GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

Chng I : CAU TAO NGUYEN T THANH PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN T KCH THC ,KHOI LNG NGUYEN T A- Muc tieu bai hoc: 1-Ve truyen thu kien thc : - HS nam thanh phan cau tao nguyen t gom hat nhan (p,n) va lp vo (e) - ien tch va khoi lng p,e,n - Kch thc nguyen t ,hat nhan, electron va khoi lng nguyen t 2-Ve ren luyen k nang: - Tnh khoi lng nguyen t ,p,e,n theo dvC chuyen oi dvC <=> Kg,g - Ren luyen phng phap t duy tru tng - Lam quen vi phan oan suy luan khoa hoc 3-Ve giao duc t tng ao c - Kha nang con ngi tm hieu the gii vat chat - Tnh can than ,long ham me khoa hoc ,phng phap lam viec B- o dung day hoc: - S o tom tat th nghiem tm ra tia am cc - Mo hnh ,hnh ve thanh phan cau tao nguyen t C- Tien trnh:

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Hoat ong 1 : - Nguyen t la g? - GV gii thieu th nghiem tm ra tia am cc Tnh chat cua tia am cc -1897 electron (Thompson) - 1916 Proton ( Rutherford) - 1932 Notron ( CharWick) Hoat ong 2 : H nghien c bang 1.1 va nhac lai thanh phan va ac tnh cac hat cau tao nen nguyen t . H ve nha viet bang nay vao tap - G ket luan : 0,00055 1 1 e p n
11+ 0

I-THANH PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN T : Thanh Loai phan hat Vo Hat nhan ien tch Quy c 11+ 0 Khoi lng gam 9.1.10
-28

Coulo mb Electro n 1,6.10 -19 ( e) Proton +1,6. (p) 10-19 Ntron (n) 0

VC 0.000 555 1 1

1.672 6. 10-24 1.674 8 . 1024

electron (-) Nguyen t gom proton (+) Ntron 0,00055 e

1-

Vo nguyen t gom cac

Hat nhan nguyen t

1 0

1 1+

Hoat ong 3 : H nam c nguyen t co kch thc vo cung nho Neu nguyen t Au bang bong ro th hat nhan bang hat cat Hoat ong 4 : G gi y e H thiet lap cong thc tnh khoi lng tuyet oi va khoi lng tng oi theo 2 he thong n v cua cac loai hat .

II-KHOI LUNG -KCH THC : 1- Kch thc : Neu coi nguyen t co dang hnh cau -electron : 10-7 A ( 1A = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm ) -ng knh hat nhan : 10 12 cm = 10-4 A -ng knh nguyen t : 10 8cm = 1 A => ng knh nguyen t gap 10.000 ng knh hat nhan 2 Khoi lng nguyen t : a) Khoi lng nguyen t tuyet oi:(Kg hay g ) ( KLt) : Chnh la khoi lng thc cua nguyen t
KLt = mp + mn + me ( g)

V du : KLt cua C = 6 .1,6 .10-24 + 6 . 1,6.10-24 + 6.9,1.10-28 =

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN - H tnh khoi lng tuyet oi cua H

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH b) Khoi lng nguyen t tng oi ( Nguyen t khoi ) : la khoi lng cua hat nhan ( n v : .v.C )
KLT = mp + mn + me ( VC )

V du : KLT cua C = 6.1 + 6.1 + 6 . 0,00055 1.v.C = 1/12. klg ngt Cacbon =
2

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
1,66. 10-24g D-Cung co : HS lu y : 1 dvC=1,66.10-24g=1,66.10-27kg 1 n v ien tch =1,6.10-19C 1 A = 10-10 m = 10-8cm 1 mol nguyen t A co N=6,023.1023 nguyen t A ( N la so Avogadro) co khoi lng mol la MA (g) MA khoi lng 1 nguyen t A la -------- (g) N -23 Cho C=12 va N=6,023.10 .Hoi khoi lng 1 nguyen t C -theo dvC -theo gram E-Dan do : - Lam bai tap trong sach -Chuan b bai hat nhan nguyen t

HAT NHAN NGUYEN T - NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

3

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
A-Muc tieu bai hoc: * HS biet : - Cau tao hat nhan ien tch hat nhan - Khoi lng hat nhan - HS hieu: - Khai niem ve so khoi, quan he gia so khoi va nguyen t khoi - Quan he gia Z = P = E - Khai niem ve nguyen to hoa hoc va k hieu nguyen t * Ve k nang : - S dung thanh thao cong thc tnh so khoi K hieu nguyen t - Quan he gia Z = P = E - HS can nam vng ac iem cua cac loai hat B- Tien trnh 1-Kiem tra bai cu : 1-Thanh phan cau tao va ac iem cac hat trong nguyen t 2-Giang bai mi

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN -HS Hoat ong 1: HS nhac lai ac iem cac hat ien tch hat nhan la ien tch cua proton quyet

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I-HAT NHAN NGUYEN T:

1 0

1 1

1- ien tch hat nhan ( Z ) : -ien tch cua hat nhan do proton
4

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
nh G lay them mot so v du : O ( Z = 8 ) , Al ( Z = 13 ) Hoat ong 2 : H tm hieu trong SGK va cho biet khai niem ve so khoi hat nhan - G nhan manh : A chnh la nguyen t khoi cua nguyen t . quyet nh: Z = P -Nguyen t trung hoa ve ien : 2- So khoi hat nhan ( A ) : chnh la khoi lng hat nhan NTK nguyen t = mp + mn + me ( .v.C ) Ma me << mp , mn nen NTK nguyen t = KLHN = mp + mn = P.1+N.1 A = P + N = NTK V du 1 : Nguyen t Al co 13 e , 14 n . Tm AAl = ? AAl = 13 . 1 + 14 .1 = 27 = NTK V du 2 : Nguyen t K co nguyen t khoi la 39 , co 20 n . Tm THN , so p ? P = A N = 39 20 = 19 THN = 19+ II-NGUYEN TO HOA HOC: 1-nh ngha : La tap hp cac nguyen t co cung ien tch hat nhan (cung so p, cung e ) Cac nguyen t co cung THN th co tnh chat hoa hoc giong nhau . Vd : nhng nguyen t co Z = 17+ ==> nguyen to Cl - Hien nay co khoang 110 nguyen to hoa hoc 2-So hieu nguyen t ( Z ) :
Z = so p = so e = THN = STT nguyen to trong bang
tuan hoan

So n v THN Z = P =E

Hoat ong 3: - H nhac lai khai niem nguyen to a hoc lp 8 ? -Phan biet nguyen t va nguyen to : -Nguyen t : la loai hat trung hoa ve ien co so hat p,n, e xac nh -Nguyen to: tap hp cac ngt co cung ien tch hat nhan (Z) Hoat ong 4 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet so hieu la g ? G lay v du : Br co Z = 35 . . .

V du : Nguyen t Na co so hieu Z = 11 Na co 11 e , 11 p , Stt trong bang tuan hoan cua Na la 11

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOC SINH Hoat ong 5 :

5

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH 3-K hieu nguyen t :

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
G viet ky hieu hoa hoc nguyen t len bang H neu y ngha cac ch so . T o cho biet y ngha cua KHHH nguyen t .
A

hat nhan nguyen to

Z

A : so khoi X X: k hieu Z : so hieu

23 Na cho Vd1: K hieu nguyen t 11 biet: - So hieu : Z = 11 - So khoi : A = 23 - So proton: P = 11 - So notron: N = 23-11 = 12 - So electron: E = 11 - So n v ien tch hat nhan: Z = 11 - ien tch hat nhan : Z = +11 Vd 2 : Nguyen t Clo co 17 p , 18 n . Viet KHHH nguyen t Clo ? P = Z = 17 , N = 18 A = 35 35 Cl KHHH : 17

C - Bai tap cung co : 39 35 K ; 17 Cl 1. Cho biet p, n ,e cua cac nguyen t sau: 19 2. Nguyen t X co tong so hat la 48. So proton = so notron 3. Nguyen t Y co tong so hat la 34. So notron nhieu hn prpton 1 hat. 4. Nguyen t Z co tong so hat la 115. So hat mang ien nhieu hn so hat khong mang ien la 25. E Dan do : Lam bai tap HAT NHAN NGUYEN T Chuan b bai : ong v

ONG V NGUYEN T KHOI TRUNG BNH A-Muc tieu bai hoc : - HS hieu:
6

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
- Khai niem ONG V - Cach xac nh nguyen t khoi trung bnh - HS nam vng cach tnh M tnh M; tnh %, tm ong v th hai B- Tien trnh : 1-Kiem tra bai cu : Bai tap sach giao khoa 2 o dung day hoc : Tranh ve cac ong v hidro C -Giang bai mi : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN - HS Hoat ong 1 : H tm hieu khai niem ong v trong SGK 35 Cl H giai thch tai sao 17 37 va 17 Cl la 2 ong v cua Clo Viet cac ong v cu C va H G lu y : - Do Z quyet nh tnh chat hoa hoc nen cac ong v co tnh chat hoa hoc giong nhau - ong v co so ntron khac nhau tnh chat ly hoc khac nhau. Hoat ong 2 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet NTK trung bnh la g va tra li tai sao Cl co NTK hay dung la 35,5 ? G a ra cong thc tnh NTK trung bnh . Neu 3 dang toan ong v: 1. Tnh M 2. Tnh % 3. Tm ong v th hai HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I- ONG V: ong v la nhng nguyen t co cung so proton nhng khac so notron ( khac so khoi ) Vd: - Nguyen to Clo co 2 ong v: 35 37 17 Cl va 17 Cl - Nguyen to H co 3 ong v: 1 2 3 ; 1 H 1H ; 1H - Oxi co 3 ong v: 16 17 18 8O ; 8O ; 8O II-NGUYEN T KHOI TRUNG BNH : Trong t nhien Clo co 2 ong v: 35 37 17 Cl ( chiem 75% ) va 17 Cl ( chiem 25% ) Vay nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua Clo: MCl = Tong quat:
35.75 + 37.25 = 35,5 100
A =

A.a + B.b + ... a + b +...

Trong o A, B la nguyen t khoi cua moi ong v a, b la so nguyen t hay % va : a+b+ = 100%

C-Cung co : Cho: 1. Biet ong co 2 ong v : 65Cu chiem 27% va 63Cu chiem 73%. Tnh M cua Cu 2. Biet Cu co 2 ong v : 65Cu va 63Cu . Tnh % cua moi ong v. Biet MCu = 63,546 3. Cho Cu co 2 ong v : 65Cu chiem 27% . Tm ong v th hai biet M Cu = 63,546

S CHUYEN ONG CUA ELECTRON - OBITAN NGUYEN T

7

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

A- Muc ch yeu cau : -HS nam c cau tao vo nguyen t vi cac khai niem obitan ,phan lp(phan mc nang lng) lp(mc nang lng) -Nam vo nguyen t co toi a 7 lp e (K,L,M,N,O,P,Q) , moi lp co 1so phan lp (s,p,d,f) ,moi phan lp co 1 so obitan ,moi obitan co toi a 2 e -Nam nguyen l vng ben , qui tac Klechkowski va viet c cau hnh -ac iem cac e lp ngoai cung B- Tien trnh : 1-Kiem tra bai cu : 1-V sao khoi lng nguyen t c tnh bang khoi lng hat nhan 2- nh ngha nguyen to hoa hoc-ong v . 3 Nguyen to brom co nguyen t khoi trung bnh la 79,91 . 79 Br ( 54,5 % ) . Tm ong v con lai . Brom co 2 ong v : 35 2- o dung day hoc : Bang HTTH , Bang qui tac Klechkowski , Hnh ve : Mau hanh tinh nguyen t , hnh obitan s , p 3-Giang bai mi :

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOC SINH

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Hoat ong 1 : G ve mau nguyen t Borh e neu quy ao chuyen ong cua e . I-S CHUYEN ONG CUA ELECTRON: 1- Thuyet Rutherford Bohr : Cac electron chuyen ong xung quanh hat nhan nguyen t theo quy ao tron hay bau duc + Hoat ong 2 : G ve hnh am may e e neu : cac e chuyen ong khong theo quy ao , ch co the xac nh c xac suat co mat cua e . G nhan manh am may e do 1 e tao nen . 2. Thuyet hien ai ( thuyet obitan nguyen t ) : a) S chuyen ong e trong nguyen t : -Cac e chuyen ong quanh hat nhan khong theo 1 quy ao xac nh vi van toc vo cung ln tao thanh am may electron - Nguyen t co 1 e chuyen ong tao thanh vung khong gian co hnh cau - Nguyen t co nhieu e chuyen ong tao thanh nhng vung khong gian co hnh dang khac nhau b) Obitan nguyen t ( k hieu la AO ) : La khoang khong gian xung quanh hat nhan co mat o electron xuat hien nhieu nhat ( 95 % ) electron t am may Obitan nguyen

Hoat ong 3 : H nghien cu SGK va neu nh ngha obitan nguyen t

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH HOC SINH Hoat ong 4 : II HNH DANG OBITAN NGUYEN H nhan xet hnh anh cac T : obitan nguyen t -Obitan s co dang qua cau . G neu hng cac obitan y x x

z - Obitan p: gom 3 obitan Px, Py, Pz co hnh so 8 noi nh hng theo cac truc x, y, z.

- Obitan d, f co hnh dang phc tap. D - Cung co: 1. S chuyen ong cua electron trong vo nguyen t 2. hnh dang cua obitan va s nh hng trong khong gian E Dan do : Lam bai tap SGK + sach bai tap

10

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

LP VA PHAN LP ELECTRON A- Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh biet: - The nao la lp va phan lp electron - So lng cac obitan trong mot phan lp va trong 1 lp - S giong nhau va khac nhau gia cac obitan trong cung 1 phan lp - Dung k hieu phan biet cac lp, phan lp B -Tien trnh : 1-Kiem tra bai cu: - Cho biet s chuyen ong cua electron - Hnh dang cua obitan s, p . 2 o dung day hoc : Tranh ve hnh dang cac obitan s, p , d . 3-Giang bai mi Cong viec cua GV va HS Hoat ong 1 : G : Tai sao xac suat co mat cua e khong ong eu . G nhac lai lai cau tao nguyen t do lc hut gia nhan va e nen cac e gan nhan co mc nang lng thap , cac e xa nhan co mc nang lng cao . Da vao mc nang lng chia vo nguyen t thanh cac lp vo . Hoat ong 2 : H nhac lai khai niem ve lp e ? H nghien cu SGK e ket kuan ve phan lp . H neu ac iem cua cac obitan trong cung phan lp . G neu so phan lp trong cung lp H neu so phan lp trong lp 4 , 5, 6 , 7 Hoat ong 3 : G : moi phan lp khac nhau trong cung 1 lp co mc nang lng khac nen cac obitan trong moat phan lp khac nhai . H nhac lai hnh dang va ac iem cua obitan G neu phng hng cac obitan Hoat ong 4 : H chng minh tai sao so obitan trong 1 lp c tnh theo co ng thc n2 G nhan manh n2 ch ung t lp 1 en lp 4 . Noi dung giang day I-Lp electron : - Lp electron gom cac nguyen t co mc nang lng gan bang nhau - Vo nguyen t chia thanh 7 lp: Lp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (+) K L M N O P Q II- Phan lp electron : - Phan lp electron gom cac electron mang mc nang lng bang nhau - So phan lp bang so th t cua lp - K hieu: s , p , d , f Phan lp: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f (+) Lp: K L M N III- So Obitan trong mot phan lp: - Trong mot phan lp cac obitan co cung mc nang lng nhng khac nhau ve s ng hng trong khong gian - Phan lp s: co 1 obitan co dang hnh cau - Phan lp p: co 3 obitan px , py, pz nh hng theo cac truc x, y, z. - Phan lp d: co 5 obitan nh hng khac nhau trong khong gian
11

