PT-HPT Le Van Doan PDF

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PHN 1 PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH --------------------------------------- 1
A Phng trnh & Bt phng trnh c bn --------------------------------------------- 1
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12
B a v tch s (bin i ng thc, lin hp) ----------------------------------------- 23
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
S bin i ng thc ------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Tng hai s khng m ------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Nhn lin hp ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 47
t n s ph khng hon ton -------------------------------------------------- 56
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 57
C t n s ph ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
t mt n ph --------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
t hai n ph ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 77
D S dng bt ng thc v hnh hc ----------------------------------------------------- 91
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 101
E Lng gic ha ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 114
F S dng tnh n iu ca hm s ------------------------------------------------------ 118
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 127
G Bi ton cha tham s -------------------------------------------------------------------- 131
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 131
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 142
PHN 2 H PHNG TRNH ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 149
A H phng trnh c bn ------------------------------------------------------------------ 149
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 149
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 166
B Bin i 1 phng trnh thnh tch s v kt hp phng trnh cn li ----------- 176
I Kin thc c bn -------------------------------------------------------------------- 176
II Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 181
C t n ph a v h c bn ------------------------------------------------------------ 185
Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 185
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 191
D Dng bt ng thc ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 203
Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 205
E Lng gic ha v S phc ha --------------------------------------------------------- 208
Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 208
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 213
F S dng tnh n iu ca hm s ------------------------------------------------------ 217
Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 217
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 222
G Bi ton cha tham s trong h phng trnh ----------------------------------------- 227
Cc th d --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 227
Bi tp tng t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 239
Ti liu tham kho ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 248

PHN 1 PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH
A PHNG TRNH BT PHNG TRNH C BN

I KIN THC C BN
1/ Phng trnh Bt phng trnh cn thc c bn
C
2
B 0
A B
A B
'
1
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+
. C
B 0
A B
A B
'
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
+
.
C
2
A 0
B 0
A B
B 0
A B
'
1
1
!
1 <
1
+

'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1+
. C
2
B 0
A B A 0
A B
'
1

1
1
1
<
!
1
1
1 <
1
+
.
C
B 0
A B
A B
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
O Lu
i vi nhng phng trnh, bt phng trnh cn thc khng c dng chun
nh trn, ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1. t iu kin cho cn thc c ngha.
Bc 2. Chuyn v sao cho hai v u khng m.
Bc 3. Bnh phng c hai v kh cn thc.
2/ Phng trnh Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
C
B 0
A B A B
A B
'
1
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
. C
A B
A B
A B
.
C
( )( )
A B A B A B 0 . C
B 0
A B A B
A B
'
1
1
1
1
< <
!
1
1
1
1
+
.
C
B 0
A
B 0 A B
A B
A B
'
1 <
1
!
1
+
'
1
1
1
1
<
!
1
1
1 +
.
O Lu
i vi nhng phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
khng c dng chun nh trn, ta thng s dng nh ngha hoc phng
php chia khong gii.
3/ Mt s phng trnh Bt phng trnh c bn thng gp khc
Dng 1.
( )

3 3 3
A B C 1 =
Ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
( )

3
3 3 3 3 3
1 A B C A B 3 AB A B C 2 = =
Thay
3 3 3
A B C = vo
( )
2 ta c:
3
A B 3 ABC C = .
Dng 2.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x k x = vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x g x k x
f x .h x g x .k x
.
Bin i v dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x g x k x = .
Bnh phng, gii phng trnh h qu.
O Lu
Phng php bin i trong c hai dng l a v phng trnh h qu. Do
, m bo rng khng xut hin nghim ngoi lai ca phng trnh, ta
nn thay th kt qu vo phng trnh u bi nhm nhn, loi nghim
chnh xc.
II CC V D MINH HA
Thi0 du1 1. Gii phng trnh:
( )

2
x 4x 3 2x 5 =
Trch thi Cao ng s phm Nh Tr Mu Gio TW1 nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
c ngha
( )
( )
2
2
2
5
x
5
2
2x 5 0
x 14
x 2 x
2
5 x 4x 3 2x 5
5x 24x 28 0
14
x
5
'
1
1

1
'
1 1
'
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
= =
! ! !
1 1 1
=
1 1 1 =
1+ 1 1
1+
1
=
1
1
1+
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l
14
x
5
= .
( )

2 2
7 x x x 5 3 2x x =
thi th i hc nm 2010 THPT Thun Thnh Bc Ninh
Bi gii tham kho
( )
2
2 2
3 x 1
3 2x x 0
x 2
7 x x x 5 3 2x x x 5
x
'
1 '
1
1
1
1
1 1

! !

1 1
= =
1 1
1+
1
1+

( ) ( )

3 2
2
2
3 x 1
2 x 0
3 x 1
x 2
x 1 0 2 x 0 x 1
x
x 4
x x 16x 16 0
x x 5 x 2
'
1

' 1 '
1 1 <
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
= < =
! ! !
1 1 1
1 1 1
= 1 1 1 =

1 1 1
+ = +
1
1+
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 = .
( )
3x 2 x 7 1 =
Trch thi Cao ng s phm Ninh Bnh khi M nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3x 2 0
2
x
x 7 0
3
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
( )
3x 2 x 7 1 3x 2 x 8 x 7 x 7 x 5 = = =

2
x 5 0 x 5
x 9
x 9 x 2 x 7 x 10x 25
' '
1 1
1 1 1
=
! !
1 1 = = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
Kt hp iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 9 = .
( )
x 8 x x 3 =
Trch thi Cao ng Ha cht nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( ) ( )
x 8 x 3 x x 8 2x 3 2 x x 3 = =
( )
( ) ( )

2
x 5
x 1
5 x 0
x 1
2 x x 3 5 x
25
x 4x x 3 5 x
25
x 3
3
'
1
1

1 = '
1
1
1
= 1 1
=
! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1
=

1
1
+

So vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 = .
Thi0 du1 5. Gii bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )

2
2 x 1 x 1
Trch thi Cao ng Kinh t K Thut Thi Bnh nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( ) ( )

2
2 2
2
2 x 1 0 x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1 0 x 1
1 x 3 x 1; 3
x 2x 3 0
2 x 1 x 1
'
1
'
1 1

1 1
'
1 1 = = 1
1 1 1

! ! !

l
1 1 1
l 1 1 1
l +
1 1
1 1
+
1
+
.
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l x 1; 3
l
l
l
v x 1 = .
( )

2
x 4x x 3
Trch thi Cao ng bn cng Hoa Sen khi D nm 2006 (i hc
Hoa Sen)
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
2
2
2
x 3 x 0
x 3 0
x 0 x 4 x 4x 0
9 9
x 3 x 3 0
x x x 4x x 3
2 2
'
1 '
' 1 '
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 < <

1 1 1 1
+ 1+
1+ 1
1+
.
Vy tp nghim ca h l
(
9
S ; 0 ;
2
1

l
=
l
l

( )
.
( )

2
x 4x 5 2x 3
Trch thi Cao ng K thut Y t I nm 2006
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )

2
2
2
2
3 2x 0
x 4x 5 0
x 4x 5 3 2x
3 2x 0
x 4x 5 3 2x
'
' 1 1

1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 <

1 1
1+
1+

2
3
3 x
x
x 3 2
2
x x
2
3
2
2 3 x
3x 8x 4 0
x 2
2
3
'
1
' '
1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1+ 1+
1
1+
.
Vy tp nghim ca h l
2
S ;
3
1
.
( )

2
x 4x 3 x 1 <
Trch thi Cao ng Kinh t cng ngh Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm
2006
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )

2
2
2
x 4x 3 0 x 1 x 3
1
x 1
x 1 0 x 1
3
x 3
1
x 4x 3 x 1
x
3
'
1
' 1
1
1
1

1
1
1 1
<
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1

< 1 1

1 1 +
1
+
.
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
)
1
S ;1 3;
3
l
l
=

l
(
l
.
( )
x 11 x 4 2x 1
Trch thi Cao ng iu dng chnh qui (i hc iu dng) nm
2004
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 11 0 x 11
x 4 0 x 4 x 4
2x 1 0 x 0, 5
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
+ +
.
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
x 11 3x 5 2 x 4 2x 1 x 4 2x 1 8 x

( )( ) ( )

2
2
x 8 0
x 8
12 x 5
x 7x 60 0
x 4 2x 1 8 x
'
' 1 1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l: S 4; 5
l
=
l
l
.
( )
x 2 x 1 2x 3
Trch thi i hc Thy sn nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
x
2
.
( ) ( )( )
x 2 2x 3 x 1 x 2 3x 4 2 x 1 2x 3

( )

2
2
2
2
3
x
3
2
x 3
2x 5x 3 3 x 3 x 0
2
x x 6
2x 5x 3 3 x
'
1
1

1
'
1
1
1
1

1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1

1 1
1+
= 1
1
1
+

3
3 x 3
x 2
2
2
3 x 2
'
1
1 '
1
11 1

! !
1 1
1 1+
1
1+
.
Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
3
x ; 2
2
l
l
l
l
.
( )
5x 1 4x 1 3 x
Trch thi i hc An Ninh H Ni khi D nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
5x 1 0
1
4x 1 0 x
4
x 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
( )
2
5x 1 4x 1 3 x 5x 1 9x 4x 1 6 4x x
( )

2
6 4x x 2 8x
Do
( )
1
x 2 8x 0
4
lun tha.
1
x ;
4
1
.
( )
x 2 3 x 5 2x <
Trch thi i hc Thy Li H Ni h cha phn ban nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 2 0
3 x 0 2 x 3
5 2x 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
( ) ( )( )
x 2 5 2x 3 x x 2 8 3x 2 5 2x 3 x < <

( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )

2
2x 3 0
5 2x 3 x 0
5 2x 3 x 2x 3
2x 3 0
5 2x 3 x 2x 3
'
1 <
1 1
!
1
1+

'
1
1
1
1

1
1+

2
3 3
3
x x
x 3
2 2
x x 2
2
5 3
2
2x x 6 0
x x 3 x 2
2 2
' '
1 1
'
1 1 1
<
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
< <
! ! !
1 1 1
1 1 1 <
< <
1 1 1
1+
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
)
x 2;2
.
( )

2 2
12 x x 12 x x
x 11 2x 9

i hc Hu khi D R T nm 1999 H chuyn ban
Bi gii tham kho
( )
2
2
2
12 x x 0
1 1
12 x x 0
12 x x 0
x 11 2x 9
1 1
0
x 11 2x 9
1
'
1

1

1
1

( ) !
1
1
1
1+

x 3 x 4
x 3
3 x 4
2 x 4
x 2
= =
'
1 < <
1

!
1
+
.
Lu : Thng thng th ta qun i trng hp
2
12 x x 0, = v y l sai
lm thng gp ca hc sinh.
( ) ( ) ( )

2
x x 1 x x 2 2 x =
i hc s phm H Ni khi D nm 2000 Cao ng s phm H Ni
nm 2005
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )
( )

x x 1 0 x 0 x 1
x 0
x x 2 0 x 2 x 0
x 1
x 0 x 0
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1 =
1 1

! !

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
+ +
.
Vi x 0 = th
( )
0 0 = x 0 = l mt nghim ca
( )

Vi x 1 th
( )
( )
2
x x 1 x 2 2 x x 1 x 2 2 x = =
( )( ) ( )( )

1
x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 4x x 1 x 2 x
2
= =

( )

2 2
1 1
x x
9
2 2
x N
1 9
8
x x 2 x x x
4 8
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l
9
x 0 x
8
= = .
( )

2 2 2
x 8x 15 x 2x 15 4x 18x 18
i hc Dc H Ni nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:

2
2
2
x 8x 15 0 x 5 x 3 x 5
x 2x 15 0 x 3 x 5 x 5
3 x 3 4x 18x 18 0
x 3 x
2
'
1
1
'
1 1

1 1

1 1
1 1

! !

1 1
1 1
= 1 1

1 1
+
1
1
+
.
Vi x 3 = th
( )
c tha x 3 = l mt nghim ca bt phng
trnh
( )
1
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
x 5 x 3 x 5 x 3 x 3 4x 6 2
Vi x 5 x 3 2 0 hay x 3 0 th
( )
2
2 x 5 x 5 4x 6 2x 2 x 25 4x 6

2 2 2
17
x 25 x 3 x 25 x 6x 9 x
3
.
( )

17
5 x 3
3

Vi x 5 x 5 3 x 8 0 hay 3 x 0 th
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 5 x 3 x x 5 3 x 3 x 6 4x
( )( )
5 x x 5 6 4x 2x 2 5 x x 5 6 4x

2 2 2
17
x 25 3 x x 25 x 6x 9 x
3
.
( )
x 5 4
T
( ) ( ) ( )
1 , 3 , 4 tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
(
17
x ; 5 3 5;
3
l
l l

l
l l
l
.
( )

2
x x 2x 4 3 =
Trch thi Cao ng Hi quan H khng phn ban nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
Bng xt du
x 0 1 2

2
x x
0 0

2x 4 0

Trng hp 1.
( (
x ; 0 1;2
l l

l l
l l
.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

2 2
3 5
x L
2
x x 2x 4 3 x 3x 1 0
3 5
x L
2
= =
.
Trng hp 2.
(
x 0; 1
l

l
l
.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

2 2
1 5
x L
2
x x 2x 4 3 x x 1 0
1 5
x N
2
= =
.
Trng hp 3.
( )
x 2;
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

2 2
1 29
x L
2
x x 2x 4 3 x x 7 0
1 29
x N
2
= =
.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim:
1 5 1 29
x x
2 2

= = .
( )

x 3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2
=
Trch thi Cao ng s phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
x 3
x 1 2 x 1 1 x 1 2. x 1 1
2
=
( ) ( )

2 2
x 3
x 1 1 x 1 1
2
=
( )

x 3
x 1 1 x 1 1 1
2
=
Vi 1 x 2, ta c:
( )
x 3
1 x 1 1 1 x 1 x 1
2
= = .
Vi x 2, ta c:
( )
x 3
1 x 1 1 x 1 1 4 x 1 x 3
2
= =

2 2
x 3 x 3 x 3
x 5
x 5 16x 16 x 6x 9 x 10x 25
' ' '
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! !
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1
+ 1 1 + +
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x 1 x 5 = = .
Lu :
Vi iu kin x 1, c th bnh phng hai v ca
( )
:
( )
2
x 6x 9
2x 2 x 2
4

= .
Xt hai trng hp: x 1;2
l
l
l
v
( )
x 2; ta vn c kt qu nh trn.
( )
x 1 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 1 =
Trch thi i hc s phm Vinh khi D G M nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
t
2 2
t x 2 0 t x 2 x 1 t 1 = = = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
t 1 2t t 1 2t 1 t 1 t 1 1 = =
t 1 t 1 1 t 1 t 1 1 t 1 t = = =

t 1 t
1 1 9
t x 2 x
t 1 t
2 2 4
= = =
.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht
9
x
4
= .
Nhn xt: Dng tng qut ca bi ton:
( )
2 2
x 2a x b a b x 2a x b a b cx m, a 0 =
.
Ta c th lm theo cc bc sau:
t
( )
t x b, t 0 = th
2
x t b = nn phng trnh c dng:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
t 2at a t 2at a c t b m =
Hay
( ) ( )
2 2
t a t a c t b m t a t a c t b m = = .
Sau , s dng nh ngha tr tuyt i:
A A 0
A
A A 0
'
1
1
=
!
1 <
1
+
hoc s
dng phng php chia khong gii.
( )
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 =
Trch thi Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
t
2 2
t x 1 0 t x 1 x t 1 = = = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
t 1 2t t 1 2t 2 t 1 t 1 2 = =
t 1 t 1 2 t 1 t 1 t 1 0 t 1 x 1 1 x 2 = =
.
)
x 2;
.
( )
x 14x 49 x 14x 49 14 =
Bi gii tham kho
( )
14x 14 14x 49 14x 14 14x 49 14 =
( ) ( )

2 2
14x 49 7 14x 49 7 14 =
( )
14x 49 7 14x 49 7 14 1 =
iu kin:
7
14x 49 0 x
2
.
t t 14x 49 7 14x 49 t 7 = = . Lc :
( )
1 t 7 7 t 14 t t t 0 = =

7
14x 49 0
7 x
14x 49 7 0 x 7
2
2 14x 49 7
14x 49 49
'
1
'
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1
1+
.
7
x ; 7
2
l
l
l
l
.
( )

3
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2

Hc Vin Ngn Hng nm 1999
Bi gii gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3
x 1 1 x 1 1
2

( )

3
x 1 1 x 1 1 1
2

iu kin: x 1 .
( )
1
1 x 1 1 x 1
2

( )

1
x 1 1 x 1
2
1
x 1 1 x 1 x 1
2
.
)
x 1;
.
( )

3 3 3
2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 0 1 =
Trch thi Cao ng Giao Thng nm 2003
Bi gii gii tham kho
( )
3 3 3
1 2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 =
( )
( )

3
3 3
2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 =
( )
( ) ( )

3 3 3 3
4x 3 3 2x 1. 2x 2 2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 2 =

Thay
3 3 3
2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 = vo
( )
2 ta c:
( )
3 3 3
2 2x 1. 2x 2. 2x 3 2x 2 =
( )( )( ) ( )

3
2x 1 2x 2 2x 3 2x 2 =
( ) ( )( ) ( )

2
2x 2 2x 2 2x 3 2x 2 0
l
=
l
l
l

2
x 1
2x 2 0
5
8x 18x 10 0
x
4

=
=
.
Thay
5
x 1 x
4
= = vo phng trnh
( )
1 , ch c nghim
x 1 = tha. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 1 = .
( )

3 3 3
3x 1 2x 1 5x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
3
3 3
3x 1 2x 1 5x 1 =
( )

3 3 3 3
5x 3x 1 2x 1 . 3x 1. 2x 1 5x 1 =

3 3 3
5x 1. 3x 1. 2x 1 1 =
( )( )( )
5x 1 3x 1 2x 1 1 =

3 2
30x 19x 0 =

x 0
19
x
30
.
Thay x 0 = vo
( )
, ta c
( )
2 1 = (v l) loi nghim
x 0 = .
Thay
19
x
30
= vo
( )
, ta c
( )
3 3
5 5
30 30
= (lun ng)
nhn
19
x
30
= .
19
x
30
= .
( )
x 3 3x 1 2 x 2x 2 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 3 0
3x 1 0
x 0
x 0
2x 1 0
'
1
1
1
1

1
1

!
1
1
1
1

1
1+
.
( ) ( )
x 3 3x 1 4x 2x 2 1 =
Nhn thy
( )
1 c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3x 1 2x 2 4x x 3 5x 3, = = nn
( )
1 3x 1 2x 2 4x x 3 =
( )( ) ( )
3x 1 2x 2 2 3x 1 2x 2 4x x 3 2 4x x 3 =

( )( ) ( )
3x 1 2x 2 4x x 3 =

2 2
6x 8x 2 4x 12x =
x 1 = .
So vi iu kin v thay th x 1 = vo phng trnh
( )
th
( )
tha. Vy
phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 1 = .
BI TP TNG T
Ba6i t1p 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1/
2
x 3x 4 3x 1 = . S:
3 105
x
16

= .
2/
2
x 2x 6 2 x = . S:
5
x
3
= .
3/
2
x x x 2 3 = . S: x 1 = .
4/
2
x 2 x 3x 1 0 = . S: x 3 = .
5/
3
x 2x 5 2x 1 = . S:
x 2 x 1 3 = = .
6/
3
3x x x 1 2 = . S: x 1 = .
7/
3 2
x x 6x 28 x 5 = . S:

1 13
x 1 x
2

= = .
8/
4 3
x 4x 14x 11 1 x = . S:
x 2 x 1 = = .
9/
( )
4 3 2
x 5x 12x 17x 7 6 x 1 = . S: x 3 2 = .
10/ 3x 1 x 1 8 = . S: x 8 = .
11/ 7x 4 x 1 3 = . S: x 3 = .
12/ 5x 1 2x 3 14x 7 = . S:

1
x x 3
9
= = .
13/ 3x 3 5 x 2x 4 = . S:
x 2 x 4 = = .
14/ 11x 3 x 1 4 2x 5 = . S: x 3 = .
15/ 5x 1 3x 2 x 1 = . S: x 2 = .
16/ 2 3x 1 x 1 2 2x 1 = . S: x 5 = .
Ba6i t1p 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1/
2 3 2
x 1 x 5x 2x 4 = . S:
7 29 5 13
x 1 x x
2 2

= = = .
2/
3
x 3x 1 2x 1 = . S: x 2 x 5 = = .
3/
2
x 1 x 1 = . S: x 0 x 1 = = .
4/
2
x 1 x 1 1 1 x = . S: x 0 x 2 = = .
5/
( )
3 2x x 5 2 3x x 2 = . S:
23 3
x x
9 23
= = .
Ba6i t1p 3. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1/
2
2x 3 4x 3x 3 . S:
)
3 3
x ; 2;
2 4
l
l

l
l
.
2/
2
x x 12 x < . S:
)
x 4;
.
3/
2
x 4x 3 2x 5 . S:
14
x 1;
5
1
.
4/
2
5x 2x 2 4 x . S:
(
3
x ; 3 ;
2
1
l

l
l

)
.
5/ x 9 2x 4 5 . S: x 0 .
6/ x 2 3 x 5 2x < . S:
)
x 2;2
.
7/ 7x 1 3x 8 2x 7 . S:
)
x 9;
.
8/ 5x 1 4x 1 3 x . S:
1
x ;
4
1
.
9/ 5x 1 4 x x 6 . S:
1
x ; 3
5
l
l

l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 4. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1/
2
3x 5 x 7x < . S:
( ) ( )
( )
x ; 5 2 5 5; 5 2 5 1; .
2/
2
x 8x 1 2x 6 < . S:
( )
x 5 2 5; 1 .
3/
2
2x 3x 10 8 x . S:
1 37 1 37
x ; 1 2;1 2 ;
2 2
l 1
l l

l l

l

l ( )
l
.
4/
2 2
x 5x 4 x 6x 5 . S:
1
x ;
11
1

( )
.
5/
2
4x 4x 2x 1 5 . S:
( )
x ; 2 1;
l

l
l
.
6/
2
2x 1
1
2 x 3x 4
<

. S:
( ) ( )
7 57
x ; 3 1; 4 ;
2
1

( )
.
7/
2x 1
x 5
x 1
. S:
( ) ( )
x ; 1 7 3 15;1 1; 1 7
l

l
l
.
8/
3
x 2
x 3 1

. S:
)
(
x 5; 4 2;2 3
l
l
.
9/
9
x 2
x 5 3

. S:
( ( )
( )
x ; 1 2; 5 8; 5 3 2
l

l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 5. Gii phng trnh: 2x 2x 1 7 = .
Cao ng Lng Thc Thc Phm nm 2004 (i hc Lng Thc
Thc Phm)
S: x 5 = .
Ba6i t1p 6. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
x x 6 12 = .
i hc Vn Ha nm 1998
S: x 10 = .
( )
2
x 2x 8 3 x 4 = .
i hc Dn Lp ng khi B nm 2001
S: x 4 x 7 = = .
2
x 6x 6 2x 1 = .
i hc Xy Dng nm 2001
S: x 1 = .
2
1 4x x x 1 = .
i hc Dn lp Hng Bng nm 1999
S: x 3 = .
2
3x 9x 1 x 2 0 = .
i hc Dn Lp Bnh Dng khi D nm 2001
S:
1
x
2
= .
Ba6i t1p 11. Gii phng trnh: 1 x 1 6 x = .
Cao ng s phm Nh Tr Mu Gio TWI nm 2000
S: x 2 = .
Ba6i t1p 12. Gii phng trnh: 5x 1 3x 2 x 1 0 = .
i hc Kinh t quc dn khi A nm 2000
S: x 2 = .
Ba6i t1p 13. Gii phng trnh: 16 x 9 x 7 = .
i hc Lt khi A, B nm 1998
S: x 0 x 7 = = .
Ba6i t1p 14. Gii phng trnh: x 8 x x 3 = .
Cao ng kinh t k thut Ngh An khi A nm 2006
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 15. Gii phng trnh: 3x 4 2x 1 x 3 = .
Hc Vin Ngn Hng khi A nm 1998
S:
1
x
2
= .
Ba6i t1p 16. Gii phng trnh: 2x 9 4 x 3x 1 = .
Cao ng s phm Mu Gio Trung ng III nm 2006
S:
11
x 0 x
3
= = .
2 2
2x 8x 6 x 1 2x 2 = .
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni khi A D nm 2001
S: x 1 x 1 = = .
Ba6i t1p 18. Gii bt phng trnh:
2
x x 6 x 2 .
Cao ng khi T M nm 2004 (i hc Hng Vng)
S:
(
x ; 3
l

l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 19. Gii bt phng trnh: 2x 3 x 2 .
i hc Dn lp k thut cng ngh khi A B nm 1999
S:
3
x ; 3 2 2
2
l
l

l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 20. Gii bt phng trnh: 2x 1 8 x .
i hc Dn lp k thut cng ngh khi D nm 1999
S:
1
x ; 5
2
l
l
l
l
.
2
8x 6x 1 4x 1 0 .
D b i hc khi D nm 2005
S:
1
x ;
4
1
.
( )( )
x 1 4 x x 2 .
i hc M a cht H Ni nm 2000
S:
7
x 1;
2
1
.
2
x x 4x 1 .
Hc Vin Chnh Tr Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2000
S:
1
x ;
6
1

( )
.
( )( ) ( )
x 5 3x 4 4 x 1 .
i hc Kinh t Quc Dn nm 2001 Cao ng s phm Cn Th
khi A nm 2005
S:
(
4
x ; 5 ; 4
3
1
l

l
l

)
.
x 1 x 2
2 3
x x

.
i hc M H Ni khi A B R V D4 nm 1999
S:
1
x ; 0
12
1

( )
.
2 2
6 x x 6 x x
2x 5 x 4

.
i hc Hu khi D R T nm 1999 H khng chuyn ban
S: x 2; 1 x 3
l
=
l
l
.
( )
2 2
x 3x 2x 3x 2 0 .
i hc D 2002
S:
1
x ; x 2 x 3
2
l
l
=
l
(
l
.
( )
2 2
x x 2 2x 1 0 < .
Cao ng s phm Nh Tr Mu Gio TWI nm 2000
S:
2 2
x 2; ;1
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
2
2x 4
x 10x 3x 3 0
2x 5
1

( )
.
thi th i hc ln 7 THPT Chuyn i hc S Phm H Ni nm
2012
S:
1 5
x 3 x ;
3 2
1
.
2
51 2x x
1
1 x

