4-Bending of Straight Beams PDF

CHAPTER 4
BENDINGOF STRAIGHT BEAMS

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
V{tx G V{tx G
Bending of Straight Beams
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 4 - 1
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials
5
th
Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
CHAPTER 4
Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
CHAPTER 4
These requirements may be applied to the
sums of the components and moments of the
= =

= =

= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x
0
0
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
CHAPTER 4
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
Bending Deformation
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and
remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper
and lower surfaces and for which the length does not
and lower surfaces and for which the length does not
change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above
the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it
CHAPTER 4
Consider a beam segment of length L.
Strain Due to Bending
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
( )
( )
x
c c
y y
L
y y L L
y L

= = =
= =
=
=
linearly) ries (strain va
m x
m
m
c
y
c
=
= = or
CHAPTER 4
Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
m x x
E
c
y
E = =
linearly) varies (stress
m
c
y
c
=
For static equilibrium,

=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
m
m x x

0
0
For static equilibrium,
( ) ( )
I
dA y M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
m m
m x
= =
|
\
|
= =

2
c
First moment with respect to
neutral plane is zero. Therefore,
the neutral surface must pass
through the section centroid.
I
My
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
dA y
c
M
x
m x
m
=
=
= =
= =

ng Substituti
CHAPTER 4
Beam Section Properties
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
= =
S
M
I
Mc
m
modulus section
inertia of moment section
= =
=
c
I
S
I
S I
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
Ah bh
h
bh
c
I
S
6
1
3
6
1
3
12
1
2
= = = =
Between two beams with the same cross sectional
area, the beam with the greater depth will be more
effective in resisting bending.
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.1
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets, determine (a) the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
CHAPTER 4
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Solution
= =
=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=
=
A
A y
Y
3000
A
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 4 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =
+ = + =

I
d A bh d A I I
x
CHAPTER 4
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
=
Mc
m
4 9
4 9
m 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =

= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
B
B
A
A
m
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
Calculate the curvature

Calculate the curvature
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1
=
=
EI
M
m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

CHAPTER 4
Example 4.2
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area as shown.
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this location. the stress distribution over the cross section at this location.
CHAPTER 4
The maximum internal moment in the beam is kNm 5 . 22 = M
Solution Solution Solution Solution:
Example 4.2
Solution
By symmetry, the centroid C and thus the neutral axis pass through the mid-
height of the beam, and the moment of inertia is
( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )
4 6
3 2 3
2
m 10 3 . 301
3 . 0 02 . 0
12
1
16 . 0 002 . 0 25 . 0 02 . 0 25 . 0
12
1
2
=
(
+
(
+ =
+ =
Ad I I
CHAPTER 4
Applying the flexure formula where c = 170 mm,
( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 7 . 12
10 3 . 301
17 . 0 5 . 22
;
6
max max
= = =