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
- Phan lp f co 7 obitan nh hng khac nhau VI- So Obitan trong 1 lp: n2 - Lp 1 ( K ) co 1 obitan - Lp 2 ( L ) co 4 obitan - Lp 3 ( M ) co 9 obitan - Lp 4 ( N ) co 16 obitan . C-Cung co : S dung cac bai tap trong SGK

NANG LNG CUA CAC ELECTRON TRONG NUYEN T CAU HNH ELECTRON CUA NGUYEN T A- Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh biet: - So electron toi a trong 1 phan lp va trong 1 lp - Cac nguyen ly, qui tac sap xep electron trong nguyen t Hoc sinh hieu: - Viet cau hnh electron so lp, so electron tren moi lp - ac iem electron lp ngoai cung tnh chat B-Tien trnh : 1-Kiem tra bai cu: - Cau truc lp cua nguyen t - Cau truc phan lp cua nguyen t 2 o dung day hoc : Tranh ve tra t mc nang lng Bang cau hnh e va s o phan bo e tren cacobitan 3-Giang bai mi Cong viec cua GV va HS Noi dung giang day

12

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Hoat ong 1 : H khai quat ve electron , lp e , phan lp e . G ket luan : Moi e trong 1 phan lp e co mc nang lng xac nh nang lng obitan nguyen t . Hoat ong 2 : H nghien cu hnh 1.12 trong SGK e rut ra trat t mc nang lng . Hoat ong 3 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet the nao la o lng t , noi dung nguyen ly Pauli , cac k hieu e trong 1 o lng t , cach tnh so e toi a trong 1 phan lp , 1 lp . I NANG LNG CUA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN T : 1 - Mc nang lng obitan nguyen t : la mc nang lng xac nh cua moi e tren moi obitan Cac e tren cac obitan cua cung phan lo co mcnang lng bang nhau . 2 Trat t mc nang lng : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4s4p5s4d5p6s Co s chen mcnang lng : 3d sau 4s . . . II- CAC NGUYEN LY VA QUY TAC PHAN BO ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN T : 1 - Nguyen l Pau li : a) O lng t: Moi obitan bieu dien bang 1 o vuong goi la o lng t: Vd: - Obitan s : - Obitan p : - Obitan d : b) Nguyen l Pau li: Trong mot obitan ch co the cha nhieu nhat la hai e va hai e nay chuyen ong t quay khac chieu nhau xung quanh truc rieng cua moi e . 2 electron ghep oi 1 electron oc than c) So e toi a co trong 1 phan lp va trong 1 lp: So electron toi a co trong 1 phan lp: - Phan lp s : cha toi a 2e

Cong viec cua GV va HS

H chng minh so e toi a c tnh theo cong thc 2 n2 va cong thc nay ch ung vi trng hp lp 1 en lp 4 .

Noi dung giang day - Phan lp p: co toi a 6e - Phan lp d co 10e: * So electron toi a co trong mot lp: 2n2 - Lp K ( n = 1 ) cha toi a 2 electron - Lp L ( n = 2 ) cha toi a 8 electron
13

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
- Lp M ( n = 3 ) cha toi a 18 electron - Lp N ( n = 4 ) cha toi a 32 electron 2 Nguyen ly vng ben : trang thai c ban , trong nguyen t cac e chiem cac obitan theo mc nang lng t thap en cao V du : 1 1H : 1s 2 2He : 1s 2 1 3Li : 1s 2s 3- Qui tac Hun ( Hund ) : Trong cung mot phan lp, cac electron se phan bo tren cac obitan sao cho co so electron oc than la toi a va cac electron nay co chieu t quay giong nhau VD: B ( Z = 5 ): 1s22s22p1 C ( Z = 6 ): 1s22s22p2 II- CAU HNH ELECTRON: 1- Cau hnh electron : Cau hnh electron bie dien s phan bo electron tren cac phan lp thuoc cac lp khac nhau. - So th t cua lp c viet bang cac so - Phan lp c k hieu : s , p , d , f - So electron viet tren phan lp nh so mu Vd: Na ( Z = 11 ): 1s2 2s22p6 3s1 Fe ( Z = 26 ): 1s22s22p63d64s2 hay [Ar] 3d64s2 2- ac iem cua electron lp ngoai cung: Cac electron lp ngoai cung quyet nh tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to - Lp ngoai cung co 8 electron la kh hiem, rat ben vng khong tham gia cac phan ng hoa hoc - Lp ngoai cung co 1, 2, 3 electron la kim loai - Lp ngoai cung co 5, 6, 7
14

Hoat ong 4 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet noi dung nguyen ly vng ben va ap dung nguyen ly e phan bo e cua nguyen t vao obitan .

Hoat ong 5 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet noi dung quy tac Hund va van dung quy tac e phan e len cac o lng t trong nguyen t C , B . Tiet 1 dng phan nay

Hoat ong 6 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet cau hnh e la g va cac bc tien hanh viet cau hnh e . G hng dan H viet cau hnh e cac nguyen t cac nguyen to : 35Br , 16S , . . . theo 2 cach G nhan manh : khi viet cau hnh phai tuan theo trat t mc nang lng sau o ao lai e c cau hnh . G cho H phan biet phan lp ngoai cung , lp ngoai cung , em so e lp ngoai cung . Hoat ong 8 : H viet cau hnh e cua cac nguyen trong chu ky 3 va nhan xet so e lp ngoai cung .

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
electron la phi kim - Lp ngoai cung co 4 electron la kim loai hay p kim C Cung co : Tiet 1 : Van dung cac nguyen ly va quy tac phan bo cac e cua : O , 7N 8 Tiet 2 : Viet cau hnh e cua 16S , phan bo cac e len cac o lng t , cho biet so e cua S trang thai c ban , la kim loai , phi kim , kh hiem ? CHNG II : BANG TUAN HOAN NH LUAT TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO MUC TIEU Biet (TH) : + Nguyen tac xay dng bang tuan hoan

K NANG

GIAO DUC

PHNG PHAP

+ Cau tao bang TH : o nguyen to , chu k , nhom Hieu : + Moi quan he : cau hnh electron v tr trong BTH tnh chat nguyen to + Qui luat bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to va mot so hp chat cua chung theo chu k va nhom Ren luyen t duy logic : + T cau tao nguyen t v tr nguyen to trong BTH + T v tr nguyen to trong BTH d oan tnh chat cua nguyen to + So sanh tnh chat cua mot nguyen to vi cac nguyen to lan can Tin tng vao khoa hoc, chan l khoa hoc Tinh than lam viec nghiem tuc, sang tao c tnh can cu, t m, chnh xac trong nghien cu khoa hoc + Neu van e, gi m dan dat HS vao tng van e cu the HS t phat hien va chiem lnh kien thc mi + To chc cho HS lam viec theo nhom, thao luan cac van e gi m va phat huy tnh oc lap cua moi HS va tap cho HS tinh than hp tac, tap the + Hng dan cho HS tap tra cu cac bang t lieu phat hien c qui luat

15

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

MUC TIEU : Biet Hieu : Nguyen tac xay dng BTH : Cau tao BTH Moi quan he cau hnh electron v tr trong BTH Nguyen tac xay dng BTH Cau tao BTH Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t Z o nguyen to lp electron chu k phan lp ngoai cung phan nhom electron oc than nhom Hnh ve o nguyen to (SGK trang 34) phong to Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to dang dai Hng dan HS t xay dng bai hoc va t rut ra ket luan

TRONG TAM : KY NANG :

DDH : PHNG PHAP :

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY : 1 Kiem tra bai cu : - Viet cau hnh e cac nguyen t : 13Al , 35Br , 36Kr . Cho biet la kim loai , phi kim hay kh hiem . - Cho nguyen t co e phan lp ngoai cung : 4p 3 . Viet cau hnh , cho biet la kim loai , phi kim hay kh hiem . 2 o dung day hoc : Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc
16

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 1 : Ke ve lc s phat minh ra bang tuan hoan . Hoat ong 2 : H nhac lai nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to theo kien thc lp 9 . H da vao bang tuan hoan cho biet - ien tch cac nguyen to trong hang ngang , cot doc . - So e lp ngoai cung cua cac nguyen to trong bang theo hang ngang , hang doc . HOAT ONG cua TRO Hien nay a tm ra 110 nguyen to hoa hoc c xep trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc I. NGUYEN TAC SAP XEP CAC NGUYEN TO TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN : 1Xep thanh tng o nguyen to theo chieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan 2- Xep thanh 1 hang ngang cac nguyen to co cung so lp electron 3- Xep thanh 1 cot doc cac nguyen to co cung so electron hoa tr Ghi chu : electron hoa tr la electron ngoai cung co kha nang tao thanh lien ket II. CAU TAO BANG TUAN HOAN : 1- O NGUYEN TO : la n v nho nhat cau tao nen BTH So hieu
KHHH Ten nguyen to So khoi o am ien Cau hnh e

Hoat ong 3 : Da vao s o o nguyen to H nhan xet thanh phan o nguyen to .

HOAT ONG cua GAO VIEN Hoat ong 4 :

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH

2- CHU K : la day nguyen to xep theo Z tang dan ma nguyen - H da vao bang tuan hoan cho biet co bao nhieu day nguyen t cua chung co cung so lp electron to xep hang ngang - H nhan xet so nguyen to moi hang ngang , viet cau hnh e cua mot so nguyen to tieu bieu H nhan xet so lp e cua cac nguyen to trong chu ky G bo sung phan nhan xet cac chu ky . Chu ky 1 2 So nguyen to 1H 2He
3

Cau hnh e 1sa (a=1;2) [He]2sa2pb a= 1;2 b= 16 [Ne]3sa3pb [Ar]3dx4sa 4pb x = 1 10

So lp e 1 2

Li 10Ne

3 4

11

Na 18Ar 19K 18Kr

3 4

17

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
5 Rb 18Xe
37 19

Cs 18Rn

Cha 7 hoan nguyen to Nhan xet : + STT chu k trung vi so lp electron + Moi chu k eu khi au bi 1 kim loai kiem va ket thuc bi 1 kh hiem (tr chu k 1) + Chu k 1, 2, 3 : CK nho cha 2 8 nguyen to + Chu k 4 tr i : CK ln cha t 8 nguyen to tr len + Di BTH co 2 ho nguyen to : lantan va actini Lantan (Z = 58 71) Actini (Z = 90 103) CUNG CO CUOI TIET : 1 Neu nguyen tac sap xep . 2- nh ngha chu ky . 3 Cac nguye nguyen to sau co cung chu ky khong , tai sao ? a) Na : 1s22s22p63s1S : 1s22s22p63s23p4 Ne : 1s22s22p63s23p6 b) Na : 1s22s22p63s1K : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Be : 1s22s2 RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

[Ar]3dx4sa 4pb x = 1 10 [Xe]4dx 4fy5sa5pb x = 1 10 y=0 14 chnh , co 24

KIEM TRA BAI CU :

1- Hay cho biet y ngha cua mot o nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan ? 2- Phan biet y ngha cua so th t chu k va so lp electron trong nguyen t Lay th du vi chu k 3 3- Ch can c vao ien tch hat nhan Z, lam the nao e biet mot chu k ket thuc ? 4- Cho cau hnh electron cua ba nguyen to nh sau : A : 2, 8, 2 B : 2, 8, 8, 5 C : 2, 8, 5 Hay xac nh o nguyen to va chu k cua chung trong BTH Cac nguyen to nao thuoc cung 1 chu k ?

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY TIEP TIET SAU :

18

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 5 : H da vao SGK va bang tuan hoan cho biet : - Nhom nguyen to la g - Phan loai nhom nguyen to - So nhom A , so nhom B - ac iem cau tao cac nguyen to cua nhom A , nhom B . G trnh bay them cac nguyen to cuoi bang . HOAT ONG cua TRO 3- NHOM : tap hp cac nguyen to c xep thanh cot ma nguyen t cua chung co cau hnh electron tng t nhau nen tnh chat hoa hoc giong nhau + BTH co 16 nhom (chiem 18 cot) chia thanh : 8 nhom A , 8 nhom B (trong o nhom VIIIB gom 3 cot) + Trong cung 1 nhom, cac nguyen to co cung so electron hoa tr va bang STT cua nhom a) Nhom A : gom cac nguyen to s va p Cau hnh : nsxnpy
STT nhom A = x+y

b) Nhom B : gom cac nguyen to d va f Cau hnh electron ngoai cung co dang (n-1) dx nsy (x = 0 10 y = 1 2) x+y < 8 nhom (x + y) B 8 x + y 10 nhom VIII B 11 x + y 12 nhom (x + y 10) B 4- CAC NGUYEN TO XEP CUOI BANG Nhom IIIB co 2 day nguyen to xep rieng : + Ho Lantan (14 nguyen to) t Ce Z = 58 en Lu Z = 71 + Ho Actini (14 nguyen to) t Th Z = 90 en Lr Z=103 CUNG CO BAI : 1- Cho nguyen t A co cau hnh e lp ngoai cung : 3p 5 a) Viet cau hnh nguyen t A b) Xac nh v tr A trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to . 2 Nguyen t B chu ky 3 , nhom VI A . Viet cau hnh e cua B RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

S BIEN OI TUAN HOAN CAU HNH ELECTRON NGUYEN T CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC 19

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

MUC TIEU :

TRONG TAM :

KY NANG : DDH : PHNG PHAP : KIEM TRA BAI CU :

Hieu : S bien oi tuan hoan cau hnh electron cac nguyen to hoa hoc Moi quan he cau hnh electron v tr trong BTH S lien quan gia cau hnh electron va so th t cua nhom S bien oi cua cau hnh electron cac nguyen to trong cac chu k Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to dang dai Hng dan HS t xay dng bai hoc va t rut ra ket luan 1 Cho nguye nguyen t A co Z = 35 . Viet cau hnh , xac nh v tr 2 Cho nguyen t B co Z = 25 . Viet cau hnh , B thuoc nhom A hay B 3 Nguyen t C chu ky 4 , nhom 5A . Viet cau hnh , A la kim loai hay phi kim .

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY : HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 1 : G cho cac nhom viet cau hnh e cua 1 nguyen to tieu bieu trong moi nhom . Hoat ong 2 : G yeu cau H nhan xet so e lp ngoai cung cac nguyen to theo chu ky , theo nhom . G tom lai va a ra nhan xet .

HOAT ONG cua TRO ICAU HNH ELECTRON NGUYEN T CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM A ay la cac nguyen to s va p (co phan lp cuoi cung la s hay p) Cau hnh : nsxnpy Nhan xet : + Nguyen to cung nhom A co cung so e ngoai cung giong nhau ve hoa tnh + STT nhom A = so e lp ngoai cung . + Sau moi chu k, so electron ngoai cung cua ng_t cac ng_to nhom A bien oi tuan hoan Vay s bien oi tuan hoan ve cau hnh electron ng_t cua cac ng_to chnh la nguyen nhan sua s bien oi tuan hoan ve tnh chat cua cac ng_to

20

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IICAU HNH ELECTRON NGUYEN T CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM B ay la cac nguyen to d va f thuoc chu k ln (con goi la nguyen to kim loai chuyen tiep) cau hnh electron ngoai cung co dang (n-1) da ns2 (trong o a = 1 10) CUNG CO CUOI TIET : 1 Nguyen t R co Z = 30 , viet cau hnh , xac nh v tr . v tr 2 Nguyen t X co Z = 24 , viet cau hnh , xac nh

RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

S BIEN OI TUAN HOAN TNH CHAT CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

MUC TIEU : Biet : Cac khai niem : nang lng ion hoa, ai lc electron, o am ien Hieu : Quy luat bien oi ban knh nguyen t, nang lng ion hoa, ai lc electron, o am ien cac nguyen to trong HTTH Van dung : Da vao qui luat bien oi e d oan tnh chat nguyen to khi biet v tr chung trong HTTH S bien oi ban knh nguyen t, nang lng ion hoa theo chu k va theo nhom So sanh ban knh nguyen t va nang lng ion hoa th 1 Bang 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.2 Hng dan HS t xay dng bai hoc va t rut ra ket luan 1 Cho nguyen t A co Z = 29 , viet cau hnh e , xac nh v tr cua A 2 Nguyen t B chu ky 4 , nhom VIIA , viet cau hnh , B la kim loai hay phi kim ? 3 Nguyen t C co cau hnh e phan lp ngoai cung la 4s1 , viet cau hnh , cho biet v tr . 4 Neu ket luan ve s bien oi cau hnh e cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan .

TRONG TAM : KY NANG : DDH : PHNG PHAP : KIEM TRA BAI CU :

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY :

21

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 1 : - H nghien cu SGk cho biet quy luat bien oi ban knh nguyen t theo chu ky , theo nhom . - H giai thch quy luat bien oi o da vao ac iem cau tao nguyen t . HOAT ONG cua TRO I. BAN KNH NGUYEN T a)Trong chu k : i t trai sang phai theo chieu Z tang so e ngoai cung tang lc hut cua hat nhan tang ban knh nguyen t giam dan VD : RNa > RMg > RAl B) Trong nhom A : i t tren xuong theo chieu Z tang so lp e tang lc hut cua hat nhan giam ban knh nguyen t tang dan VD : RLi < RNa < RK < RRh Vay ban knh nguyen t cua cac nguyen to bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua Z II. NANG LNG ION HOA Nang lng ion hoa th nhat I1 (KJ/mol) cua nguyen t la nang lng toi thieu e tach e th 1 ra khoi nguyen t trang thai c ban VD Li = Li+ + e I1 = 520 KJ/mol * Trong 1 chu k , i t trai sang phai theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t giam lc hut cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung tang nang lng ion hoa th nhat tang dan

Hoat ong 2 : - H nghien cu SGK cho biet the nao la nang lng ion hoa ( I1 ) - G : ngoai nang lng ion hoa th 1 , con co ion hoa t 2, 3 , 4... Nguyen t A co I1 > I2( B ) . Nguyen t A hay B de nhng e hn

HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 3 : H da vao ban knh nguyen t giai thch quy luat bien oi I 1 trong chu ky va trong nhom . G hng dan H phat hien cho ac biet trong bang 2.3 , hnh 2.1 va giai thch . Tiet 1 : dng ay .

HOAT ONG cua TRO * Trong 1 nhom A, i t tren xuong theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t tang lc hut cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung giam nang lng ion hoa th nhat giam dan Vay nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua cac nguyen to bien oi tuan hoan theo Hoat ong 4 : chieu tang cua Z - H nghien cu SGK cho biet khai III. A LC ELECTRON niem ve ai lc e La nang lng toa ra hay Va quy luat bien oi ai lc e hap thu khi nguyen t ket theo chu ky , theo nhom , giai hp them 1 electron e bien thch quy luat o . thanh anion * Trong 1 chu k , i t trai sang phai theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t giam lc hut cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung
22

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
tang gia tr cua a lc electron tang dan * Trong 1 nhom A, i t tren xuong theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t tang lc hut Hoat ong 5 : cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung H a vao bang o am ien va giam gia tr cua ai lc SGK neu : electron giam dan - Khai niem ve o am ien . Vay gia tr cua ai lc - Quy luat bien oi o am ien electron cua cac nguyen to theo nhom , theo chu ky va giai bien oi tuan hoan theo thch . chieu tang IV. O AM IEN La ai lng ac trng cho kha nang hut electron cua 1 nguyen t trong phan t * Trong 1 chu k , i t trai sang phai theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t giam lc hut cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung tang gia tr cua o am ien tang dan * Trong 1 nhom A, i t tren xuong theo chieu Z tang ban knh nguyen t tang lc hut cua nhan oi vi e ngoai cung giam gia tr cua o am ien giam dan Vay gia tr cua o am ien cua cac nguyen to bien oi tuan hoan theo chiieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan CUNG CO CUOI TIET : S dung cac bai tap trong SGK e cung co . RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

S BIEN OI TNH KIM LOAI PHI KIM CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC -NH LUAT TUAN HOAN

23

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
MUC TIEU : Hieu : The nao la tnh kim loai, tnh phi kim Qui luat bien oi tnh kim loai va tnh phi kim trong HTTH Qui luat bien oi mot so tnh chat : hoa tr, tnh axit, tnh baz cua oxit va hiroxit Noi dung nh luat tuan hoan S bien oi tnh kim loai phi kim cac nguyen to trong 1 chu k hay trong 1 nhom A Sap xep cac nguyen to theo tnh kim loai hay tnh phi kim Sap xep cac oxit hay hidroxit cua cac nguyen to theo tnh baz hay tnh axit Bang 2.5 - 2.6 Bot Mg, nc, en con, kep, ong nghiem, quet, PP, ong nh giot Dd Al2(S04)3 , dd Na0H, dd HCl Hng dan HS t xay dng bai hoc va t rut ra ket luan Cau 1 : Ghep cac ch : X, Y, Z, T vi cac so : 1, 2, 3 sao cho thch hp : X : 1s2 1 : Kim loai Y : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 2 : Phi kim

TRONG TAM : KY NANG :

DDH :

PHNG PHAP : KIEM TRA BAI CU :

Z : 1s2 2s2 2p6

3 : Kh hiem

T : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 A- X1 Y2 Z3 T1 B- X1 Y1 Z3 T2 C- X3 Y1 Z3 T2 D- Tat ca eu sai 2 2 6 1 11Na : 1s 2s 2p 3s

Cau 2 : Cho [Ar] 4s1

19K

6s1 Chon menh e sai khi e cap en cac nguyen to tren A- Chung la kim loai nhom IA

1 37Rb : [Kr] 5s

55Cs : [Xe]

B- Ban knh nguyen t tang Na < K < Rb < Cs C- Chung co khuynh hng tao ion dng D- Nang lng ion hoa tang : Na < K < Rb < Cs

24

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Cau 3 : Cho 3s2 3p5 1 11Na : [Ne] 3s 17Cl 16S : [Ne]

3s2 3p4 Chon menh e sai khi e cap en cac nguyen to tren A- o am ien giam : Na > Mg > S > Cl B- Ban knh nguyen t giam : Na < Mg < S < Cl C- Gia tr ai lc electron tang : Na < Mg < S < Cl D- Chung la cac nguyen to thuoc chu k 3 TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY : HOAT ONG cua THAY HOAT ONG 1 : VD : Na = Na+ + 1e Mg = Mg2+ + 2e Hoi HS nguyen to nao nhng e de hn ? HOAT ONG cua TRO I. S BIEN OI TNH KIM LOAI PHI KIM 1- TNH KIM LOAI : kha nang de nhng electron cua 1 ng_t kim loai tao thanh ion dng. Ng_t cang de nhng e, tnh kim loai cang manh 2 - TNH PHI KIM : kha nang de thu them electron cua 1 ng_t phi kim tao thanh ion am Ng_t cang de nhan e, tnh phi kim cang manh

2 12Mg : [Ne] 3s

: [Ne]

VD : Cl + 1e = ClS + 2e = S2Hoi HS nguyen to nao nhan e de hn ?

HOAT ONG 2 : Xet Nhom IA :

2- S BIEN OI TNH KIM Na K LOAIPHI KIM Rb Cs a) Trong nhom A : theo chieu tang cua Z, tnh kim loai Xem phim Nhom IA tac tang dan, ong thi tnh phi kim dung vi nc giam dan b) Trong moi chu k : theo Goi HS nhan xet kha nang chieu tang cua Z, tnh kim loai phan ng cua IA vi H20 giam dan, ong thi tnh phi kim tang dan Giai thch : trong 1 chu k, i t Tnh kim loai, phi kim bien trai sang phai th : oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan so e ngoai cung tang lc Z hut cua hat nhan tang tnh kim loai giam, tnh phi kim tang Li

25

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Xet Chu k 3 : Na Mg Si P S Al Cl

Th nghiem Mg tac dung vi nc un nong Goi HS nhan xet TN Mg + H20 va oan film Na + H20 Giai thch : trong 1 nhom A, i t tren xuong di th : so lp e tang lc hut cua hat nhan giam Tnh kim loai tang, tnh phi kim giam HOAT ONG 3 : treo bang 2.5 II- S BIEN OI VE HOA Goi HS nhan xet s tang TR : cua hoa tr cao nhat oi Trong moi chu k : theo chieu vi oxi tang cua Z, hoa tr cao nhat vi oxi tang dan (1 7) , hoa tr vi hydro giam dan (4 1) Hoa tr cao nhat vi oxi, hoa tr vi hydro bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan Z

HOAT ONG 4 : treo bang 2.6 III. S BIEN OI TNH BAZ Goi HS nhan xet s bien oi AXIT CUA OXIT VA HIDROXIT cua tnh baz va tnh axit cua a) Trong moi chu k : theo oxit - hydroxit chieu tang cua Z, tnh baz cua oxit va hydroxit giam dan,ong thi tnh axit cua chung tang dan b) Trong 1 nhom A : theo chieu tang cua Z , tnh baz cua oxit va hydroxit tang dan , ong thi tnh axit cua chung giam dan Tnh axit baz cua cac oxit va hidroxit bien oi Th nghiem tuan hoan theo chieu tang Al(0H)3 hidroxit lng cua ien tch hat nhan Z tnh (tac dung vi HCl va Na0H Goi HS len bang viet phan ng vi axit HCl Phan ng : Al(0H)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H20 Al(0H)3 + Na0H = NaAl02 + 2H20
26

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
HOAT ONG 5 : H phat bieu nh luat tuan hoan IV NH LUAT TUAN HOAN Tnh chat cua cac nguyen to cung nh thanh phan va tnh chat cua cac n chat va hp chat tao nen t nhng nguyen to o bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan nguyen t

CUNG CO CUOI TIET : Cau 1 : Nhng tnh chat nao sau ay bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan Z ? A- Hoa tr cao nhat oi vi oxi B- So electron lp ngoai cung C- Thanh phan cua cac oxit, hidroxit D- So proton trong hat nhan nguyen t E- Khoi lng nguyen t F- So lp electron Tra li : A B C

Cau 2 : Ket luan nao sau ay khong hoan toan ung ? Trong mot chu k, theo chieu ien tch hat nhan tang dan th ... A- Ban knh nguyen t giam dan B- Nguyen t khoi tang dan C- Tnh phi kim tang dan, tnh kim loai giam dan D- Tnh baz cua oxit va hidroxit yeu dan Tra li : B Trng hp 18Ar (39,95) ng trc 19K (39,10) 52Te (127,60) ng trc 53I (126,90)

Cau 3 : Cho cac nguyen to 11X, 13Y, 19Z. Sap xep cac nguyen to tren theo tnh kim loai tang dan A- X > Y > Z B- Z > Y > X C- Y > X > Z D- Y < X < Z :D
27

Tra li

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
X : [Ne] 3s1 Y : [Ne] 3s2 3p1 Z : [ Ar] 4s1 Cau 4 : Cho cac nguyen to : K, Mg, Na, Be. Da theo bang tuan hoan, sap xep cac oxit cua cac nguyen to tren theo tnh baz tang dan A- K20 > Mg0 > Na20 > Be0 B- Be < Mg < Na < K C- Be0 < Mg0 < Na20 < K20 D- Tat ca eu sai Tra li : C X > Y Z

RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

Y NGHA CUA BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

28

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

MUC TIEU :

Biet

TRONG TAM : KY NANG :

DDH : PHNG PHAP : KIEM TRA BAI CU :

: Y ngha khoa hoc cua BTH oi vi hoa hoc va cac mon khoa hoc khac Van dung : T v tr nguyen to cau tao ng_t va tnh chat ng_to T cau tao nguyen t v tr nguyen to trong BTH Da vao qui luat bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to va hp chat trong BTH e so sanh tnh chat hoa hoc cua 1 nguyen to vi cac nguyen to lan can T v tr ng_to tnh chat ng_to so sanh tnh chat Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t Z o nguyen to lp electron chu k phan lp ngoai cung phan nhom electron oc than nhom Bang tong ket ve tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac oxit, hidroxit, hp chat vi H dung bai tap to chc nhom HS thao luan, t xay dng bai hoc va t rut ra ket luan 1 Cho cac nguyen t : Al , Na , Mg a) Viet cong thc oxit cao nhat , hidroxit b) Xep tnh kim loai giam dan c) Xep tnh baz cac oxit tang dan d) Xep tnh baz cac hidroxit tang dan 2 Cac tnh chat nao bien oi tuan hoan theo chiw\eu tang dan cua Z : a) Ban knh nguyen t c) Tnh kim loai b) o am ien d) Khoi lng nguyen t

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY : HOAT ONG cua THAY Hoat ong 1 : - H nghien cu v du 1 trong SGK cho biet t v tr nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan , ta co c thong tin g ve nguyen t . - H nghien cu v du 2 trong SGK cho biet t cau hnh e , ta co tm c v tr cua nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan khong ? - T 2 v du H rut ra moi quan he gia v tr va cau tao . Hoat ong 2 : H lam v du 1 , 2 . Hoat ong 3 : HOAT ONG cua TRO I. QUAN HE GIA V TR VA CAU TAO : V tr Cau tao STT cua ng_to so p, so e STT cua chu k so lp STT cua nhom so e lp A ngoai cung VD 1: Cho ng_to X co STT = 19, chu k 4, nhom IA. Tm cau tao nguyen to X VD 2 : Nguyen t cua ng_to Y co phan lp ngoai cung la 3p 4. Xac nh v tr Y trong HTTH II. QUAN HE GIA V TR VA
29

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- H nghien cu SGK cho biet t v tr nguyen to ta co c nhng tnh chat hoa hoc c ban nao ? - H lam v du 3 TNH CHAT V tr STT cua ng_to STT cua chu k STT cua nhom IA, IIA, IIIA (B) VA, VIA, VIIA (-Bi, Po) T_chat hoa hoc c ban

Tnh kim loai Tnh phi kim Hoa tr cao nhat /v oxi Hoa tr vi hydro trong h/chat kh

Hoat ong 4 : H lam v du so sanh tnh kim loai , tnh phi kim G hng H lam v du : Cho nguyen to : Cs , Na , Al , Be . a) Xep tnh kim loai giam dan . b) xep tnh baz cac oxit , hidroxit giam dan

Oxit hydroxit tnh axit /baz VD : X co STT = 16, chu k 3, nhom VIA. Tm tnh chat nguyen to X III. SO SANH TNH CHAT HOA HOC CUA 1 NG_TO VI CAC NG_TO LAN CAN

VD : So sanh tnh chat hoa hoc cua : P vi Si (Z=14) va S (Z=16) P vi N ( Z=7) va As (Z=33) CUNG CO CUOI TIET : Lam bai trong SGK RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

30

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LUYEN TAP CHNG ii

MUC TIEU : Cung co kien thc : Cau tao BTH Qui luat bien oi tnh chat nguyen to (ban knh nguyen t, nang lng ion hoa, a lc electron, o am ien, tnh kim loai phi kim, hoa tr) va hp chat cua chung (tnh axit baz cua cac oxit va hydroxit) Y ngha cua BTH Cau tao BTH Y ngha bang HTTH Van dung y ngha cua BTH e lam BT ve moi quan he gia v tr , cau tao nguyen t va tnh chat cua n chat va hp chat Bang tong ket ve tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac oxit, hidroxit, hp chat vi H he thong lai kien thc a hoc bang cach phat van, neu van e Cho nguyen to : Cs , Na , Al , Be . a) Xep tnh kim loai giam dan . b) xep tnh baz cac oxit , hidroxit giam dan

TRONG TAM : KY NANG : DDH : PHNG PHAP : KIEM TRA BAI CU :

TIEN TRNH GIANG DAY :

31

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Tnh chat Ban knh ng_t Nang lng ion hoa Ai lc electron o am ien Tnh kim loai Tnh phi kim Hoa tr cao nhat /v O Hoa tr /v H Tnh axit cua oxit va hidroxit Tnh baz cua oxit va hidroxit

chu k

nho mA

Hoat ong 3 : H nhac lai nh luat tuan hoan .