<
.
i hc Ti Chnh K Ton H Ni nm 1997
S:
) ( )
x 1 52; 5 1; 1 52
.
2
3x x 4
2
x

< .
i hc Xy Dng nm 1997 1998
S:
)
9 4
x 1; 0 ;
7 3
l
(
l
.
2
1 1
2x 1
2x 3x 5

.
i hc S Phm Vinh khi B, E nm 1999
S:
( )
5 3
x ; 1; 2;
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
Ba6i t1p 33. Gii bt phng trnh: x 1 3 x 4 .
i hc Bch khoa H Ni nm 1999
S:
( )
x 0; .
Ba6i t1p 34. Gii bt phng trnh: x 3 2x 8 7 x .
i hc Ngoi Thng khi D nm 2000
S: x 4; 5 6; 7
l l

l l
l l
.
Ba6i t1p 35. Gii bt phng trnh: x 1 2 x 2 5x 1 .
Cao ng khi A B nm 2009
S: x 2; 3
l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 36. Gii bt phng trnh: 7x 13 3x 9 5x 27 .
i hc Dn Lp Phng ng khi A, D nm 2001
S:
229 26304
x ;
59
1

( )
.
Ba6i t1p 37. Gii bt phng trnh: x 5 x 4 x 3 .
i hc Ngoi Ng H Ni nm 1997
S:
12 2 3
x 3;
3
l

l

l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 38. Gii bt phng trnh: 3x 4 x 3 4x 9 .
i hc Dn Lp Bnh Dng khi A nm 2001
S: x 3; 4
l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 39. Gii bt phng trnh: x 4 x 1 x 3 < .
i hc Thng Long khi D nm 2001
S:
( )
x 8; .
x 5 3
1
x 4

<
.
i hc Hng c khi D nm 2001
S:
( )
x ; 5 \ 4 .
Ba6i t1p 41. Gii bt phng trnh: x 1 x 1 4 .
i hc Dn Lp Bnh Dng khi D nm 2001
S:
5
x 1;
4
l
l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 42. Gii bt phng trnh: 2x 7 5 x 3x 2 .
D b i hc khi B nm 2005
S:
2 14
x ;1 ; 5
3 3
l l
l l

l l
l l
.
Ba6i t1p 43. Gii bt phng trnh: 5x 1 x 1 2x 4 .
i hc A 2005
S:
)
x 2;10
.
Ba6i t1p 44. Gii bt phng trnh: x 1 x 2 x 3 .
thi th i hc nm 2010 THPT Long Chu Sa Ph Th
S:
6 2 3
x 3;
3
l
l
l
l
.
( )

2
2
3 2 x 3x 2
1, x
1 2 x x 1

.
thi Th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 khi A, B THPT Quc Oai H
Ni
S:
13 1
x ;
6
1

( )
.
2
2x 6x 1 x 2 0 .
i hc S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1994
S:
( )
3 7
x ; 3;
2
l

l
l (
l
.
2 2
x 2x 1 x 2x 1 = .
Cao ng s phm C Mau khi B nm 2005
S: x 0 x 1 x 2 = = = .
Ba6i t1p 48. Gii phng trnh: x 1 x 1 = .
Cao ng s phm C Mau khi T M nm 2005
S: x 1 x 2 = = .
Ba6i t1p 49. Gii bt phng trnh: x 3 2 x 1 .
Cao ng Ti chnh qun tr kinh doanh khi A nm 2006
S:
(
x 1;2
l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 50. Gii bt phng trnh: x 3 x 1 2x 1 .
i hc Dn Lp Hng Bng nm 1999
S:
3
x 1;
2
l
l
l
l
.
2 2 2
x x 2 x 2x 3 x 4x 5 .
i hc An Ninh khi D G nm 1998
S: x 1 = .
2 2 2
x 3x 2 x 6x 5 2x 9x 7 .
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni khi D nm 2000
S: x 1 x 5 = = .
2 2
x 4x 3 2x 3x 1 x 1 .
i hc Kin Trc H Ni nm 2001
S:
1
x ; x 1
2
l
l
=
l
(
l
.
2 2 2
x 3x 2 x 4x 3 2 x 5x 4 .
i hc Y Dc nm 2001 i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm
1996
S:
)
x 4; x 1
.
Ba6i t1p 55. Gii phng trnh: x 2 x 1 x 3 4 x 1 1 = .
i hc Thy Sn nm 1997
S: x 2 x 5 = = .
Ba6i t1p 56. Gii phng trnh: 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 1 4 = .
i hc khi D nm 2005
S: x 3 = .
Ba6i t1p 57. Gii phng trnh: x 5 4 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 1 = .
S: x 0 x 3 = = .
Ba6i t1p 58. Gii phng trnh: x 2 x 1 3 x 8 6 x 1 1 x = .
S: x 5 = .
Ba6i t1p 59. Gii phng trnh: x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 = .
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn II nm 2001
S:
)
x 2;
.
Ba6i t1p 60. Gii phng trnh: 2x 4 2 2x 5 2x 4 6 2x 5 14 = .
S: x 15 = .
2 2 2 2
5 5
x 1 x x 1 x x 1
4 4
= .
i hc Phng Chy Cha Chy nm 2001
S:
3
x
5
= .
x 5
x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1
2
= .
i hc Thy Sn nm 2001
S: x 1 x 3 = = .
Ba6i t1p 63. Gii:
2x 2 2x 1 2 2x 3 4 2x 1 3 2x 8 6 2x 1 4 = .
S:
5
x 1 x
2
= = .
3 3 3
x 1 x 1 x 2 = .
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
3 3 3
x 1 x 3 2 = .
S: x 1 x 3 = = .
3 3 3 3
2x 1 1 x x = .
S:
3
1
x 0 x 1 x
2
= = = .
3 3 3
x 1 x 2 2x 3 = .
S:
3
x 1 x x 2
2
= = = .
3 3 3
2x 1 x 1 3x 2 = .
Cao ng Hi Quan nm 1996
S:
2 1
x x x 1
3 2
= = = .
3 3 3
x 1 x 2 x 3 0 = .
i hc An Ninh khi A nm 2001 Hc Vin K Thut Qun S nm
1999
S: x 2 = .
3 3 3
x 5 x 6 2x 11 = .
S:
11
x 5 x 6 x
2
= = = .
3 3 3
2x 5 3x 7 5x 2 0 = .
S:
5 5 7
x x x
2 2 3
= = = .
3 3 3
x 1 3x 1 x 1 = .
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 73. Gii phng trnh: 3x 8 3x 5 5x 4 5x 7 = .
i hc Dn Lp Vn Lang khi A, B nm 1997
S: x 6 = .
2 2
x 2x x 2 x x 2x 2 = .
S: V nghim.
( )
2 x 4 2x 3 x 6 x 5 = .
S: V nghim.
Ba6i t1p 76. Gii phng trnh: 10x 1 3x 5 9x 4 2x 2 = .
D b i hc khi B nm 2008
S: x 3 = .
2 2 2 2
x 2 x 7 x x 3 x x 8 = .
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 78. Gii phng trnh: x 7 4x 1 5x 6 2 2x 3 = .
S:
13
x
4
= .
1 1
x x
x
x
= .
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 80. Gii phng trnh: x x 9 x 1 x 4 = .
S: x 0 = .
3
2
x 1
x 1 x x 1 x 3
x 3
.
S: x 1 3 = .
( )
2
2 x 16
7 x
x 3
x 3 x 3

.
i hc A 2004
S:
( )
x 10 34; .
Ba6i t1p 83. Gii phng trnh: 4 3 10 3x x 2 = .
Hc sinh gii Quc Gia nm 2000
S: x 3 = .
2 2
1 1 2
x x
x x x
.
i hc An Giang khi A nm 2000
S:
3
5
x ;
4
1
.

B GII PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH BNG CCH
A V TCH S HOC TNG HAI S KHNG M

I KIN THC C BN
1/ S dng bin i c bn
Dng cc php bin i, ng nht kt hp vi vic tch, nhm, ghp thch hp
a phng trnh v dng tch n gin hn v bit cch gii.
Mt s bin i thng gp

( ) ( )( )
2
1 2
f x ax bx c a x x x x = = vi
1 2
x , x l hai nghim ca
( )
f x 0 = .
Chia Hoocner a v dng tch s ("u ri, nhn ti, cng cho").
Cc hng ng thc thng gp.

( )( )
u v 1 uv u 1 v 1 0 = = .

( )( )
au bv ab vu u b v a 0 = = .
....... .
2/ Tng cc s khng m
Dng cc bin i (ch yu l hng ng thc) hoc tch ghp a v dng:
2 2 2
A 0
B 0
A B C .... 0
C 0
... 0
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
3/ S dng nhn lin hp
D on nghim
o
x x = bng my tnh b ti
( )
SHIFT SOLVE hay ALPHA CALC .
Tch, ghp ph hp sau khi nhn lin hp xut hin nhn t chung
( )
o
x x
hoc bi ca
( )
o
x x trong phng trnh nhm a v phng trnh tch s:
( ) ( )
o
x x .g x 0 = .
Cc cng thc thng dng trong nhn lin hp
Biu thc Biu thc lin hip Tch
A B A B
A B
3 3
A B
3 3 3 2 2
A AB B
A B
3 3
A B
3 3 3 2 2
A AB B
A B
4/ t n ph khng hon ton
t n s ph khng hon ton l mt hnh thc phn tch thnh nhn t. Khi t
n ph t th bin x vn tn ti v ta xem x l tham s. Thng thng th l
phng trnh bc hai theo t (tham s x) v gii bng cch lp .
II CC V D MINH HA
1/ S dng bin i ng thc c bn a v phng trnh tch s
( )

2
x x 5 5 =
Cao ng s phm Cn Th khi M nm 2005
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 5 0 x 5 .
( ) ( )
( )
2
x x 5 x x 5 0 =
( ) ( )

2
2
x x 5 x x 5 0 =
( )( ) ( )
x x 5 x x 5 x x 5 0 =
( )( )
x x 5 x 1 x 5 0 =
( )
( )

x 5 x 1
x 5 x 1 2

( )

2
x 0
x 0
1 21
1 x
1 21 1 21
x 5 x 2
x x
2 2
'
1
' 1
1
1
1
1 1
=
! !

1 1 =
= =
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
( )
( )
2
x 1
x 1 0
1 17
2 x
1 17 1 17
2
x 5 x 1
x x
2 2
'
1
'
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
! !

1 1
=
= =
1 1
1+ 1
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l

1 21 1 17
x x
2 2

= = .
Nhn xt: Ta c th gii bi ton trn bng phng php t n ph y x 5 =
a v h phng trnh gn i xng loi II:
2
2
y x 5
x y 5
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
v ly v
tr v. Ta s gii ra tm x.
Dng tng qut ca bi ton l:
2
x x a a , a = .
( ) ( )

2 2
x 3 10 x x x 12 =
i hc Dc H Ni nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
10 x 0 10 x 10 .
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
x 3 10 x x 3 x 4 =
( ) ( )

2
x 3 10 x x 4 0
l
=
l
l

( )

2
x 3
10 x x 4 1

Ta c: 10 x 10 x 4 10 4 0 x 4 0 < < nn
( )
1 v nghim.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 3 = .
( )

2 3 3 3
x 1 x 2 1 x 3x 2 =
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )( )
3 3
3
x 1 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 0
l
=
l
l

( ) ( )

3 3 3
x 1 1 x 2 1 x 1 0 =
( )( )

3 3
x 1 1 1 x 2 0 =

3
3
x 1 1 x 0
x 1
x 2 1

= =

=
=

.
Nhn xt: Trong hai th d trn ti s dng phn tch thnh tch ca tam thc
bc hai:
( ) ( )( )
2
1 2
1 2
x , x l hai
nghim ca
( )
f x 0 = .
( )

2
x 2 7 x 2 x 1 x 8x 7 1 =
D b 2 i hc khi D nm 2006
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
7 x 0
x 1 0 1 x 7
x 8x 7 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
( ) ( )( )
x 1 2 x 1 2 7 x 7 x x 1 0 =
( ) ( )
x 1 x 1 2 x 7 x 1 2 0 =
( )( )
x 1 2 x 1 x 7 0 =

x 1 2
x 1 x 7

x 5
x 4
.
( )

2
x 10x 21 3 x 3 2 x 7 6 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
x 10x 21 0
x 3 0 x 3
x 7 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
( ) ( )( )
x 3 x 7 3 x 3 2 x 7 6 0 =
( ) ( )
x 3 x 7 3 2 x 7 3 0 =
( )( )
x 7 3 x 3 2 0 =

x 7 3 x 2
x 1
x 3 2

= =

=
=

.
So vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 x 2 = = .
( )

2
6
x 3x 2 x 2 2x x 5
x
=
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
x 3x 0
x 2 0
x 0
x 0
6
x 5 0
x
'
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

!

1
1
1
1
1
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
2
x 5x 6
x x 3 2 x 2 2x 0
x

=
( )( )

x 2 x 3
x 3
x 2 x 2 2x 0
x x

=
( ) ( )

x 3
x x 2 2 x x 2 0
x
=
( )

x 3
x x 2 2 0
x
1

( )

x 2 x
x 3
2
x

x 2
x 1
.
( )

2
2x 1 x 3x 1 0 =
Trch thi i hc khi D nm 2006
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1
x
2
.
Cch gii 1. Bin i a v phng trnh tch s
( ) ( )
2
2x 1 x x 2x 1 0 =
( ) ( )

2
2
2x 1 x x 2x 1 0 =
( ) ( )( )
2x 1 x x 2x 1 x 2x 1 0 =
( )( )
x 2x 1 1 x 2x 1 0 =

2x 1 x
2x 1 1 x

( )

2
2 2
1 x 0
x 0
2x 1 x
2x 1 1 x
'
' 1 1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+

x 1 x 2 2 = = .
So vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 x 2 2 = = .
Cch gii 2. Bin i v nhn lng lin hp a v phng trnh tch
s
( )
( ) ( )
2
2x 1 1 x 3x 2 0 =
( )( )
( )( )

2x 1 1 2x 1 1
x 1 x 2 0
2x 1 1

=

( )
( )( )

2 x 1
x 1 x 2 0
2x 1 1
=

( )

2
x 1 x 2 0
2x 1 1
1

=

( )

.
n y, gii tip tc c kt qu x 1 x 2 2 = = .
Cch gii 3. Xem y l dng A B = .
( )
2
2x 1 x 3x 1 =
( )

2
2
2
x 3x 1 0
2x 1 x 3x 1
'
1

1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

4 3 2
3 5 3 5
x
2 2
x 6x 11x 8x 2 0
'
1

1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( )

2
2
3 5 3 5
x
2 2
x 1 x 4x 2 0
'
1

1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
+

3 5 3 5
x
2 2
x 1 x 2 2
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
= =
1
1+
x 1 x 2 2 = = .
Cch gii 4. t n s ph
t
2
t 1
t 2x 1 0 x
2
= = . Lc :
( )
4 2
t 4t 4t 1 0 =
( ) ( )

2
2
x 1
t 2x 1 1
t 1 t 2t 1 0
x 2 2
t 2x 1 2 1

=
= =

= = =
.
( ) ( )

2
x 2 x 1 x 1 x x x 0 =
Hc Vin K Thut Qun S nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
x 1 0 x 1
x 0 x 0 x 1
x 0 x 1 x x 0
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
x 1 2 x 1 1 x x 1 x 1 x x x 0
l
l
=
l
l

( )
( )
( )

2
x 1 1 x x 1 x 1 1 0 =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

x 1 1 1
x 1 1 x 1 1 x x 1 0
x 1 x x 1 1 2
=
l
= l
l
=

( )
1 x 1 1 x 2 = = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 x 1 x x 1 1 2 x x 1 x 2x 2 2 x x 1 0 = =

( ) ( )

2
x 1 2 x x 1 1 0 : = v nghim.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 2 = .
Thi0 du1 33.
( )
( )

2 3 3 3
x 3x 2 x 1 x 2 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 3
3 3 3 3
3
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 0 =
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )

2 2
3 3 3 3
3
x 1 x 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 0
l
l
=
l
l

( )( )

2
3 3 3 3
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 0 =

3 3
3 3
x 1 x 2
3
x
2
x 1 x 2
.
( )
2
2x 6x 10 5 x 2 x 1 0 =

( )

Trch thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 khi A, B, D THPT L Hu
Trc 1
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 x 2 2 x 1 5 x 2 x 1 0 =
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2
2
2 x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 1 4 x 2 x 1 0
l
l
l
=
l
l
l
l
l

( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 0
l l
=
l l
l l

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2 x 2 x 1 0 1
2 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 0
2 x 1 x 2 0 2
l l
=

l l
l l
=

( ) ( )
2
x 2
x 2
x 3
1 x 1 2 x 2 x 3
4x 17x 15 0
5
x
4
'
1
1
1
'
1 1
= 1 1 1
= =
! !
1 1 =
1 1
1+
1
=
1
1
+
.
( )
2
x 2
x 2
x 0 2 x 1 x 2 x 8
x 8x 0
x 8
'
1
1
'
1 1
1 1 1
= = =
! !
1 1 =
1 1
1+
= 1
1
+
.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim: x 3 x 8 = = .
( )

2
4x 2x 3 8x 1 =
Trch thi th i hc khi A, B, D nm 2013 THPT Sm Sn
Thanh Ha
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
2x 3 0 x
2
.
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
9 1 3 1
4x 6x 2x 3 2 2x 3 2x 2x 3
4 4 2 2
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

3 1 5 21
2x 2x 3 x
2x 3 2x 1
2 2 4
3 1
2x 3 1 2x 3 17
2x 2x 3
x
2 2
4

= =
=

=
=
=

.

5 21 3 17
x x
4 4

= = .
( )

4 2
729x 8 1 x 36 =
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr s 228
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
1 x 0 1 x 1 .
t
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 4 2
y 1 x 0 y 1 x x 1 y x 1 y = = = = .
( ) ( )
2
2
729 1 y 8y 36 0 =
( ) ( )

2
2 2 2 2
4 4
27 1 y 36 1 y 36y 8y 0
9 9
l 1

l
=

l

( )
l

( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
2 2 2
2 2 4
27 1 y 6y 0 27 1 y 6y 27 1 y 6y 0
3 3 3
l 1 l
l
l l
= =
l
l l
l
( )
l l

( ) ( )

2 2
4
27 1 y 6y 0 27 1 y 6y 0
3
= = .
Vi
( )
2 2
1 82
y 0 L
1 82
9
1 y 6y 0 1 x
9
1 82
y
9
= <

= =

1
x 2 2 82
9
= .
Vi
( )
2
4
27 1 y 6y 0
3
= . Gii ra ta phng trnh v nghim.
1
x 2 2 82
9
= .
( )

2
2
x 5x 2
x x 2
2x 2

=

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:

2
x x 2 0, x
x 1
2x 2 0
'
1

1
1

!
1
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
2 2
x 5x 2 2x 2 x x 2
( ) ( )

2 2
x x 2 2x 2 x x 2 4x 0 =
( )

2
2 2 2
x x 2 2x x x 2 2 x x 2 4x 0 =
( ) ( )

2 2 2
x x 2 x x 2 2x 2 x x 2 2x 0 =
( )( )

2 2
x x 2 2x x x 2 2 0 =

2
2
x x 2 2x x 1
x 2
x x 2 2

= =
.
BI TP TNG T
2
x x 7 7 = .
Cao ng S Phm K Thut Vinh nm 2001
S:
1 29
x 2 x
2
= = .
2
x x 1 1 = .
S:
1 5
x 1 x 0 x
2
= = = .
2
x
3x 2 1 x
3x 2
=
.
S: x 1 = .
2 2
x 3x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2x 3 = .
S: x 2 = .
( ) ( )
2
x x 1 x x 2 2 x = .
i hc s phm H Ni khi D nm 2000 Cao ng s phm H Ni
nm 2005
S:
9
x 0 x
8
= = .
2
4x 14x 11 4 6x 10 = .
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr s 420 thng 6 nm 2012
S:
3 13
x
4

= .
2
x 3 2x x 1 2x x 4x 3 = .
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
2 2 2
x 8x 15 x 2x 15 x 9x 18 = .
S: x 3 = .
2 2
2x 8x 6 x 1 2x 2 = .
S: x 1 = .
2
x x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 = .
S: x 3 = .
2
x x 1 x x 1 = .
i hc Dn Lp Hi Phng khi A nm 2000
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
( )
2
x 1 2 x 1 x 1 1 x 3 1 x = .
Tuyn sinh vo lp 10 chuyn Ton i hc S Phm H Ni I nm
1997 1998
S: x 0 = .
3 3 2 2 3 3
x 1 x x x x = .
HD:
( )
3 3 3
3 3
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1 1 x 1 0
x x
1

= =

( )
.
( )
2 2
3x 3x 2 x 6 3x 2x 3 = .
( )
2
x x 2 3x 2 x 1 = .
2
2
3x 3x 2
x x 2
3x 1

=
.
x 2 2 2x 1
x 2
x 2x 1

=

.
( )
2
x 2x 3 3 x 5 1 3x 2x 13x 15 2x 3 = .
2
14 x 35 6 x 1 84 x 36x 35 = .
2 2 3 4
4 x x 1 1 5x 4x 2x x = .
thi hc sinh gii vng 1 tnh Long An Ngy 6/10/2011
S:
1 3 2 5 1 19 2 21
x x
2 2

= = .
( )
2
2x 7 2x 7 x 9x 7 = .
( )( )
2 2
x 3 x 1 x x 4x 3 2x = .
HD: Nhn hai v cho
( ) ( )( )
x 3 x 1 ... x x 3 x x 1 0 = .
2/ Bin i v tng hai s khng m
( )

2
4 x 1 x 5x 14 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( )
2
x 5x 14 4 x 1 0 =
( ) ( )

2
x 1 4 x 1 4 x 6x 9 0 =
( )
( )

2
2
2
x 1 2.2 x 1 2 x 3 0
l
l
=
l
l

( )
( )

2
2
x 1 2 x 3 0 =

x 1 2 0
x 3
x 3 0
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim phng trnh l x 3 = .
( )
x 4 x 3 2 3 2x 11 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 3 0
3
3 x
3 2x 0
2
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
( )
11 x 4 x 3 2 3 2x 0 =
( ) ( )
x 3 4 x 3 4 3 2x 2 3 2x 1 0 =
( ) ( )

2 2
x 3 2 3 2x 1 0 =

x 3 2 0 x 1
x 1
x 1
3 2x 1 0
'
1 '
1 = =
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
+
1+
.
So vi iu kin, nghim phng trnh l x 1 = .
( )
13 x 1 9 x 1 16x =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( )
16x 13 x 1 9 x 1 0 =

1 9
13 x 1 x 1 3 x 1 3 x 1 0
4 4
1 1

=

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2 2
2 2
1 1 3 3
13 x 1 2. x 1. 3 x 1 2. x 1. 0
2 2 2 2
l l
1 1
l l

=
l l

( ) ( ) l l
l l

2 2
1 3
13 x 1 3 x 1 0
2 2
1 1

=

( ) ( )

1 5
x 1 0 x
5
2 4
x
3 5
4
x 1 0 x
2 4
' '
1 1
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c nghim duy nht
5
x
4
= .
Thi0 du1 41. Gii:
( )( ) ( )

2 2 3 2
2 x 1 6 9 x 6 x 1 9 x x 2x 10x 38 0 =

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )( )
2
x 1 9 x 0 1 x 3 .
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )

2 2
3 2 2
x 1 2 x 1 1 9 x 6 9 x 9
x x 9x 9 6 x 1 9 x 9 0

=

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )

2 2
2 2 2
x 1 1 9 x 3 x 1 9 x 6 x 1 9 x 9 0
l
=
l
l
l

( ) ( )
( )( )

2 2 2
2 2
x 1 1 9 x 3 x 1 9 x 3 0
l
=
l
l
l

( )( )

2 2
x 1 1 9 x 3 x 1 9 x 3 0 x 0 = = = = .
BI TP TNG T
2
x x 6 4 1 3x = .
S: x 1 = .
4 2 2 2
x 2x x 2x 16 2x 6x 20 0 = .
S: x 2 = .
( )
2 2
x 2 x 1 3x 1 2 2x 5x 2 8x 5 = .
HD:
( )
( )
2 2
PT x 1 3x 1 x 2 2x 1 0 x 1
l
= =
l
l
.
( )
2
4x 12 x 1 4 x 5x 1 9 5x = .
( )
1 1
x y 4 2 2x 1 2y 1
x y
= .
S: x y 1 = = .
2
2x x 3 x 2x x 2 = .
S: x 1 = .
4 2
x x 3x 5 2 x 2 0 = .
S: x 1 = .
4 3 2
x 2006x 1006009x x 2x 2007 1004 0 = .
Ngh Olympic 30/04 THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim Qung
Nam
HD:
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
PT ... x x 1003 2x 2007 1 0 x 1003
2
= = .
Ba6i t1p 115. Gii phng
trnh:
( )( )
2 2 2 4
x x x 3x 2007 2005x 4 4x 30 x x 1 2006 = .
Ngh Olympic 30/04 THPT chuyn Trn i Ngha Tp. H Ch
Minh
HD:
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 4
1 5
PT x x 1 2005 x 1 x 30 x x 1 0 x
2

= =
.
2
4x 14x 11 4 6x 10 = .
S:
3 13
x
4

= .
3/ S dng nhn lin hp
( )

2
x 1 1 4x 3x =
thi th i hc ln 1 khi D nm 2013 Trng THPT L Xoay
Nhn xt:
S dng my tnh, ta tm c mt nghim l
1
x
2
= v ta c:
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
3x x 1 2x 1
4x 1 2x 1 2x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
nn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4x 1 3x x 1 0 =
( )( )
( )( )

3x x 1 3x x 1
2x 1 2x 1 0
3x x 1

=

( )( )
( )

2x 1
2x 1 2x 1 0
3x x 1
=

( ) ( )

1
2x 1 2x 1 0 1
3x x 1
1

=

( )

Ta c:
1
x 0 2x 1 0
3x x 1

nn
( )
1
1 2x 1 0 x
2
= = .
1
x
2
= .
( )
2x 3 x 2x 6 =
thi i hc khi A nm 2007
Nhn thy rng:
( )
( )
2x 3 x x 3
2x 6 2 x 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

nn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
x
2
.
( )
( )
( )
x 3
2 x 3 0
2x 3 x
=

( )

1
x 3 2 0
2x 3 x
1

=

( )