I
Mc
Example 4.2
( )
(Ans) MPa 7 . 12
10 3 . 301
;
6
max max
= = =

I
CHAPTER 4
Transverse Shear
Beams generally support both shear and
moment loading. Shear, v is the result of a
transverse shear-stress distribution that acts
over the beams cross section.
Due to complementary property of shear,
associated longitudinal shear stresses also act
along longitudinal planes of beam.
CHAPTER 4
If a typical element removed from the interior
point on the cross section it will be subjected to
both transverse and longitudinal shear stress.
Transverse Shear
both transverse and longitudinal shear stress.
For transverse shear, shear-strain distribution
throughout the depth of a beam cannot be easily
expressed mathematically. Thus, we need to
develop the formula for shear stress indirectly
using the flexure formula and relationship
using the flexure formula and relationship
between moment and shear ;
V = dM/dx
CHAPTER 4
The Shear Formula
The final result is therefore
VQ
It
=
It
Here
= shear stress in member at the point located a distance y from the
neutral axis. Assumed to be constant and therefore averaged across
the width t of member.
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from method of sections
and equations of equilibrium
I = moment of inertia of entire cross sectional area computed about the
neutral axis
t = width of the members cross sectional area, measured at the point
where is to be determined
Q = A y dA = yA, where A is the top (or bottom) portion of members
cross sectional area, defined from section where t is measured, and y
is distance of centroid of A, measured from neutral axis
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.3
The beam shown in Fig. below is
made from two boards. Determine the
maximum shear stress in the glue
Internal shear: Support reactions and
shear diagram for beam are shown
below. Maximum shear in the beam is
necessary to hold the boards together
along the seams where they are
joined. Supports at B and C exert only
vertical reactions on the beam.
below. Maximum shear in the beam is
19.5 kN.
Free Body
Diagram
Shear
Diagram
CHAPTER 4
Section properties: The centroid and
therefore the neutral axis will be
determined from the reference axis
placed at bottom of the cross sectional
The top board (flange) is being
held onto the bottom board (web)
by the glue, which is applied over
the thickness t = 0.03m.
Example 4.3
placed at bottom of the cross sectional
area. Working in units of meters, we
have,
| |( )( ) | |( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
0.075 0.150 0.03 0.165 0.03 0.15
0.15 0.03 0.03 0.150
0.120
yA
y
A
m m m m m m
m m m m
m
=
+
=
+
=
the thickness t = 0.03m.

Consequently A is defined as the
area of the top board, we have
( )( )( )
3 3
' '
0.18 0.015 0.12 0.03 0.15
0.2025 10
Q y A
m
=
=
=
0.120m =
( )( ) ( )( )( )
(
+ =
2 3
075 . 0 120 . 0 030 . 0 150 . 0 150 . 0 03 . 0
12
1
m m m m m m I
( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )
3 2
6 4
1
0.150 0.030 0.030 0.150 0.165 0.120
12
27.0 10
m m m m m m
m
(
+ +
(

=
CHAPTER 4
Shear stress: Using above data, and
applying shear formula yields,
VQ
=
( ) ( )
( )
( )
max
3 3
6 4
19.5 0.2025 10
27.0 10 0.030
4.88 .
It
k m
m m
MPa Ans
=
=
=
Shear stress acting at top of bottom
board is shown in the next figure. It is
board is shown in the next figure. It is
the glues resistance to this lateral or
horizontal shear stress that is necessary
to hold the boards from slipping at
support C.
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.4
The beam is made of wood and is subjected to a resultant
internal vertical shear force of V = 3 kN. (a) Determine the
shear stress in the beam at point P, and (b) compute the shear stress in the beam at point P, and (b) compute the
maximum shear stress in the beam.
Solution
( )( )
4 6
3
3
mm 10 28 . 16 125 100
12
1
12
1
= = = bh I
The moment of inertia of the cross sectional
area computed about the neutral axis is
( ) ( )( )
3 4
mm 10 75 . 18 100 50 50
2
1
125 ' =
(
+ = = A y Q
12 12
Applying the shear formula, we have
( )( )
( )( )
(Ans) MPa 346 . 0
100 10 28 . 16
10 75 . 18 3
6
4
=

= =
It
VQ
p
CHAPTER 4
Maximum shear stress occurs at the neutral axis, since t is constant throughout
the cross section,
Example 4.4
( )( )
( )( )
(Ans) MPa 360 . 0
100 10 28 . 16
10 53 . 19 3
6
4
max
=

