= 1,1 V

BI TP 10.14:

Cho mch in hnh H.10.51 vi
Op Amp l tng . Chn cc in tr : R
1

v R
f
sao cho:

( )
o 2 1
v 5000 i i =




+15 V
-15 V
+
-
OUT
R2
1 k
R3
1 k 5 V
0
+
io
-
R1
1 k
R

H.10.48
0
-9V
+9 V
R3
11 k
+
-
OUT
R1 13 k
R4 110 k
R5
47 k
V1
V2
0
0
0
-
+
-
+
Vo
i2
i1
R2 27 k

H.10.49
i1
i2
i3
Vo
R3
V3
0
0
-5 V
+5 V
R4
20 k
+
-
OUT
R1
R5 100 k
R6
4.7 k
V1 V2
0
0
0
-
+
-
+
R2 15 k

H.10.50
R1
R2
1 k
0
0
i2
-
+
Vo
i1
+ 10 V
- 10V
+
-
OUT
Rf
0
0
0
+
-
RL
10 k

H.10.51


i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

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K THUT IN IN T CHNG 10

BI TP 10.15:

Cho mch in hnh H.10.52 vi Op Amp
l tng . Xc nh :

a./ Gi tr ca in tr R
4
sao cho:

o 1 2 3
v 1,8v 7,2v 14, 4v = + +

b./ Tnh theo [A] gi tr dng i
1
; i
2
; i
3
; i
4
v
i
7
lc:

v
1
= 0,5 V
v
2
= 0,25 V
v
3
= 0,15 V





BI TP 10.16:

Cho mch in hnh H.10.53
vi Op Amp l tng .

a./ Tm v
o
khi:

v
1
= 1 V
v
2
= 2 V
v
3
= 3 V
v
4
= 4 V

b./ Nu cc ngun p: v
1
, v
2
v
v
4
c duy tr khng i vi gi
tr v
3
bng bao nhiu th mch
Opamp bo ha.





BI TP 10.17:

Cho mch in hnh H.10.54 vi Op Amp l
tng . Xc nh in p ng ra V
out1
v V
out2
.








i1
0
i2
i3
Vo
i7
R3 1 k
i4
V3
0
R7
9 k
0
-5 V
+5 V
R4
+
-
OUT
R1 8 k
R5 180 k
R6
3.6 k
V1 V2
0
0
0
-
+
-
+
R2 2 k

H.10.52
0
Vo
R5
20 k
+20 V
-20V
+
-
OUT
R3 30 k
R6 180 k
R7
47 k
V3 V4
0
0
0
-
+
-
+
R4 20 k
R1 20 k
0
V1
R2 18 k
0
V2
H.10.53
Vout2
+20 V
-20V
+
-
OUT
-
+
R1
3 k
+20V
-20V
+
-
OUT
0
+
-
R4
2 k
R3
1.5 k
R5
4.7 k V2
10 V
R2
13 k
V1
14.7 V
0
0
Vout1

H.10.54