Cc loi ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh - Th vin Hc liu m Vit Nam

Cc loi ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh

Bi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Ngun thi cng nghip:

Nn cng nghip nc ta ngy ngy cng pht trin to ra nhiu sn phm hng ha cho x hi. Cc khu cng nghip, cc nh my mc ln vi s lng nhiu, qui m ln lm thay i c b mt x hi theo c hai chiu tch cc v tiu cc, trong phi k n vn nhim mi trng. Hot ng ca cng nghip tng cao s ko theo vic tng cht thi vo mi trng kh. Khi lng cht thi nhiu ph v chu trnh cn bng vt cht ca mi trng, lm cho mi trng b nhim. Ngun thi gy nhim ca cc ngnh cng nghip gm: Cng nghip nng lng: Cng nghip nng lng gm 3 ngnh chnh: in - Than - Du kh Ngnh in: ngnh in ca nc ta c c cu cc nh my pht in l: - Thy in 66% l ngnh khng gy nhim mi trng kh nhng tim n kh nng bin i mi trng - sinh thi vng h cha nc v thy vc vng h lu. -Nhit in: 21% -Tuabin kh v iezen: 13% Cc nh my nhit in dng than lm nhin liu c lng tiu hao than t 0,4 0,8 kg/kwh. Ngun cung cp than l cc m than vng ng bc. Theo TS Phm Ngc ng: nm 1993 cc nh my tiu th gn 480.000 tn than v thi ra kh quyn 6.713 tn kh SO2; 2.724 tn NOx; 277,9 103 tn CO2 v 1491 tn bi. y l ngun gy nhim rt ln nhng vic khc phc cn rt kh khn v tn km. Cc nh my dng du F.O lm nhin liu ch yu tp trung pha nam nh Th c Cn th - Hip phc. Ngun kh thi ch yu l CO v SOx do trong du F.O hm lng lu hunh rt cao (ti 3%).
http://voer.edu.vn/m/2d11d5c3/1 1/4

Cc loi ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh - Th vin Hc liu m Vit Nam

Vi cc nh my dng kh lm nhin liu th ngun gy nhim khng kh ch l CO2, NO2. Ngnh khai thc than: Ngnh khai thc than t c nguy c trc tip gy nhim khng kh, c chng ch c ngun pht sinh bi t cc tuyn vn chuyn, phn loi than m thi. Ngnh ny tim n kh nng lm bin i mi trng - sinh thi vng khai thc do cy ci b trit ph, t b o xi Ngnh khai thc du kh: Ngun pht thi cht nhim l vic t b kh ng hnh v nhng s c d r kh t trn cc tuyn vn chuyn, s dng. Cng nghip ha cht: 1.Ha cht c bn: chng ta t c nh my sn xut ha cht c bn ln , nht l khu vc pha nam. Nhng c mt s nh my cng nghip khc c theo dy chuyn sn xut ha cht xt - clo trn c s in phn mui n. Ti nhng c s ny, hi Clo c thi b t do vo khng kh l mt nguy c gy nhim mi trng. Ty theo cc dng sn phm lm ra m cc c s sn xut ha cht c bn c cht thi lm nhim mi trng kh. V d: SO2 t cng ngh sn xut acide sunfuric; clo t cng ngh in phn mui n. 2. Phn ha hc: ngun nhim ln nht ti cc nh my phn ha hc l bi, sau l hi SO2 v fluo nu l dy chuyn sn xut super ln, hay NH3, CO2 nu l sn xut phn m. 3. Thuc tr su: cc nh my thuc tr su nc ta c hai dng chnh l thuc tr su dng lng v rn. cc nhm clo hu c v ln hu c l loi c c tnh cao. Trong qu trnh pha ch, ng gi thnh phm, c hi thuc tr su bay hi vo khng kh gy nhim mi trng kh. Ngoi ra phi k ti bi cc dy chuyn sn xut thuc bt v ht bay vo mi trng khng kh. Tuy khi lng khng nhiu nhng kh thi ca cc x nghip ny rt c hi nn cn c bit ch . Cng nghip luyn kim: C nc ch c mt nh my luyn gang t qung st Thi nguyn, nh my ny va luyn gang v luyn cc, kh thi ca nh my cha nhiu CO, CO2, CyHx, SOx, NH3 v biHin nay nh my sn xut vi nng sut rt thp. Thng gp nht l l luyn thp H quang c min nam v min bc. Khi hot ng, l luyn thng lm nhim khu xung quanh v khi bi ca qu trnh sn xut. Trong kh thi ca l, lng CO cho ti 15% 20% (th tch); H2 chim 0.5% - 35%.Ti lng bi trung bnh tnh theo thnh phm l 6-9Kg/tn thp hay 3~10g/m3 kh thi. Thnh phn ch yu ca bi l oxt st, ngoi ra cn c oxt mng gan, canxi, ma nh
http://voer.edu.vn/m/2d11d5c3/1 2/4