= =
It
VQ
( )( )
3 4
mm 10 53 . 19 5 . 62 100
2
2 . 65
' ' =
|
\
|
= = A y Q
Applying the shear formula yields
( )( ) 100 10 28 . 16 It
CHAPTER 4
Deflection of Beam
When a beam with a straight longitudinal
axis is loaded by lateral forces, the axis is
deformed into a curve, called the deflection
curve of the beam. Deflection is the curve of the beam. Deflection is the
displacement in the y-direction of any point
on the axis of the beam.
The calculation of deflections is an
important part of structural analysis and
design.
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CHAPTER 4
Deflections are essential for example in the
analysis of statically indeterminate structures
and in dynamic analysis, as when investigating
Deflection of Beam
and in dynamic analysis, as when investigating
the vibration of aircraft or response of buildings
to earthquakes.
Deflections are sometimes calculated in order to verify that they are within
tolerable limits.
Use various methods to determine the Use the various methods to solve
Use various methods to determine the
deflection and slope at specific pts on
beams and shafts:
Integration method
Method of superposition
Moment-area method
Use the various methods to solve
for the support reactions on a
beam or shaft that is statically
indeterminate
CHAPTER 4
For small curvatures:
1
ds dx Rdi
di
= =
Basic Differential Equation for Deflection
1
dy
dx
di
dx R
But i
=
=
Therefore
( )
2
2
1
................... 1
d y
dx
R
=
Now, for simple bending theory:
1 1 M M
1 1 M M
I R R EI
= =
Therefore subs. Eqn. (1) :
( )
2
2
...................... 2
d y
M EI
dx
| |
=
|
\
CHAPTER 4
Macaulays Method
The Macaulays method involves the general method of obtaining slopes and
deflections (i.e. integrating the equation for M) will still apply provided that the
term, W (x a) is integrated with respect to (x a) and not x. term, W (x a) is integrated with respect to (x a) and not x.
Such functions can be used to describe
distributed loadings, written generally as:
{
( )
{
0 for
for
0
n
n
x a x a
x a x a
n
< > = <


Consider a simple beam problem as
shown and try to develop the expression
for maximum deflection..
CHAPTER 4
Bending Moment:
w l
= < >
General equation becomes:
3 2
wx w wL x
Example of Application
Macaulays Method
2
2
2 2
3 3
2 2
2 2
4 4 2
12 6 2
x
w l
M x w x
d y w l
EI x w x
dx
dy w w l
EI x x A
dx
w w l
EIy x x Ax B
= < >
= < >
= < > +
= < > + +
3 2
3
2
12 6 16
L
wx w wL x
EIy x =
Maximum deflection occurs at x=L/2
( ) ( )
3
2
3
2 2
2 2
3
12 6 16
.
L L
L L
w wL
w
EIy
wL
y Ans
=
=
12 6 2
Boundary conditions:
2
0, 0 0
, 0
16
at x y B
wL
at x L y A
= = =
= = =
max
.
48
wL
y Ans
EI
=
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.5
Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of beam) if E = 210 kN/mm
2
.
The cross-section is given below.
CHAPTER 4
Bending Moment:
2
5
15 36 1
x
M x x = +
at 1, 0; x y = =
Example 4.5
Solution
2 2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
5
15 36 1
2
5
15 36 1
2
15 36 5
1
2 2 6
15 36 5
1
6 6 24
x
x
M x x
d y x
EI x x
dx
dy x
EI x x A
dx
x
EIy x x Ax B
= +
= +
= + +
= + + +
( )
( )
at 1, 0;
0 2.5 0.21
2.71 1
at 6, 0;
0 540 750 272.16 6
6 60 2
solve :
11.45
x y
A B
A B
x y
A B
A B
A
= =
= + +
+ =
= =
= + + +
+ =
=

11.45
8.75
A
B
=
=
3
3 4
2.5 6 1 0.2083 11.46 8.75 EIy x x x x = + +
CHAPTER 4
Deflection occurs at x = 3
10.74 EIy =
Example 4.5
Moment of inertia about the Neutral Axis
( )
6 4
2.46 10 m calculate!! I