( )

x 3
1
2 1
2x 3 x

( )
3 3 1 1
x 2x 3 x 1 1 2 VN
2 2
2x 3 x 2x 3 x
< =

.
( )

2
x 2 4 x 2x 5x 1 =
thi th i hc ln 1 khi A, B nm 2013 Trng THPT H Trung
Thanh Ha
Nhn xt:
S dng ALPHA CALC cho biu thc:
( ) ( )
2
f x x 2 4 x 2x 5x 1 = vi cc gi tr nguyn trong
khong tp xc nh x 2; 4
l
l
l
, ta nhn c
( )
f x 0 = khi x 3, = ngha l
x 3 = l mt nghim ca phng trnh.
Mt cch t nhin, ta suy ngh tch ghp ph hp sao cho khi nhn lng
lin hp xut hin nhn t
( )
x 3 hoc bi ca n.
Ta khng nn ghp cp
( )
( )
2 x 3
x 2 4 x
x 2 4 x
=

vi nhau,
mc d n xut hin nhn t
( )
x 3 v c bit l biu thc
( )
2
2x 5x 1 khng xut hin
( )
x 3 . Hn na, sau khi nhn lin hp n
xut hin hng t x 2 4 x di mu s m cha c th khng
nh c m hay dng trong tp xc nh ca x, iu s gy kh khn
cho ta khi gii quyt (nh gi) biu thc
( )
g x 0 = trong
( ) ( )
x 3 .g x 0 = .
Do , ta suy ngh i tm hai s , 0 trong hai biu thc
( ) ( )
x 2 , 4 x sau khi nhn lng lin hp, c hai u
xut hin
( )
x 3 . V vy, hai s , 0 phi tha mn ng nht:
( )( )
( )( )
x 2 x 2
x 3
x 2 x 2
4 x 4 x
x 3
4 x 4 x
'
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1

1

1
1 =
1
1

1+

2
2
x 2 x 3
4 x x 3 1
, 0
'
1
=
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
1
1
1
+
. Nn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2 x 4 .
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 2 1 4 x 1 2x 5x 3 0 =
( )( )

x 3 3 x
x 3 2x 1 0
x 2 1 4 x 1

=

( )

1 1
x 3 2x 1 0
x 2 1 4 x 1
1

=

( )

( )

x 3
1 1
2x 1 1
x 2 1 4 x 1

Xt hm s
( )
f x 2x 1 = trn x 2; 4
l
l
l
thy
( ) ( )
f x 2x 1 5 2 =
Xt hm s
( )
1 1
g x
x 2 1 4 x 1
=

trn x 2; 4
l
l
l
.
( )
( ) ( )

1 1
g' x 0, x 2; 4
2 x 2 x 2 1 2 4 x 4 x 1
l
= <
l
l

.
( )
g x nghch bin v
( ) ( ) ( )

2;4
1
max g x g 2 1 3
2 1
l
l
l
= =

T
( ) ( )
2 , 3 2 hm s
( ) ( )
f x , g x c th khng th ct nhau. Do
( )
1 v nghim.
( )
10x 1 3x 5 9x 4 2x 2 =
d b i hc khi B nm 2008
Nhn thy:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2 x 3 = = nn
ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
5
x
3
.
( )
( ) ( )
10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2 0 =
( ) ( )

10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2
0
10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2

=

( )

1 1
x 3 0
10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2
1

=

( )

V
5 1 1
x 0
3
10x 1 9x 4 3x 5 2x 2

nn
( )
1 x 3 = .
( ) ( )

2 2 2 2
3x 5x 1 x 2 3 x x 1 x 3x 4 =
thi hc sinh gii tnh Lm ng nm 2008
Nhn thy
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 2 x 2
x 2 x 3x 4 3 x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Nn ta c
li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 x 2 x 3x 4 0 =

2 2 2 2
2x 4 3x 6
0
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 x 2 x 3x 4

=

( )

2 2 2 2
2 3
x 2 0
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 x 2 x 3x 4
1

( )

( )

2 2 2 2
x 2
2 3
0 1
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 x 2 x 3x 4

Ta c:

2 2 2 2
2 3
0, x
3x 5x 1 3x 3x 3 x 2 x 3x 4

xc nh.
Thay x 2 = vo phng trnh
( ) ( )
tha. Vy phng trnh c
nghim x 2 = .
( ) ( )

2 2
x 1 x 2x 3 x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
Cch gii 1. Nhn lng lin hp
V x 1 = khng l nghim phng trnh nn
( )
2
2
x 1
x 2x 3
x 1

2
2
x 2x 1
x 2x 3 2
x 1

=

( )( )

2 2
2 2
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
x 1
x 2x 3 2 x 2x 3 2

=

( )

2
2
1 1
x 2x 1 0
x 1
x 2x 3 2
1

( )

2
2
x 2x 1 0
1 1
x 1
x 2x 3 2

( )

2
x 1 2
x 2x 3 2 x 1 VN
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 2 = .
O OO O Nhn xt:
Vn t ra l lm sao ti nhn ra c nhn t chung l
( )
2
x 2x 1
in s 2 vo hai v ???
tng xut pht t vic tm s sao cho
( )
2
2
x 1
x 2x 3 , 0
x 1

( )

2
2 2
2
x 1 x 1
x 2x 3
x 1
x 2x 3

=

( ) ( )

2 2 2
2
x 2x 3 x x 1
x 1
x 2x 3

=

.
n y, ta ch vic xc nh sao cho
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
x 2x 3 x x 1 3 1 2
0
'
1
=
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
1
1
1
+
.
Cch gii 2. t n ph khng hon ton.
t
2 2 2 2 2
t x 2x 3 t x 2x 3 x t 2x 3 = = = .
( ) ( )
2
x 1 t t 2x 2 =
( ) ( ) ( )

2
t x 1 t 2x 2 0 1 =
Ta xem
( )
1 nh l phng trnh bc hai vi n l t v x l tham s, lc
:
( )
2
2 2
x 2x 1 8x 8 x 6x 9 x 3 = = =
x 1 x 3
t x 1
2
x 1 x 3
t 2
2
= =
= =
.
Vi
( )

2 2 2
t x 2x 3 x 1 x 2x 3 x 2x 1 VN = = = .
Vi
2 2 2
t x 2x 3 2 x 2x 3 4 x 2x 1 0 x 1 2 = = = = =
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 2 = .
( ) ( )

2 2
3x 1 x 3 3x 2x 3 =
Bi gii tham kho
Do
1
x
3
= khng l nghim phng trnh, nn vi
1
x ,
3
ta c:
( )
2
2
3x 2x 3
x 3
3x 1

=

2
2
3x 2x 3
x 3 2x 2x
3x 1

=

2 2 2 2
2
x 3 4x 3x 2x 3 6x 2x
3x 1
x 3 2x

=

( )

2
2
2
3 1 x
3x 3
3x 1
x 3 2x

( ) ( )

2 2
2
3 1 x 3 1 x
3x 1
x 3 2x

=

( )

2
2
1 1
2 1 x 0
3x 1
x 3 2x
1

( )

( )

2
x 1
1 1
1
3x 1
x 3 2x

( )
2
1 x 3 2x 3x 1 =

2
2 2
x 1 x 1
x 3 x 1 x 1
x 1 x 3 x 2x 1
' '
1 1
1 1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x 1 = .
Nhn xt:
t c s 2x vo hai v, ta xt dng tng qut
( ) ( )
2
2
3x 2x 3
x 3 x x
3x 1

=
v sau s dng ng
nht tm hai thc , sao cho xut hin nhn t chung.
( )

2
3x 1 6 x 3x 14x 8 0 =
thi i hc khi B nm 2010
Bi gii tham kho
Nhn xt:
Nhn thy phng trnh c 1 nghim x 5 =
( )
SHIFT SOLVE hay ALPHA CALC , trong khong iu kin:
1
x ; 6
3
l
l

l
l
. Do , ta cn phi tch ghp nhn lin hip sao cho xut
hin nhn t chung
( )
x 5 hoc bi ca n.
V vy, ta cn i tm hai s , 0 tha mn ng nht (sau khi nhn
lng lin hp):
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3x 1 3 x 5
3x 1 3x 15
4
3x 1 3x 1
6 x x 5
1 6 x
x 5
, 0
6 x 6 x
'
1

1
'
1 1 =
=
1 1
'
1 1 = 1
1 1 1
=
! ! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
+
1 1
=
1 1
+
1

1
+
.
Nn ta c li gii sau:
iu kin:
1
x 6
3
.
( )
( ) ( )
2
3x 1 4 1 6 x 3x 14x 5 0 =
( )
( )( )

3 x 5
x 5
3x 1 x 5 0
3x 1 4 1 6 x

=

( ) ( )

3 1
x 5 3x 1 0 1
3x 1 4 1 6 x
1

=

( )

Ta c
1 3 1
x ; 6 3x 1 0
3
3x 1 4 1 6 x
l
l

l

l
. Do

( )
1 x 5 = .
( )

3 2
2x 11x 21 3 4x 4 =
Nhn xt:
Nhn thy phng trnh c 1 nghim x 3 =
( )
SHIFT SOLVE hay ALPHA CALC , do , ta cn phi tch ghp
sau khi nhn lin hip sao cho xut hin nhn t chung
( )
x 3 hoc bi
ca n.
V vy, ta cn i tm s t vo
( )
3
3 4x 4 sau khi nhn lin
hip bng hng ng thc:
( )( )
2 2 3 3
A B A AB B A B = , n c
dng
( )
12 x 3 . Do , n phi tha mn ng nht
( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 4x 4 12 x 3 12x 12 3 12x 36 3 24 2
l
= = = =
l
l
.
Ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3 4x 4 2 2x 11x 15 0 =
( )
( )
( )( )

2
3
3
3 4x 4 8
2x 5 x 3 0
4x 4 2 4x 4 4

=

( )
( )
( )

2
3
3
12
x 3 2x 5 0
4x 4 2 4x 4 4
l
l
l
=
l
l

l
l

( )
( )

2
3
3
x 3
12
2x 5 0 1
4x 4 2 4x 4 4

Vi x 3 2x 5 1, t
3 2
t 4x 4 2 t 2t 4 12 =
2
12
1
t 2t 4
<

tc l
( )
2 v nghim.
Vi x 3 2x 5 1, < < t
3 2
t 4x 4 2 0 t 2t 4 12 = < <
2
12
1
t 2t 4

tc l
( )
2 v nghim.
( )

3 2
3 x 2 x x x 4x 4 x x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2 x 3 .
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
3 x x 1 2 x x x 2 x x 2 =
( ) ( )
( )( )

2 2
2
3 x x 2x 1 2 x x
x 2 x x 2 0
3 x x 1 2 x x

=

( )( )

2 2
2
x x 2 x x 2
x 2 x x 2 0
3 x x 1 2 x x

=

( ) ( )

2
1 1
x x 2 x 2 0 1
3 x x 1 2 x x
1

( )

Do
1 1
x 2; 3 x 2 0
3 x x 1 2 x x
l

l
l

( )

2
1 x x 2 0 x 1 x 2 = = = .
( )
( )

2
2
2x
x 21
3 9 2x
<

i hc M a Cht nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
9 2x 0
9
x 0
x 0
2
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
( )
( )
2
2
x 3 9 2x
x
2 x 21 2 x 21
2x
3 9 2x
l

1 l

l
< <
l

( )
l
l

( )

2
3 9 2x
x 21 9 6 9 2x 9 2x 2x 42
2

< <

7
9 2x 4 9 2x 16 x
2
< < < .
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim ca h l

9 7
x ; \ 0
2 2
1
.
( )
( )

2
2
x
x 4
1 1 x

i hc S Phm Vinh nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 0 x 1 .
Nu
x 1
1 x 4
x 4 0
'
1
1
<
!
1 <
1
+

( )
lun ng. Do :
)
x 1; 4

l mt tp nghim ca bt phng trnh
( )
.
Khi x 4 :
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
x 4 x 4
x 1 1 x x 1 1 x
x 4 x 4
1 1 x
1 1 x 1 1 x
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
l l 1 1
1 1

l l
! !
1 1 l l

1 1
l l
1 1

1 1
l l
1 1
l l 1 1 + +

( )
2
x 4
x 4
1 2 1 x 1 x x 4 1 1 x x 4
'
1 '
1 1
1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1
+

)

x 4
x 4 x 4
x 4; 8
1 x 9 x 8
1 x 3
'
' ' 1 1 1
1
1 1 1

! ! !

1 1 1 < <
<
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
)
)
)
x 1; 4
x 1; 8
x 4; 8

.
( )

2 2 2
x 3x 2 x 4x 3 2 x 5x 4
i hc Y Dc nm 2001 i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm
1996
Bi gii tham kho
Nhn xt:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x 3x 2 x 5x 4 2x 2 2 x 1
x 4x 3 x 5x 4 x 1
'
1
= =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Nn ta c
li gii sau:
iu kin: x 1 x 4 .
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x 3x 2 x 5x 4 x 4x 3 x 5x 4 0

( )

2 2 2 2
2 x 1
x 1
0
x 3x 2 x 5x 4 x 4x 3 x 5x 4

( ) ( )

2 2 2 2
2 1
x 1 0 1
x 3x 2 x 5x 4 x 4x 3 x 5x 4
1

( )

Do
x 1
x 4
th:
2 2 2 2
2 1
0
x 3x 2 x 5x 4 x 4x 3 x 5x 4

nn
( )
1 x 1 0 x 1 .
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim bt phng trnh l: x 4 x 1 = .
( )

4
2x 1 2x 17
x

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( )
4
2x 17 2x 1
x

( )( )

2x 17 2x 1 2x 17 2x 1
4
x 2x 17 2x 1

4 16
x 2x 17 2x 1

2x 17 2x 1 4 x
( )

2
2x 17 2x 1 16x
( )( )
2x 17 2x 1 6x 9 (dng A B ).

3
.... x ; 4
2
l
l

l
(
l
.
(
x 0; 4
l
l
l
.
( )

3 2
2x 3x 6x 16 4 x 2 3
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2 x 4 .
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 3x 6x 16 3 3 3 4 x 0

3 2
3 2
2x 3x 6x 11 x 1
0
3 4 x 2x 3x 6x 16 3 3

( )( )

2
3 2
x 1 2x 5x 11
x 1
0
3 4 x 2x 3x 6x 16 3 3

( )

2
3 2
5 63
2 x
4 8 1
x 1 0
3 4 x 2x 3x 6x 16 3 3
l
1
l

( ) l

l
l

l
l
l

x 1 0 x 1 .
(
x 1; 4
l
l
l
.
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2
2
9 x 1 3x 7 1 3x 4
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
4
x
3
.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2
9 x 1 1 3x 4 3x 7 1 3x 4 1 3x 4
l

l
l

( )
( )
( )( )

2
2 2
9 x 1 1 3x 4 9 3x 7 x 1
( )
( )
( )

2
2
x 1 1 3x 4 3x 7 0 1
l
l

l
l

Khi
( )
x 1 1 : = lun ng.
Khi
( )
3x 4 1
x 1
4 4
1 x x 1
4
3 3
x
3
x 1
'
1

1
1 '
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
<
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1+
1
1
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim bt phng trnh l
4
x ; 1
3
1
.
( )

2 8
2 1 2x x 1
x x

Bi gii tham kho
( )
2
x 2 2x 8
1 2 x
x x

( )( )
( )

2 x 2 x 2
x 2
2 x 2
x x

iu kin:
( )( )
x 2
0
2 x 0
x
2 x 2 x 2 x 2
0
x
'
1
1

1
<
1
1
!

1
1

1
1
1+
.
Vi: 2 x 0 : < th
( )
2 lun ng.
Vi: x 2 :
( )
( )
x 2
2 . 2 2x 4 x
x

( )( )

2 2x 4 2 2x 4
x 2
. x
x
2 2x 4

( )

4x
x 2
. x
x
2 2x 4

x 2 4
. 1
x 2x 4 2

( ) ( )
4 x 2 x 2x 4 2 , do : 2x 4 2 0, x 2

2
4 x 2 2x 4x 2 x

2
4 x 2 2 x 2x 4x
( )

2
16x 32 4x 16 x x 2 2x 4x

2 2
x 2x 4 x 2x 4 0
( )

2
2 2
x 2x 4 x 2x 4 0
( )

2
2
x 2x 2 0

2
x 2x 2 0 =

2
x 2x 4 0 =
x 1 5 =
Do x 2 x 1 5 = .
)

x 2; 0 1 5
.
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
x 1 x 2x 5 4x x 1 2 x 1
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 1 2 x 2x 5 2x 2 x 1 x 2x 5 0
( )
( )
( )( )

2
2 2
2x x 1 3x 1
x 1 2 x 2x 5 0
2 x 1 x 2x 5

( )
( )
( )

2
2 2
2x 3x 1
x 1 2 x 2x 5 0
2 x 1 x 2x 5
l
l

l
l

l

( )
( )( )

2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4 x 1 2 x 2x 5 2 x 1 x 2x 5 7x 4x 5
x 1 0
2 x 1 x 2x 5
1

( )
.
Do
2
2
4 31
7x 4x 5 7 x 0
7 7
1

=

( )
nn phng trnh
x 1 0 x 1 .
(
x ; 1
l

l
l
.

BI TP TNG T
3x
3x 1 1
3x 10
=
.
S: x 0 x 5 = = .
i hc Tng Hp nm 1992
Ba6i t1p 118. Gii phng trnh: x 3 x x = .
thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT Dng nh Ngh Thanh
Ha
S: x 1 = .
2 2
x 3x 3 x 3x 6 3 = .
S: x 1 x 2 = = . Yu cu: Gii theo hai cch: nhn lng lin hp
v t n ph.
2 2
2x 3x 5 2x 3x 5 3x = .
S: x 4 = .
2 2
2x x 9 2x x 1 x 4 = .
S: x 4 x 0 = = .
Ba6i t1p 122. Gii phng trnh: x 2x 1 1 x 2 = .
S: x 1 = .
2 2
x 15 3x 2 x 8 = .
i hc Ngoi Thng nm 1997 s 3
S: x 1 = . Hy nu ra dng tng qut, phng php chung nhn lng
lin hp cho dng ny v p dng cho hai bi k tip.
2 2
x 12 5 3x x 5 = .
S: x 2 = .
2 2
x 24 x 15 3x 2 = .
S: x 1 = .
2
4 x 2 22 3x x 8 = .
S: x 1 x 2 = = .
x 3
4x 1 3x 2
5
= .
Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng nm 2001
S: x 2 = .
( )( )
1 x 1 1 x 2x 5 x = .
S: x 2 = .
( )
3 2 x 2 2x x 6 = .
Hc Vin K Thut Qun S nm 2001
S:
11 3 5
x 3 x
2
= = .
( )
9 4x 1 3x 2 x 3 = .
thi hc sinh gii H Ni nm 2010
S: x 6 = .
2
x 3 5 x 2x 7x 2 0 = .
S: x 4 = .
2
x 9x 20 2 3x 10 = .
S: x 3 = .
( )
2 2
x 3 2x 1 x x 3 = .
S: x 0 x 5 13 = = .
4 1 5
x x 2x
x x x
= .
S: x 2 = .
2
x 3 x x x 2 = .
HD:
( )
2
1 1
PT x 3x 1 1 0
x 1 x x 2 3 x
1

=

( )

.
3
x 24 12 x 6 = .
S: x 24 x 88 = = .
3 2 2 3 3 3
x 2 x 1 2x 2x 1 = .
S:
1
x 1 x
2
= = .
2
2
1 x 2x x
x 1 x

=
.
S:
1
x
2
= .
2 3
x 4 x 1 2x 3 = .
S: x 2 = .
3
2 3x 2 3 6 5x 8 0 = .
S: x 2 = .
3 2 2 2
3 x x 8 2 x 15 = .
S: x 1 = .
( )
2 2
x 3x 4 x 1 x 4x 2 = .
S: x 2 x 5 = = .
2 2
2x 16x 18 x 1 2x 4 = .
HD:
( )
2
2
2
2 x 1
32 3 57
PT x 1 0 x 1 x
7
2x 16x 18 2x 4

= = =

.
3 2
5x 1 1 2x 3x x 9 = .
S: x 1 = .
( )
( )
3
x 1 2 x 1 3 x 6 x 6 = .
S: x 2 = .
3 2
3x 3 5 2x x 3x 10x 26 0 = .
S: x 2 = .
2 2 2 2
3x 7x 3 x 2 3x 5x 1 x 3x 4 = .
thi th i hc ln 2 nm 2013 THPT chuyn i hc S Phm
H Ni
S: x 2 = .
2 2 2 2
2x 1 x 3x 2 2x 2x 3 x x 2 = .
S: x 2 = .
2
3 x x 2 7 x 2 9 x 1 11 = .
S: x 2 = .
3 2 3
x 1 x x 2 = .
S: x 3 = .
( )
3 3 2
x 2. x x 4 x 7 3x 28 0 = .
HD:
( )
3
3 3 2
x x 4
PT x 8 4 0 x 8
x 7 1 x 2 x 4
1

= =

( )
.
1 3 x
1 0
4x 2 x
=

.
HSG THPT Thi Phin Tp. Nng
S:
1 7 3 5
x x
4 8
= = .
4
x 8 x 4 2x 3 3x = .
S: x 1 = .
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
x x 1 4x x 1 5x 1 2x 1 3x = .
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
2 2
x 9x 24 6x 59x 149 5 x = .
S:
19
x 5 x
3
= = .
3 2 3
x 3x 3 3x 5 1 3x = .
S: x 2 x 1 = = .
3 2 3
162x 2 27x 9x 1 1 = .
S:
1
x
3
= .
2
2x 1 x 3x 1 0 = .
S: x 1 x 2 2 = = .
2 3 3 3
12x 46x 15 x 5x 1 2x 2 = .
S: x 2 x 2 1 = = .
( )
( )
2
5 x 3
x 1 2 4 x , x
2x 18
.
thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT chuyn Nguyn Tri Hi
Dng
S:
3
x 1 x x 3
2
= = = .
2
6x 4
2x 4 2 2 x
x 4
.
S:
2
x x 2
3
= = .
( )
2 2
x x 1 x 2 x 2x 2 = .
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
PT x 2x 7 3 x 2 x 2 x 2x 2 0 x 1 2 2
l
= =
l
l
.
( ) ( )( )
5
2 2
3x 6x 5 2 x 2 x 2x x 10 = .
S:
5 109
x
6
= .
3 2
x 3x 1 8 3x = .
S:
1 5
x
2
= .
Ba6i t1p 165. Gii:
( )
3 2
2 3 2
2x 7x 19
x 1 2x 5x 15 2x 7x 12x 17 7x
2

=
.
S:
5 177
x
4
= .
26 28 5
26 10x 1 3x 5 9x 4 2x 2
31
26 806
= .
S: x 3 = .
( )
2 2
x 3 x x 2 x 3x 4 = .
( )
2
x 1 x 8 x x 4 = .
( )
2 2
2x 1 x 3 3x x 2 = .
( )
2 2
3x 1 x x 2 3x 3x 2 = .
2
2
x 1
2x 3x 1
2x 3
.
3 2
5x 1 9 x 2x 3x 1 = .
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 x 1 2x 10 1 3 2x = .
( )
( )
2
2
2x x 9 2 9 2x = .
( )( )
2x 1 x 1 1 x 1 = .
3 2
2
x 3
x 1 x 3 x 1 x 5
x 6
.
Ba6i t1p 177. Gii:
2 2 4 2 3 2 3
2x 5 2x 5 4x 29x 25 3x 12x 9x 30x = .
2 2
2 x 7x 10 x x 12x 20 = .
2
1 2 1 7
2x 4 x
x 1
=
.
2 2
2
x x 1 x 1
2
x 4 2
x 1

=

.
x 3 1
2x 1 1 x 3 x 3
=

.
2 2
3
2x x 6 x x 3 2 x
x
1

=

( )
.
GII BT PHNG TRNH BNG NHN LNG LIN HP
( )
2
2
6x
2x x 1 1
2x 1 1

.
thi th i hc khi A 2013 THPT chuyn Phan Bi Chu Ngh
An
S:
( )
x 10 4 5; .
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 x 1 2x 10 1 3 2x < .
thi th i hc khi A nm 2013 THPT chuyn Thoi Ngc Hu
An Giang
S:

3
x ; 3 \ 1
2
1
.
2
1 1 4x
3
x

< .
i hc Ngoi Ng H Ni nm 1998
S:

1 1
x ; \ 0
2 2
l
l

l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 186. Gii bt phng trnh: 1 x 1 x x .
i hc Ngoi Thng c s II Tp. H Ch Minh khi A B nm 2001
S: x 0;1
l
l
l
.
( )( )
2
x 3 x 1 1 x 2x 3 4 .
thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT ng Sn I
S: x 2 .
3x
3x 1 1
3x 10
<
.
Hc Vin Hng Khng nm 1997 1998
S:
( )
x 0; 5 .
2
12x 8
2x 4 2 2 x
9x 16
.
S:
2 4 2
x 2; ;2
3 3
l
1
l

l

)
l (
l
.
( )
2
2
9x
2x 1
1 3x 1

.
i hc Kin Trc H Ni nm 1998
S:

1
x ; \ 0
3
1
.
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
x x 3x 18
x 1
x 1 x 1

<

.
S:
( )
x 1; 3 \ 0 .
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 x 1 2x 10 1 3 2x < .
49/III
2
B tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng
S:

3
x ; 3 \ 1
2
1
.
x 4
2x 1 x 3
x 12
.
HD: Lin hp ... 2x 1 x 3 x 12 .
( )

2
2
2
x x 1 2
2 x 4 , x
x 4
x 1

.
thi th i hc 2013 ln 2 khi A, B THPT Nguyn Quang Diu
ng Thp
S: x 3; 3
l

l
l
.
2
2
3 2 x 3x 2
1
1 2 x x 1

.
S:
(
13 1
x ; 2 ;
6
1

l
l
.
( )
2
2 3
x x 1 x
1
x x 1 x x

.
S:
5 1
x
2
= .
2 2
2x 11x 15 x 2x 3 x 6 .
HD: Lin hp
2
2
2
2 2
9
9 3
2x 11x 15 x
x 2x 3 x
2
4
2
0
7
9 3
x 2x 11x 15 x x 2x 3
2 2 2
1

( )