III. NH LUAT TUAN HOAN Tnh chat cua cac nguyen to cung nh thanh phan va tnh chat cua cac n chat va hp chat tao nen t nhng nguyen to o bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan nguyen t

32

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CUNG CO CUOI TIET : Giai cac bai tap trong SGK RUT KINH NGHIEM SAU TIET DAY :

BAI THC HANH SO 1 : MOT SO THAO TACTHC HANH TH NGHIEM HOA HOC S BIEN OI TNH CHAT CUA NGUYEN TO TRONG CHU KY - NHOM A Muc ch yeu cau : Tap luyen mot so ky nang s dung hoa chat va dung cu th nghiem thong thng . Khac sau kien thc ve bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong bamg tuan hoan B Dung cu : Ong nghiem - Chau thuy tinh - en con , gia kep ong nghiem Ong hut , coc thuy tinh , li amiang Hoa chat : dd pp , Na , Mg , nc , Al , dd Al2(SO4)3 , dd NaOH , dd HCl C Ten hanh : Chia hoc sinh thanh 8 nhom I Ky nang s dung hoa chat : 1- Lay chat long : - Nhom 1 : lay nc va PP cho t lo cho vao ong nghiem . 2 Hoa tan chat trong ong nghiem : - Nhom 2 : Hoa tan muoi an vao nc co trongong nghiem 3 un chat long trong ong nghiem : - Nhom 3 : un ncco trong ong nghiem Tat ca cac th nghiem tren , G hng an cho H cac thao tac . II Thc hanh : S BIEN OI TNH CHAT CAC CHAT : 1Th nghiem 1 : S bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong nhom : G cat Na nho tng mieng va lu y van e an toan cho H khi lam th nghiem hoa tan Na vao nc . H lay nc cho vao coc , cho vao 1 giot PP , cho Na vao , quan sat hien tng , viet tng trnh . H so sanh tnh kim loai cua Na va K , giai thch . H ket luan ve s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong nhom 2 Th nghiem 2 : S bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong chu ky : Lay 3 coc nc , cho vao moi cac 1 giot PP Coc 1 : Cho Na Coc 2 : cho Mg Coc 3 : un nong roi cho Mg vao nc nong . Quan sat hien tng , viet tng trnh H so sanh tnh kim loai Na va Mg , giai thch
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H ket luan s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong chu ky . 3 -Th nghiem : So sanh tnh baz cua NaOH , Mg(OH) 2 , Al(OH)3 . Cho vao 2 ong nghiem moi ong 1 ml dd Al2(SO4)3 . Cho t t dd NaOH , quan sat hien tng Ong 1 : Cho dd HCl vao , Ong 2 : Cho dd NaOH vao Quan sat hien tng , viet phan ng . So sanh tnh baz cua cac chat tren . H ket luan ve s bien oi tnh baz cac hidroxit .

CHNG III : LIEN KET HOA HOC

KHAI NIEM VE LIEN KET HOA HOC LIEN KET ION

A Muc tieu bai hoc : Hoc sinh hieu : Khai niem lien ket hoa hoc, noi dung quy tac bat t S tao thanh ion va lien ket ion Tinh the va mang tinh the ion , tnh chat chung cua cua mang tinh the ion . B Chuan b : Mau vat tinh the NaCl , mo hnh tinh the NaCl C Kiem tra bai cu: 1 Viet cau hnh e cua : 11A , 17B . Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua cac nguyen to tren . 2 Viet cau hnh e cua A+ , B- , nhan xet e lp ngoai cung cua chung . D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : Nhom 1 : Lien ket hoa hoc la g ? Nhom 2 : Tai sao cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau ? Hoat ong 2 : Hoc sinh nghien c SGK cho biet noi dung quy tac bat t ? ( Nhom 2 ) HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I Khai niem ve lien ket hoa hoc : 1 Khai niem ve lien ket : Lien ket hoa hoc c thc hien gia hai nguyen t trong phan t n chat hay hp chat . 2 Quy tac bat t : Cac nguyen t cua cac nguyen to co khuynh hng lien ket vi nguyen t khac e dat Hoat ong 3 : Dan dat hoc c cau hnh ben cua cac sinh nh ngha the nao la nguyen t kh hiem co 8 e hoac ion ? co 2 e oi vi Heli ) lp ngoai Nhom 4 : The nao la kim cung loai ? II Lien ket ion : Nhom 5 : The la phi kim ? 1 S tao thanh ion : Giao vien hng dan hoc sinh a Ion : viet qua trnh hnh thanh lien * S tao thanh cation ( ion ket ion cua nguyen t :Na , Mg dng ) : , Al , N , O , Cl . Goi ten cac ion . Cac nguyen t kim loai nhng
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electron tao thanh ion dng (cation ) Vd : Na Na+ +1e ( cation Natri ) Mg Mg2+ + 2e ( cation Magie) Al Al3+ + 3e ( cation Nhom ) Tong quat :
M - n e Mn+ ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 ) Kim loai Ion dng , cation

* S tao thanh anion ( ion am ) : Cac phi kim nhng electron tao thanh anion ( anion ) Vd : Cl + 1e Cl- ( anion clorua ) S + 2e S2- ( anion sunfua ) N - 3e Al3+ ( anion Nitrua ) Tong quat :
X - me Xm- ( m = 1 , 2 , 3 ) Phi kim Ion am ,anion

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HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 4 : Nhom 6 Hoc sinh nghien cu SGK cho biet the nao la ion n , ion a ? Hoat ong 5 : Cung co : Hng hoc sinh lam bai tap 1,2,3 SGK Hoat ong 6 : Nhom 7 Giao vien mo ta th nghiem Na + Cl2 tao muoi NaCl Hoc sinh viet phan ng Hoc sinh viet cau hnh elelctron cua Na , Cl Gao vien dan dat HS qua trnh hnh thanh lien ion Na+ va Cl- t cau hnh va tuan theo quy tat bat t . Hoat ong 7 : Nhom 8 Giao vien hng dan hoc sinh viet qua trnh hnh lien ket ion gia nguyen t Ca va Cl Hoat ong 8 : Nhom 9 Hoc sinh nhan xet cac nguyen t tham vao lien ket va qua trnh hnh thanh lien ket e rut ra ra ket luan ve lien ket ion . HS viet nh mgha trong SGK . Hoat ong 9 : Hs quan sat mo hnh cau truc mang tinh the NaCl . Cho biet : - S phan bo cac ion trong tinh the . Cau truc mang tinh the . - So ion trai dau bao xung quanh 1 ion Giao vien bo sung : n vi cau truc cua tinh the la ion Na+ va Cl- . Hoat ong 10 : Giao vien lam th nghiem tnh tan va nong chay cua NaCl . Hoc sinh rut ra nhan xet . Hoc sinh rut ra ket luan ve tnh chat cua tinh ion ( T lien ket ion ) Hoat ong 11 : Cung co : hs giai bai tap 4,5,6,7 HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH b Ion n va ion a nguyen t : *Ion n nguyen t : ch co mot nguyen t V du : Na+ , S2- . * Ion a nguyen t : co nhieu nguyen t lien ket vi nhau tao thanh mot nhom nguyen t mang ien tch am hay dng . V du : SO 2 , NH + 4 4 2 S tao thanh lien ket ion : a - S tao thanh lien ket ion cua phan t 2 nguyen t : Vd : Phan t NaCl :
Na
6 1s22s22p 3s1

+ 1s2 2s22p63 3p5 2 s

Cl1s 2s 2p63s23p6

Cl

Na+ 1s 2s22p6
2

+2

b S tao thanh lien ket ion trong phan t nhieu nguyen t :

Cl

1s 2s 2p 33p s2
2 2

4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 6

Ca
2

6 1s 2s22p+ 33p5 2 s 2

Cl

Cl1s 2s 2p63s23p6

Cl- + 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p63s23p6
2 2 6 2 6 2 2

+Ca2+

3 nh ngha lien ket ion : Lien ket ion : - Lien ket c tao thanh la do lc hut tnh ien gia cac ion mang ien tch trai dau . - c hnh thanh gia kim loai ien hnh va phi kim ien hnh . III Tinh the va mang tinh the : 1 Khai niem : Tinh the c cau tao t nhng nguyen t hoac ion hoac phan t sap xep theo mot trat t xac nh trong khong gian tao thanh mang tinh the . 2 Mang tinh the ion : c tao t hp chat ion . Co nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay cao . Ton tai dang phan t rieng re trang thai hi .

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E CUNG CO : Hng dan H giai bai tap 4,5,6,7

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR

A Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh hieu : Lien ket cong hoa tr la g , nguyen nhan hnh thanh lien ket cong hoa tr . ac iem cua lien ket cong hoa tr , giai thch c lien ket cong hoa tr trong mot so phan t B Chuan b : S o xen phu cac obitan s s , s p , p p C - Kiem tra bai cu : 1 Tai sao cac nguyen t ophai lien ket vi nhau , phat bieu quy tac bat t ? 2 - Viet s o mo ta s hnh thanh lien ket gia Na va Cl , K va S , Al va O 3 Viet cau hnh e cua 16S va 1H . Hai nguyen t lien ket theo hnh thc nao ? D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH

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Hoat ong 1 : Hs viet cau hnh e cua nguyen t H va phan bo vao o lng t , cho biet so e oc than . G mo ta s xen phu s-s cua 2 AO s( H) HS ket luan : xen phu s-s HS nhac lai quy tat bat t . G mo ta s tao thanh lien ket cong hoa tr trong phan t H2 theo quy tac bat t . I S hnh thanh lien ket cong hoa tr : 1 S xen phu cac obitan nguyen t trong s tao thanh cac phan t n chat : a S hnh thanh phan t H2 : 1 1H : 1s + Hai AO 1s xen phu tao thanh vung xen phu + Co lc tng ho gia 2 p va 2 e + Co lc hut gia 2 cac e vi hat nhan nguyen t Khi lc hut va lc ay can bang , lien ket cong hoa tr c hnh thanh . H : H H HH Ct e CtCt * Ket luan : Trong phan t H2 , 2 nguyen t H lien ket nhau nh cap e chung , co s xen phu 2 AO s . b S hnh thanh phan t Cl2 : 2 2 6 2 5 17Cl : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 2 2 6 1s 2s 2p 3s2 3p5 - Moi nguyen t Cl co 1 ep oc than s xen phu xay ra gia 2 AO p cha e oc than .
H +
cap e chung

Hoat ong 2 : Giao vien ve hnh s xen phu cua 2 AOp cua 2 nguyen t Cl HS ket luan : xen phu p-p HS mo ta s tao thanh lien ket cong hoa tr trong Cl2 theo quy tac bat t .

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HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 3 : s dung SGK HS mo ta s xen phu cua AOp cua nguyen t Cl va AO s cua H HS ket luan : xen phu s-p HS mo ta s tao thanh lien ket cong hoa tr trong HCl theo quy tac bat t . Hoat ong 4 : S dung SGK HS mo ta s xen phu cua 2 AOp cua nguyen t S va 2 AO s cua H HS ket luan : xen phu s-p HS mo ta s tao thanh lien ket cong hoa tr trong H2S l theo quy tac bat t . Hoat ong 5 : Hs nhan xet ca v du rut ra nhan xet ve kien ket cong hoa tr viet nh ngha trong SGK . G a ra khai niem lien ket cho nhan va giai thch lien ket trong phan t SO2 . SO3 Hoat ong 6 : cung co : Viet cong thc e , ctct cua HCl , HClO , HClO2 , CO2 , SO3 . . . Mo ta s xen phu trong phan t H2O , Br2

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH 2 S xen phu AO trong s tao thanh phan t hp chat : a- Phan t HCl : 1 AO s (H) +1 AO p (Cl)

b Phan t H2S :

II nh ngha lien ket cong hoa tr : 1 Lien ket cong hoa tr : Lien ket cong hoa tr la lien ket c hnh thanh gia 2 nguyen t bang 1 hay nhieu cap electron chung .] 2 Lien ket cho nhan ( lien ket phoi tr ) : cap e chung do 1 nguyen t a ra .

E Cung co : Viet cong thc e , ctct cua HCl , HClO , HClO2 , CO2 , SO3 . . . Mo ta s xen phu trong phan t H2O , Br2

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S LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN T VA HNH DANG CUA PHAN T

A- Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh biet : - Khai niem ve s lai hoa obitan nguyen t . - Mot so kieu lai hoa ien hnh . - Hoc sinh giai thch c dang hnh hoc cua cua mot so phan t da vao cac kieu lai hoa . B o dung day hoc : Tranh ve cac kieu lai hoa C Kiem tra bai cu : 1 Mo ta s hnh thanh lien trong phan t H 2 , Cl2 , HCl theo quy tac bat t va theo xen phu . 2 Viet cong thc e , congthc cau tao cua CO2 , H2O , N2 , HClO3 , SO2 D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH Hoat ong 1 : I Khai niem ve s lai hoa : G trnh bay tai sao phai co lai hoa Lai hoa AO la s to hp ( tron . lan ) cac obitan hoa tr cac Trong phan t CH4 co 4 lien ket phan lp khac nhau tao thanh C H giong nhau . Nhng : cac obitan lai hoa giong het nhau . - H co 1e oc than AOs . II Cac kieu lai hoa thng - C co 4 e oc than 1AOs va 3 gap : AOp 1 Lai hoa s p : ng thang Nen lien ket C H khong giong V du : BeH2 nhau 1 AO s + 1 AO p tao thanh 2 obitan Vay e 4 lien ket C H giong nam thang hang vi nhau ve 2 nhau nen 1AOs va 3 AOp se lai pha oi xng . hoa . Goc hoa tr : 1800 H nh ngha lai hoa . Hoat ong 2 : G hng dan H cach phat hien ra lai hoa sp va mo ta phan t BeH2 theo lai hoa sp Hoat ong 3 : 2 Lai hoa s p2 : BF3 : hnh tam G hng H giai thch lien ket trong giac eu phan t BF3 theo lai hoa sp2 1 AO s + 2 AO p tao thanh 3 AO lai hoa sp2 nam trong mot mat phang nh hng t tam cua tam giac eu . Goc hoa tr : 120 0

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Hoat ong 4 : G hng H giai thch lien ket trong phan t CH4 theo lai hoa sp3

3 Lai hoa s p3 : CH4 hnh t dien eu 1 AO (s) + 3 AO (p ) 4 AO lai hoa sp3 nh hng t tam en 4 nh cua t dien eu , goc hoa tri : 109o29

Lu y : Cac AO ch lai hoa khi chung co nang lng xap x nhau . E Cung co : G hng H giai thch lien ket trong phan t BH 3 , NH3 , H2O theo lai hoa

S XEN PHU CAC OBITAN NGUYEN T TAO THANH LIEN KET N , LIEN KET OI , LIEN KET BA
A Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh biet : - Lien ket , lien ket c hnh thanh nh the nao . - The nao la lien ket n , lien ket ba . B o dung day hoc : Tranh ve s xen phu truc , xen phu ben Tranh ve mo ta s tao thanh lien ket oi , lien ket ba . C Kiem tra bai cu : 1 The nao la lai hoa . 2 Mo ta s hnh thanh lien trong phan BeCl 2 , BH3 , CH4 theo lai hoa . D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : G s dung hnh ve cac AO s , p e mo ta s xen phu truc e tao lien ket H ket luan ve lien ket sigma va xen pju truc . HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I S xen phu truc , xen phu ben : 1 S xen phu truc : La s xen phu co truc cua AO lien ket trung vi vi ng noi tam cua 2 nguyen t lien ket . Tao lien ket sigma ( )

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Hoat ong 2 : G mo ta s xen phu ben . H ket luan ve xen phu ben e tao ra lien ket H nhan ra s khac biet gia xen phu ben va xen phu truc . 2 S xen phu ben : La s xen phu co co truc cuaAO lien ket song song vi nhau va vuong goc vi ng noi tam cua hai nguyen t lien ket Tao lien ket

Hoat ong 3 : H nhac lai s xen phu trong phan t H2 , Cl2 ,HCl Va nhan xet cong thc cau tao cua cac phan t . G : neu nh ngha lien ket n . H ket luan ve moi quan he gia lien ket n va xen phu truc .