=
Deflection at x = 3
0.02079m . y = = 20 79mm
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.6 Uniform load not starting at the beginning
Determine the deflection of the beam at x = 3 (middle of beam) if E = 210
kN/mm
2
.
CHAPTER 4
Bending Moment Equation
2 5
15 30.5 1 1
2
x
M x x x = +
at 1, 0;
0 2.5
x y
A B
= =
= + +
Example 4.6
2
2
2
2 3
2
3 4
3
2
5
15 30.5 1 1
2
15 30.5 5
1 1
2 2 6
15 30.5 5
1 1
6 6 24
d y
EI x x x
dx
dy
EI x x x A
dx
EIy x x x Ax B
= +
= + +
= + + +
( )
( )
0 2.5
2.5 1
at 6, 0;
0 540 635.42 130.21 6
6 34.79 2
solve :
6.46
A B
A B
x y
A B
A B
A
= + +
+ =
= =
= + + +
+ =
=

6.46
3.96
A
B
=
=
( ) ( )
3 4
3
2.5 5.083 1 0.2083 1 6.46 3.96 EIy x x x x = + +
CHAPTER 4
Deflection occurs at x = 3 (midspan)
3
14.75 EIy km =
Example 4.6
( )
6 6
14.75
14.75
210 10 246 10
.
EIy km
y

=
=

= 28 55mm
CHAPTER 4
Example 4.7 Uniform load not reaching end of beam.
2
.
2
.
CHAPTER 4
Since the 5 kN/m load did not reach the
end, (x-1) does not represent the actual
loading. The equivalent loading is:
Bending Moment Equation:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
15 30 1 5 1
2
5
5 5
x
x
M x x x
x
x
= +
+
( )
( )
2
2
2 3
2
5 5
2
1
15 30 1 5 1
2
5
5 5
2
15 30 5
1 1
2 2 6
5
x
x
d y
EI x x x
dx
x
x
dy
EI x x x
dx
+
= + +

= +
3
3 4
3
4
5
5
6
15 30 5
1 1
6 6 24
5
5
24
x A
EIy x x x
x Ax B
+ +
= +
+ + +
Continue as usual to
obtain y at 3m
CHAPTER 4
Supplementary Problems 4
1. The wide-flange beam shown below is made of
high-strength, low-alloy steel for which
y
= 345
MPa and
u
= 450 MPa. Using a factor of safety of
C
MPa and
u
= 450 MPa. Using a factor of safety of
3.0, determine the largest couple that can be applied
to the beam when it is bent about the z axis. Neglect
the effect of fillets.
Mz
C
2. Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the
2. Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the
allowable stress is 120 MPa in tension and 150
MPa in compression, determine the largest
couple M that can be applied.
CHAPTER 4
3. (a) Using an allowable stress of 120 MPa,
determine the largest couple M that can be
applied to a beam of the cross section shown. (b)
applied to a beam of the cross section shown. (b)
Solve part a, assuming that the cross section of
the beam is an 80 mm square.
4. For the beam and loading shown, consider section n-n and determine (a) the largest
shearing stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
a
CHAPTER 4
5. A simply supported beam carries a uniform
distributed loading of intensity 2.5 kN/m over
entire span of 5 m. The cross-section of the beam
is a T-section having the dimensions as shown.
Find the maximum shear stress for the section of
the beam.
6. For the beam and loading shown, determine (a)
6. For the beam and loading shown, determine (a)
the deflection at end A, (b) the deflection at point
C, (c) the slope at end D.
CHAPTER 4
7. For the beam and loading shown,
determine (a) the slope at end A, (b) the
deflection at the midpoint C. Use E = 200
GPa and I = 129 x 10
-6
m
4
.
8. The wooden beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of elastic
curve. If E = 12 GPa, determine the deflection and the slope at end B.
CHAPTER 4
8. Determine the deflection of the beam at a distance of 9 m from point A. Take E =
200 GPa and I = 129 x 10
-6
m
4
.
8 m 4 m
4 m 2 m 2 m
50 kN/m
90 kN
60 kN/m
A
B

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CHAPTER 4

BENDINGOF STRAIGHT BEAMS

Calculate the curvature

the thickness t = 0.03m.

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 4 - 25

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 4 - 28

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 4 - 31

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