.
2 2 2 2
3x 7x 3 x 3x 4 x 2 3x 5x 1 .
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn nm 2001
S:
(
5 37
x ; 2 ;2
6
1

l

l

l

)
.
3
x 3 x 2x 1 .
HD: Lin hp
( )
3
3 2x 1 x 3 x x 0;1
l

l
l
.
2 2
x 35 5x 4 x 24 < .
S: x 1 .
( )
( )
2
2
3x 2
x 2
4x 1 x 1
<

.
( )
2
2
25x
x
6x 3 x 3

.
( )
( )
2
2
16x
4 3x 2
4x 1 1

.
( )
2
2
9x
4x 5
5x 1 2x 1

.
( )
( )
2
2
x 2
x 8
3x 1 2x 1

.
( )( )
x 4 x 5 x 1 x 4 3 .
( )( )
x 1 x 2 x 6 x 3 3 < .
2 2
3x 5x 7 3x 5x 2 1 .
( )
x 8 x 3 x 3 .
( )
x 1 x 3 8 x 2x 11 .
( )
x 2 3x 5 2x 3 x 8 .
( )
2x 3 x 1 x 2 1 .
( )
2x 8 x 3 7 x 2x 4 .
( )
( )
x 3 2x 8 7 x 3 x 5 .
( )
5x 1 3x 2 2x 3 1 x .
( )
2x 4 5x 1 x 1 4x < .
( )
3x 5 x 2 2x 3 5 x < .
( )
1 2x x 4 1 x 2x 3 < .
( )( )
3x 6 3x 3 3x 1 3x 2 3 .
( )( )
x 12 x 6 x 2 x 4 6 .
4/ t n ph khng hon ton
Thi0 du1 60. Gii phng trnh sau:
( ) ( )

2 2
x 3x 1 x 3 x 1 =
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi A Hc Vin Ngn Hng khi A nm
2001
Bi gii tham kho
t
2 2 2
t x 1 1 t x 1 = = . Lc :
( ) ( )
2
t 3x x 3 t =
( ) ( )

2
t x 3 t 3x 0 1 =
Lc , ta xem
( )
1 l phng trnh bc hai theo bin t v x l tham s.
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x 3 12x x 6x 9 x 3 = = =
x 3 x 3
t x
2
x 3 x 3
t 3
2
= =
= =
.
Vi
2
2 2
x 0
t x x 1 x :
x 1 x
'
1
1
1
= =
!
1 =
1
1+
v nghim.
Vi
2 2
t 3 x 1 3 x 1 9 x 2 2 = = = = .
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x 2 2 = .
Thi0 du1 61. Gii phng trnh sau:
( ) ( )

3 3
4x 1 x 1 2x 2x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
t
3 2 3 3 2
t x 1 t x 1 2x 2t 2 = = = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
4x 1 t 2t 2x 1 2t 4x 1 t 2x 1 0 1 = =
Lc , ta xem
( )
1 l phng trnh bc hai theo bin t v x l tham s.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4x 1 4x 3
t 2x 1
4
4x 1 8 2x 1 4x 3
4x 1 4x 3 1
t
4 2
= =
= =

= =
.
Vi
3
3 2
1
x
t 2x 1 x 1 2x 1 x 2
2
x 4x 4x 0
'
1
1

1
1
= = =
!
1
1 =
1
1+
.
Vi
3 3
3
1 1 3 3
t x 1 x x
2 2 4 4
= = = = .
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim
3
3
x 2 x
4
= = .
BI TP TNG T
( )
2 2
x 1 x 2x 3 x 1 = .
S: x 1 2 = .
( )
2 2 2
x 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 = .
S: x 14 = .
( )
2 2
2 1 x x 2x 1 x 2x 1 = .
S: x 1 6 = .
( )
2 2
3
3x 1 2x 1 5x x 3
2
= .
S: x 1 x 5 = = .
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2x 1 1 x 1 3x 8 2x 1 = .
S: x 0 = .
( )
2 3
2x 5x 2 4 2 x 21x 20 = .
S:
9 193 17 3 73
x x
4 4

= = .
2
2 2x 4 4 2 x 9x 16 = .
thi th i hc t 3 nm 2013 THPT Qunh Lu 1 Ngh An
S:
4 2
x
3
= .
( )
2
3x 2 2x 3 2x 3x 6 = .
S: x 2 = .
2
4 x 1 1 3x 2 1 x 1 x = .
S:
3
x x 0
5
= = .
( )
2 2 4 2
2 2 1 x 1 x 1 x 3x 1 = .
S: x 0 = .
( )
2 2
x 2 x 1 x x 1 x 2 0 = .
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
( )
2 2
x 1 x 2x 3 x 1 = .
S: x 1 2 = .
( )
2 2
x 4x x 3 x x 1 1 0 = .
S:
1 41
x 1 x
2
= = .
( )
2 2
6x 10x 5 4x 1 6x 6x 5 0 = .
S:
59 3
x
10
= .

C GII PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH BNG T
N S PH

I KIN THC C BN
1/ t mt n ph
Tm mi lin h gia cc bin t n ph thch hp. Mt s dng c bn
thng gp:
C
( ) ( )
( )

PP
2
t f x , t 0
a.f x b f x c 0
at bt c 0
'
1
= 1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
C
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
PP
f x g x f x .g x h x t f x g x = = .
2/ t hai n ph
Thng thng, ta tm mi lin h gia bin t n ph a v phng trnh
ng cp (ng bc) hoc h phng trnh i xng loi 2, ng cp, Ta thng
gp mt s dng c bn sau:
C
( ) ( )
PP
n m
. a f x . b f x c = t
( )
( )
n
m
u a f x
v b f x
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1
+
.
C
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n 2 2
PP
2 2
a. A b. AB c. B 0
a.A x b.B x c A x .B x
.A .B mA nB
t
2 2
u, v PT : u uv v 0 = .
C
n n PP n
x a b bx a y bx a = = a v h i xng loi II:
n
n
x by a 0
y bx a 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
C

2
PP
ax b cx dx e
1
a 0, c 0, a
c
'
1
=
1
1
!
1

1
1+
t ax b 2cy d = a v h i
xng loi II.
Lu :
Sau khi t n ph, ta cn i tm iu kin cho n ph, tc l i tm min xc
nh cho bi ton mi. Ty vo mc ch ca n ph m ta phi i tm iu
kin cho hp l (d, khng gy sai st), chung qui, ta c hai cch tm iu
kin: tm iu kin ng v tm iu kin tha.
Cn lu mt s khai trin v bin i sau:

( )( )
3 2
x 1 x 1 x x 1 = hay tng qut hn:
( )( )
3 3 2
x a x a x ax b = .

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
x x 1 x 2x 1 x x 1 x x x 1 x x 1 = = =
.

( )( )
4 2 2
x 1 x 2.x 1 x 2.x 1 = .

( )( )
4 2 2
4x 1 2x 2x 1 2x 2x 1 = .

( )( )
u v 1 uv u 1 v 1 0 = = .

( )( )
II CC V D MINH HA
1/ t mt n ph
( )

2 2
x x 11 31 =
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
t
( )
2
t x 11, t 11 =
2 2 2 2
t x 11 x t 11 = = .
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2 2
t 6 N
t 11 t 31 t t 42 0
t 7 L
= =

=
.
Vi
2 2
t 6 x 11 6 x 25 x 5 = = = = .
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x 5 x 5 = = .
( )

2 2
2x 4x 1 1 x 2x 1 =
Cao ng s phm Trung ng nm 2006
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
1 3
1 2x 4x 1 2x 4x 1 0 2
2 2
=
t
2 2 2
t 2x 4x 1 0 t 2x 4x 1 = = . Lc :
( )
( )

2
t 1
1 3
2 t t 0
t 3 L 2 2
.
Vi

2 2 2
t 1 t 2x 4x 1 1 2x 4x 0 x 0 x 2 = = = = = = .
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x 2 x 0 = = .
( )( ) ( )

2
x 1 x 4 5 x 5x 28 1 <
Hc Vin Quan H Quc T khi D nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )

2 2
1 x 5x 4 5 x 5x 28 2 <
t
2
2 2 2
5 87 87
t x 5x 28 x x 5x 4 t 24
2 4 2
1

= = =

( )
.
( )
2 2
87 87 87
87
t t t
2 t 8
2 2 2
2
3 t 8 t 24 5t t 5t 24 0
' ' '
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
<
! ! !
1 1 1
1 1 1
< < < <
1 1 1
1+ 1 1 + +

2 2
x 5x 28 8 x 5x 36 0 9 x 4 < < < < .
( )
x 9; 4 .
( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
x x 4 x 4x x 2 2 <
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh khi D Hc Vin Ngn Hng nm
1999
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
x 4x x 4x x 4x 2 0 1 <
t:
2 2
t x 4x 0 t x 4x = =
( )
2 2 3 2
1 t .t t 2 0 t t 2 0 t 1 <

2 2
x 4x 1 x 4x 1 2 3 x 2 3 < < .
( )
S 2 3; 2 3 = .
( )( ) ( )
x 2 5 x x 2 5 x 4 =
Cao ng s phm Nha Trang nm 2002
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 2 0
2 x 5
5 x 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
t
( ) ( )
B.C.S 2 2
2 2
0 t 1. x 2 1. 5 x 1 1 . x 2 5 x 14 < = =
.
( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
t 7
t 7 2 x 2 5 x x 2 5 x
2
= = .
( )
( )
( )

2
2
t 3 N
t 7
t 4 t 2t 15 0
t 5 L 2

= =

=
.
Vi
( )( )
2
t 7
t 3 x 2 5 x 1
2
= = =
( )( )
2
3 3 5
x 2 5 x 1 x 3x 9 0 x
2
= = = .
So vi iu kin nghim ca phng trnh l

3 3 5 3 3 5
x x
2 2

= = .
( )

2
2x 3 x 1 3x 2 2x 5x 3 16 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )( )
2
2x 3 0
x 1 0 x 1
2x 5x 3 x 1 2x 3 0
'
1

1
1
11

!
1
1
1 =
1
1+
.
t
( )
2 2
t 2x 3 x 1, t 0 t 3x 4 2 2x 5x 3 = = .
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
t t 4 16 t t 20 0 t 5 N t 4 L = = = = .
Vi
2 2
t 5 25 3x 4 2 2x 5x 3 2 2x 5x 3 21 3x = = = .
( ) ( )

2 2
x 7
21 3x 0 x 7
x 3 x 3
x 146x 429 0 4 2x 5x 3 21 3x
x 143
'
1
1
' '
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
= =
! ! !
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1
1+ 1+ = 1
1
+
.
( )

2
7x 7 7x 6 2 49x 7x 42 181 14x 1 <
i hc An Ninh khi A nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
7x 7 0
6
7x 6 0 x
7
49x 7x 42 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 7x 7 7x 6 2 7x 7 7x 6 7x 7 7x 6 182 <

( )
( )( )
( )

2 2
7x 7 2 7x 7 7x 6 7x 6 7x 7 7x 6 182
l
l
<
l
l

( ) ( )
( )

2
7x 7 7x 6 7x 7 7x 6 182 0 2 <
t t 7x 7 7x 6 = .
Do
6 6 6 6
x t t 7. 7 7. 6 13
7 7 7 7
1

= =

( )
t 13 .
( )
2
t 13 t 13
2 13 t 13
14 t 13 t t 182 0
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
<
1 1
1+ 1+

( )( )

6
7x 7 7x 6 13, x
14x 1 2 7x 7 7x 6 169 7
7x 7 7x 6 13
'
1
1

1
1

!
1
1

1
1+

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )

2
84 7x 0
7x 7 7x 6 84 7x 7x 7 7x 6 0
7x 7 7x 6 84 7x
'
1
1
1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
1+

( )

x 12
6 6
x 1 x x ; 1 ; 6
7 7
x 6
'
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
!

1
( )
1
1

1
1
1+
.
6
x ; 6
7
1

( )
.
( )

3 1
3 x 2x 7 1
2x
2 x
<
i hc Thi Nguyn khi A B nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( ) ( )

1 1
1 2 x 3 x 7 0 2
4x
2 x
1 1

( ) ( )

t
2 2
1 1 1
t x t x 1 x t 1
4x 4x
2 x
= = = .
Ta c:
Cauchy
1 1
t x 2 x. t 2
2 x 2 x
= .
( )
( )
2 2
t 2
t 2 t 2
2 t 3
3
2t 3t 9 0 2 t 1 3t 7 0
t t 3
2
'
1
' ' 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1

<
1 1 1
1+ 1+ 1
1+

3 7 3
x x 4 7
1
2 2
x 3 2x 6 x 1 0
3
3 7
2 x
x 4 7
x
2
2

< <
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, tp nghim ca h l
3 3
x 0; 4 7 4 7;
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
( )

2
x 1 x 4x 1 3 x
thi i hc khi B nm 2012
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
x 0 0 x 2 3
x 4x 1 0
x 2 3
'
1
1
1
!
1

1
1+

.
Vi
( )
x 0 : 2 0 x 0 : = = l nghim bt phng trnh.
Vi x 0 : chia hai v ca
( )
cho x, ta c:
( ) ( )

1 1
x x 4 3 1
x
x

t
( )

Cauchy
2
1 1
t x 2 t x 2 2
x
x
= =
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 t 0
5
3 t 0
1 t 6 3 t t
2
t 6 3 t
<
'
1
1
1
!
1

1
1+
.
( )

1 5 1 1
2 x x 2 x 0 x x 4
2 2 4
x
< .
)
1
x 0; 4;
4
l
l

l
l
.
( ) ( )

2
2 2
x 1 5 x 2x 4 =
Trch thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT Minh Khai H Tnh
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )

4 2 2 2 2 2
x 2x 1 5 x 2x 4 x x 2 4 x 2x 4 1 = =

t
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
t
t x 2x 4 t x 2x 4 x x 2
2
= = = .
( )

2
2
t
1 4 t t 2t 8 0 t 4 t 2
2
= = = = .

2
4 2 2
x 0 x 0
t 4 x 2x 4 4 x 2
x 2x 8 0 x 2
' '
1 1 < <
1 1
1 1
= = =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +
.

2
4 2 2
x 0 x 0
t 2 x 2x 4 2 x 3 1
x 2x 2 0 x 3 1
' '
1 < 1
1 1
1 1
= = =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim: x 2 x 3 1 = = .
( )

2
1
x 2x x 3x 1
x
=
thi hc sinh gii tnh ng Thp nm 2011
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
) )
2
x 0 x 0
x 1; 0 1;
1 x 1
x 0 0
x x
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !

1 1

1 1
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Chia hai v phng trnh cho x 0, ta c:
( )
1 1
x 2 x 3
x x
=
( )

1 1
x 2 x 3 0 1
x x
=
t
( )
2
1 1
t x , t 0 t x
x x
= = .
( )
( )
( )

2
t 1 N
1 t 2t 3 0
t 3 L
=

=
.
Vi
2
1 1 1 5
t 1 x 1 x 1 x x 1 0 x
x x 2
= = = = = .
So vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l
1 5
x
2
= .
( )

2
2
9 2x
1 0 1
x
2x 9
=

Trch thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 Trng THPT Trn Ph
H Tnh
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( ) ( )

2
2
2
2x 9 2x
1 3 0 2
x
2x 9

t
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
x x 1 2x 9
t 0 t
2x 9 t x
2x 9
= = =
. Khi :
( )

3 2
2
1 1
2 2t 3 0 2t 3t 1 0 t 1 t
2 t
= = = = .
Vi
2
2 2 2
x 0 x 0
t 1 x 2x 9
x 2x 9 x 9 0
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +
(v
nghim)
Vi
2
2 2 2
x 0 x 0
1 3 2
t 2x 2x 9 x
4x 2x 9 2x 9 2 2
' '
1 1 < <
1 1
1 1
= = =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +
.
3 2
x
2
= .
( )

2 3
2x 6x 4 3 x 8 =
Nhn xt: rng biu thc trong cn dng:
( )( )
3 3 3 2
x 8 x 2 x 2 x 2x 4 = = nn ta ngh n vic
tm hai s , tha mn ng nht
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2x 6x 4 x 2 x 2x 4 x 2 x 2 4 = =

2
2
2 6
2
2 4 4
'
1
=
1
'
1 1 =
1 1
=
! !
1 1 =
1 1
+
= 1
1
+
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 2 .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
2 x 2x 4 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 2x 4 0 1 =
Cch gii 1. t mt n ph
Chia hai v
( )
1 cho
2
x 2x 4 0 ta c:
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2 x 2
x 2
1 2 3. 0 2
x 2x 4 x 2x 4

=

t
( )
2
x 2
t , t 0
x 2x 4
=

v
2
2
x 2
t ,
x 2x 4
=

lc :
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
1
2 2 2t 3t 0 2t 3t 2 0 t N t 2 L
2
= = = =
.
Vi
2
2
1 x 2 1
t x 6x 4 0 x 3 13
2 2 x 2x 4
= = = =

.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim
x 3 13 x 3 13 = = .
Cch gii 2. t hai n ph a v phng trnh thun nht.
t
2
a x 2 0, b x 2x 4 3 = = .
( )
2 2
1 2b 2a 3ab 0 =

2
a a
2 2 3 0
b b
1

=

( )
(chia hai v cho b 3 )
( )

a a 1
2 L b 2a
b b 2
= = =

2
x 2x 4 2 x 2 =

2
x 2x 4 4x 8 = x 3 13 x 3 13 = = .
( )

2 3
2x 5x 1 7 x 1 =
ngh Olympic 30 4 nm 2007
Nhn xt: rng:
( )( )
3 2
x 1 x 1 x x 1 , = mt cch t nhin ta
suy ngh n vic phn tch
2
2x 5x 1 sao cho
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 5x 1 x 1 x x 1 =
2 2
3
5 3
2
1 2 3 1
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
'
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
= =
! ! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
+
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +
. Nn ta c li gii
sau
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
3 x 1 2 x x 1 7 x 1 x x 1 1 =
V x 1 = khng l nghim ca
( )
1 nn chia hai v cho
( )
x 1 0 ta
c:
( ) ( )

2 2
x x 1 x x 1
1 3 2. 7 2
x 1 x 1

=

t
( )
2
x x 1
t , t 0
x 1

=
v
2
2
x x 1
t
x 1

=
nn
( )
2
1
t
2 2t 7t 3 0
2
t 3
=
=
.
Vi
2
2
x x 1 1
t 4x 4x 3 0 :
x 1 2

= = =
v nghim.
Vi
2
2
x x 1
t 3 x 8x 10 0 x 4 6
x 1

= = = =
.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim l
x 4 6 x 4 6 = = .
Cch gii 2. t hai n ph a v phng trnh thun nht (Hs lm tng
t th d trn).
( )

2 3 2
6
3x 2x 2 x 3x 4x 2
30
=
Nhn xt: rng:
( )( )
3 2 2
x 3x 4x 2 x 1 x 2x 2 = mt
cch t nhin ta suy ngh n vic phn tch
2
3x 2x 2 sao
cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3x 2x 2 x 1 x 2x 2 x 2 x 2 = =

3 3
2 2 8
' '
1 1 = =
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
6
8 x 1 3 x x 2 x 1 x x 2 1
30
=
Do x 1 = khng l nghim ca
( )
1 nn chia hai v
( )
1 cho
( )
x 1 0 ta c:
( ) ( )

2 2
x x 2 6 x x 2
1 8 3. 2
x 1 x 1
30

t
( )
2
x x 2
t , t 0
x 1

=
v
2
2
x x 2
t ,
x 1

=
ta c:
( )
( )
( )

2 2
30
t N
6
3
2 3t t 8 0 3 30.t 6t 8 30 0
4 30 30
t L
15
= =
.
Vi
2
2
2
30 x x 2 30 x
t 3x 6x 6 0
3
3 x 1 3
x 2
=
= = =
.
t th d trn).
( )

2 4 2
3.x 3 3x 3 x x 1 0 =
Nhn xt: rng:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
x x 1 x 2x 1 x x 1 x x x 1 x x 1 , = = =
v biu thc ngoi du cn c nhn t chung l 3 nn ta chia
hai v cho 3 c
( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 3x 1 x x 1 x x 1 = nhm d tm hai
s , tha ng nht
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
x 3x 1 x x
3 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh: x .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2 2 2
1
2 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 0 1
3
=

Chia hai v cho
2
x x 1 0 ta c:
( ) ( )

2 2
2 2
x x 1 1 x x 1
1 2. 1 0 2
x x 1 x x 1
3

=

t
( )
2
2
x x 1
t , t 0
x x 1

=

v
2
2
2
x x 1
t ,
x x 1

=

lc :
( )
( )
( )

2 2
3
t N
1
3
2 2t t 1 0 3 3.t t 3 0
3 3
t L
2
= =
.
Vi
2
2
2
3 x x 1 3
t 2x 4x 2 0 x 1
2 2 x x 1

= = = =

.
t th d trn).
( )

2 2
5x 14x 9 x x 20 5 x 1 =
Nhn xt: Chuyn v sao cho hai v khng m v bnh phng hai v, ta
thu c phng trnh:
( )( )
2 2
2x 5x 2 5 x 1 x x 20 = . Nn ta c gng i tm
hai s , tha:
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 5x 2 x 1 x x 20 , =
v khng tn ti hai s , tha ng nht.
Nhng ta rng:
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
x 1 x x 20 x 1 x 4 x 5 x 4 x 4x 5 = =
v lc , tm hai s , tha:
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 5x 2 x 4 x 4x 5 =
2
2
4 5
3
4 5 2
'
1
=
1
'
1 1 =
1 1
=
! !
1 1 =
1 1
+
= 1
1
+
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 5 .
( )
2 2
5x 14x 9 5 x 1 x x 20 =
( ) ( ) ( )( )

2 2 2
5x 14x 9 25 x 1 x x 20 10 x 1 x x 20 =

( )( )( )

2
2x 5x 2 5 x 1 x 4 x 5 =
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
2 x 4x 5 3 x 4 5 x 4 x 4x 5 1 =
Vi iu kin x 5 x 4 0, nn chia hai v
( )
1 cho
( )
x 4 0,
ta c:
( ) ( )

2 2
x 4x 5 x 4x 5
1 2. 3 5. 2
x 4 x 4

=

t
( )
2
x 4x 5
t , t 0
x 4

=
v
2
2
x 4x 5
t ,
x 4

=
lc :
( )

2
3
2 2t 5t 3 0 t 1 t
2
= = = .
Vi
2
2
x 4x 5 5 61 5 61
t 1 1 x 5x 9 0 x x
x 4 2 2

= = = = =
.
Vi

2
2
3 x 4x 5 3 7
t 4x 25x 56 0 x 8 x
2 x 4 2 4

= = = = =
.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim:
5 61
x 8 x
2
= = .
t th d trn).

2/ t hai n ph
( )

3
2 3x 7 5 x 6 4 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
7
x
3
.
t
( )

2 2
2 3
3 3
3
u 3x 7 0 u 3x 7 u 3x 7
u 3v 25 1
v x 6 3v 3x 18
v x 6
'
' ' 1
1 1
= = =
1
1 1
1 1 1
=
! ! !
1 1 1
= =
=
1 1 1
1 1 + +
1+

( ) ( )
2u 5v 4 2 =
( ) ( )
2 3
3 2
v 2 4 5v
u 3v 25
u
1 , 2
2
1 2017
2u 5v 4
v
12v 25v 40v 84 0
2
'
= 1
'
1 1
=
=
1 1
1 1

! !

1 1 =
=
1 1 = 1+
1
1+
.
Vi
3
v 2 x 6 2 x 6 8 x 14 = = = = .
Vi
3
3
1 2017 1 2017 1 2017
v x 6 x 6
2 2 2
1

= = =

( )
.
Vi
3
3
1 2017 1 2017 1 2017
v x 6 x 6
2 2 2
1

= = =

( )
.

3
1 2017
x 14 x 6
2
1

= =

( )
.
( )

3
2 3x 2 3 6 5x 8 0 1 =
thi i hc khi A nm 2009
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
6
6 5x 0 x
5
.
t
( )
3 3 3
3 2
2 2
u 3x 2 u 3x 2 5u 15x 10
5u 3v 8 2
v 5x 6 3v 15x 18
v 6 5x 0
'
' ' 1
1 1
= = =
1
1 1
1 1 1
=
! ! !
1 1 1
= =
=
1 1 1
1 1 + +
1+

Lc :
( ) ( )
1 2u 3v 8 0 3 =
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
2u 8
u 2 5u 3v 8
v
2 , 3
3
v 4 2u 3v 8
15u 4u 32u 40 0
'
1
' '
1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 =
+ 1+
1
1+
.
3
u 3x 2 2 3x 2 8 x 2
x 2
6 5x 16 x 2
v 6 5x 4
'
1 ' '
1 1 = = = =
1
1 1 1
=
! ! !
1 1 1 = =
= =
1 1 1
+ +
1+
.
( )

4 4
5 x x 1 2 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
5 x 0
1 x 5
x 1 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
t
( )

4 4
4 4
4
4
u 5 x 0 u 5 x
u v 4 2
v x 1
v x 1 0
'
' 1
1
= =
1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+

T
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 4
2 2
u v 2
u v 2
1 , 2
u v 4
u v 2uv 2u v 4
'
1
= '
1 1
= 1 1
1 1

! !
l
1 1
=
=
1 1 l
1+ 1
l
l 1+

( )

2
2 2
2 2
u v 2
u v 2 u v 2 u v 2
uv 0 uv 4 2u v 8uv 0
2 2uv 2u v 4
'
' 1 ' '
1 1 1
=
1 = = =
1 1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
= = =
=
1 1 1 1
1 1 + + 1+
1+

u 0
u 2
v 0 v 2
' '
1 1 =
=
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Vi
4
4
5 x 2
u 2
x 1
v 0
x 1 0
'
' 1
1
=
= 1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
.
Vi
4
4
u 0
5 x 0
x 5
v 2
x 1 2
'
' 1
1 =
=
1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim
x 0
x 5
.
Nhn xt: Qua cc th d trn, ta nhn thy rng, nu phng trnh c dng
( ) ( )
( )
( )
n
PP
n m
m
u a f x
. a f x . b f x c
v b f x
'
1
= 1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1
+
hay ni mt
cch d hiu hn l gp nhng phng trnh c ch s cn lch bc hoc ch
s cn cao, th ta s t hai n ph a v h phng trnh dng:
n n
u v c
u v a b
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
m bit cch gii.
( )

3 3
x 1 2 2x 1 1 =
73/II
2
B tuyn sinh i hc v Cao ng
Bi gii tham kho
t
( )

3 3 3
y 2x 1 y 2x 1 y 1 2x 2 = = =
( ) ( )
( )

3 3
3 3 3
x 1 2y x 1 2y
1 , 2
y 1 2x x y 2 y x
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )

3 3
2 2 2 2
x 1 2y x 1 2y
x y x xy y 2 x y 0 x y x xy y 2 0
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )

3
3
3
3
2
2
2 2
x 2x 1 0
x 1 2y
x y
x 1
x y
x 1 2y
1 5
x 1 2y
x
2
y 3y
x xy y 2 0
x 2 0 VN
4 4
'
1
=
1 1 '
1
=
!
1 1
1 =
! = 1
1+
1 =

1
1+ '
1 =
1
'
1 1 =
=
1 1 1

1 ! !