II S xen phu cua cac AO tao thanh lien ket n , lien ket oi , lien ket ba : 1 Lien ket n ( ): c tao thanh t s sen phu truc . Lien ket tao thanh ben vng

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 4 : G nh ngha lien ket oi . H viet cong thc e , cong thc cau tao cua C2H4 va nhan xet cac loai lien ket trong phan t t o d oan loai xen phu . G giai thch cau tao cua C2H4 theo lai hoa va xen phu .

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH 2 Lien ket oi : Xet s tao thanh phan t : C2H4 - Moi nguyen t C co s lai hoa gia AO (s) vi 2 AO (p) theo kieu lai hoa sp2 tao nen lien ket gia 2 nguyen t C va lien ket gia C vi cac nguyen t H . - Moi nguyen t C con 1 AO ( p ) khong tham gia lai hoa se xen phu ben tao thanh lien ket - Lien ket kem ben

Hoat ong 4 : G nh ngha lien ket ba . H viet cong thc e , cong thc cau tao cua N2 va nhan xet cac loai lien ket trong phan t t o d oan loai xen phu . G giai thch cau tao cua N2 theo xen phu .

3 Lien ket ba : Xet s tao thanh phan t N2 : 2 2 3 7N : 1s 2s 2p 2s2 2p3 px py pz - 2 AO (pz) xen phu truc tao lien ket - 2 AO ( px , py ) cua 2 nguyen t N
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xen phu ben tao 2 lien ket . CTCT : N N E Cung co : Neu nh ngha lien ket n , lien ket ba ,lien ket oi Giai bai tap SGK .

O AM IEN VA LIEN KET HOA HOC

A Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh hieu : - The nao la lien ket cong hoa tr co cc , khong cc . - o am ien anh hng nh the nao en cac kieu lien ket . B o dung day hoc : Bang o am ien cac nguyen to hoa hoc . Bang hieu o am ien va phan tram mc o ac tnh ion . C Kiem tra bai cu : 1 - Neu nh ngha lien ket n , lien ket ba ,lien ket oi 2 Mo ta s hnh lien ket trong phan t HCl , C 2H4 , C2H2 D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : H viet cong thc e , CTCT cua Cl2 . Tnh hieu so A HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I o am ien va lien ket cong hoa tr : 1 o am ien va lien ket cong
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cua Cl2 . Nhan xet kha nang hut e cua 2 nguyen t . G ket luan ve kien ket CHT khong cc . hoa tr khong cc : - c hnh thanh trong phan t n chat . - Cap electron chung c phan bo chnh gia 2 nguyen t lien ket . VD : 2 o am ien va lien ket cong hoa tr co cc : - c hnh thanh trong phan t hp chat - Cap electron chung c phan bo lech ve pha nguyen t co o am ien ln .
H Cl

Hoat ong 2 : H viet cong thc e , CTCT cua HCl . Tnh hieu so A cua HCl . Nhan xet kha nang hut e cua 2 nguyen t . G ket luan ve kien ket CHT co cc .

Hoat ong 3 : H nghien cu SGK cho biet moi quan he gia hieu so A va lien ket . G nhan manh khong co ranh gii ro rang gia cacloai lien ket .

Hieu so o am ien gia hai nguyen trong phan t cang ln , lien ket cong hoa tr cang phan cc II Hieu o am ien va lien ket ion : = A - B 2 : Lien ket ion 0.4 = A - B < 2 : Lien ket cong hoa tr co cc . = A - B < 0,4 : Lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc 0, 1 % 0, 5 0, 4 4 0, 8 1 5 1, 2 3 0 1, 7 5 1 1, 9 5 9 2, 0 6 1 2, 5 7 9 3, 0 8 9 3, 3 9, 2

E Cung co : Cho cac phan t : NaCl . K2O , CaCl2 , H2S , NH3 Viet CTCT , cho biet loai lien ket trong phan t .

MANG TINH THE NGUYEN T MANG TINH THE PHAN T

A Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh hieu : The nao la mang tinh the nguyen t , tinh the phan t .
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Tnh chat chung cua mang tinh the nguyen t , phan t . B o dung day hoc : Tranh ve mang tinh the nc a , iot C Kiem tra bai cu : Cho cac phan t : NaCl . K2O , CaCl2 , H2S , NH3 Viet CTCT , cho biet loai lien ket trong phan t D Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : H quan sat mo hnh tinh the kim cng e nhan biet cau truc mang tinh the kim cng . G nhan manh : ay la cay truc t dien eu , nguyen t C lai hoa sp3 , moi nguyen t C lien ket vi 4 nguyen t C khac theo kieu xen phu tao lien ket , cac nguyen t C nam 4 nh t dien . Hoat ong 2 : Da vao kieu lien ket trong tinh the kim cng cho biet tnh chat cua kim cng . HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I Mang tinh the nguyen t : V du : Tinh the kim cng 1 - Thanh phan : c tao bi cac nguyen t Cacbon 2 Kieu lien ket : Cac nguyen t Cacbon lien ket cong hoa tr vi bon nguyen t Cacbon gan nhat tao hnh t dien eu . o dai lien ket : 0,154 nm dC-C 3 Tnh chat : Ben , co o cng ln Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi cao II Mang tinh the phan t : 1 Mang tinh the IOT : a Thanh phan : c tao bi Hoat ong 3 : cac phan t IOT H quan sat mo hnh tinh the Iot va b Kieu lien ket : Cac phan nc a cho biet cau truc mang t IOT name tren cac nh va tinh the . tam cua hnh lap phng lap G cho biet lc lien ke trong tinh phng tam dien the phan t . c Tnh chat : Khong ben , de thang hoa 2 Tinh the nc a : Hoat ong 4 : a- Thanh phan : c tao t H nghien cu SGK e cho biet tnh cac phan t nc chat cua mang tinh the phan t ( b- Kieu lien ket : Moi phan lien he thc te ) t nc lien ket vi 4 phan t nc khac gan no tao thanh t dien eu c Tnh chat : Cau truc rong co t khoi nho , khi ong ac co the tch ln hn khi trang thai long . 3- Tnh chat chung cua mang tinh the phan t : Thng mem , co nhiet o nong chay thap E Cung co : 1 - So sanh o cng va nhiet o nong chay cua kim cng va nc a . 2 So sanh tnh tan cua NaCl va muoi an , long nao vi muoi an .

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LUYEN TAP CHNG III

A Muc ch yeu cau : 1 Kien thc : - He thong hoa kien thc a hoc trong chng . Ban chat cac kieu lien ket , phan biet c cac kieu lien ket ac iem ve cau truc va tnh chat cac mang tinh the Phan biet c hoa tr cac nguyen to trong hp chat cong hoa tr va hp chat ion . 2 Ky nang : Van dung khai niem o am ien e anh gia tnh chat lien ket . Da vao ac iem cac loai lien ket e giai thch va d oan tnh chat cua moat so chat co cau truc tinh the nguyen t , phan t . Van dung quy tac e tnh so oxi hoa cac nguyen to trong ion va hp chat cong hoa tr Xac c hoa tri cac nguyen to trong hp chat cong hoa tr , hp chat ion . Van dung gia tr o am ien e d oan va giai thch tnh chat cua mot so chat B Kiem tr bai cu : 1 - So sanh o cng va nhiet o nong chay cua kim cng va nc a . 2 So sanh tnh tan cua NaCl va muoi an , long nao vi muoi an C Bai giang :

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HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : G hng dan H ien vao tng cot ve ban chat va ieu kien lien ket ion , cho v du ? Hoat ong 2 : G hng dan H ien vao tng cot ve ban chat va ieu kien lien ket cong hoa tr , cho v du ? H phai so sanh s giong va khac nhau cua tng loai lien ket .

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I So sanh lien ket ion va lien ket cong hoa tr : 1 Giong nhau : Cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau e at trang thai be cua kh hiem . 2 Khac nhau : Loai lien ket Ban chat ION La lc hut tnh ien gia c1a ion mang ien tch trai dau Na+ + Cl- NaCl Phi kim ien hnh va kim loai ien hnh X 2 CONG HOA TR La s dung chung cac e

V du Hoat ong 3 : H ien vao cac cot trong tinh the . G hng dan H cac so sanh cac tinh the ve nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay . . . ieu kien

- Gia hai nguyen to giong nhau Lien ket CHT khong cc 0 X < 0,4 - Gia hai nguyen to giong nhau Lien ket CHT co cc : 0,4 X <2 0,4

II Tinh the : ION Khai niem - c hnh thanh

NGUYE PHAN N T T c c hnh hnh thanh thanh

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t nhng ion mang ien tch trai dau - Cac cation va anion nut mang tinh the -Lc lien ket co lc hut tnh ien - Ben , kho nong chay , kho bay hi t cac nguye n t t cac phan t

ac tnh

- Lc lien ket co ban chat cong hoa tr . - Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi hi cao

- Lc lien ket la lc tng tac phan t . - t ben , o cng nho , nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o bay hi thap

D Cung co : Sa cac bai tap trong SGK

HOA TR VA SO OXI HOA CAC NGUYEN TO TRONG PHAN T A Muc ch yeu cau : Hoc sinh nam c : - Khai niem ve ien hoa tri va cong hoa tr . - Van dung c cac quy tac e xac nh so oxi hoa va hoa tr cua nguyen to trong phan t . B Kiem tra bai cu : 1 Viet cong thc e , CTCT cua Na2O , H2SO4 , HNO3 2 Cho biet loai lien ket trong cac phan t tren . 3 So sanh nhiet o soi cua nc a kho vi CaCl 2
48

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
C Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : H nghien cu hp chat ion , xacmh hoa tr cac nguyen to . H nh ngha ien hoa tr . HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I Hoa tr va cach xac nh hoa tr trong hp chat ion : ien hoa tr : La hoa tr cac nguyen t trong hp chat ion .o chnh la ien tch cac ion va bang so electron cac nhng hoac nhan e tao thanh ion . Vd : NaCl c tao t ion Na+ va Cl- Na co ien hoa tr +1 ; Cl co ien hoa tr -1 II - Hoa tr va cach xac nh hoa tr trong hp chat cong hoa tr : Cong hoa tr : La hoa tr cac nguyen t trong hp cong hoa tr .La so cap electron dung chung hay so electron gia tham vao lien ket phoi tr Vd : Tm hoa tr cua S trong hp chat H2SO4 O H O
VI

Hoat ong 2 : H nghien cu hp chat CHT , xac nh hoa tr cac nguyen to . H nh ngha cong hoa tr .

Hoat ong 3 : H viet congthc e , CTCT cua Cl2 , HCl , NaCl va xac nh loai lien ket trong phan t . G nh ngha so oxi hoa

II

O III So oxi hoa cac nguyen to hoa hoc : 1-Khai niem : So oxi hoa la ien tch cua nguyen t trong phan t neu gia nh rang lien ket gia cac nguyen t trong phan t la lien ket ion . Cl2 HCl NaCl Cl Cl H Cl Na Cl

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 4 : H hng dan H cac tnh soh theo quy c .

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH 2-Quy c : * n chat : soh = 0 Vd : Cu

49
0

O2

H2

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
* Hp chat : trong hp chat : - Soh O = -2 ( tr H2O2 , F2O , KO2 ) Soh H = +1 ( tr NaH . . .) - Soh cua kim loai trong muoi luon la dngva bang chnh hoa tr cua kim loai . Vd : Fe2 ( S o 4 ) 3 , H N O 3 - Soh ion bang chnh ien tch ion Vd : soh SO 2 4 = -2 -Soh phan t hp chat = 0 = tong soh cac nguyen t trong phan t . Vd : Soh Fe2(SO4)3 = 2 soh Fe = 3 soh S + 12 soh O = +6 + 3 soh S + (-24) = 0 soh S = +6 * Tnh soh cua N trong HNO3 soh HNO3 = soh H + soh N + 3 soh O = 0 +1 + soh N + (-6) = 0 soh N = +5 D Cung co : 1 Viet cong thc cau tao : Mg(OH) 2 , NaCl , H3PO4 , Cl2O3 . Xac nh hoa tr cac ngyen o trong hp chat 2 Tm so oxi hoa trong cac chat sau : N2 . NH3 , NO , N2O , NO2 , HNO2 , HNO3 , Fe(NO3)3 , Fe(NO3)2 . NH+4 , NO3- . NH4NO3
+3 2

+1

50

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

TINH THE KIM LOAI

I.MUC CH YEU CAU : Hoc sinh hieu: The nao la lien ket kim loai. Tnh chat chung cua tinh the kim loai. Hoc sinh van dung: Da vao ac iem cua lien ket lim loai e giai thch tnh chat chung cua tinh the kim loai. II.O DUNG DAY HOC : Giao vien: Mo hnh cac mang tinh the lap phng tam khoi, lap phng tam dien, luc phng. III LEN LP : 1 On nh lp : 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : I.Khai niem ve lien ket kim loai: H quan sat SGK va ng _Lien ket kim loai la lien ket c hnh ngha lien ket kim loai . thanh gia cac nguyen t va ion kim loai trong mang tinh the co s tham gia cua electron t do. _Ban chat cua l/k kim loai : la lc hut tnh ien gia cac e vi ion dng. II.Mang tinh the kim loai: Hoat ong 2 : 1.Mot so kieu mang tinh the: H quan sat mo hnh cac tinh the trong SGK DANG CAU TRUC HNHVE V DU va so sanh s khac Lap Cac ng.t Nhom nhau gia cac mang phng hoac ion nam I A va tinh the . tam cac nh Ba khoi va tam cua hnh lap phng Ca, Sr, Rh, Ni, Lap Cac ng.t Cu, phng hoac cac ion Al tam nam cac
51

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
dien nh va tam cua cac hnh lap phng. Sc, Ti, Lu, Y, Tc, Re

Cac ng.t hoac ion nam tren nh va Hoat ong 3 : tam cua 2 G lien he thc te e H ay hnh luc rut ra tnh chat vat ly giac ng, 3 cua kim loai . ng.t hoac ion kl khac name pha trong hnh luc giac. 2.Tnh chat cua tinh the kim loai: *Do co dong electron t do nen kim loai co nhng tnh chat chung sau: _Dan ien, dan nhiet tot. _Co anh kim. _Co tnh deo.

Luc phng

IV. CUNG CO: H cho biet lien ket trong tinh the kim loai . So sanh nhiet o nong chay cua Cu vi nuc a V. BAI TAP : Lam bai 1,2 ,3 ,4 SGK VI RUT KINH NGHIEM :

I.MUC CH YEU CAU: 1.Ve kien thc : Hoc sinh biet: Phan loai phan ng hoa hoc da vao nhng kien thc co san va da vao so oxy hoa. Nhiet cua phan ng, phan ng thu va toa nhiet. 2.Ve ky nang : Ren luyen kha nang t duy: phan tch, oi chieu , so sanh. Van dung quy tac tnh so oxy hoa, da vao so oxy hoa e phan loai phan ng. Bieu dien phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc. II.O DUNG DAY HOC: Giao vien: Tranh ve s o phan ng ot chay kh hydro. S o phan ng kh ong oxit bang hydro CuO + H 2. Hoa chat: cac dung dch CuSO4, NaOH.
52

Phan loai phan ng hoa hoc

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Bang phu. Hoc sinh: On lai kien thc ve cac loai phan ng a c hoc THCS. III LEN LP : 1 On nh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 1- So sanh nhiet o nong chay cua Na va tinh the IOT 2 Giai thch tnh dan ien cua Cu , dan nhiet cua noi nhom . 3 Bai giang :

CAC HOAT ONG CUA CAC HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH GIAO VIEN Hoat ong 1 : I.S thay oi so oxy hoa cua H cho biet cac loai p a hoc cac ng.to trong phan ng hoa lp 8+9 . Cho v du hoc: Pha n ng Hoat ong 2 : Qua cac v du H tnh so oxi hoa cac p . Hoa hp S thay oi soh Co A + B AB hoac 0 0 +1 -2 khong H2 + O2 H2O thay +1 -2 +1 +1 -2 +1 oi Na2O + H2O NaOH soh Co s A + BC AC + B 0 +1 thay oi +2 0 Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + soh H2
0 +2 0 +1

Vdu

The

Pha n huy Hoat ong 3 : Qua cac v du H rut ra p nao that oi soh , phan ng nao
53

H2 + CuO t Cu + H2O AB A + B +2 +4 -2 +2 -2 +4 CaCO3 t CaO + CO2 +5 -2 -1 0 KClO3 t KCl + 3/2O2

0

Co hoac khong thay oi soh

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
khong thay oi soh . Trao oi AB + CD AC + BD +1 -2 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -2 NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Co s thay oi soh

Hoat ong 4 : H lay v du p toa nhiet va thu nhiet trong cuoc song hang ngay . Cho biet k hieu ve nhiet a hoc lp di . G : thay v ghi la Q th thay bang gia tr H va so sanh H vi Q Hoat ong 5 : G hng dan H viet phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc.