Cc loi ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh - Th vin Hc liu m Vit Nam

y ang l ngun gy nhim ng k nht cc khu cng nghip, cha k ti trong cc nh my ny cn c cc l nung t du FO thi ra mi trng cc loi kh c hi c trng. Cng dng ny ta cn gp cc l sn xut t n, miCng l loi l nung dng h quang in. Chng ta cn phi ch n kh thi ca hng trm c s nu c kim loi nm trong khu vc dn c .Cc loi l ny thng dng du FO v than lm nhin liu,nu li kim loi v ph liu nn khi thi ca cc c s thng lm nhim khu vc xung quanh. Cng nghip vt liu xy dng: Sn xut xi mng: Hin chng ta ang c rt nhiu nh my sn xut xi mng. Bao gm hai cng ngh chnh l xi mng l ng cng sut thp, cht lng thp, sn xut th s v xi mng l quay c cng sut v cht lng cao. Kh thi t l nung xi mng c hm lng bi, CO, CO2, Fluor rt cao v c kh nng gy nhim nu khng c kim sot tt. Hin ti, vn nhim mi trng do bi v khi mt vi nh my xi mng vn ang cha c gii quyt. Sn xut gch t nung: Ti cc c s cng nghip ln, gch t nung trong cc l tuy-nen dng nhin liu l du DO hay FO, cc nh my ny pht thi vo khng kh cht gy nhim do t du vn ang tn ti, cn cha c gii quyt trit . Cht gy nhim l tro bi, CO2, SOx. Ti cc l gch th cng dng tru, ci, than lm nhin liu,do c tnh cng sut nh, ri rc nn kh thi cha tro bi, CO2 nh hng ti cc nh dn ln cn. Khi tp trung thnh cc lng ngh th vn s tr nn bc xc hn. Sn xut gch gm, gm s: Cc nh my sn xut gch ceramic c ngun pht thi ln cht gy nhim vo khng kh l thp sy Kaolin v l nung. Trong kh thi thng cha: CO, CO2, Fluor, SOx L nung thi kh thi t nhin liu du m tr cc x nghip c l nung dng gaz. Bi t dy chuyn cn trn nghin cao line v ph gia. Kh thi cht nhim t l t: L t nhin liu l tn gi chung cho tt c cc loi nh l hi, l nung, l rn, bung sydng t nhin liu rn hay lng ly nhit lng phc v cho nhu cu sn xut, i sng. Qu trnh chy trong l s sinh ra kh thi c nng CO2, CO, SOx, NOx v tro bi. Ty theo c im ca mc ch s dng m kh thi ca l t cn mang theo
http://voer.edu.vn/m/2d11d5c3/1 3/4

Cc loi ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh - Th vin Hc liu m Vit Nam

cc cht nhim c trng khc. Khi tnh ton lp dng l t v ng thi khng hp l, kh thi l t s lm nhim khng kh vng ln cn di chiu gi. Cn phi c s ch c bit ti l t rc thi v ngoi kh thi do chy nhin liu cn c kh thi do cc thnh phn ca rc chy hay bc hi vo kh thi.

nhim giao thng:

Cng vi pht trin ca cng nghip ha, s lng cc phng tin giao thng ngy cng nhiu. V vy trn cc tuyn giao thng ng c cc th thng xut hin vn nhim khng kh do bi v kh thi ca xe c ng c gy ra. c im ca loi kh thi ny l ngun thi thp, di ng v khng u. cc tuyn c mt lu thng cao kh thi hp li thnh ngun pht thi theo tuyn lm nh hng nghim trng ti mi trng hai bn ng. Nhng cht nhim c trng ca kh thi giao thng l bi, CO, CyHx, SOx, ch, CO2 v No x , Benzen.

http://voer.edu.vn/m/2d11d5c3/1

4/4