1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1
( )
1
+
.
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim:

1 5 1 5
x 1 x x
2 2

= = = .
Nhn xt: Qua th d trn, ta nhn thy rng, nu phng trnh c dng
n PP n
x a b bx a = t
n
y bx a = v khi , ta c h i
xng loi II dng
n
n
x by a 0
y bx a 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
m bit cch gii (xem thm phn
h phng trnh c bn phn sau).
( )

2
x 7
3x 6x 3
3
=
thi hc sinh gii Ton 10 huyn Hc Mn Tp. H Ch Minh ngy
13/04/2013
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 7 .
t
( ) ( )

2 2
x 7 x 7
y 1 , y 1 y 2y 1 3y 6y x 4 1
3 3

= = =

( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
3 x 1 6 y 1 3x 6x y 4 2 = =
T
( ) ( )
1 , 2
( )
( )
( )

2
2
y x 3
y x 3y 6y x 4
7
3 y x 7 0 3x 6x y 4
y x 4
3
=
'
1 = =
1
1

!

1 = =
=
1
1 +

( )
2
x 1
x 7 5 73
3 x 1 x
3x 5x 4 0 3 6
'
1

1
1
= =
!
1 =
1
1+
.
( )
2
4
7 x 4 x 7 7 69
4 x x
3
3 3 6
9x 21x 5 0
'
1
1

1
1
= =
!
1
1 =
1
1+
.
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c hai nghim:

5 73 7 69
x x
6 6

= = .
Cch gii 2: C th gii bng cch t hai n ph:
( ) 2
2
u x 1, u 6
3u 6 v
x 1
3v 6 u
0 v 2
3
'
1
=
' 1
1
=
1
1
1 1
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
Nhn xt: Dng bi tng qut ca bi ton l
2
ax b cx dx e, = ta c th gii
quyt bng cch t iu kin, bnh phng hai v v ng nht thc tm
c nghim, nhng i vi nhng bi ton khng lm c cch th sao
??? in hnh l th d nu trn.
V trong li gii, cu hi t ra l ti sao ti bit cch t

x 7
y 1 ????
3
=
Vi phng trnh:
2
ax b cx dx e, = ta xt tam thc bc hai:
( ) ( )
2
f x cx dx e f ' x 2cx d = = . Gii phng trnh:
( )
d
f ' x 0 x
2c
= = . T , bng php t
d
ax b y
2c
1

=

( )
hoc
ax b 2cx d = (nu
d
2c
l s hu t) ta s thu c h phng trnh
i xng loi II (tr mt s trng hp c bit).
i vi bi ton ny, ta xt
( ) ( )
2
f x 3x 6x 3 f ' x 6x 6 0 x 1 = = = = v ta s t
( )
x 7 x 7
y 1 y 1
3 3

= = nh trnh by trong li gii.
( )

2
x 4x 3 x 5 =
Bi gii tham kho
Xt
( ) ( )
2
f x x 4x 3 f ' x 2x 4 0 x 2 = = = = nn ta c li gii
sau:
iu kin: x 5 .
t
( ) ( )

2
y 2 x 5 y 2 x 5 1 = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
x 2 7 y 2 x 2 y 5 2 = =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
y 2 x 5 y x
1 , 2 x y x y 3 0
y 3 x
x 2 y 5
'
1

1 = =
1
=
!

1 =
= 1

1
+
.
Vi
( )
2
x 2
5 29
y x x 5 x 2 x
2
x 5 x 2
'
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Vi
( )
2
x 1
1 x 0
x 1 y 3 x x 5 1 x x 1
x 5 1 x
x 4
'
1
1 '
1
1
1
1 1
= = = =
! !
1 1
=
1 1
= 1+ 1
1
+
.
So vi iu kin, nghim phng trnh l
5 29
x 1 x
2
= = .
( )

2
2x 6x 1 4x 5 =
Bi gii tham kho
Xt
( ) ( )
2 2
3
f x 2x 6x 1 f ' x 4x 6 0 x
2
= = = = nn c li gii
sau:
iu kin:
5
x
4
.
t
( ) ( )

2
2y 3 4x 5 2y 3 4x 5 1 = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2x 3 2 4x 5 11 2x 3 2 2y 3 11 2x 3 4y 5 2 = = =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
2y 3 4x 5 y x
1 , 2 x y x y 1 0
y 1 x
2x 3 4y 5
'
1

1 = =
1
=
!

1 =
= 1

1
+
.
Vi
( )
2
2x 3 0
y x 4x 5 2x 3 x 2 3
4x 5 2x 3
'
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Vi
( )
2
x 1
y 1 x 4x 5 1 x x 1 2
4x 5 1 x
'
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
=
1
1+
.
So vi iu kin, nghim phng trnh l x 1 2 x 2 3 = = .
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
4 2
4 4
2. 1 x 3 1 x 1 x 0 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
1 x 0 1 x 1 .
t
4
4
u 1 x 0
v 1 x 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Lc :
( ) ( )

2 2
2u 3uv v 0 1 =
Do
( )
2
v 0 : 1 2u 0 u 0 x 1 = = = = khng l nghim ca
( )
nn chia hai v ca
( )
1 cho
2
v 0 ta c:
( ) ( )
2
u
1
u u
v
1 2 3 1 0 L
u 1
v v
v 2
=
1 1

=

( ) ( )
=
.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Lu : Ta c th gii bng cch, chia hai v ca
( )
cho
( )
2
4
1 x 0 v thu
c phng trnh:
2
4 4
1 x 1 x
2 3 1 0,
1 x 1 x
1

=

( )
ri t
4
1 x
t 0
1 x
v cng c phng trnh

2
2t 3t 1 0 = .
Nhn xt: Dng bi tng qut ca bi ton l
n n n PP 2 2
a. A b. AB c. B 0 = t
n
n
u A
v B
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
v a v phng
trnh ng cp m bit cch gii.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
3 3 3
4 x 2 7 4 x 3 2 x 0 =
Bi gii tham kho
t
3 3
u x 2, v 2 x = = v lc
( ) ( )

2 2
4u 7uv 3v 0 1 =
Do v 0 = khng l nghim ca phng trnh
( )
1 nn chia hai v
( )
1 cho
2
v 0 :
( )

2
u u u u 3
1 4 7 3 0 1
v v v v 4
1 1

= = =

( ) ( )
.
Vi
3
u x 2 x 2
1 1 1 x 0
v 2 x 2 x

= = = =

.
Vi
3
u 3 x 2 3 x 2 9 74
x
v 4 2 x 4 2 x 16 91

= = = =

.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim
74
x 0 x
91
= = .
Lu : Ta c th gii theo cch khc ging nh th d trn vn i n kt qu
ny.
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
3 3
3
2 x 7 x 7 x 2 x 3 1 =
i hc Y Hi Phng H chuyn ban nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
t
( )

3 3
3 3
3
3
u 2 x u 2 x
u v 9 2
v 7 x
v 7 x
'
' 1
1
= =
1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 2 2
u v uv 3 u v uv 3
u v 3uv 3
1 , 2
u v 9 u v u uv v 9
u v 3
' ' ' 1 1 1 = =
1 = 1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1
= =
=
1 1 1
1+ 1+ 1+

u v 3 u 1 u 2 1 2 x 8 2 x x 6
uv 2 v 2 v 1 8 7 x 1 7 x x 1
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !

1 1 1 1 1 = = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim : x 6 x 1 = = .
( ) ( ) ( )

3 3
2 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 1 x
l
l
=
l
l

Trch thi th i hc nm 2013 ln 1 THPT Hu Lc 2
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
( )
( ) ( )
( )

3 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x 1
l
l
=
l
l

t
( )

2
2 2
2
u 1 x 0 u 1 x
u v 2 2
v 1 x
v 1 x 0
'
' 1
1
= =
1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+

T
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
3 3
3 3
u v 2
u v 2
1 , 2
1
1 uv u v 2 uv
2 2uv u v 2 uv
2
'
1
=
'
1 1
=
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+ 1
1+

( ) ( )( )

2 2
2 2 2 2
u v 2
1
u v 2uv . u v u v uv 2 uv
2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
2
u v 2
1
u v u v 2 uv 2 uv 0
2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+

( ) ( )

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
u v 2
u v 2
u v 2
1
uv 2 2 uv u v 1 0 u v 2
2
'
1
=
' 1
' 1
1 =
= 1
1
1
1 1 1
l

! ! !
l
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
l 1+
1+ 1
l 1+

( )
( )

2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
u 1
2u 2 2 u v 2
u v 2
2
VN
2uv 4
2uv 4 u v 2 2
v 1
2
'
1
1
' ' 1 1 ' = 1
1
= = 1 1 1 =
1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 =
= =
1 1 1 1
1+
1+ 1+ 1 =
1
1+
.

2
1 x 1
2
2
x
2
2
1 x 1
2
'
1
1
1 =
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
1+
.
2
x
2
= .
( )
2
x 3 x 8x 48 x 24 =
Olympic 30 04 ln XIX (06/04/2013) Khi 10 (THPT chuyn L Hng
Phong)
Bi gii tham kho
t
2
u x 8x 48 0
v x 3
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

2 2
2 2
u x 8x 48
v x 6x 9
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Ta c:
2 2
u v 2x 57
2uv 2x 48
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
( )
2
u v 9 =
u v 3
u v 3
.
Trng hp 1.
u v 3 =
2
x 8x 48 x 3 3 = x 2 2 7 = .
Trng hp 2.
u v 3 =
2
x 8x 48 x 3 3 = x 5 31 = .
( )

2
1 1
2
x
2 x
=

thi th i hc ln 1 khi A, B nm 2011 Bo Tui Tr
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 0
2 x 2
'
1
1
1
!
1

1
1+
.
t
( ) ( )

2 2 2 2 2
y 2 x , y 0 y 2 x x y 2 1 = = =
( ) ( )

1 1
2 x y 2xy 2
x y
= =
T
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x y 2xy x y 2xy
x y 2xy
1 , 2
x y 2
x y 2xy 2 2xy 2xy 2 0
' '
' 1 1 = = 1 =
1 1
1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 =
= =
1 1 1
1+
1 1 + +

( ) ( )

2
x y 2xy
x y 2xy
1
xy 1 xy 2 xy xy 1 0
2
'
1 = '
1 =
1
1
1 1 1

! !
1 1
= = =
1 1
1+ 1
1+

xy 1
1 3 1 3
x y 2
x x
x 1
2 2
1
y 1
1 3 1 3 xy
y y
2
2 2
x y 1
'
1 =
1
' '
1 1 !

1 1
1 =
1 1 = = '
1 1 = + 1 1
1 1 1
' ! ! !
1
1 1 1 1 =
=
1 1 1 1
1
+
1 1 = =
!
1 1
1
1 1 + +
1 =
1
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim phng trnh l:

1 3
x 1 x
2

= = .
BI TP TNG T
t mt n ph
2 2
x 4 x 2 3x 4 x = .
thi th i hc 2013 ln 1 khi D THPT Ng Gia T Bc Ninh
S:
2 14
x 0 x 2 x
3

= = = .
2
x x 1 1 = .
i hc Xy Dng H Ni khi A nm 1998
S:
1 5
x 1 x 0 x
2
= = = .
4 2
x x 3 3 = .
S: x 1 = .
2
2x 1 x 3x 1 0 = .
S: x 1 x 2 2 = = .
2
2x 7x 10 3x 1 25 0 = .
S: x 1 x 5 = = .
2
x 2x 5 x 1 2 = .
i hc Nng Nghip I khi A nm 1999
S: x 1 = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
2 2
x 2 4 x 1 x 2x 5 2x 1 2 = .
HD:
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
x 2x 8 x 2x x 2x 5 5 0 x 1 = = .
( )

2
4x x 6 4x 2 7 x 1, x = .
thi th i hc ln 2 khi D nm 2013 THPT Chuyn Quc Hc
Hu
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 7
PT 2x 1 5 x 1 2 2x 1 7 x 1 x
2
= = .
2 2 3
2x 3x 14 2 2x 3x 10 = .
S:
3 3 17
x
4

= .
2 2 3
6x 2x 3x x 4 18 0 = .
S:
4
x x 1
3
= = .
( )
2 3
2 x 5x 2 x x 5 2 = .
S: x 3 x 2 = = .
2 2
3x 12x 5 10 4x x 12 0 = .
S: x 2 5 = .
( )( )
2
x 4 x 1 3 x 5x 2 6 = .
i hc Ngoi Ng nm 1998
S: x 2 x 7 = = .
( )
2
2 x 3 10 x 30 7x x 4 = .
S: x 1 x 6 = = .
( )
2
3 x 7 6 x 2 x x 42 3 0 = .
S: x 3 x 2 = = .
2
2x 3 4 x 3x 6 2x 5x 12 23 = .
S:
11
x x 3
9
= = .
( )( )
2
x 5 2 x 3 x 3x = .
i hc Ngoi Thng c s II khi A nm 2000
S: x 1 x 4 = = .
2
x 2 x 2 4x 15 x 4 = .
S:
97
x
36
= .
2 2
3 x x 2 x x 1 = .
i hc Ngoi Thng H Ni nm 1999 2000
HD:
2
1 5
t x x x
2
= = .
2 2
x 3x 3 x 3x 6 3 = .
i hc Thng Mi nm 1998 1999
S: x 1 x 2 = = .
2 2 2
x x 7 x x 2 3x 3x 19 = .
i hc Dn lp Tn c Thng nm 1998 1999
S: x 2 x 1 = = .
2 2
2x 5x 2 2 2x 5x 6 1 = .
i hc S phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi D E nm 2000
S:
7
x 1 x
2
= = .
2 2 2
5x 2x 1 9 5x 2x 10x 4x 12 = .
HD:
2
7 1 41
t 5x 2x 1 x x 1 x
5 5

= = = = .
2 2
2x 12x 5 2x 3x 5 8 x = .
HD: Do x 0 chia hai v cho
6 26
x 0 x
2
= .
( )( )
2 2
x 3 x 1 x x 4x 3 2x = .
S:
1 5 1 13
x x
2 2

= = .
5 5
16x x 1 5
x 1 16x 2
.
S:
1
x 2 x
511
= = .
2 2
6x 12x 7 2x x .
S: x 1 8;1 8
l

l
l
.
( )
2
x x 1 x x 4 2 0 .
i hc Cn Th khi D nm 2001
S: x .
2 2
3x 6x 4 2 2x x < .
i hc Giao Thng Vn Ti nm 1998
S:
( )
x 2; 0 .
2 2
2x x 5x 6 10x 15 .
i hc Y H Ni nm 2001
S:
5 3 5 5 3 5
x ; ;
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
2 2
5 3x 4x 2 6x 8x 7 0 .
S:
2 37 2 10 2 10 2 37
x ; ;
3 3 3 3
l l

l l

l l
l l
l l
.
2 2
x 2x 4x 3 6 2x .
D b i hc khi D nm 2004
S:
( )
x ; 3 1;
l

l
l
.
3x 1 x
2. 1
x 3x 1
.
S:
( )
1
x ; 0 ;
2
1
.
6x 1 2x
2. 1
x 6x 1
<
.
2x 1 x 3x
1
x 2x 1 2x 1

.
( )
2 x 1
x x 1
2. 3
x 1 x x
.
2x x 1 3x 3
3. 4. 10
x 1 2x 2x

.
x 3 2x 12 8x
5. 5
3 2x x x

.
x 1 x 1
2 3
x x

.
i hc M H Ni khi A, B, R, V v D
4
nm 1999
S:
1
x ; 0
12
1

( )
.
x x 1 3
x 1 x
2
.
i hc Thng Long khi A nm 2001
S:
) (
x 1; 0 1;2
l

l
l
.
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 = .
Ton Hc Tui Tr Thng 9 nm 2007
HD:
2 2
x x 1. x x 1 1 = nn t
2
1
t x x 1 t 2 x 1
t
= = = .
( )
2
x 2004 x 1 1 x
1

=

( )
.
Ton Hc Tui Tr Thng 3 nm 2005
HD: x 0 = t y 1 x = .
x x 1
2 3
x 1 x
.
S:
4
x ; 1
3
1

( )
.
2
2
1 1
2 x 2 4 x
x x
1

=

( )
.
i hc Ngoi Thng nm 1996
S:
1
t x , t 2 x 1
x
= = .
2
5 2x 5 2x 5 3 25 4x = .
S: x 2 = .
2
x 1 4 x x 3x 4 5 = .
i hc Ngoi Ng nm 2001
S: x 0 x 3 = = .
2
2x x 1 x 2 x x 1 = .
S: x 0 = .
( )
2
3 2x 1 x 2x 11 4 2x x = .
HD: t 2x 1 x x 4 = = .
( )

2
3 2 x 6 2 x 4 4 x 10 3x , x = .
i hc khi B nm 2011
S:
6
x
5
= . Gii theo hai cch: t mt n ph v t hai n ph.
( )
2
x 1
x 2x 4 x 3 0
x 3
.
HD:
( )

x 1
t x 3 x 1 5 x 1 13
x 3
= = =
.
2
x 2x x 3 2x x 3 9 = .
S: x 1 = .
2 2
x 4 x 2 3x 4 x = .
S:
6 126
x 0 x 2 x
2

= = = .
4 2
729x 8 1 x 36 = .
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr s 228
S:
1
x 2 2 82
9
= .
( )
( )
3
2
4 2 2
x 1
x x 1 x x x 1
x
.
thi chuyn Ton Tin i hc Quc Gia H Ni nm 1988
S: x 0 .
2
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 4 = = .
S: x 0 = .
2
3x 2 x 1 4x 9 2 3x 5x 2 = .
D b 1 i hc khi B nm 2006 Hc Vin K Thut Qun S nm
1999 2000
S: x 2 = .
2
x 2 x 2 2 x 4 2x 2 = .
Cao ng s phm B Ra Vng Tu khi A nm 2001
S: x 2 = .
( )
3
3 2
x 3x 2 x 2 6x 0 = .
S: x 2 x 2 2 3 = = .
( )( )
3 x 6 x 3 3 x 6 x = .
S: x 0 x 3 = = .
2
2
1 x x x 1 x
3
= .
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi A nm 2000 Hc Vin Ngn Hng
nm 2000
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
2 2
x 17 x x 17 x 9 = .
Cuc thi HSG gii qua mng Internet khi 10 nm 2009
2
3 x x 2 3 3 x x 6 .
S: x 2; 1 2; 3
l l

l l
l l
.
2
x 4 x 4
x x 16 6
2

.
thi th i hc s 09 nm 2010 Tp ch ton hc v Tui tr
S:
145
x ;
36
1
.
5 1
5 x 2x 4
2x
2 x
< .
Trung Tm o To v Bi Dng Cn B Y T nm 1993
S:
3 3
x 0; 2 2;
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
( )( ) ( )
2
2
x 1 x 3 x 2x 3 2 x 1 < .
S:
( )
x 1 3; 1 3 .
2 2
1 1 x 2x = .
HD: Chia hai v cho
3
x 0 x
2
= .
3 2 4 2
x x x 2x 1 = .
HD: Chia hai v cho
1 5
x 0 x
2
= .
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2
3 3
4 x 2 7. 4 x 3. 2 x 0 = .
HD: Chia hai v cho
( )

2
3
74
2 x 0 x 0 x
91
= = .
( ) ( )
2 2
4 2
4 4
2 1 x 3 1 x 1 x 0 = .
S: Phng trnh v nghim.
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2
3 3
3x 1 3x 1 9x 1 1 = .
S: x 0 = .
2 2
7
3x x 1 2 x 3x x
2
1

=

( )
.
HSG cp trng Lp 10 THPT Lc Ngn s 4 Bc Giang nm 2009
1010
2
x 35
x
12
x 1

.
HD: Bnh phng v t
2
2
x 5 5
t x 1; ;
4 3
x 1
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
2
2
1 3x
1
1 x
1 x

.
D b i hc khi A nm 2008
S:
1 2
x 1; ;1
2 5
1 1

( ) ( )
.
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
x 1 x x 2 1 x = .
S:
2 1 2 2 2
x x
2 2

= = .
2 3
1 x 4x 3x = .
S:
2 2 2
x x
2 4

= = .
( ) ( )
4
2 2 2
1 2x x 1 2x x 2 x 1 2x 4x 1 = .
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 2001
S: x 0 x 2 = = .
( )
3
2
x 1 x 4x 3 x 2 = .
thi th i hc ln 2 THPT Chuyn i hc S Phm H Ni nm
2012
HD:
1 5 5 3
t x 2 t x
2 2

= = = .
( )
2
x x 2 x 1 x 2 = .
thi th i hc nm 2010 Trng THPT Tng Vn Trn Nam
nh
HD: y x 1 x 2 = = .
( )
2 3
2 x 18 7 x 27 = .
S:
7 61 21 3 33
x x
2 8

= = . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph
v 2 n ph.
3 2
5 x 1 2x 4 = .
S:
5 37
x
2
= . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.

3 2
10 x 8 3x 3x 18 = .
S:
11 177
x
2
= . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.

( )
2 3
2 x x 6 5 x 8 = .
thi th i hc khi D nm 2013 THPT Chuyn Phan Bi Chu
Ngh An
S: x 3 13 = . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.
( )
2 3
2 x 3x 2 3 x 8 = .
2 3
2x 5x 1 7 x 1 = .
S: x 4 14 = . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph
3 2
x 1 x 3x 1 = .
S: V nghim. Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.
2 2
x x 6 3 x 1 3x 6x 19 0 = .
S:
23 341
x
2
= .
( )
2 3
2x 5x 2 4 2 x 21x 20 = .
S:
9 193 17 3 73
x x
4 4

= = .
2 4
4x 2 2.x 4 x 1 = .
S: Phng trnh v nghim.
( )
3 2
10 x 1 3 x 2 = .
2 2
2 x 4x 5 x 3 11x 25x 2 0 = .
( )
4 3 2
x 2x x 2 x x 0 = .
HSG Tnh k Lk lp 12 ngy 10/11/2011
S: x 1 x 0 x 2 = = = .
t hai n ph a v phng trnh ng cp hoc h
4 4
56 x x 41 5 = .
Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng nm 1996
S: x 40 x 25 = = .
4 4
47 2x 35 2x 4 = .
S: x 17 x 23 = = .
3 3
1 x 1 x 2 = .
S: x 0 = .
4 4
x 8 x 8 2 = .
S: x 8 = .
4 4
18 5x 64 5x 4 = .
S:
17 63
x x
5 5
= = .
3 3
x 5 x 2 1 = .
S: x 3 = .
3 3
3 x 11 x 2 = .
S: x 4 5 2 = .
4 4
5 x 12 x 3 = .
S: x 11 x 4 = = .
3
2 x 1 x 1 = .
i hc Ti Chnh K Ton H Ni nm 2000
S: x 1 x 2 x 10 = = = .
3
5 4x x 7 3 = .
S: x 1 = .
3
24 x 12 x 6 = .
S: x 88 x 24 x 3 = = = .
3
3 2x 5 3x 3 = .
S:
13
x 23 x x 1
8
= = = .
2
x 6x 2 x 8 = .
S:
7 3 5 5 41
x x
2 2

= = .
2
x 2x 3 x 3 = .
S:
3 17 1 13
x x
2 2

= = .
2
x 2x 2 2x 1 = .
S: x 2 2 = .
2
4x 4x 3 2x 5 = .
S:
1 17 3 13
x x
4 4

= = .
2
9x 6x 5 3x 5 = .
S:
4 1 21
x x
3 6
= = .
2
x 1 3 3x 1 = .
S:
3 5
x
2
= .
2
x 2 5 2x 1 = .
S:
5 33
x
2
= .
2
x 3
2x 4x
2
= .
S:
3 17 5 13
x x
4 4

= = .
2
x 6 x 4x = .
S:
3 17 5 13
x x
2 2

= = .
3 3
x 2 3 3x 2 = .
S: x 2 x 1 = = .
( )
2
x x 2004 1 16032x 1 = .
thi hc sinh gii tnh Bc Giang nm 2003 2004
S: x 4009 = .
2
x x 1000 1 8000x 1000 = .
S: x 2000 = .
2
18x 6x 29 12x 61 = .
S:
15 1 14
x x
3 3

= = .
2
9x 12x 2 3x 8 = .
S:
1 5 21
x x
3 6

= = .
2 2
x 9 x 3 5x 9 x = .
S:
13 281
x 0 x 3 x
10

= = = .
2 2
x 5 x 5x 5 x 7 = .
S: x 1 x 2 = = .
( )
3 3 3 3
x 35 x x 35 x 30 = .
S: x 2 x 3 = = .
2
x x 11 11 = .
S:
1 3 5 1 41
x x
2 2

= = .
( )
2
4x 9
7x 7x , x 0
28
= .
i hc Anh Ninh nm 2000
S:
3 50
x
7

= .
3 2
x 9 x 6x 15 = .
HD:
3
u x 9, v x 3 x 1 = = = .
4 4
2 2 1 x x 1
1

=

( )
.
HD:
4
4
4
1 2. 8 3
u 2 1 x, v x x
3
1

= = =

( )
.
Ba6i t1p 360. Gii phng trnh: 9 9 x x = .
HD:
19 37
y 9 x x
2
= = .
Ba6i t1p 361. Gii phng trnh: x 5 x 1 6 = .
HD:
11 17
u x 1 0, v 5 x 1 5 x
2
= = = .
3 3 2
4
81x 8 x 2x x 2
3
= .
HD:
3
3 2 6
81x 8 3y 2 x 0 x
3
= = = .
3 2 3
x 3x 3 3x 5 1 3x = .
ngh Olympic 30 04 2009
S: x 1 x 2 = = .
( )
2
3
x 9 x 3 6 = .
HD:
3
x 9 y 3 x 1 = = .
3 2 2 3
8x 13x 7x 2 x 3x 3 = .
HD:
2 3
5 89
u 2x 1, v x 3x 3 x 1 x
16
= = = = .
( )
3
3
3x 5 2x 3 x 2 = .
HD:
3
5 3
3x 5 2y 3 x 2 x
4
= = = .
3 3 2
x 2 8x 60x 151x 128 = .
HD:
3
2y 5 x 2 x 3 = = .
3 3
8x 8x 4 4 6x = .
HD:
3 3
3
2 5 2 5
2y 4 6x x
2

= = .
3 3
6x 1 8x 4x 1 = .
HD:
3 3
1 5 7
2y 6x 1 4x 3x cos x cos x cos x cos
2 3 9 9 9

= = = = = =
.
3 3
x 3 4 4x 3 = .
HD:
1 13 1 13
x 1 x x
2 2

= = = .
( )
2
x 2004 x 1 1 x
1

=

( )
.
HD: t y 1 x = .
2
2x 12x 6 2x 1 x 2 .
HD:

1
u 2x 1 0, v x 2 x ; \ 1; 5
2
1
= =
.
( )
2
x 1 x 3 x 3 2x 2 .
HD:
)
u x 1 0, v x 3 x 3;
= =
.
2 2
x 2x 2x 1 3x 4x 1 = .
HD:
( )( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
PT x 2x 2x 1 x 2x 2x 1 , u x 2x, v 2x 1 = = =
.
2 2 4 2
x 3 x 1 x x 1 = .
HD:
2 2
u x 0, v x 1 0 = = .
( )
3 3
3
x 2x 3 12 x 1 = .
HD:
3 3
u x, v 2x 3 = = .
( )
2
2x 6x 10 5 x 2 x 1 0 = .
thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT L Hu Trc 1
S: x 3 x 8 = = .
1 1 1
4x 30 30 30 x 30
4 4 4
= .
HD: t
1
4x 30 30 y
1 1 1 1921
4
y 30 x 30 x
4 4 32
1
4y 30 30 x
4
'
1
1
1 =
1

1
= =
!
1
1
1 =
1
1
+
.