Nhan xet: Da vao s thay oi so oxi hoa : * Phan ng co s thay oi so oxi hoa : hoa hp, the, phan huy. * Phan ng khong co s thay oi so oxi hoa : trao oi , hoa hp, phan huy. II.Phan ng toa nhiet va phan ng thu nhiet: 1.nh ngha: * Phan ng toa nhiet : la p/ hoa hoc giai phong nang lng di dang nhiet. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 (toa nhiet) * Phan ng thu nhiet : la p/ hoa hoc hap thu nang lng di danbg nhiet. C CaCO3 900 CaO + CO2 Q (thu nhiet) 2.Phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc: * Nhiet phan ng ( H) (nhiet hoa hoc) - Phan ng thu nhiet: H > 0. - Phan ng toa nhiet : H < 0. Na + 1/2HCl t0 NaCl H = -411,1 kJ/mol * Pt nhiet hoa hoc la p/ hoa hoc co kem theo gia tr cua H va trang thai cua cac chat. *P/ toa nhiet (H < 0 ) 1 mol Na p/ 411,1 kJ toa ra. 1 mol NaCl 411,1 kJ toa ra 0.5 mol Cl2 411,1 kJ toa ra 1 mol Cl2 822,2 kJ toa ra.

IV.CUNG CO : 1) Cho v du vao o trong , moi o cho 2 v du : Phan ng Hoa hp Phan S o A + B AB V Co s thay oi soh
54

AB A + B

du Khong thay oi soh

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
The A + BC AC + B Trao oi A B + CD AC + BD 2) Cho 3 v du ve p thu nhiet va 3 v du ve p toa nhiet . V . BAI TAP : Lam 1 6 SGK huy

Phan ng oxy hoa kh

I.MUC DCH YEU CAU : 1.Ve kien thc : Hoc sinh biet: _Lap phng trnh phan ng oxy hoa kh bang phng phap thang bang electron. Hoc sinh hieu: Cach xac nh so oxy hoa, chat kh, qua trnh oxy hoa, qua trnh kh. The nao la phan ng oxy hoa kh. 2.Ve ky nang : Phan biet phan ng oxy hoa kh vi cac loai phan ng khac. Xac nh chnh xac so oxy hoa cua cac chat trong phan ng hoa hoc. II.O DUNG DAY HOC: Hoc sinh : on lai kien thc ve : Phan ng oxy hoa kh trong chng trnh lp 8 THCS. On lai kien thc ve lien ket ion, hp chat ion. Quy tac tnh so oxy hoa. III LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp : iem danh 2 Kiem tra bai cu : a) Cac p sau thuoc loai p nao : Ca + 2 H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 KClO3 KCl + KClO4 b) Viet phng trnh nhiet hoa hoc : kh H 2 + kh Cl2 thu c 1 mol HCl , phan ng toa ra lng nhiet la : 185,7 kJ . 3 Bai giang :

55

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN

HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH

I.Phan ng oxy hoa kh: 1.Cac v du: V du 1 :
nhng e :QToxi hoa

4Na + O2 2Na2O
nhan e : QT kh

ay la phan ng oxy hoa kh Nhan xet : co s thay oi soh Na0 Na+1 + 1e qua trnh oxy hoa. [Ne] 3s1 O0 + 2e O-2 qua trnh kh. [ He ] 2s2 2p6 Chat oxy hoa : soh nhan e. Chat kh : soh nhng e. II.Thiet lap phan ng oxy hoa kh: 1.Phng phap : gom 4 bc: Bc 1: xac nh nguyen to thay oi soh , xac nh chat oxy hoa, chat kh. Bc 2: viet qua trnh oxy hoa, qua trnh kh. Bc 3: nhan he so vao 2 qua trnh sao cho so e cho = so e nhan. Bc 4: a he so len phng trnh phan ng va can bang kim loai, phi kim, hidro va kiem tra oxy 2 ve. 2-V du : a-Dang 1 : Hai nguyen to thay oi soh : Vd 1 :

Fe + H2 S O4 Fe 2(SO4)3 + S O2 + H2O
Chat kh : Fe Chat oxi hoa : H2SO4 1x 3x 2
0

+ 6

+3

+ 4

2 Fe - 2x3e = 2 Fe : QT oxi hoa

+ 6

+3

+ 2e =
+ 6

+ 4

S : QT kh
+3 + 4 + 4

Fe + 3 S = 2 Fe + 3 S
+ 6 +3

2 Fe + 6H2 S O4 6H2O Vd 2 :

Fe 2(SO4)3 + 3 S O2 +
+2
0

H Cl + K Mn O4 KCl + Chat kh : HCl Chat oxi hoa : KMnO 4 5x 2x 10 2 Cl - 2e =

1 0

+7

Mn Cl2 + Cl 2 + H2O

Cl 2

Mn
1

+7

+ 5e =

Mn
0

+2

Cl + 5
1

Mn
+7

+7

=5

Cl 2

+2

Mn
+2

+2

16H Cl +2 K Mn O4 2 KCl +2

Mn Cl2 + 5

56

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Cl 2 + 8H2O
0

LUYEN TAP CHNG 4

I-MUC TIEU BAI HOC 1- Cung co kien thc Phan loai phan ng hoa hoc Nhiet cua phan ng hoa hoc ,phan ng toa nhiet ,phan ng thu nhiet Phan ng oxi hoa kh ,chat oxi hoa , chat kh ,s oxi hoa ,su kh 2- Ren k nang Lap phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh theo phng phap thang bang electron II-HOAT ONG DAY HOC HS lam cac bai tap on sau : Bai 1: Trong cac phanb ng di ay ,phan ng nao la phan ng oxi hoa kh: a) 4Na + O2 2NaO b) 2Fe(OH)3 F2O3 + 3H2O c) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 NaSO4 + H2O + CO2 d) 2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2 e) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl Bai 2: Khi ot chay H2S trong lng oxi d , nc va lu huynh i oxit c tao thanh 1- Viet phng trnh phan ng 2- Trong phan ng o nguyen to nao b oxi hoa ,nguyen to nao b kh Bai 3: phan ng nao trong cac phan ng di day Axit sunfuric ong vai tro chat oxi hoa 1. 2NaI + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + I2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2. BaF2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HF Bai 4: Tnh so oxi hoa cua : 1. Cacbon trong a)CF2Cl2 ; b) Na2C2O4 ; c) HCO3- ; d) C2H6 2. Brom trong a) KBr ; b)BrF3 ; c) HBrO3 ; d) CBr4 Bai 5: Lap cac phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh theo cac s o di day va xac nh vai tro cu tng chat trong phan ng 1. KClO3 + HBr Br2 + KCl + H2O 2. FeCl2 + H2O2 + HCl FeCl3 + H2O Bai 6: Hoat chat trong nhieu loai thuoc lam nhat mau toc la H 2O2. Ham lng H2O2 c xac nh bang dd chuan kali pemanganat theo s o phan ng H2O2 + KMnO 4 + H2SO4 O2 + K2SO4 + MnSO 4 + H2O

57

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
a) La chon he so thch hp cho phng trnh .Cho biet nguyen to nao b oxi hoa , nguyen to nao b kh
b) e tac dung het vi H 2O2 trong 25 g mot loai thuoc lam nhat mau toc phai dung va het 80 ml dd KMnO 4 0,21M .Tnh nong o phan tram Cua H2O2 trong loai thuoc noi tren

KHAI QUAT VE NHOM HALOGEN

I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet: -Nhom halogen gom nhng nguyen to nao. V tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc. - ac iem chung ve cau taonguyen t, lien ket X-X cua cac halogen, t o suy ra tnh chat hoa hocac trng cua cac halogen la tnh oxy hoa manh. - Mot so quy luat bien oi tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to trong nhom halogen. Hoc sinh hieu: - V sao tnh chat cua cac halogen bieb oi co quy luat. - Nguyen nhan s bien oi tnh chat phi kim cua cac halogen la do s bien oi ve cau tao nguyen t, o am ien - Cac halogen co kha nang the hien so oxy hoa: -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 la do o am ien va cau tao lp electron ngoai cung cua chung. II.O DUNG DAY HOC: Giao vien: - Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc. - Bang phu theo sgk Hoc sinh: - On lai kien thc ve cau tao nguyen t, khai niem o am ien, ai lc electron, so oxy hoa,.. - Ky nang viet cau hnh electron. III LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : CAC HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN CAC HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I.Nhom halogen trong bang tuan hoan: _Nhom VII A gom: Flo(F), Clo(Cl), Brom(Br), Iot(I), Atatin(At). At: nguyen to phong xa halogen : F, Cl, Br, I (At: nguyen to phong xa) II. Cau hnh e cua halogen: _Cac halogen thuoc nhom VII A, t chu ky 25, cuoi moi chu ky nhng trc kh hiem. _Co 7e lp ngoai cung: ns 2 np2 n:STT chu ky. * trang thai c ban: co 1e oc than 58

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
np5 * trang thai kch thch v co phan lp d: ClI : co 3, 5, 7 e oc than. ns2 np5 ns2

*Ton tai dang phan t X2: X2 : X-X

*Nang lng lien ket X-X thap nen cac phan t halogen tng oi de dan g tach thanh 2 nguyen t. III.Khai quat ve tnh chat cua cac halogen: 1.Tnh chat vat ly: Trang thai Mau Nhiet o nong chay Nhiet o soi 2.Tnh chat hoa hoc
0 -1

F2 Kh Luc

Cl2 Kh Va ng luc

Br2 Lo ng Na u o

I2 ra n Tm en

X2 + 2.1e 2Xns2np5 ns2np6 Cac halogen co tnh oxy hoa t FI (XF = 4, XCl = 3, XBr = 2, XI=2) _Co soh -1 trong hp chat vi hydro, vi kim loai + F co soh -1 trong cac hp chat. + T ClI : Ngoai soh -1 con co soh +1, +3, +5, +7 :
+1 +2 +3 +4

NaClO, NaClO2, KClO3, KClO4. III.CUNG CO:

CLO
I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet: Mot so tnh chat vat ly, ng dung, phng phap ieu che clo trong PTN va trong cong nhgiep. Clo la chat kh oc hai. Hoc sinh hieu:

59

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
- Tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua clo la tnh chat oxy hoa manh : oxy hoa kim loai, phi kim va mot so hp chat. Clo co tnh chat oxy hoa manh la do o am ien ln. - Trong mot so phan ng, clo con the hien tnh kh. Hoc sinh van dung: Viet cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh oxy hoa manh va tnh kh cua clo, phng trnh phan ng ieu che clo trong PTN. II.O DUNG DAY HOC Giao vien : Lo cha kh clo ieu che san (2 lo) , day sat, en con , kep sat III.BAI GIANG: 1 On nh lp : 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Giang bai mi : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH KHHH: 17Cl ong v: CTPT: Cl2 CT electron :

CTPT: Cl Cl, KLPT: 71 I.Tnh chat vat ly: _La chat kh, mau vang luc, oc, nang hn khong kh 2,5 _t tan trong nc, khi tan tao thanh nc clo co tnh tay mau, tan nhieu trong dung moi hu c. II. Tnh chat hoa hoc : 1.Tac dung vi kim loai: 2M + nCl2 2MCln (KL) (n: hoa tr cao nhat cua M )
0 0 +1 -1

VD: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl (Natri clorua) 2Fe +3Cl2 2FeCl3 (sat III clorua) Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 (ong clorua) 2.Tac dung vi H2:
0 0 +1 -1

H2 + Cl2 2HCl 2O HCl H dd HCl axit clohydrit 3.Tac dung vi H2O:

0 -1 +1

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO nc clo Axit hipolor HClO: axit yeu, nhng co tnh oxy hoa manh HClO HCl + [O] O + O O2 Tong quat: 2Cl2 + 2H2O 4HCl + O2 4.Tac dung vi muoi halogen :
0
0 -1

-1
-1 0

-1

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2 Cl2 + 2NaI 2NaCl + I2 5.Tac dung vi dd baz: - t0 thng:
0 -1 +1

Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O _t0 cao:

0 -1 +5

3Cl2 + 6KOH 5KCl +KClO 3 +3H 2O Kali clorat III.ng dung : 60

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
_Sat trung nc, tay trang vai, si, giay. _San xuat chat deo, t si tong hp. _San xuat ra hoa chat, HCl, clorua voi(CaOCl2), thuoc tr sau IV.Trang thai t nhien : _La phi kim hoat ong manh nen chu yeu ton tai dang hp chat:moi clorua co: +Trong nc bien: KCl, NaCl +Trong muoi mo +Cac khoang chat +Trong vo trai at chiem 0,05 % gom 2 ong v 3517Cl (75,53%) va 3517Cl (24,47%) V.ieu che: 1.Trong phong th nghiem : _Chat oxy hoa manh KMnO 4, K2Cr2O4 + HCl Cl2 MnO2, KClO3
+4 +7 0 -1 +2 -1 0 +2

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

2KMnO 4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 +5Cl2 +8H2O

+5 -1 -1 0

KClO3 +6HCl KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O 2.Trong cong nghiep: 2NaCl nong chay dp 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl +2H 2O dpdd 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 15-20% (-) (+) VI.CUNG CO:

61

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

HYDRO CLORUA AXIT CLOHYDRYT

I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet: - Tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc cua hydro clorua va axit clohydric. -Tnh chat cua muoi clorua va cach nhan biet ion clorua. Hoc sinh hieu: -Trong phan t HCL clo co so oxy hoa la -1 la so oxy hoa thap nhat, v vay HCL the hien tnh kh. - Nguyen tac ieu che hydro clorua trong PTN va trong cong nghiep. Hoc sinh van dung: - Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh axit va tnh kh cua axit clohydric. - Nhan biet hp chat cha ion clorua. II.O DUNG DAY HOC Giao vien: -Th nghiem ieu che hydro clorua. - Th nghiem thou tnh tan cua hydro clorua trong nc: Bnh cha kh hydro clorua, dung dch quy tm, chau(coc) thuy tinh ng nc. - Bang tnh tan. -Tranh s o ieu che axit clohydric trong PTN. III . Len lp : 1 On nh : 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Giang bai mi : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I.Tnh chat vat ly: 1.Hydro clorua: _La chat kh khong mau, mui xoc , oc. _Nang hn khong kh, tan rat nhieu trong nc tao thanh dd axit clohydric. _Nhiet o hoa long: -85,1 0C, hoa ran: -114,20C. 2.Axit clodric: _La chat long khong mau, nang hn nc. _Mui xoc, axit clohydric ac(37%) boc khoi trong khong kh am. IITnh chat hoa hoc: 1.Hydro clorua: _Kha tr ve mat hoa hoc: + Khong lam oi mau quy + Khong tac dung vi CaCO 3 + Tac dung vi kim loai kho khan. 2.Axit clohdric: a/La axit manh: *Lam quy tm oi mau. HCl H+ + ClMoi trng axit. *Tac dung vi kim loai ng trc hydro, axit baz, baz va muoi.
0 +2 -2 +1 +1 -1 +2 +2 -1 +2 +2 0 +1 -2 -1 -1 +1 -2 +1 -2

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
+2 -2 +1 +1 -1

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

+2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -1

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + b/Tnh kh:

-1 -1

CO2

HCl : Cl Cl0 , Cl+1, Cl+3, Cl+5, Cl+7. 62

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
+6 -1 0 -1 +3

K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 2CrCl 3 + 7H2O

+4 -1 +2 0

PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + Cl2 + H2O Ket luan : tnh axit HCl + KL > H HCl tnh oxy hoa. tnh kh 3.Muoi clorua : a/Cong thc tong quat : MCln (n: hoa tr cua kl M) b/Tnh tan: _Hau het tan, tr{AgCl, PbCl2, CuCl} trang c/Tnh chat: BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + HCl CuCl2 + NaOH NaCl + Cu(OH)2 NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl d/Nhan biet ion Cl- : dung ddAgNO 3 AgCl trang HCl + AgNO3 HNO3 + AgCl NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl 4.ieu che hydro clorua : a/Trong phong th nghiem : NaCL(tt.ran) + H2SO4 NaHSO 4 + HCl 2NaCltt + H2SO4 t Na2SO4 2HCl b/Trong cong nghiep: (phng phap tong hp). H2 + Cl2 t 2 HCl

VI.CUNG CO

HP CHAT CO OXY CUA CLO

I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet - Cong thc, ten goi mot so oxit va axit co oxy cua clo. - Quy luat bien oi tnh oxy hoa va o ben cua cac hp chatco oxy cua clo. - Tnh chat chung cua cac hp chat co oxy cua clo la tnh oxy hoa. - Phan ng ieu che va ng dung cua nc Giaven, muopi clorat, clorua voi. Hoc sinh hieu - Trong hp chat chat co oxy cua clo, clo co so hoa dng. - Hp chat co oxy cua clo co tnh oxy hoa. Hoc sinh van dung - Giai thch tnh tay trang , sat trung cua nc Giaven va clorua voi. - Viet c mot so phan ng ieu che nc Giaven, clorua voi, muoi clorat. II.O DUNG DAY HOC Giao vien - Chai ng nc Giaven co ban tren th trng. - Mau clorua voi, muoi kali clorat, giay mau , ong nghiem III.LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I.S lc ve cac axit va cac axit cha oxy cua clo :
+1 +1 +3 +3 +5 +5 +7 +7

_Oxit: Cl2O, Cl2O3, Cl2O5, Cl2O7 _Axit: HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 a.hipoclor, a.clor, a.cloric, a.pecloric Tnh ben va tnh axit tang 63

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Kha nang oxi hoa giam _Goc muoi: ClO-, ClO-2 , ClO-3, ClO-4 Hipocloric, cloric, clorat, peclorat II.Nc Javel: 1.ieu che:
0 -1 +1

2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O *ien phan dd NaCl khong vach ngan: 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O NaCl + H2O NaClO + H2 2.Tnh chat va ng dung : _Tay trang vai si , giay, sat trung , kh mui NaClO + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 + HClO 3.Clorua voi( CaOCl2): -1 Cl Ca +1 O Cl a.ieu che: Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O Cl2+ CaO CaOCl2 2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O b.ng dung: _Tay trang vai si, giay, tay ue cac ho rac, cong ranh. _X ly chat oc. _Tinh che dau mo. Cl / 2Ca + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO \ O-Cl *ieu che clo: CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2 _Tinh che dau mo 4.Muoi clorat(KClO3 ) : a.ieu che:
0
o

-1

+5

3Cl2 + 6 KOH 100 5KCl + KClO 3 + 3H2O *ien phan dd KCl 25% , 70 75 0C 6KCl + 6H2O 6KOH + 3H2 + 3Cl2 3Cl2 + 6KOH 5KCl + KClO 3 + 3H2O KCl + 3H2O KClO3 + 3H2 b.ng dung: _Che tao thuoc no, san xuat phao hoa. 2KClO3 + 3S t 3SO2 + 2KCl _ieu che oxy:
o

KClO3 VI.CUNG CO

MnO2
0

KCl + 3/2 O2

to

4KClO3 t KCl + 3KClO4

FLO
I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet - Trang thai t nhien cua flo. Phng phap duy nhat e ieu che flo la phng phap ien phan. 64

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
- Flo la phi kim co tnh oxy hoa manh nhat. Trong cac hp chat, flo ch the hien so oxy hoa -1. - Tnh chat va cach ieu che hydro florua, axit flohydric, oxy florua(OF 2). Hoc sinh hieu - Flo la phi kim manh nhat. Trong cac hp chat, flo ch the hien so oxy hoa -1 la flo co o am ienln nhat va lp electron ngoai cung cua nguyen t ch co 1 electron oc than. - ieu che flo ch dung phng phap duy nhat la phng phap ien phan v flo la chat oxy hoa manh nhat. Hoc sinh van dung - Viet cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh phi kim manh nhat cua flo. II.O DUNG DAY HOC - Flo la phi kim hoat ong rat manh, cac th nghiem vi flo la rat nguy hiem. GV khong tien hanh th nghiem vi flo n chat ma can khai thac SGK e hnh thanh kien thc cho HS. III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH KHHH : F Cau hnh e : 1s 2 2s2 2p5 CTPT : F2 CT e: CTCT : F-F I.Trang thai t nhien ieu che: 1.Trang thai t nhien: _Chat kh, mau luc nhat, oc _Ton tai chu yeu dang hp chat +Florit (CaF2) +Criolit ( Na3AlF6 ) +men rang, mot so la cay 2.ieu che: KF
KF HF 70

K + 1/2F2 0

II.Tnh chat hoa hoc ng dung :X F = 4 1.Tnh chat hoa hoc: _Tac dung vi hau het kim loai. _Vi hydro
0 0
0

+1 -1

250 H2 + F2 2HF _Phan tch nc nong

-2

-1

H2O + F2 2HF + O2 2.ng dung: _Chat oxy hoa nhien lieu phong ten la _Che tao dan xuat hidro cacbon cua flo: t Teflon_ - Che tao Freon dung trong may lanh, tu lanh III.Hp chat cua flo: 1.ieu che: CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 +2HF (hidro florua) 2O HF H ddHF (axit flohidric) _Axit flohidric la axit yeu va rat yeu so vi HCl _Axit flohidric an mon kim loai 4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O (Silic tetraflorua) _Muoi cua HF la muoi florua: hau het eu tan, ke ca muoi bac florua (AgF) . 65

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Cac muoi florua eu oc. 2.Hp chat cha oxy cua Flo: (OF 2) _oc, chat kh khong mau 2F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2 _OF2 co tnh oxy hoa manh _Trong hp chat vi O 2 , F co o am ien ln nen co soh -1 , oxy co soh la +2
-1 +2 -1

FVI.CUNG CO

O2+

F-

BROM
I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet - Trang thai t nhien, phng phap ieu che va tnh chat hoa hoc cua brom. - Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat mot so hp chat cua brom. Hoc sinh hieu -Brom la phi kim co tnh oxy hoa manh nhng kem clo va flo, khi gap chat oxi hoa manh brom the hien tnh kh. - Tnh chat giong va khac nhau gia hp chat vi hydro, hp chat vi oxy cua clo va brom. Hoc sinh van dung - Viet cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh chat cua brom va hp chat cua brom. II.O DUNG DAY HOC Giao vien : chuan b e tien hanh th nghiemoxy hoa ion I bang Br2. -Hoa chat: nc brom, dung dch KI. - Dung cu: ong nghiem, pipet(hoac ong nho giot). III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH KHHH : Br Cau hnh e : {Ar} : 3d 104s24p5 CT e : CTPT : Br2 CTCT : Br-Br CT e : I.Trang thai t nhien ieu che: 1.Trang thai t nhien: _Chat long , mau nau o, oc. _De gay phong _Trong t nhien chu yeu ton tai dang hp chat muoi bromua co trong nc bien , ao ho%. 66

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
2.ieu che:
-1 +4 0 0 +6 -1 0 +2

2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2

MnO2 + 2H 2SO4 + 2KBr K2SO4+ MnSO 4 + Br2 + 2H 2O II.Tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung: 1.Tnh chat hoa hoc: a/Tnh oxy hoa: _Vi kim loai:
0 0 0 0 +3 -1

2Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr3 2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3 _Vi hidro:

0 0 +1 -1

+1 -1

H2 + Br2 2HBr (hidro bromua) _Vi muoi iotua (I-) :

0 -1 -1 0

Br2 + 2NaI 2NaBr- + I2 _Cac chat kh khac: brom the hien tnh oxy hoa manh vi cac chat kh khac:
+4 0 +6 -1

SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr Mau o khong mau b/T oxy hoa kh : _Vi nc : yeu hn clo.
0 -1 +1

Br2 + H2O HBr- + HBrO (axit hipobromic) _Vi dd baz:

0 -1 +1

Br2 +2 NaOH NaBr + NaBrO + H2O c/Tnh kh:Khi tac dung vi cac chat oxy hoa manh
-1 0 0 +5

3Cl2 + 6H2O + Br2 2HBrO3 +10HCl O K a.bromic 2.ng dung: _Dung e san xuat dc pham, thuoc nhuom, phim anh. III.Hp chat cua Brom: 1.Hidro Bromua- Axit Bromhidric (HBr): PBr3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HBr (photpho tribromua) _Kh hidro bromua (HBr) la chat kh khong mau 2O HBr H dd HBr (axit bromhidric) _Axit Bromhidric la mot axit manh (manh hnaxit clohidric), co tnh kh manh hn axit clohdric.
-1 -1 +6 0 0 0 +4 -2

2HBr +H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HBr + O2 Br2 + H2O * Muoi bromua co cha ion Br_Hau het cac muoi bromua eu tan tr AgBr (ket tua vang nhat) 2AgBr as 2Ag + Br2 2.Hp chat cha oxy cua brom : HBrO HBrO 3 HbrO4 a.hipobromo a.bromic a.pebromic tnh axit va o ben VI.CUNG CO

67

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IOT
I.MUC CH YEU CAU Hoc sinh biet -Trang thai t nhien, phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua iot. - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua iot va mot so hp chat cua iot. Phng phap nhan biet iot. Hoc sinh hieu - Iot co tnh oxy hoa yeu hn cac halogen khac. - Ion I co tnh kh manh hn ca ion halogenua khac. Hoc sinh van dung - Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh chat cua iot va hp chat cua iot. II.O DUNG DAY HOC Cac th nghiem GV co the lam la: iot vi ho tinh bot, th tnh tan cua iot trong nc va trong dung moi hu c. - Hoa chat :iot (tinh the) ; ho tinh bot, ru etylic. - Dung cu: ong nghiem, pipet III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH KHHH: I NTK: 127 Cau hnh e : [kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 CTPT: I2 CTCT: I-I 68

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
CT e: I.Trang thai t nhien ieu che: 1.ieu che Iot:
-1 0 -1 0

2KI + Br2 2KBr + I2 Nhan biet IOT : dung ho tinh bot hoa xanh 2.Trang thai t nhien: _Co trong vo trai at . _Trong nc bien. _Muoi mo. _Tuyen giap ngi. _Giap trang ngi. II.Tnh chat : 1.Tnh chat vat ly: _Iot la tinh the mau en tm, co ve sang kim loai. _Khi c un nhe Iot bien thanh hi mau tm thang hoa. _Iot tan nhieu trong dung moi hu c. 2.Tnh chat hoa hoc: a/Tnh chat kim loai:
0 0 0 0 +3 -1 +2 -1

2Al + 3I2 2AlI3

Fe + I2 FeI2 b/Tnh chat vi hydro :

0 0 +1 -1

H2 + I2 2HI c/Tnh chat vi hydro sunfua:

-2 0 -1 0

H2S + I2 2HI + S d/ Ket luan : I2 co tnh oxy hoa. 3.Hp chat cua Iot: a/Hydro Iotua Axit Iot hydric : *HI kem ben ve nhiet hn ca: 2HI H2 + I2 _Tan nhieu trong nc tao thanh dd co tnh axit manh ( HI > HBr > HCl > HF ). _HI co ttnh kh manh ( > HBr )
-1 -1 +6
()

-2 +2

0 0

8HI + H2SO4
+3

H2S + 4I2 + 4H2O

2HI + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl *Muoi Iotua: _La muoi cua axit iot hydric. _a so Iotua de tan tr PbI 2 ( vang ), AgI (vang) __Ion Iotua b Clo hay Brom oxy hoa 2NaI + Br2 2NaBr- + I2 * Ket luan : IOT co tnh oxy hoa yeu. III.ng dung: _c dung nhieu di dang con, iot e dung lam thuoc sat trung va cam mau. _Co trong thanh phan cua nhieu dc pham khac. _Dung lam muoi Iot. _Giup tranh c cac roi loan do thieu Iot nh benh bu co. VI.CUNG CO

69

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LUYEN TAP CHNG 5

A Muc ch yeu cau : -Hoc sinh nam c cau tao nguyen t , o am ien , so oxi hoa cua cac halogen . T o hieu c s giong va khac nhau ve tnh chat - Hieu c tnh chat c ban cua cac hp chat halogen va nung dung cua chung . - Dan ra c nhng phan ng hoa hoc chng minh tnh chat cac n chat halogen va hp chat cua chung . - Ren luyen ky nang giai toan . B Len lp : 1 On nh lp : 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I CAU TAO NGUYEN T TNH CHAT CAC N CHAT : 1 Cau hnh electron nguyen t : F 17Cl
9

[He]2s22p5 [Ne] 3s23p5 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Kr] 4d105s25p5

Br 53I
34

a) Giong nhau : - Co 7 e lp ngoai cung : ns 2np5 - Co 1 e oc than trang thai c ban b) Khac nhau : - T Cl I : lc hut gia hat nhan vi e lp ngoai cung giam ( R nguyen t ) - F khong co phan lp d ch co 1 e oc than . T Cl I : co phan lp d : ngoai 1e octhan trang thai c ban co co 3, 5 , 7 e oc than khi b kch thch . 2 o am ien : giam dan t F I 3 Tnh chat hoa hoc : - Lanhng phi kim co tnh oxi hoa manh : X2 + 2e 2 X- Co tnh oxi hoa giam t F I . - F khong co tnh kh khong co soh dng . - Tnh kh tang dan t Cl I II HP CHAT CUA HALOGEN : 1 Hidro halogenua va axit iot hidric : HF HCl HBr HI - Chat kh , de tan trong nc tao thanh axit halogen hidric - Tnh axit tang dan t HF HI : HF an moon thuy tinh . - F- b oxi hoa bang dong ien , Cl - , Br- , Ib oxi hoa bi cac chat oxi hoa khac . -Tnh kh tang dan HF HI 2 Hp chat cha oxi cua halogen : F co soh = -1 , cac halogen khac co soh 70

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
dng : NaClO, NaClO2, KClO3, KClO4.