D GII PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH
BNG BT NG THC V HNH HC

I KIN THC C BN
1/ Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh bng bt ng thc
gii c phng trnh hay bt phng trnh bng bt ng thc ta da vo hai
tng sau:
Bin i phng trnh v dng
( ) ( )
f x g x = m trong :
+
( )
( )
( )
( )

f x a f x a
hay
g x a g x a
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1
! !
1 1

1 1
1 1 + +
vi a l hng s.
+ Lc , nghim ca phng trnh l tt c cc gi tr x tha mn h
( )
( )
f x a
g x a
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Bin i phng trnh v dng
( )
f x a = vi a l hng s m trong :
+ Ta dng bt ng thc hoc nh gi c kt qu:
( )
f x a hay
( )
f x a .
+ Lc , nghim phng trnh l tt c cc gi tr x tha mn du ca ng
thc xy ra.
Cc bt ng thc quen thuc:
Bt ng thc Cauchy
( )
Arithmetic Means Geometric Means :
+ Vi x, y 0 th
( )
( )

2 2
x y 2 xy 1
x y 2xy 2
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+
. Du " " = xy ra khi
x y = .
+ Vi x, y th
( )
( ) ( )

4
2
2
x y
xy 3
2
x y 4xy
'
1
1
1

1

1

1

( ) !
1
1
1

1
1+
x y = .
+ Vi x, y, z 0 th
( )
( )

3
3
x y z 3. xyz 5
x y z
xyz 6
3
'
1

1
1
1
1
! 1

1
1

1

( ) 1
1+
x y z = = .
+ M rng cho n s
1 2 3 n
a , a , a ,..., a khng m ta c:
n
1 2 n 1 2 n
a a ... a n. a .a ...a .
Du " " = xy ra khi
1 2 3 n
a a a ... a = = = = .
Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki
( )
B.C.S .
+ Vi x, y bt k, ta lun c:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )

2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a.x b.y a b x y 7
a.x b.y a b x y 8
'
1
1
11
!
1
1
1
1+
.
Du " " = xy ra khi
a b x y
hay
x y a b
= = .
+ Vi x, y, z bt k:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )

2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a.x b.y c.z a b c x y z 9
a.x b.y c.z a b c x y z 10
'
1
1
11
!
1
1
1
1+
.
Du " " = xy ra khi =
a b c x y z
hay
x y z a b c
= = = .
Bt ng thc cng mu s (BT Cauchy Schwarz) l h qu trc tip ca
bt ng thc BCS.
+ Vi a, b v x, y 0 , ta lun c:
( )
( )

2
2 2
a b
a b
11
x y x y
.
+ Vi a, b, c v x, y, z 0 , ta lun c:
( )
( )

2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
12
x y z x y z

.
Du " " = xy ra khi v ch khi
a b c
x y z
= = .
Bt ng thc v tr tuyt i
iu kin Ni dung
x
x 0, x x, x x
x a a x a

x 0
x a
x a
x a

a, b a b a b a b
2/ Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh bng cch ng dng ca hnh hc
Bt ng thc tam gic
Cho ABC c di cc cnh BC, AC, AB tng ng l a, b, c . Ta lun c:
+ b c a b c < < hay AC AB BC AC AB < < .
+
( ) ( )
2 2
B A B A
AB x x y y = .
Nh vy, ta chn A, B, C c ta thch hp, d nhin lin quan n bt ng
thc, chng minh ri s dng mt trong hai bt ng thc trn suy ra kt
qu.
Bt ng thc vct
Cho
( ) ( ) ( )
u a; b , v x; y , w m; n = = =

.
+ u v u v u v

Du " " =

xy ra u, v

cng
phng ax by = .
+ u v w u v w

. Du " " =

xy ra u, v, w

cng
phng
a b
y x
m n
y x
.
+ u.v u . v

. Du " " =

xy ra u, v

cng phng.
+
( )
2 2 2 2
u.v ax by
cos u, v
a b . x y u . v
= =

. Do
( )
cos u, v 1

nn
( )

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
ax by
1 ax by a b . x y
a b . x y

.
Bt ng thc
( )
c gi l bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki.
II CC V D MINH HA
( )

2
x 4 6 x x 10x 27 =
Nhn xt: Do v phi c bc ln hn v tri nn rt nhiu kh nng s
dng bt ng thc gii. Nhn thy rng
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
x 10x 27 x 5 2 2
x 4 6 x 2
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+
nn ta ngh n vic p
dng bt ng thc B.C.S cho v tri v bin i c bn v
phi.
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 4 x 6 .
t
( )
( )
2
f x VT x 4 6 x
g x VP x 10x 27
'
1
= =
1
1
!
1
= =
1
1+
. Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
f x x 10x 27 x 5 2 2 1 = = . Du " " = xy ra
x 5 = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

B.C.S
2
2 2
g x 1 x 4 1 6 x 1 1 x 4 6 x 2 2
l
l
= =
l
l

Du " " = xy ra
x 4 6 x
x 5
1 1

= = .
Nghim ca phng trnh tha mn
2
x 4 6 x 2
,
x 10x 27 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
ngha l
du " " = trong
( ) ( )
1 , 2 ng thi xy ra x 5 = .
Kt hp vi iu kin, phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 5 = .
Lu : Do bt ng B.C.S l phn c thm trong SGK lp 10, nn cng on
nh gi
( )
g x ta c th thc hin bng bt ng thc Cauchy nh sau:
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )

Cauchy
2 x 4 6 x
g x 2 2 x 4 6 x 2 2. 4 g x 2
2

l
= =
l
l
.
( )

2 2 2
x x 1 x x 1 x x 2 1 =
Nhn xt: rng VT c dng A B nn ta ngh n vic p dng
bt ng thc B.C.S tm gi tr ln nht. Ri sau , ta s
chng minh VP ln hn hoc bng gi tr ny.
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:

2
2
x x 1 0
1 5 1 5
x x
x x 1 0, x 2 2
'
1

1
1

!
1

1
1+

.
p dng BT B.C.S cho cc s
2 2
1; x x 1; 1; x x 1 ta
c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
VT x x 1 x x 1 1 1 x x 1 x x 1 2 x
l
= =
l
l
.
Hay
( )

2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 x 2
Ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
2
VT 2 x x x 2 2 x x 1 x 1 0 = =
Hay
( )

2
x x 2 2 x 3
T
( ) ( ) ( )
1 , 2 , 3
2 2
2
x x 1 x x 1 2 x
x x 2 2 x
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
Du " " =
trong
( ) ( )
2 , 3 ng thi xy ra
2 2
x x 1 x x 1
x 1
1 1

= = .
2
x 4x 5 2 2x 3 = .
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
x
2
.
Vi iu kin
3
x ,
2
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho hai s dng
( )
2x 3 , 1 :
( )

Cauchy
2
2x 3 1 2 2x 3 x 4x 5 =

2
2x 4 x 4x 5

2
x 2x 1 0
( )

2
x 1 0
x 1 = .
So vi iu kin, phng trnh c nghim duy nht l x 1 = .
( )

3 2 2
2 7x 11x 25x 12 x 6x 1 =
Nhn xt: y l bi ton c dng A B = nhng ta s nhn c
phng trnh bc bn v khi cn ti k nng nhm nghim
ca phng trnh bc cao v php chia a thc chuyn
phng trnh v dng tch s. Nhng nu ta n biu thc
trong
( )( )
3 2 2
7x 11x 25x 12 7x 4 x x 3 = m
c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
7x 4 x x 3 x 6x 1 = lm ta lin tng
n vic nh gi bng bt ng thc Cauchy ngc du dng:
2 a.b a b; a, b 0 .
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 2
2 7x 4 x x 3 x 6x 1 1 =
iu kin:
( )

2
4
x do : x x 3 0, x
7
.
Ta c:
( )( )
2 2
VT 2 7x 4 x x 3 x 6x 1 VP = = .
Du " " = xy ra
( ) ( )

2 2
7x 4 x x 3 x 8x 7 0 x 1 x 7 = = = = .
Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 1 x 7 = = .
( )

1 1
x x 1 1
x x
=
V ch Ton Cng Ha Yugoslavia (Nam T) nm 1977
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )

Cahcy
Cahcy
1
1 x
x 1 1
x 1. x
1 1
x x 2
x 1 x 2
x x
1
x 1
1 1
x
1 x 1
x x 2
' 1
1
1

1

1
1
( )
1

1 =
1
1
( )

!
1
1
1

1
1
1 =
1
1
+

T
( ) ( )
1 , 2 Du " " = trong
( )
2 xy ra

2
1
1 x
1 5 1 5
x
x x 1 0 x x
1
2 2
x 1
x
'
1
1
=
1

1
1
= = =
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
1 5
x
2
= .
( ) ( ) ( )

2
x 1 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 1 =
H trung cp trng i hc Y Dc Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2
2
x 1 x 3 2 x 3 x 1 1 =
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )

B.C.S
2
2
2 2
1. x 1 1. x 3 1 1 . x 3 x 1
( )
( )
( )

2
2
x 1 x 3 2 x 3 x 1 2
Du " " = xy ra khi v ch khi :
2
x 3 0
x 1 x 3
x 1 x 6x 9 1 1
'
1

1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+

( )

2
x 3 x 3
x 5 3
x 5 x 2 x 7x 10 0
' '
1 1
1 1 1
=
! !
1 1 = = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
T
( ) ( ) ( )
1 , 2 , 3 phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 5 = .
( )

4 4 2 3 4
x 6x 8 x 2 4 x 6x 3x x 30 1 =
Nhn xt: Do biu thc
( )( ) ( )( )
2 4
4
x 6x 8 4 x x 2 4 x x 2 = = gip
ta suy ngh n vic p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ngc du
dng:
a b
ab
2
v
4 4
x 2 4 x c dng A B
nn p dng bt ng thc B.C.S. Cng vic kh khn hn l
vic tch ghp p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho biu thc
6x 3x sau khi p dng ta c kt qu dng
3
x (do
cc biu thc trc khi p dng cho hng s). C th ta bin i
3
6x 3x 2. 27.x = .
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2 x 4 .
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )

2 4
4 x x 2
x 6x 8 4 x x 2 1 2
2

= =
( )

3 3
6x 3x 2. 27.x 27 x 3 =
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S ta c:
( )( )

B.C.S
4 4 2 2
x 2 4 x 1. x 2 1. 4 x 1 1 x 2 4 x =

( )( )
4 4 2 2
x 2 4 x 2 1. x 2 1. 4 x 2 1 1 x 2 4 x

( )

4 4
x 2 4 x 2 4 2 4 =
Ly
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

4 4 2 3 4
2 3 4 x 6x 8 x 2 4 x 6x 3x x 30 5

T
( ) ( )
1 , 5 ng thc xy ra du " " = trong
( ) ( ) ( )
2 , 3 , 4 ng
thi xy ra
3
4 x x 2
27 x x 3
x 2 4 x
1 1
'
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim ca phng trnh l x 3 = .
2
4 4x x x 1 x 2 2x 3 4x 14 =
Bi gii tham kho
( )
VP x 1 x 2 2x 3 4x 14 x 1 x 2 2x 3 4x 14 8 1 = =

Du " " = xy ra khi x 2 = .
( ) ( )

2
VT 8 x 2 8 2 =
Du " " = xy ra khi x 2 = .
T
( ) ( )
1 , 2 Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 2 = .
( )

5 2 7
4x 3 2 1 1
x 1

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( ) ( )

5 2 7
1 4 x 1 3 2 3 2
x 1

S dng BT Cauchy cho ba s khng m:
( ) ( )
( )

5 2 7 5 2 7
, , 4 x 1
4 x 1 4 x 1

ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

Cauchy
3
5 2 7 5 2 7 5 2 7 5 2 7
4 x 1 3 . .4 x 1
4 x 1 4 x 1 4 x 1 4 x 1

( )
3
1 5 2 7 1 5 2 7
4 x 1 3. 5 2 7
2 x 1 2 x 1

( )
( )
3
3
5 2 7
4 x 1 3 2 1
x 1

( ) ( )

5 2 7
4 x 1 3 2 3 3
x 1

T
( ) ( )
2 , 3 du " " = trong
( )
3 xy ra
( )
( )
5 2 7
4 x 1
4 x 1

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
3
4 x 1 0
x 1
5 2 7
4 x 1
5 2 7
4 x 1
4 x 1 4 x 1 2 1
4 x 1
'
1

'
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
=
! !
l
l
1 1 =
=
1 1 l
l l
l 1 1
+
1
1+

( )
x 1
x 0
3 2
x
3 2
4 4 x 1 2 1
x
4
'
1
'
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
! !

1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
Kt hp vi iu kin, phng trnh c nghim
3 2
x
4

= .
( ) ( )

3
4 3 2
3x 4x 1 1 x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho ba s khng m, ta c:

2
Cauchy
2 2 2
3
3 3 3
1 x 1 x 1 3 1 x
2 2 2
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

2
2 2
3
3
3 3x 3 1 x
2
1

( )

2
3
2 2
3
1 x 1 x
2
1

( )

( )
2 3
.
3
3 2
2 2
2
3
1 x 1 x
2
1

( )

( ) ( )

3
2 2
3
1 x 1 x 2
2

Ta li c:

Cauchy
4 4 8
Cauchy
2 2 2 2
x 2x 2 2x
1 1
x x 2 x . x
2 2
'
1
1

1
1
1
!
1
1

1
1
1+

Cauchy
4 4 2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2
1 1 1
x 2x x x 2 2x 2 x . x 2. 2 2x .2 x . x
2 2 2

4 4 2 2 8 2 2
1 1
x 2x x x 4 2x .x . .x
2 2

( )

4 2 3
3
3x x 4x 3
2

Cng
( ) ( )
2 , 3 ta c:
( )
3
2 4 2 2 3
3 3
1 x 3x x 1 x 4x
2 2

( )
3
2 4 3
1 x 3x 1 4x
( ) ( )

3
4 3 2
3x 4x 1 1 x 4
T
( ) ( )
1 , 4 Du " " = trong
( ) ( )
2 , 3 ng thi xy ra x 0 = .
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 .
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
Ta c:
Cauchy
2 2 2 2
VT x x 1 x x 1 2 x x 1. x x 1 2 = =
.
Bt phng trnh c nghim
2 2
VT 2 x x 1 x x 1 x 1 = = = .
( )
1 x 1 x x 1
i hc Ngoi Thng c s II Tp. H Ch Minh khi A B nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1 x 0
1 x 1
1 x 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
Vi x 1;1
l

l
l
th
( )
( )( )
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x
1 x 1 x

( )
( )
2x x 1 x 1 x 2
Vi x 0 = th
( )
2 lun ng x 0 = l mt nghim ca
( )
1 .
Vi
(
x 0;1
l
l
l
th
( )
2 1 x 1 x 2 . iu ny lun tha v
( )( ) ( )

B.C.S
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 x 2 3 = .

(
x 0;1
l
l
l
l tp nghim ca
( )
1 .
Vi
)
x 1; 0
th
( )
2 1 x 1 x 2 . Tri hon ton vi
( )
3 . Do ,
)
x 1; 0
khng l tp nghim ca
( )
1 .
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l x 0;1
l
l
l
.
( )

2 2
x 2x 5 x 2x 10 29 =
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh D = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x 1 2 x 1 3 29 =
( ) ( )

2 2
2 2
x 1 2 x 1 3 29 =
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

2
2
2
2
2
2
u x 1 2
u x 1; 2
v 1 x; 3 v 1 x 3
u v 2; 5
u v 2 5 29
'
1
1
=
' 1
1
1 = 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
1 1
1 1 = =
+
1
1
1+

.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
u v x 1 2 x 1 3 VT
u v 29 VP
'
1
1
= =
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1
+

.
Mt khc: u v u v

v du " " = xy ra u, v

cng phng
( ) ( )

1
3 x 1 2 1 x 0 5x 1 0 x
5
= = = .
1
x
5
= .
( ) ( )

2
2 x 3 2x 2 x 1 x 3
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2. x 3 x 1 x 1 x 3
( )
( )
( )

2
2
2 2
1 1 . x 3 x 1 x 1 x 3 1
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
u x 3; x 1 u x 3 x 1
v 1;1
v 1 1 2
'
1
'
1 1
1 = 1 =
1 1 1
! !
1 1
= 1 1
= =
1 1
+
1
1+

.
( )
( )
2
2
u . v 2. x 3 x 1 VT
u.v x 1 x 3 VP
'
1
1
1 = =
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1+

.
Mt khc:
( )
( )
( )

2
2
u . v u.v 2. x 3 x 1 x 1 x 3 2

T
( ) ( )
1 , 2 bt phng trnh c nghim khi ng thc xy ra du
" " = trong
( )
2 xy ra u, v

cng phng
( )
2
x 3
x 3 x 1 x 5
x 3 x 1
'
1
1
1
= =
!
1
=
1
1+
.

BI TP TNG T
2
x 2 4 x x 6x 11 = .
S: x 3 = .
2
7 x x 5 x 12x 38 = .
S: x 2 = .
2
2x 3 5 2x 3x 12x 14 = .
S: x 2 = .
( )
3
2
3
2x 5, x
x
= .
S: x 1 = .
x 1
3
2
3 x 1
.
S: x 4 x 2 = = .
2 2 2 2
x x a 4 x x a 4a .
S: x a .
Ba6i t1p 385. Gii bt phng trnh: x 1 x x 1 x 1 .
HD: p dng BT Bunhiacpxki x 0;1
l

l
l
.
2
2
1 1
2 x 2 4 x
x
x
1

=

( )
.
HD: p dng BT Bunhiacpxki x 1 = .
2
x 1 2x 10x 16 3 x .
HD: p dng BT Bunhiacpxki x 2 x 5 = = .
4 4 4
x 1 x x 1 x 2 8 = .
HD: p dng BT Bunhiacpxki
1
x
2
= .
4 4 2 4
1 x 1 x 1 x 3 = .
HD: S dng BT Cauchy B.C.S x 0 = .
2
2x 1 2 x 2 = .
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 391. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1/
2
x 6 x 2 x 6x 13 = .
2/
2
6
2x 1 19x 2x
x 10x 24
=

.
3/
2 2 2
x 2x 3 2x x 3x 3x 1 = .
4/
( )
2
3
25x 2x 9 4x
x
= .
5/
2 2
x 2x 5 x 1 1 x 2x = .
6/
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x = .
7/
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 2x 4x 3 2 2x x = .
8/
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 24 2x x = .
9/
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 2 2x x = .
10/
2 2 2 4
x 6x 11 x 6x 13 x 4x 5 3 2 = .
11/
2
3 2
x 1
5x 3x 3x 1 3x
2 2
= .
4 4 2
3x 2 x 3 x = .
HD:
4
4 4
4
2
5 x
2 x
4
x 1
5 x
x 3x 3
4
'
1

1

1
1
1
=
!
1

1

1
1
1+
.
( )
2 2 2 2
1
3x 1 x x x x 1 7x x 4
2 2
= .
S: x 1 = .
4 3 3
4x x x x 3 3 = .
HD:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
3 3 3
2.VT 2 8x 2x 2 x x 6 9x x 36 3 x 3 = =
.
3 2 3
3x x 2x 1 5x 5x = .
S:
1 5
x
2
= .
2 2
x 2x 2x 1 3x 4x 1 = .
S:
1
x
2
= .
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 = .
HD: t

1 3
u x ;
2 2
1 3
v x ;
2 2
' 1
1
1

1
=

1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1

1
=

1

1
( ) 1
1+
v nghim x 0 = .
2 2 2
x x 1 x 2x 5 9x 12x 13 = .
HD: t
( )
( )

u 2x 1; 1
v x 1; 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
v nghim
1
x
3
= .
2 2 2 2
x 4y 6x 9 x 4y 2x 12y 10 5 = .
HD: t
( )
( )

u x 3; 2y
v 1 x; 3 2y
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
v nghim
3
x 1, y
2
= = .
2 2
x 4x 5 x 10x 50 5 = .
HD: Chn
( )
( )
( )

A 2; 1
B 5; 5
C x; 0
'
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1+
v nghim
5
x
4
= .
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 1 .
HD: t

1 3
u x ;
2 2
1 3
v x ;
2 2
' 1
1
1

1
=

1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1

1
=

1

1
( ) 1
1+
v nghim x .
Ba6i t1p 402. Gii PT:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2x 2x 1 2x 3 1 x 1 2x 3 1 x 1 3 = .
HD: Chn
( )
( )
A 1;1
3 1
B ;
2 2
3 1
C ;
2 2
M x; x
'
1
1
1
1
1
1

1

1
( )
1
!
1
1
1

1

1

1
( ) 1
1
1
1
1
+
v x 0 = .
2 2
x 8x 32 x 6x 18 5 2 = .
HD: Chn
( )
( )
( )

A x 4; 4
B x 3; 3
O 0; 0
'
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1+

24
x
7
= .
2 2
x 2x 3 x 4x 6 17 = .
S:
1
x
2
= .
2 2
x 2x 5 x 6x 10 5 = .
S: x 5 = .
2 2
4x 1 2 x 2x 2 13 = .
S:
1
x
3
= .
( )
2 3
3 x x 1 5 2x 40 34x 10x x = .
HD: Lu bin i:
( ) ( )
2
2 3
40 34x 10x x 4 x 2 x 1 x 3
l
= =
l
l
l
.
2 2
x 2x 2x 1 3x 4x 1 = .
S:
1 5
x
2
= .
Ba6i t1p 409. Gii phng trnh: 5x 1 2 4 x 5x 10 61 4x = .
S:
13
x
129
= .
Ba6i t1p 410. Gii phng trnh: x 3 3x 1 4 5 x 12 = .
S: x 1 = .
2 2
x 2 x 3 4 2 x 3 11 x 3x = .
S: x 1 = .
2
x x 1 3 x 2 x 1 = .
HD: t
( )
( )
u x;1
v x 1; 3 x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
+
x 1 x 1 2 = = .
E GII PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH
BNG PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA

I KIN THC C BN
Mt lp cc phng trnh v t c th gii c bng phng php chuyn v
phng trnh lng gic (hay ngc li).
Du hiu nhn bit l trong phng trnh xut hin cc biu thc

2 2 2
1 x , x 1, x 1,...
Li th ca phng php ny l a phng trnh ban u v mt phng trnh
lng gic c bn bit cch gii nh: phng trnh ng cp, i xng, c
in,
Nhc im ca phng php ny l khi chuyn v lng gic li kh tm c
nghim tng minh ca phng trnh.
V hm lng gic l tun hon, nn khi t iu kin cc biu thc lng gic
tht kho lo sao cho lc khai cn khng c gi tr tuyt i, c ngha l lun
lun dng
(Da vo iu kin vng trn lng gic)
Mt s phng php lng gic ha thng gp
Bi ton c cha Lng gic ha bng cch t
2 2
a x

x a sin t, K : t ;
2 2
x a cos t, K : t 0;
l

l
=
l
l
l
=
l
l

2 2
x a

a
x , K : t ; \ 0
sin t 2 2
a
x , K : t 0; \
cos t 2
l
=
' '
1 1
1 1
l
=
! !
l
l
1 1
1 1 + +

2 2
a x
( )

x a tan t, K : t ;
2 2
x a cot t, K : t 0;
1

=

( )

a x a x
a x a x

x a cos 2t, K : cos 2t 1;1
l
=
l
l

( )( )
x a b x
( )
2
x a b a sin t =

Lu : Xem li cc cng thc lng gic v phng php gii phng
trnh lng gic (chuyn : Phng trnh lng gic v ng dng
ca cng tc gi).
II CC V D MINH HA
( )

3 2
4x 3x 1 x =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t

2 2 2
x cos t, t 0; 1 x 1 cos t sin t sin t sin t
l
= = = = =
l
l
.
( )
3
4cos t 3cos t sin t =
cos 3t cos t
2
1

( )

( )

3t t k2
2
, k
3t t k2
2

( )

k
t
8 2
, k
t k
4

Do
5 3 2
t 0; x cos x cos x cos
8 8 4 2

l
= = = =
l
l
.
( )
( )

2 2
1 1 x x 1 2 1 x =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t

2 2 2
x sin t, t ; 1 x 1 sin t cos t cos t cos t
2 2
l

l
= = = = =
l
l
.
( ) ( )
1 cos t sin t 1 2cos t =

2
t
2cos sin t sin2t
2
=

t 3t t
2 cos 2sin cos
2 2 2
=

t 3t
2 cos 1 2 sin 0
2 2
1

=

( )

t
cos 0
2
3t 1
sin sin
2 4
2
= =

( )

t
k
2 2
, k
3t 3t
k2 k2
2 4 2 4
= =

( )

t k2
, k
k4 k4
t t
6 3 2 3
= =
.
Do t ; t t
2 2 6 2
l

l
= =
l
l
.
Vi
1
t x sin
6 6 2
t x sin 1
2 2
'
1
1
= = =
1
1
1
!
1
1
= = =
1
1
1+
.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l
1
x x 1
2
= = .
( )

2
x
x 2 2
x 1
=

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
x 1 0
x 1
x 0
'
1

1
1

!
1
1
1+
.
t

2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 cos t sin t sin t
x , t 0; x 1 1
cos t 2 cos t cos t cos t cos t
1

= = = = =

( )
.
( )
1 1 cos t
. 2 2
cos t cos t sin t
=

1 1
2 2 sin t cos t 2 2 sin t cos t 2 sin t 2 sin2t
cos t sin t 4
1

= = =

( )

( )

2t t k2
4
sin2t sin t t k2 , k
4 4
2t t k2
4
=
1

= =

( )
=
.
Do
1
t 0; t x 2
2 4
cos
4
1

= = =

( )
.
( )

1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
1 2x 1 2x

=

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1 1
x
2 2
< < .
t

2
2
t t
1 2x 1 cos t 2sin 2 sin
2 2
1 t t
x cos t, t 0; 1 2x 1 cos t 2cos 2 cos
2 2 2
1 2x 1 2x t 1 2x t
tan ; cot
1 2x 2 1 2x 2
1 2x
'
1
1
1 = = =
1
1
1
1
1
1
l
= = = =
!
l
l
1
1
1
1

1
= = =
1
1

1
1+
.
( )
t t t t
2 sin 2 cos tan cot
2 2 2 2
=

t t
sin cos
t t
2 2
2 sin cos
2 2 t t
sin cos
2 2
1

=

( )

t t 2
sin cos 2 0
2 2 sin t
1 1

=

( )( )
( )

t
2 cos 0
2 4
sin t 2 L
1
=

( )

( )

t 3
k t k2 , k
2 4 2 2

= = .
Do
1
t 0; , k t x cos 0
2 2 2

l
= = =
l
l
.
( )
( )
( )

2
2
2
2
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
2x
2x 1 x

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0, x 1 .
t x tan t, t ; \ 0;
2 2 4
1 ' '
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1 + +
.
Ta c:
2 2 2
2
1 1
x 1 tan t 1 x 1
cos t cos t
= = = .
2
2 2
2 tan t 2x x 1 1
sin2t
2x sin2t 1 tan t x 1
= = =

.
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
4x 1 x x 1
1 tan t 1 x 2
cos 2t 2sin2t cos2t
sin4t 1 tan t 1 x 2x 1 x
x 1

= = = =

.
( )
1 1 2
cos t sin2t sin4t
=

1 1 1
0
cos t 2sin t cos t 2sin t cos t cos2t
=
( )

2
1 1 1
1 0
cos t 2sin t
2sin t 1 2sin t
l
l
=
l
l
l
l

( ) ( )

2 2
2sin t 1 2sin t 1 2sin t 1 0 =
( )
( )
( )

3 2
sin t 0 L
1
2sin t sin t sin t 0 sin t N
2
sin t 1 L
= =
.
Vi
( )

1 5
sin t sin t k2 t k2 , k
2 6 6 6

= = = = .
Do
3
t ; \ 0; x x tan
2 2 4 6 6 3
1 ' '
1 1
1 1
= = = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1 + +
.
3
x
3
= .
( )
( )

3
2
2
5 3
x 1
x 1
6x 20x 6x
=

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 0
3
x
3
x 3
'
1
1
1
1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
1
1+
.
( ) ( )

3
2 2
2
1 6x 2x
4 1
1 x 1 x
x 1
1

=

( )

t x tan t, t ; \ 0; ;
2 2 3 6
1 ' '
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1 + +
.
( )
3
1 cost 3sin2t 4 sin 2t sin6t cos 6t
2
1

= = =

( )

( )

k2
t t 6t k2
14 7 2
, k
k2
t 6t k2 t
2 10 5

= =

= =

.
Do

5 3 3 5
t ; \ 0; ; t ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
2 2 3 6 14 14 10 14 18 14 14 14
1 ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
( )
1 1 1 1 + + + +
.
5 3 3 5
x tan ; tan ; tan ; tan ; tan ; tan ; tan ; tan
14 14 10 14 18 14 14 14
' ' 1 1 1 1
1 1

1 1
! !

1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )

3
x 3x x 2 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 2 .
Nu x 2 th
( )
3 2
x 3x x x x 4 x x 2 = nn phng
trnh cho khng c nghim khi x 2 .
Nu 2 x 2 th t x 2cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
( )
3
8 cos t 6cos t 2cos t 2 =
( ) ( )

3
2 4 cos t 3cos t 2 cos t 1 =

2
t
2cos 3t 2.2cos
2
=

t
cos 3t cos
2
=
( )

t t
3t k2 3t k2 , k
2 2
= =
( )

k4 k4
t t , k
5 7

= = .
Do
4 4
t 0; t 0 t t
7 5

l
= = =
l
l
.

4 4
x 2 x 2cos x 2cos
7 5

= = = .
( ) ( )

3
3 2 2
x 1 x x 2 2x =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
cos t 1 cos t cos t 2 1 cos t =
( )

3
3 2 2
cos t sin t cos t 2 sin t =

3 3
sin t cos t 2 sint cos t =
( )( ) ( )
sin t cos t 1 sin t cos t 2 sin t cos t 1 =
t
2
2
u 1
u sin t cos t 2 sin t u 1 2 sin t cos t sin t cos t
4 2
1

= = = =

( )
.
Do
5 5 1
0 t t sin sin t sin u ; 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
1 l

l

l

( )
l
.
( )
2 2
u 1 u 1
1 u 1 2.
2 2
1

=

( )

3 2
u 2u 3u 2 0 =
( )( )
( )
( )
( )

2
u 2 N
u 2 u 2 2u 1 0 u 2 1 N
u 2 1 2 L
= =
= <
.
Vi
( )
2
u 2 sin t 2 sin t 1 t k2 , k x
4 4 4 2
1 1

= = = = =

( ) ( )

.
Vi
( )
2
u sin t cos t 1 2
2
u 1
sin t cos t 1 2
2
'
1
= =
1
1
1
!

1
= = 1
1
1+

Theo nh l Vit th sin t, cos t l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai:
( )
( )( )
2
1 2 2 1 2 3
X 1 2 X 1 2 0 X
2

= = .
Do
( )( )
1 2 2 1 2 3
sin t 0 x cos t
2

= = .
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim
( )( )

1 2 2 1 2 3
2
x x
2 2

= = .
Cch gii khc: t n ph.
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t
2
t x 1 x = .
2
x 2
t' 1 0 x t 1; 2
2
1 x
l
= = =
l
l
.
Khi :
2 2
2x 1 x t 1 = v
( )
3
3 2 3
2 x 1 x t 3t
1

=

( )
.
( ) ( )
3 2
t 3t 2 t 1 =
( )( )
( )
( )
( )

2
t 2 N
t 2 t 2 2t 1 0 t 1 2 N
t 1 2 L
= =
.
Vi
2
2
t 2 x 1 x 2 x
2
= = = .

2
1 2 2 2 1
t 1 2 x 1 x 1 2 x
2

= = = .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim:

2 1 2 2 2 1
x x
2 2

= = .
( )

2 2
2x 1 x 2x 1 x 1 =
HSG Trng THPT Nng Khiu i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh
nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t

2
2 2
t t
1 x 1 cos t 2sin 2 sin
x cos t, t 0;
2 2
1 x 1 cos t sin t
'
1
1
1 = = =
1
l
=
!
l
l
1
1
= = 1
1+
.
( )
2
t
2cos t 2 sin 2cos t. sin t 1
2
=

2
t
2 sin sin2t 1 2cos t
2
=

t
cos2t sin2t 2 sin
2
=

t
2 cos 2t 2 cos
4 2 2
1 1

=

( ) ( )

( )

t t
2t k2 2t k2 , k
4 2 2 4 2 2

= =
( )

k4 k4
t t , k
2 3 10 5

= = .
Do
7
t 0; x cos 0; x cos
2 10

l
= = =
l
l
.
7
x 0 x cos
10
= = .
( )( ) ( )

2 4 2
8x 2x 1 8x 8x 1 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
2 2
8x 2x 1 2 2x 1 1 1 2
l
= l
l
l

Trng hp 1. x 1 V tri
( )
1 2 : v nghim
( )
1 : v
nghim.
Trng hp 2. x 1 v tri
( )
0 2 : < v nghim
( )
1 : v
nghim.
Trng hp 3. 1 x 1 : t x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 8 cos t 2cos t 1 2 2cos t 1 1 1
l
= l
l
l

( )

2
8 cos t. cos 2t 2cos 2t 1 1 =
8 cos t. cos2t cos 4t 1 =
8 sin t cos t. cos2t. cos 4t sin t =
4sin2t cos2t cos 4t sin t =
2sin4t cos 4t sin t =
sin 8t sin t =
( )

k2
t
8t t k2
7
, k
8t t k2 k2
t
9 9
=
=

Do
2 4 6 5 7
t 0; t ; ; ; ; ;
7 7 7 9 9 9
' '
1 1
1 1
l

! !
l
l
1 1
1 1 + +
.

2 4 6 5 7
x cos ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos
7 7 7 9 9 9
' '
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )( ) ( )

2
2 2 2
128x 4x 1 8x 1 1 2x 0 = vi
1
x 0
2
< < .
Hc Vin Qun Y nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2x 1 128x 2x 1 8x 1 1 0
32 2x 2x 1 2 4x 1 1
1 1
x 0 x 0
2 2
' ' l 1 1
l
1 1
= l
= 1 l 1
1 1 l 1 1 l l l

! !
1 1
1 1
< < < <
1 1
1 1
1+ 1+

( )( )

2 2 2
2
2 2
t
64 cos cos t cos 2t 1
2x cos t, t ;
2
2
2x cos t, t ;
32cos t cos t 1 2cos t 1 1
2
'
1 ' 1
1
1
1 =
1
= 1
1
1
1 1
( )

! !
1
1 1

1 1 =
1 1 =

1 1
( ) 1+
1+

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t
2x cos t, t ; sin 0 2x cos t, t ;
2 2 2
t t t t
64 sin cos cos t cos 2t sin sin 4t sin
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1

1 1
= = 1 1

1 1

1 1 ( ) ( )

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +

1
x cos t, t ;
2x cos t, t ;
2 2
2
4 6 8 2
cos 8t cos t t ; ; ;
7 7 9 3
' 1
1

1 ' 1
1 = 1
1
1
= 1
( ) 1 1 1

! ! ( )
' '
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= =
1 1 ! !
1 1 +
1 1
1
1 1 + + 1+

1 4 1 1 1
x cos ; cos ; cos ;
2 7 2 7 2 9 4
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )

2
x
1 x 1 x 2
4

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
t x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
( )
2
cos t
1 cos t 1 cos t 2
4

2 2
t t t
2 cos 2 sin cos
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
t t t
2cos 2 1 cos cos
2 4 2 4 2 4
l 1 1 1

l

l

( ) ( ) ( )
l
l

4 2
t t t
cos cos 2 cos 2 0
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

2
2
t t t
cos 1 cos 2cos 2 0
2 4 2 4 2 4
l l 1 1 1

l l

l l

( ) ( ) ( )
l l
l l

V
( )
lun ng t 0;
l

l
l
nn tp nghim ca
( )
l x 1;1
l

l
l
.
BI TP TNG T
3
8x 6x 3 0 = .
S:
11 13
x cos x cos x cos
18 18 18

= = = .
2 2
1 1 x 2 1 x = .
HD: x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
1 1
x
1 1 x 1 1 x
=

.
HD: iu kin 0 x 1, x cos t, t 0;
2
1
< =

2
2
5
1 x x
2 1 x
=
.
HD: x tan t, t ;
2 2
1

=

( )
.
2
x 35
x
12
x 1
=
.
S:
5 5
x x
3 4
= = .
2
2
x
1 x
4x 1
=
.
S:
5 2
x cos x cos x
8 8 2

= = = .
2
4 2
x
1 x
16x 12x 1
=

.
S:
2 5 5
x ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos
2 12 8 12 8
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
2 4 2 3
1 x 16x 12x 1 4x 3x = .
S:
2 5 9 13
x ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos
2 16 16 16 16
' '
1 1

1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
2 2 3 2
2x 4x 1 1 x 4x 1 x = .
S:
2
x
2
= .
2 2
1
x 1 x 1 2x
2
= .
ngh Olympic THPT Chuyn L Qu n Qung Tr
S:
( )

2 1
x x 2 6
2 4
= = .
2
2
1 1
1
x
x 1
=
.
HD: t
( )
1
x x 6 2
sin t
= = .
2
3 1
1
x
x 9
=
.
HD: t
3
x x 3 2
cos t
= = .
2
1 1 1
1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x
=

.
HD: t
t t
2 2 cos sin
2 2 3
x cos t PT : . sin t 0 x
2 t t
1 2 cos sin sin t
2 2
1

( )
= = =
1

( )
.
2 2
1 1 4x x 1 1 1 2 1 4x
1

=

( )
.
S:
1
x
2
= .
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1 x
1 1 x 1 x 1 x
3
3
l

l
=
l
l
.
HD: t
( )
( )
1
x cos t, PT 2 sin t 6 cos t 1 0 x
6
= = = .
2 2
1 x 2x 1 2x 1 x = .
S:
3
x cos
10
= .
3 2
64x 112x 56x 7 2 1 x = .
S:
2 2 2
3 5
x cos x cos x cos
18 18 18

= = = .
( )( )
x 1 8 x 1 x 8 x 3 = .
HD: t
3 sin t 1 x
, t 0; x 1 x 8
2
3 cos t 8 x
'
1
l =
1
1
l
= =
!
l
1
=
1 l
1+
.
( )
2
1 x 1 x x 1 x
3
= .
HD:
2
x cos t, t 0;
2
l
l
=
l
l
.
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
x 1 x x 2 1 x = .
HD: x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
2
2
1 2x 1 x
2x 1
2

= .
HD: x cos t, t 0;
l
=
l
l
.
2
2
5x 2
4
x 1
x 1
=
.
HD: t x tan t, t ;
2 2
l

l
=
l
l
.
( )
2
3 2
64x 112x 56x 7 4x 4 = .
HD: t

2 2 2 2 2 2
3 5 7 3
x cos t, t 0; x ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos ; cos
2 4 18 18 18 10 10
l ' '
1 1
1 1
l
=
! !
l
1 1
1 1 l + +
.
2
2
1 3x
1 x
1 x

.
HD: t
2 5 2
x sin t, t ; x ;1 1;
2 2 5 2
1 1
1

=

( )
( ) ( )
.
( )
5
2 5
1 x x 1 .
HD: x cos t, t 0; x 1;1
2
l
l l
=
l
l l
l
.
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 1 x
1

=

( )
.
1984 Vietnamese Mathematical Olympiad
S:
2
x
2
= .
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2a
x a x , a 0
x a

.
S:
a 3
x ;
3
1
.
Ba6i t1p 440. Gii phng trnh: 1 x 1 x x .
S: x 1; 0
l

l
l
.

F GII PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH
BNG PHNG PHP S DNG TNH N IU CA HM S

I KIN THC C BN
nh l 1. Nu hm s
( )
y f x = lun ng bin (hoc lun nghch bin) v
lin tc trn D th s nghim trn D ca phng trnh
( )
f x a =
khng nhiu hn mt v
( ) ( )
u, v D : f u f v u v = = .
nh l 2. Nu hm s
( )
f x v
( )
g x n iu ngc chiu v lin tc trn D
th s nghim trn D ca phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x g x = khng nhiu
hn mt.
nh l 3. Nu hm s
( )
f x lun ng bin trn D th
( ) ( )
f x f a x a , x, a D . Nu hm s
( )
f x lun nghch
bin trn D th
( ) ( )
f x f a x a , x, a D < .
Lu :
Vn dng linh hot cc nh l trn, t mt phng trnh n x, ta s
a hai v v dng
( ) ( )
f g x f k x
l l
=
l l
l l
(chng hn nh
( )
( )
f x 5 f 2x x 5 2x = = ) vi
( )
f t l mt hm n iu c
trng trn min D ang xt. Thng thng c th d on c
( )
h x v
bc ca
( )
g x , t ng nht h s tm
( )
g x .
Mt s phng php ng nht thng gp bin i
( ) ( )
f g x f k x
l l
=
l l
l l
:
Dng 1:
3 3
x b a ax b = vi a 0 (x l n).
3 3
x ax ax b a ax b =
( )
( )
3
f x f ax b = vi hm c trng
( )
3
f t t at =
3
x ax b =
3
x ax b = m bit cch gii.
Dng 2:
3 2 3
ax bx cx d n ex f = .
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
m px u n px u m ex f n ex f =
Vi hm c trng:
( )
3
f t mt nt = v ng nht tm cc
h s.
Dng 3:
2
ax bx c ex d = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2
m px u n px u m ex d n ex d = .
Ta s xy dng hm c trng dng
( )
2
f t mt nt = .

II CC V D MINH HA
( )

6 8
3. 14
3 x 2 x
=

Nhn xt: V tri ca
( )
c dng tng, nn c nhiu kh nng l hm
ng bin theo x trn min xc nh. Khi , theo nh l 1,
phng trnh s c nghim duy nht v ta dng my tnh b ti
( )
SHIFT SOLVE tm ra nghim ny l
3
x
2
= .
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 2 < .
Xt hm s
( )
6 8
f x 3.
3 x 2 x
=

trn khong
( )
;2 , ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
6 3 x 3 2 2 x
f ' x 0, x ;2
2 3 x 2 x

=

.
( )
f x ng bin trn khong
( )
;2 .
( )
6 8
f x 3. 14
3 x 2 x
= =

nu c nghim s l nghim duy
nht.
Nhn thy
( )
3 3
f x 14 f x
2 2
1

= = =

( )
.
Th li thy
3
x
2
= tha phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c mt nghim
3
x
2
= .
( )
3x 1 x 7x 2 4 =
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )

1 2
x x x 7x 2 0 1
3 7

Xt hm s
( )
f x 3x 1 x 7x 2 = trn min ca
( )
1 .
( )

3 7 1
f ' x 1 . 0, x
2 3x 1 2 7x 2
2 x 7x 2
1

=

( )

tha
( )
1 .
( )
f x 3x 1 x 7x 2 = ng bin x tha
( )
1 .
Ta c:
( ) ( )
f x 4 f 1 x 1 = = = .
Th li thy x 1 = tha phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c mt nghim
x 1 = .
( )

2
4x 1 4x 1 1 =
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi B, D i hc Ngn Hng khi D nm
2001
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2
1
x
4x 1 0
1
4
x
1 1 4x 1 0 2
x x
2 2
'
1
1
'
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 +
1
1
1+
.
Nhn thy
1
x
2
= l mt nghim ca phng trnh
( )
.
Xt hm s
( )
2
f x 4x 1 4x 1 = trn na khong
1
;
2
1
.
( ) ( )
2
2 4x 1
f ' x 0, x ; f x
2
4x 1 4x 1
1

)

ng bin
trn
1
;
2
1
.
M
( )
1 1
f x f 1 x
2 2
1

= = =

( )
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
( )
.
1
x
2
= .
( ) ( ) ( )

4
2 2 2
1 2x x 1 2x x 2 x 1 2x 4x 1 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 4 2
1 1 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 1 2
l
=
l
l
l

iu kin:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 x 1 0 x 1 1 .
t
( )
2
t x 1 0 t 0;1
l
=
l
l
. Lc :
( ) ( ) ( )

2
2 1 1 t 1 1 t 2t 2t 1 3 =
Vi
1
t 0;
2
1
th phng trnh
( )
3 c
( )
VT 0
3
VP 0
'
1
1
!
1 =
1
+
v nghim vi
1
t 0;
2
1
.
Vi
1
t ;1 ,
2
l
l
l
l
bnh phng hai v
( )
3 ta c:
( ) ( )
2
4
3 2 2 t 4t 2t 1 =
( ) ( )

2
3
1 1
2t 2t 1 4
t
t
= (chia hai v cho t 0 ).
Nhn thy t 1 = l mt nghim ca
( )
4 .
Xt hm s
( )
1 1
f t
t
t
= trn on
1
;1
2
l
l
l
l
.
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
f ' t 0, t ;1 f t :
2 t
2 t
l
l
= <
l
l
nghch bin trn
1
;1
2
l
l
l
l
.
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
3
g t 2t 2t 1 = trn on
1
;1
2
l
l
l
l
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3
1
g ' t 6t 2t 1 4t 2t 1 0, t ;1 f t :
2
l
l
=
l
l
ng bin
trn
1
;1
2
l
l
l
l
.
Vy t 1 = l nghim duy nht ca
( ) ( )
2 x 0
4 t x 1 1
x 2
= =
.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim: x 0 x 2 = = .
( )

3 3
x 1 2 2x 1 =
Bi gii tham kho
Nhn xt: y l dng 1 c bn m c trnh by trong phn l thuyt
(xem cch bin i).
( )
3 3
x 2x 2x 1 2 2x 1 =
( )

3
3 3 3
x 2x 2x 1 2 2x 1 =
( )
( )
( )

3
f x f 2x 1 1 = v hm c trng c dng:
( )
3
f t t 2t = .
Xt hm s
( )
3
f t t 2t = lin tc trn .
( ) ( )
2
f ' t 3t 2 0, t f t = ng bin trn
( )
2
T
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 , 2 f x f 2x 1 x 2x 1 = =

3
x 2x 1 =
( )( )

2
x 1 x x 1 0 =

1 5
x 1 x
2

= = .
Lu : Ta c th gii bi ton bng cch t
3
y 2x 1 = a v h i xng
loi II dng
3
3
y 2x 1
x 2y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
m trnh by phng php gii bng cch
t n ph trn.
( )

3 3 2
8x 36x 53x 25 3x 5 =
Nhn xt: Ta cn a hai v phng trnh v dng
( ) ( )
f g x f h x
l l
=
l l
l l

trong hm c trng c dng
( )
3
f t mt nt = . Ta cn ng
nht sao cho biu thc bn v phi c dng:
( )
3
3 3
m 3x 5 n 3x 5 v so vi v phi PT nn ta chn
n 1 = .
Cng vic cn li l tm nhng hng t v tri sao cho
( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 3
m px u px u m 3x 5 3x 5 = . D thy
( )
3
3
2x 8x = nn
3
mp 8 = c cc trng hp sau xy ra

m 1, p 2
m 8, p 1
= =
= =
.
Nu m 1, p 2 = = th
( )
3
f t t t = . Do , cn vit phng
trnh v dng:
( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 3
m px u px u m 3x 5 3x 5 =
( ) ( )
3
3
2x u 2x u 3x 5 3x 5 =
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 3
8x 12u x 6u 1 x u u 5 3x 5 =
ng nht h s vi v tri ca phng trnh, ta c h:
2
3
12u 36
6u 1 53 u 3
u u 5 15
'
1
=
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
1 =
1
+
. Do trng hp m 1, p 2 = =
cho kt qu nn ta khng xt trng hp k tip
( )
m 8, p 1 = = . Nn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 3
2x 3 2x 3 3x 5 3x 5 =
( )
( )
( )

3
f 2x 3 f 3x 5 1 = v c hm c trng l
( )
3
f t t t = .
Xt hm s
( )
3
f t t t = lin tc v xc nh trn .
( ) ( )
2
f ' t 3t 1 0, t t t = ng bin trn
( )
2
T
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 , 2 f 2x 3 f 3x 5 2x 3 3x 5 = =

3 2
8x 36x 51x 22 0 =
( )( )

2
5 3
x 2 8x 20x 11 0 x 2 x
4
= = = .
( )

3 3 2
x 15x 78x 141 5 2x 9 =
Nhn xt: Nh cc th d trn, ta cn phn tch phng trnh
( )
thnh
dng
( ) ( )
( )
( )

3
3
3 3
m px u 5 px u m 2x 9 5 2x 9 1 =
vi hm c trng:
( )
3
f t mt 5t = .
Do sau khi khai trin
( )
3
m px u c hng t
( )
3 3 3
mp x x
trong
( )

3
mp 1 = nn c th chn m p 1 = = . Lc ny:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3
3
1 x u 5 x u 2x 9 5 2x 9 2 =
Trong khai trin
( )
3
x u c hng t
( )
2 2
3u x 15x u 5 = .
Lc ny:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

3
3
3 3
2 x 5 5 x 5 2x 9 5 2x 9 3 =
Khai trin
( )
3 th c phng trnh
( )
nn gi tr m p 1 = =
l ng hng.
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 3
x 5 5 x 5 2x 9 5 2x 9 =
( )
( )
( )

3
f x 5 f 2x 9 1 = vi hm c trng
( )
3
f t t 5t = .
Xt hm s
( )
3
f t t 5t = trn , c
( )
2
f ' t 3t 5 0, t =
( )
f t ng bin trn
( )
2
T
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 , 2 f x 5 f 2x 9 x 5 2x 9 = =

3 2
x 15x 75x 125 2x 9 =

3 2
x 15x 73x 116 0 =
( )( )

2
11 5
x 4 x 11x 29 0 x 4 x
2
= = = .
( )

3 2 3 2 3
x 6x 12x 7 x 9x 19x 11 =
ngh Olympic 30/04/2009
Nhn xt:
Cng ging nh nhn xt trn, ta cn a phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2 3 2 3
m px u px u m x 9x 19x 11 x 9x 19x 11 =

( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 3
mp m x 3mup 9m x 3u mp p 19m x mu u 11m

3 2 3
x 9x 19x 11 =
ng nht v tri vi
( )
ta c h:
3
2
2
3
mp m 1
p 1
3mup 9m 6
1
m
3u mp p 19m 12 2
u 1
mu u 11m 7
'
1
' =
1 = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
1 1
1 1
=
1 1
= 1 1
1+
1
+
.
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
3
3 2 3 2 3 3
1 1
x 1 x 1 x 9x 19x 11 x 9x 19x 11
2 2
=

( )
( )
( )

3 2 3
f x 1 f x 9x 19x 11 1 = v c hm c trng
( )
3
1
f t t t
2
= .
Xt hm s
( )
3
1
f t t t
2
= xc nh v lin tc trn .
( ) ( )
2
3
f ' t t 1 0, t f t
2
= ng bin trn
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 3 2 3 3
1 , 2 f x 1 f x 9x 19x 11 x 1 x 9x 19x 11 = =

( )

3
3 2
x 1 x 9x 19x 11 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 = = = = = .
( ) ( )