BAI THC HANH SO 2 : Phan ng oxi hoa kh tnh chat cua axit clohdric A Muc ch bai hoc : Cung co cac thao tac th nghiem an toan , ky nang quan sat , nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra , viet phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc, can bang phan ng oxi hoa kh . Khac sau kien thc ve axt clohidric , cach can bang phan ng oxi hoa kh . B Dung cu hoa chat : 1 Hoa chat : - Zn , Cu , Fe ,CaCO3 - Dung dch HCl , H2SO4 , KMnO 4 , NaOH , PP 2 Dung cu : en con , ong nghiem , kep , gia ng ong nghiem , quet diem C Chuan b : Chia moi lp thanh 12 nhom hay 10 nhom ( tuy s so hoc sinh ) . Hng dan lam tng trnh . D Thc hanh : I Phan ng oxi hoa kh : Cho biet hien tng , viet phng trnh phan ng , xac nh vai tro cac chat tham gia phan ng . - Th nghiem 1 : 1 vien Zn + 1 ml dd H 2SO4 (l) - Th nghiem 2 : 1 cay inh Fe + 1 ml dd CuSO 4 - Th nghiem 3 : 1 ml dd FeSO 4 + 1ml dd KMnO 4 + 1 ml dd H2SO4(l) II Tnh chat axi Clohidric : Cho biet hien tng , viet phan ng : - Th nghiem 1 : 1 vien Zn + 1 ml dd HCl - Th nghiem 2 : 1 it CuO + 1 ml dd HCl , t0 - Th nghiem 3 : 1 ml dd NaOH + 1 giot PP + 1 ml dd HCl - Th nghiem 4 : 1 muong CaCO 3 + 1 ml dd HCl III Nhan biet :

71

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Ch dung quy va mot thuoc th nhan biet 4 dd A , B , C , D cha : HNO 3 , HCl , NaNO3 , NaCl Hng dan : H ke bang : A QUY DD KET QUA Phng trnh phan ng : B C D

KHAI QUAT VE NHOM OXI I.Muc ch yeu cau: Hoc sinh biet: Ky hieu hoa hoc, ten goi va mot so tnh chat vat ly c ban cua cac nguyen to trong nhom oxy. Cac nguyen to trong nhom oxy co so oxy hoa -2, +4, +6 trong cac hp chat (tr oxy). Hoc sinh hieu: Tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua cac nguyen to nhom oxy la tnh phi kim manh nhng kem nhom halogen. Quy luat bien oi ve cau tao va tnh chat cua cac nguyen to trong nhom oxy. Quy luat bien oi tnh chat cac hp chat vi hydro va hp chat hydroxit cua cac nguyen to trong nhom oxy. II.o dung day hoc : Giao vien : Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc. Bang phu theo SGK, tranh. Hoc sinh : On lai kien thc ve cau tao nguyen t, ky nang viet cau hnh electron, khai niem o am ien, so oxy hoa III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I V TR NHOM OXI TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN HOA HOC CAC NGUYEN TO : - Thuoc nhom VIA , gom cac nguyen to : Oxi KHHH T/tha i Mau CT O Kh Kho ng O2 Lu huyn h S Ran Van g S Selen Se Ran Nau o Se Telu Te Ran Xam Te Poloni Po Ran Anh kim Po

II - CAU TAO NGUYEN T CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM OXI : 1 Giong nhau : - Co 6e lp ngoai cung : ns 2np4 - Trang thai c ban : co 2 e oc than : R + 2e R2- cac nguyen to nhom Oxi co tnh oxi hoa . 72

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
2 Khac nhau : Oxi - Khong co phan lp d co 2 e oc than

S Te - Co phan lp d co 4 hoac 6 e oc than khi b kch thch .

- Co soh -2 trong cac hp chat

- Ngoai soh -2 , con co soh +4 , +6 trong hp chat vi cac nguyen to co o am ien ln

II TNH CHAT CAC NGUYEN TO TRONG NHOM OXI : 1 n chat ; - Tnh phi kim yeu dan , tnh kim loai manh dan - o am ien giam dan - Tnh oxi hoa giam dan . 2 Hp chat : a) Hp chat vi hidro : H2S H2Se H2Te Kh Kh Kh 2O H2R H dd H R : tnh axit tang 2 b) Oxit hidroxit : tnh axit giam RO2 RO3 H2RO3 H2RO4 SO2 SO3 H2SO3 H2SO4 SeO2 SeO3 H2SeO3 H2SeO4 TeO2 TeO4 H2TeO3 H2TeO4 H2R H2O Long

OXY
I.Muc ch yeu cau: Hoc sinh biet: _ng dung va phng phap ieu che oxy. Hoc sinh hieu : Tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua oxy la tnh oxy hoa manh. Nguyen tac ieu che oxy trong phong th nghiem la phan huy hp chat giau oxy va khong ben. Hoc sinh van dung: _Viet cac phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh chat oxy hoa manh cua oxy va mot so phng trnh phan ng ieu che oxy trong phong th nghiem. II III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 73

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
3 Bai giang : CAC HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN CAC HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH _KHHH: 8O _Cau hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p4 _CTPT : O2 _Cong thc e: _CTCT : O=O I.Tnh chat vat ly: _La chat kh khong mau, khong mui, khong v, rat t tan trong nc. _La thanh phan chnh khong kh, chiem 1/5 the tch khong kh. _Hoa long 1830C. II.Tnh chat hoa hoc : O2 + 4e 2O2 tnh oxy hoa manh. co soh -2 trong hp chat (F2O+2). -1 F O+2 F-1 1.Tac dung vi kim loai: Au, Ag, Pt y/2 O2 + xM MxOy VD: 4K + O2 2K2O Chat kh chat oh 2Mg + O2 2MgO Chat kh chat oh 4Al + 3O2 2Al +32O3 Chat kh chat oh 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 Chat kh chat oh 2.Tac dung vi hydro: H2 + O2 2H 2O 3.Tac 2dung vi phi kim: O2 + PK O.PK C + O2 CO2 (anhidric cacbonic) 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 (anhidric photphoric) S + O2 SO2 (anhidric sunfur) 2C + O2 2CO (cacbon oxit) C N + O2 3000 NO (nit oxit) khong mau. 4.Tac dung vi hp chat: 2Fe3O4 + 1/2O2 t 0 3Fe2O3 H2S + 3/2O2 t 0 SO2 + H2O C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 2CO + O2 t 0 2CO2 III.ng dung: _Duy tr s song , s chay. _Qua trnh luyen kim. _Y hoc, thuoc no, nhien lieu. IV.ieu che: 1.Trong phong th nghiem: 2KMnO 4 t 0 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 (Kali pecmangarat) :MnO 2 2KClO3 xt 2KCl + 3O2 xt:MnO 2 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (Hydro peoxit) 2.Trong cong nghiep: a/T khong kh: chng cat phan oan khong kh long thu c N2 va O2

74

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

Ozon va Hydropeoxit
I.Muc ch yeu cau: Hoc sinh biet: Cau tao phan t O3 va H2O2 Mot so ng dung cua O3 va H2O3. Hoc sinh hieu: O3, H2O3 co tnh oxy hoa la do de phan huy tao ra oxy. H2O2 co tnh kh va tnh oxy hoa la do nguyen to oxy trong H 2O2 co so oxy hoa -1 la so oxy hoa trung gian gia so oxy hoa 0 va -2 cua oxy. Hoc sinh van dung : Giai thch v sao O3, H2O2 c dung lam chat tay mau va sat trung. Viet mot so phng trnh phan ng minh hoa cho tnh chat hoa hoc cua O 3 va H2O2. II.o dung day hoc : Giao vien : Hoa chat: H2O2, dd KI, dd KMnO 4, dd H2SO4 loang, ho tinh bot, quy tm. Dung cu: ong nghiem, ong hut, kep ong nghiem, gia ong nghiem. III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : CAC HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN CAC HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I.Ozon: _c cau tao bi nguyen to oxy co cau hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p4. _CTPT: O3 (M = 48) _CT e:

_CTCT: 1.Tnh chat vat ly: _La chat kh, mau xanh nhat, mui xoc. _Hoa long -1120C. _Tan trong nc nhieu hn oxy 15 lan. 2.Tnh chat hoa ho c: ieu che: 3O2 tiacctm 2O3 O3 co tnh oxy hoa manh hn oxy. O3 O2 + [ O] *Tac dung vi dd KI: Nhan biet O3: 2KI-1 + H2O + O3 2KOH + I02 + O2 Tinh bot xanh *Tac dung vi kim loai\ {Au, Pt } 2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 3.ng dung: SGK. II.Hydro peoxit: _CTPT: H2O2. _CTCT: H O O H _CT e: 1.Tnh chat vat ly: _Chat long khong mau. _Nang hn nc 1,5 lan. _Hoa long -0,48 0C. 75

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
2.Tnh chat hoa hoc: 2H2O2 MnO 2 2H 2O + O2 a/Tnh oh: H2O2 + KNO3 H2O + KNO3 Chat oh Nhan biet: H2O2 + KI I2 + 2KOH b/Tnh kh: Ag2O + H2O2 2Ag + H2O + O2 2KMnO4 + 5H2O + 3H2SO4 2MnSO 4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 3.ng dung : SGK.

Lu Huynh
I.Muc ch yeu cau: Hoc sinh biet: - Cau tao tinh the gom 2 dang S va S . - Mot so ng dung va phng phap san xuat lu huynh. Hoc sinh hieu: - Anh hng cua nhiet o oi vi cau tao phan t va tnh chat vat ly cua lu huynh. - Do lu huynh co o am ien tng oi l (2,6) va co so oxy hoa 0 la trung gian gia so oxy hoa -2 va + 6 nen lu huynh va co tnh oxy hoa va co tnh kh. Hoc sinh van dung: - Viet c phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh kh, tnh oxy hoa cua lu huynh. - Giai thch mot so hien tng vat ly, hoa hoc lien quan en lu huynh. II.o dung day hoc: Giao vien: - Hoa chat: lu huynh , Cu, kh oxy (ieu che san). - Dung cu: ong nghiem, lo ng kh oxy, neon con. - Tranh mo ta cau truc tinh the S va S. - S o bien oi cau tao phan t lu huynh theo nhiet o. III. LEN LP : 1 On dnh lp 2 Kiem tra bai cu : 3 Bai giang : CAC HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN CAC HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH 76

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
_KHHH: 16 S _Cau hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 _V tr: STT: 16 CK: 3 Nhom VI A I.Tnh chat vat ly cua lu huynh: Chat ran mau vang, gion, xop, nhe. 1.Dang thu hnh cua lu huynh: a/Lu huynh ta phng: ( S thoi), (S = S8) _Ton tai < 95,5 0C. _t0 nong chay = 113 0C. Phan t co 8 nguyen t. b/Lu huynh n ta: (S = S 8) _Ton tai 95,5 en 119 0C. _t0 nong chay = 119 0C. S S 2.Anh hng cua nhiet o oi vi mcau tao phan t va tnh chat vat ly cua lu huynh: 119C C 6C C S long 187 S deo 444 , Sn hi vang 1400 S8 1700 C S2 S II.Tnh chat hoa hoc cua lu huynh: 1.Tac dung vi kim loai: S + KL t muoi sunfua VD: 2Na0 + S0 t Na2+1S-2 (natri sunfua) Fe0 + S0 t Fe+2S-2 ( sat sunfua ) Cu0 + S t CuS-2 (ong sunfua) 2.Tac dung vi hydro: H2 + S H2S (hydro sunfua) 2O H2S H ddH 2S (a. sunfua hidric) 3.Tac dung vi phi kim: S + O2 t SO2 S+ 3F2 SF6 2S + C CS2 (cacbon disunfua) 4.Nhan xet: III.ng dung cua lu huynh: _San xuat axit sunfuaric. _San xuat diem quet., chat tay trang , bot giat, chat deo, lu hoa cao su, pham nhuom. IV.San xuat lu huynh: 1.Khai thac lu huynh: _Dung he thong thiet nen sieu nong (1700C) vao mo cac lu huynh , lu huynh nong chay va b nay len mat at
32

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GV : Nguyen Th Lieu

HIDRO SUNFUA LU HUYNH DIOXIT

HOAT ONG CUA GIAO VIEN HOAT ONG CUA HOC SINH I HIDRO SUNFUA : 1 Cau tao phan t : Cong thc e : Cong thc cau tao : H H 2 Tnh chat vat ly : -La chat kh khong mau , mui trng thoi , oc -Hi nang hn khong kh -t tan trong nc , khi tan tao dd axit sunfua hidric (nc hidro sunfua ) . 0 0 - t dd = -860 . t hl = -600 3 Tnh chat hoa hoc : a-Tnh axit yeu : 2O H2S H dd H2S (axit sunfua hidric ) co tnh axit yeu : * Lam quy tm hoa hong . * Tac dung vi OB : Vd : CdO + H2S = CdS +H2O
vang

* Tac dung vi dd muoi : Vd : CuSO 4 + H2S CuS (en) + H2SO4 CdCl2 + H2S CdS + 2 HCl Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2S PbS (en) + 2 CH3COOH FeCl2 + 2 H2S FeS + 2 HCl * Tac dung vi dd baz : 1 NaOH + 1 H2S = NaHS + H2O (1) 2 NaOH +1 H2S = Na2S + 2 H2O (2) k= n H 2S 2 p , sp
n NaOH

k<1

1<k<2

k< (2) Na2S

(1) (1) (2) NaHS (1) NaHS H2Sd NaHS Na2S

(2)

Na2S

NaOHd
b Tnh kh manh :
2

S : S S S S : tnh kh
a/ Vi oxi :
chaycham
t0

+ 4+ 6

H2S + O2

S + H2O

SO2 + H2O H2S + 3/2 O2 b/ Vi chat oxi hoa khac : H2S + 4 Cl2 + 4 H2O H2SO4 + 8 HCl 2 H2S + SO2 3 S + 2 H2O 3 Trang thai t nhien ieu che : a - Trang thai t nhien : Co trong nc suoi , kh nui la , kh thoat ra t protein thoi ra . b ieu che : H2 + S t H2S FeS + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2S 4 Muoi Sunfua ( S2-) : a) Tnh tan :
0

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GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
Tan Khong tan trong nc, tan trong axit Khong tan trong nc, khong tan trong axit loang

Na , K , Ca , Con lai Pb , Ag , Sn , Ba Mn , Cu . . . b) Nhan biet : * Dung dd HCl : tao kh mui trng thoi Na2S + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2S * Dung dd Pb(NO3 )2 : tao ket tua mau en : Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2 NaNO3 H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2 HNO3 c) Tnh chat : * Giong cac muoi khac * Kem ben vi nhiet : 4 FeS + 7 O2 2 Fe2O3 + 2 SO2 II Lu huynh dioxit : 1 Cau tao phan t : S O O O S O

2 Tnh chat vat ly : -La chat kh khong mau , mui hac , oc -Nang hn khong kh , hoa long -10 0C -Tan nhieu trong nc 3-Hoa tnh : a-La mot oxit axit : * Vi nc : SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (axit sunfuar ) * Vi oxit baz : SO2 + CaO CaSO3 ( canxi sunfit ) * Vi dd baz : 1 SO2 + 1 NaOH NaHSO 3 ( Natri hidro sunfit ) 1 SO2 + 2 NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O ( Natri sunfit ) Lap k =
n NaOH nSO2

k1:(1) k2:(2) 1< k < 2 : ( 1) , ( 2 ) b-Tnh oxi hoa kh :

+ 4

S O2 :

+ 4e S

+ 4

2e S S

+ 6

* Tnh oxi hoa : SO2 + 2 H2S 3 S + 2 H2O * Tnh kh : -Vi oxi :

2 5 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3

t 0V O

-Vi chat oxi hoa khac : Lam mat mau dd Br2 : dung e nhan biet SO 2 SO2 + Br2 + 2 H2O H2SO4 + 2 HBr Nau o khong mau 5 SO2 + 2 KMnO 4 + 2 H2O K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 2 H2SO4 * Nhan xet : mc oxi hoa +4 la mc oxi hoa trung gian

+ 4

+ 6

4 La chat gay o nhiem : 79

GV : Nguyen Th Lieu
La chat c sinh ra do : - S ot chay cac nhien lieu hoa thach - Kh thai t cac nha may luyen kim . . . Gay ra : - O nhiem moi trng . - Ma axit 5 ng dung : San xuat axit H2SO4 Tay trang bot giay , giay . Chong nam moc , thc pham . . . 6 ieu che: a) Trong phong th nghiem : Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 b) Trong cong nghiep : S + O2 t SO2 4 FeS2 + 11 O2 t 2 F2O3 + 4 SO2
0
0

80