3 2
2x x 3x 1 2 3x 1 3x 1 =
Nhn xt: Thot nhn th v tri c bc 3, v phi c bc
3
2
nn kh c th
dng n iu. Nhng nu v phi ta xem y 3x 1 = th v
phi cng l bc ba theo y, cng ng ngha ta phn tch
( )
( )
3
2 3x 1 3x 1 2 3x 1 = . Phn tch tng t nh cc
th d trn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1
x
3
.
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
2x x 2 3x 1 3x 1 =
( )
( )
( )
f x f 3x 1 1 = v hm c trng c dng:
( )
3 2
f t 2t t = .
Xt hm s
( )
3 2
f t 2t t = lin tc trn khong
( )
0; .
( ) ( )
2
f ' t 6t 2t 0, t 0; = Hm s
( )
f t ng bin trn
( ) ( )
0; 2
T
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
3 5
1 , 2 f x f 3x 1 x 3x 1 x 3x 1 x
2
= = = =
.
3 5
x
2
= .
( )
x 1 3 x 4
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( )
x 1 x 4 3
Xt hm s
( )
f x x 1 x 4 = trn na khong
)
1;
.
( ) ) ( )
1 1
f ' x 0, x 1; f x
2 x 1 2 x 4

tng trn
)
1;
.
Khi x 0 = th
( )
f x 3 = .
Vy phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x f 0 3 x 0 = .
( )
S 0; = .
Lu : Hc sinh c th gii
( )
bng cch bnh phng hai v, a v bt
phng trnh cn c bn A B, vn ra c kt qu nh trn nhng
tng i di.
( )
5x 1 x 3 4 1
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1
x
5
.
Xt hm s: y 5x 1 x 3 = lin tc trn na khong
1
;
5
1
.
( )

5 1 1
f ' x 0; x
5
2 5x 1 2 x 3
=

( )
f x l ng bin
trn
1
;
5
1
.
Mt khc:
( )
f 1 4 = . Khi bt phng trnh
( )
1 cho
( ) ( )
f x f 1 x 1 .
)
x 1;
.
( )

5
3 3 2x 2x 6 1
2x 1

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1 3
x
2 2
< .
Bt phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

5
1 3 3 2x 2x 6 f x g x
2x 1

Xt hm s:
( )
5
f x 3 3 2x
2x 1
=
lin tc trn na khong

1 3
;
2 2
l
(
l
.
( )
( )

3
3 5 1 3
f ' x 0; x ;
2 2
3 2x
2x 1
l

l
= <
l
( )
f x nghch bin
trn
1 3
;
2 2
l
(
l
.
Hm s
( )
g x 2x 6 = l hm s ng bin trn v
( ) ( )
f 1 g 1 8 = = .
Nu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 f x g 1 8 g 1 g x < = = < ng.
Nu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 f x f 1 8 g 1 g x < = = v nghim.
3
x 1;
2
l
l
l
l
.
x 1
( ) ( )

3
8x 2x x 2 x 1 <
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 .
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2x 2x x 1 1 x 1
l
<
l
l

( ) ( )

3
2x 2x x 1 x 1 x 1 <
( )
( )

3
3
2x 2x x 1 x 1 <
( )
( )
( )
f 2x f x 1 1 < vi hm c trng l
( )
3
f t t t = .
Xt hm s
( )
3
f t t t = trn .
( ) ( )
2
f ' t 3t 1 0, t f t = ng bin trn
( )
2
T
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 , 2 f 2x f x 1 2x x 1 < < hay x 1 2x

2
2x 0 x 1 0
2x 0 x 1 4x
' '
1 1
1 1 1

! !
1 1 <
1 1
+ 1+

1 17
1 x 0 0 x
8
< <

1 17
1 x
8
< .
1 17
x 1;
8
1

.
( )

3 2
2x 3x 6x 16 2 3 4 x 1 <
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2 x 4 .
Lc :
( ) ( ) ( )

3 2
1 2x 3x 6x 16 4 x 2 3 f x 2 3 2 < <
Xt hm s:
( )
3 2
f x 2x 3x 6x 16 4 x = lin tc trn
on 2; 4
l
l
l
.
( )
( )
( )
2
3 2
3 x x 1
1
f ' x 0, x 2; 4
2 4 x 2x 3x 6x 16

=

( )
f x ng bin trn
( )
2; 4 v c
( )
f 1 2 3 = nn
( ) ( ) ( )
2 f x f 1 x 1 < < .
)
x 2;1
.
Thi0 du1 131. Gii bt PT:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
x 2 2x 1 3 x 6 4 x 6 2x 1 3 x 2 1
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
1
x
2
.
Khi , phng trnh:
( )
( )( )
( )
1 x 2 x 6 2x 1 3 4 2
Vi
( )
2x 1 3 0 x 5 2 : lun ng.
Vi x 5 :
Xt hm s:
( )
( )( )
f x x 2 x 6 2x 1 3 = lin tc trn
khong
( )
5; .
( )
( )

1 1 x 2 x 6
f ' x 2x 1 3 0; x 5
2 x 2 2 x 6 2x 1
1

=

( )

( )
f x lun ng bin trn khong
( )
5; v c
( )
f 7 4 = .
Do :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 f x f 7 x 7 .
1
x ; 7
2
l
l
l
l
.
BI TP TNG T
2
x x 1 5 = .
S: x 2 = .
Ba6i t1p 442. Gii phng trnh: x 1 x 2 3 = .
S: x 2 = .
Ba6i t1p 443. Gii phng trnh: x x 5 x 7 x 16 14 = .
S: x 9 = .
5 5 5
x 1 x 2 x 3 0 = .
S: x 2 = .
Ba6i t1p 445. Gii phng trnh: 3x 1 x 7x 2 4 = .
S: x 1 = .
3 3
5x 1 2x 1 x 4 = .
S: x 1 = .
2
2x 1 x 3 4 x = .
S: x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 448. Gii phng trnh: 5x 1 2 4 x 5x 10 61 4x = .
S: x 1 = .
2
2 x 1 3 5 x 3x 71 30x = .
S: x 5 = .
2
3x 1 6 x 3x 14x 8 0 = .
i hc khi B nm 2010
S: x 5 = .
3 2 2 3 3 3
x 2 x 1 2x 1 2x = .
S:
1
x 1 x
2
= = .
( )
3
4x x x 1 2x 1 0 =
Cao ng khi A, A
1
, B, D nm 2012
S:
1 5
x
4
= .
( ) ( )
2
x 4x 1 x 3 5 2x 0 = .
thi th i hc 2013 ln 1 khi A THPT Tuy Phc
HD:
( ) ( )
2
1 21
PT 2x 4x 1 5 2x 1 5 2x x
4

l
= =
l
l
.
3 3
6x 1 8x 4x 1 = .
ngh Olympic 30/04 THPT Chuyn L Qu n B Ra Vng
Tu
S:
5 7
x cos ; cos ; cos
9 9 9
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( ) ( )
x 3 x 1 x 3 1 x 2x 0 = .
S: Dng
( ) ( )
f x 1 f 1 x = vi hm c trng
( )
3 2
f t t t 2t x 0 = = .
3 2 3
x 3x 3 3x 5 1 3x = .
S: x 2 x 1 = = .
3 2 3
4x 18x 27x 14 4x 5 = .
S:
7 5
x 1 x
4

= = .
( )
3 2
x 3x 4x 2 3x 2 3x 1 = .
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
3 2 2 3
x 4x 5x 6 7x 9x 4 = .
HD: t
2 3
y 7x 9x 4 = a v h, sau cng li

1 5
x 5 x
2

= = .
( )
( )
( )
2 2
3x 2 9x 3 4x 2 1 x x 1 0 = .
S:
1
x
5
= .
3 2 3
3x 4 x 3x x 2 = .
HD:
( )
3
3
x 1 2cos
9
5
PT x 1 x 1 3x 4 3x 4 x 1 2cos
9
7
x 1 2cos
9
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
1

1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
( )
( )
2 2
2x 3 4x 12x 11 3x 1 9x 2 5x 3 0 = .
S:
3
x
5
= vi hm c trng
( )
( )
2
f t t 1 t 2 = .
3 3 2 2 2
2x 10x 17x 8 2x 5x x = .
HD: Chia hai v
3
x 0
Bin i v dng :
( )
1
f t f
x
1

=

( )
vi hm c trng:
( )
3
f t t 2t = .
S:
17 97
x
12
= .
( )
3 2 2
3
3x 6x 3x 17 3 9 3x 21x 5 = .
HD: Chia 3 hai v
( )
3
3
3
2
x 2 4x x
4 1
= =
.
3 3 2
4
x 2x x 2 81x 8
3
= .
HD:
3 3
2 81x 8 2 81x 8
f x f x
3 3 3 3
1
1

=

( )
( )
.
2 2
4x 1 2 x 2x 2 13 = .
HD:
x 3 2x 2
PT x 1
1 1 x 1 2x 2

=

.
Hm s
( )
t
f t
1 4 t
=

ng bin x 1 = .
Ba6i t1p 467. Gii bt phng trnh: x 9 2x 4 5 .
S:
( )
x 0; .
( )
( )
3
2 x 2 4x 4 2x 2 3x 1 .
HD:
( )
( )
( )

3
f x 4x 4 2x 2 : B
x 3 3x 1
g x : NB
2 x 2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
+
.
2 2
x 2x 3 x 6x 11 3 x x 1 .
S:
(
x 2; 3
l
l
l
.
3 3 3
x 1 2x 1 3x 1 < .
HD: Vi x 1 BPT ng.
Vi x 1 : xt
( )
3 3 3
f x x 1 2x 1 3x 1 = .
Lu rng:
( )

7 7 7
f x f 0 x S : x ;
6 6 6
1 1

< = <

( ) ( )
.
( )( )
2
2 2
2 2
x x
x x 1 2x 2x 1
x x 1 2x 2x 1
=

.
S: x 0 x 1 = = .
3 3
8x 8x 4 4 6x = .
S:
3 3
2 5 2 5
x
2

= .
( )
3 2
x 2 x 1 27x 27x 12x 2 .
HD:
( )
( )
3
3
PT 3x 1 3x 1 x 1 x 1 < .
( )
3 2 2 2
x 3x 5x 3 x 3 x 1 = .
HD:
( ) ( )
( )
3
3
2 2
1 1
PT x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2 2
= x 0 = .

G BI TON CHA THAM S
TRONG PHNG TRNH & BT PHNG TRNH

I KIN THC C BN
Phng php gii bi ton c tham s thng ng dng kin thc ca tam thc bc
hai (rt t) hoc
ng dng ca o hm (ph bin).
C CC C ng dng tam thc bc hai
Xt tam thc bc hai:
( ) ( )

2 2
f x ax bx c, a 0 , b 4ac = = .
Gi S, P l tng v tch ca hai nghim
1 2
x , x . H thc Vit:
1 2
1 2
b
S x x
a
c
P x x
a
'
1
1
= =
1
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1
1+
.
iu kin
( )
f x 0 = c hai nghim tri du P 0 < .
iu kin
( )
f x 0 = c hai nghim phn bit cng du
0
P 0
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
.
iu kin
( )
f x 0 = c hai nghim phn bit dng
0
S 0
P 0
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1
+
.
iu kin
( )
f x 0 = c hai nghim phn bit m
0
S 0
P 0
'
1

1
1
1
<
!
1
1
1
1
+
.
Khi so snh hai nghim vi s 0, ta thng t t x = chuyn v so
snh vi s 0, c th nh sau:
+
( )( )
1 2 1 1
2 1
2 2 1 2
x x 2 0 x x 0
x x
x x 0 x x 0
' ' '
1 1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
+
( )( )
1 2 1 1
1 2
2 2 1 2
x x 2 0 x x 0
x x
x x 0 x x 0
' ' '
1 1 1 < < <
1 1 1 1
< <
! ! !
1 1 1 < <
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
+
( )( )
1 2 1 2
x x x x 0 < < < .
Du ca
( )
f x :
+
( )
0
f x 0, x
a 0
'
1 <
1

!
1
1
+
. +
( )
0
f x 0, x
a 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
+
( )
0
f x 0, x
a 0
'
1 <
1
<
!
1 <
1
+
. +
( )
0
f x 0, x
a 0
'
1
1

!
1 <
1
+
.
C CC C ng dng ca o hm
Bi ton 1. Tm m phng trnh
( )
f x; m 0 = c nghim trn D ?
Bc 1. c lp (tch) m ra khi bin s x v a v dng
( ) ( )
f x A m = .
Bc 2. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
( )
f x trn D.
Bc 3. Da vo bng bin thin xc nh gi tr ca tham s m ng
thng
( )
y A m = nm ngang ct th hm s
( )
y f x = .
Bc 4. Kt lun nhng gi tr cn tm ca m phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m =
c nghim trn D.
Lu :
Nu hm s
( )
y f x = c GTLN v GTNN trn D th gi tr m cn tm
l nhng m tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
D D
minf x A m max f x .
Nu bi ton yu cu tm tm tham s phng trnh c k nghim
phn bit, ta ch cn da vo bng bin thin xc nh sao cho
ng thng
( )
y A m = nm ngang ct th hm s
( )
y f x = ti k
im phn bit.
Bi ton 2. Tm m bt phng trnh
( )
f x; m 0 hoc
( )
f x; m 0 c
nghim trn D ?
Bc 1. c lp (tch) m ra khi bin s x v a v dng
( ) ( )
f x A m hoc
( ) ( )
f x A m .
Bc 2. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
( )
f x trn D.
Bc 3. Da vo bng bin thin xc nh gi tr ca tham s m bt phng
trnh c nghim:
+ Vi bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m l nhng m sao cho tn
ti phn th nm trn ng thng
( )
y A m , = tc l
( ) ( )
D
A m max f x
( )
( )

D
khi max f x .
+ Vi bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m l nhng m sao cho tn
ti phn th nm di ng thng
( )
y A m , = tc l
( ) ( )
D
A m minf x
( )
( )

D
khi minf x .
Bi ton 3. Tm tham s m bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m hoc
( ) ( )
f x A m nghim ng x D ?
Bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m nghim ng
( ) ( )
D
x D minf x A m .
Bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x A m nghim ng
( ) ( )
D
x D max f x A m .
Lu :
Cc bi ton lin quan h phng trnh, h bt phng trnh
ta cn bin i chuyn v cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh.
Khi i bin, cn quan tm n iu kin ca bin mi.
II CC V D MINH HA
Thi0 du1 132. Cho phng trnh:
( )
x 4 x 4 x x 4 m = (m l tham
s)
1/ Gii phng trnh khi m 6 = .
2/ Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
Cao ng Hi Quan H khng phn ban nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 4 .
( )
( )
2
2
x 4 2.2. x 4 2 x x 4 m =
( )

2
x 4 2 x x 4 m x 4 2 x x 4 m = =

( ) ( )
( )

2 2
x 4 2 x 4 1 5 m x 4 1 m 5
l
l
= =
l
l

1/ Khi m 6 = th
( )
( )
2
x 4 1 1 x 4 0 x 4 = = = .
2/
( )
c nghim
( )
2
m 5 x 4 1 1 m 6 = .
Thi0 du1 133. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
( )

3 2 2
1 x 2. 1 x a =
i hc Giao thng vn ti c s II Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
Nhn thy nu
o
x l nghim th
o
x cng l nghim ca phng trnh.
Do , phng trnh c nghim duy nht
o o o
x x x 0 = = .
Th
o
x 0 = vo
( )
ta c:
3
a 1 0 2. 1 0 a 3 = = .
Th li:
Vi a 3 = th
( ) ( )

3 2 2
1 x 2. 1 x 3 =
t :
( )
3 2 2
6 2
3 2
t 1 x
t 1 x , 0 t 1
t 1 x
'
1
= 1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
6 3 2 2 2
t 2t 3 0 t 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x 0 = = = = =
(nghim duy nht).
Vy vi a 3 = th phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Lu : C th gii bi ton trn bng hai cch khc
Cch 1. Kho st hm s
( )
3 2 2
f x 1 x 2. 1 x = trn khong
0;1
l
l
l
.
Cch 2. t hai n ph
2 2 2 2 3
3 2
3 2
u 1 x 0 u 1 x u v 0
u 2v a v 1 x
v 1 x
'
1 ' '
1 1
= = = 1
1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1
1+ 1+
1+
.
Bn c t gii.
Thi0 du1 134. Tm tham s m phng trnh:
2
x 3x 1 m = c nghim thc ?
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh D = .
t
( )

2
f x x 3x 1, x = .
Ta c:
( )

2
2 2
3x 3x 1 3x
f ' x 1 , x
3x 1 3x 1

= =

.
Cho
( )
2
2
3x 1 3x
f ' x 0 0
3x 1

= =

2
2 2
x 0
3x 0
1
3x 1 3x x
1
x 3x 1 9x
6
6
'
1 <
' 1
1
1
1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
Bng bin thin

x

1
6

( )
f ' x

0

( )
f x

3 1
2
6

Vy phng trnh c nghim thc th:
3 1
m
2
6
.
Thi0 du1 135. Tm tham s m phng trnh:
( ) ( )

2 2
3x 2x 3 m x 1 x 1 =
c nghim ?
Trch thi th i hc nm 2012 t 2 TTBDVH Thng Long Tp. H
Ch Minh
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 2x 1 2 x 1 m x 1 x 1 =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
2 2
x 1 2 x 1 m x 1 x 1 1 =
V x 1 = khng l nghim, nn chia hai v
( )
1 cho
( )
2
x 1 x 1 0, ta c:
( ) ( )

2
2
x 1 x 1
1 2. m 2
x 1
x 1

=

t
( )
3
2
2
x 1 1 x
t t'
x 1
x 1

= =
. Cho t' 0 x 1 = = .
Bng bin thin:
x 1

t' 0

t

2

1 1
Ta c:
x x 2 2
x 1 x 1
lim 1; lim 1
x 1 x 1

= =

.
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c:
(
t 1; 2
l

l
l
.
Lc , yu cu bi ton
( )
2
f t t m
t
= = c nghim
(
t 1; 2 , t 0
l

l
l
.
Xt hm s:
( )
2
f t t
t
= trn na khong
(

1; 2 \ 0
l
l
l
.
( )
(

2
2 2
2 t 2
f ' t 1 0, t 1; 2 \ 0
t t
l
= =
l
l
.
Bng bin thin
t
1 0 2

( )
f ' t

( )
f t
3

2 2

Da vo bng bin thin, gi tr m cn tm l: m 3 m 2 2 < .
Thi0 du1 136. Tm tham s m
( ) ( )
4m 3 x 3 3m 4 1 x m 1 0 = c
nghim thc ?
Olympic 30 04 nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh D = .
Hm s xc nh khi:
x 3 0
3 x 1
1 x 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
hay x 3;1
l

l
l
.
Nhn thy:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x 3 1 x
x 3 1 x 4 1
2 2
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
. Gip ta
lin tng n cng thc lng gic
2 2
sin cos 1 = . Do , ta t:
x 3
sin
2
= v
1 x
cos
2
= .
Do x 3;1
l

l
l
nn 0;
2
l
l

l
l
.
Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
PT 2 4m 3 sin 2 3m 4 cos m 1 0, 0;
2
l
l
=
l
l

t
2
2 2
2t 1 t
t tan , t 0;1 sin ; cos
2 1 t 1 t

l
= = =
l
l

.
Lc :
( ) ( ) ( )

2
2 2
4t 2 2t
4m 3 3m 4 m 1 0, t 0;1
1 t 1 t
l
=
l
l

.

2 2
2
5mt 16mt 7m 7t 12t 9
0, t 0;1
1 t

l
=
l
l

( )

2
2
7t 12t 9
m g t , t 0;1
5t 16t 7

l
= =
l
l

Tm
( )
( )

2
2
2
52t 8t 60
g' t 0, t 0;1
5t 16t 7

l
= <
l
l

.
Bng bin thin:

t 0 1
( )
g' t

( )
g t

9
7

7
9

Da vo bng bin thin: phng trnh c nghim thc th:
7 9
m
9 7
.
Thi0 du1 137. Cho phng trnh:
( )( ) ( )
x 1 3 x x 1 3 x m = (m l
tham s)
1/ Gii phng trnh khi m 2 = .
2/ Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
i hc s phm Vinh khi A B E nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 3 .
t
( )( )
2
t x 1 3 x t x 1 3 x 2 x 1 3 x = = .

( )( )

2
t 4
x 1 3 x
2
= .
Ta c:
( )( )
2
t 0
t 2 t 4 2 x 1 3 x 4 t 2
t 2
'
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
+
.
Du " " = xy ra khi x 1 x 3 = = .
Ta li c:
( ) ( ) ( )

B.C.S
2 2
2 2
x 1 3 x 1 1 x 1 3 x t 2 2
l
l

l
l
.
t 2; 2 2
l

l
l
.
( )
2
t 4
t m 2m t 2t 4
2
2
= = .
1/ Khi m 2 = th
( )
( )
2
t 2 x 1
t 2t 0 x 1 3 x 2
x 3 t 0 L

= =

= =

= =

.
2/ Xt hm s
( )
2
f t t 2t 4 = trn on 2; 2 2
l
l
l
.
( )
f ' t 2t 2 = . Cho
( )
f ' t 0 t 1 = = .
Bng bin thin
t
1 2 2 2

( )
f ' t
0

( )
f t
4

4 2 4

Da vo bng bin thin, phng trnh c nghim
( ) ( )
2; 2 2 2; 2 2
min f t 2m max f t
l l
l l
l l

4 2 4 2m 4 2 2 2 m 2 .
Thi0 du1 138. Tm tham s thc m phng trnh:
( )

2
m x 2 x m 1 = c ng ba
nghim thc phn bit ?
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh: D = .
Ta c:
( ) ( )

2
2
x
1 m x 2 m x m f x ; x
x 2 1
= = =

.
Tnh:
( )
( )

2 2
2
2 2
x 2 x 2
f ' x x 2 1 ; x
x 2 x 2

= =

.
Cho
( )
2
2 2
2
x 2
2 x 2
f ' x 0 0 x 2 2 x 2 4
x 2
x 2
=

= = = =

=
.
Bng xt du
( )
f ' x :

x
2 2
( )
f ' x

0 0

( )
f x
2

2
Da vo bng bin thin, hm s c ba nghim thc phn bit th:
2 m 2 < < .
Thi0 du1 139. Vi gi tr no ca a th bt phng trnh sau c nghim ng vi mi gi tr
ca x:
( )( ) ( )

2 2
x 4x 3 x 4x 6 a
i hc Y Thi Bnh nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
t
( )
2
2
t x 4x 3 x 2 1 1 = = v
( ) ( )
t t 3 a .
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
f t t t 3 t 3t = = trn na khong
)
1;
.
( )
f ' t 2t 3 = . Cho
( )
3
f ' t 0 t
2
= = .
Bng bin thin
t

3
2
1
( )
f ' t
0

( )
f t

2
Da vo bng bin thin, bt phng trnh c nghim ng th
)
( )
1;
a min f t 2
= hay
(
a ; 2
l

l
l
.
Thi0 du1 140. Tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh:
( )
2 2
x 4x 5 x 4x m 1 c nghim thc trong on 2; 3
l
l
l
.
Bi gii tham kho
Tp xc nh: D = .
t
2 2 2
t x 4x 5 1 x 4x t 5 = = .
Khi :
( ) ( ) )
2 2
1 t t 5 m m t t 5 g t , t 1;
.
Ta c:
( ) ( )

1
g' t 2t 1. Cho g' t 0 t
2
= = = .
Bng bin thin:

t
1
2
2 3
( )
g' t

0

( )
g t
3

1

Da vo bng bin thin, m 1 tha yu cu bi ton.
Thi0 du1 141. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c nghim:
( )
( )
x x x 12 m 5 x 4 x =
Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 0 x 4 5 x 4 x 0 .
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
x x x 12 5 x 4 x 5 x 4 x 5 x 4 x m =

( )( )
( )
x x x 12 5 x 4 x 5 x 4 x m =
( )
( )( )
( )
f x x x x 12 5 x 4 x m = =
Xt hm s
( )
( )( )
f x x x x 12 5 x 4 x = trn on
0; 4
l
l
l
.
( )
( ) ( )
3 1 1 1
f ' x x 5 x 4 x x x x 12
2
x 12 2 5 x 2 4 x
1 1

=

( ) ( )

( )
( )
3 1 x x x 12
f ' x 5 x 4 x x 0, x 0; 4
2
x 12 2 5 x 4 x
l

l
l
=
l l
l
l
l
.
( )
f x ng bin trn
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0;4
0;4
minf x f 0 2 3 5 2
0; 4
max f x f 4 12
l
l
l
l
l
l
'
1
= = 1
1
1
l

!
l
l
1
= =
1
1
1+
.
Phng trnh
( )
c nghim
( ) ( )
0;4 0;4
minf x m max f x
l l
l l
l l

( )
2 3 5 2 m 12 .
Thi0 du1 142. Gii h bt phng trnh sau theo tham s m:
( )

2
4 2
1
4
x
x 4x m m 4 0
'
1
1
<
1
1
!
1
1

1
1+

i hc Hng Hi nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( )
( )

2
2
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 4x
x x 0
2 2 x
f x x 4x 4 m m x 4x m m 4 0
' '
1 1
1 1
< <
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Xt hm s
( )
4
f x x 4x 4 = trn cc khong
1 1
; ;
2 2
1 1

( ) ( )
.
( )
3
f ' x 4x 4 = . Cho
( )
f ' x 0 x 1 = = .
Bng bin thin
x
1
1
2

1
2

( )
f ' x
0

( )
f x

33
16

1

97
16

Da vo bng bin thin, h c nghim
2
m m 1 <
2
m m 1 0
2
1 3
m 0, m
2 4
1

( )

m th h lun c nghim.
Thi0 du1 143. Tm m phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
x 1 3 x x 1 3 x m = c
nghim ?
Trung tm o to bi dng cn b y t nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x 3 .
t t x 1 3 x 0 = .
( )( ) ( )

2
t 2 2 x 1 3 x 2 1 = . Du " " = xy ra khi
x 1 x 3 = = .
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy:
( )( ) ( )
Cauchy
2 2
t 2 2 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 3 x t 4 2 = .
Du " " = xy ra khi x 1 3 x x 2 = = .
T
( ) ( )
2
2 t 4
1 , 2 2 t 2
t 0
'
1

1
1

!
1
1
1+
hay t 2;2
l
l
l
.
( )
2
t 2t 2 2m = .
Xt hm s
( )
2
f t t 2t 2 = trn on 2;2
l
l
l
.
( )
f ' t 2t 2 = . Cho
( )
f ' t 0 t 1 = = .
Bng bin thin
t
1 2 2

( )
f ' t 0

( )
f t

2 2

2

Da vo bng bin thin, phng trnh c nghim:
2 2m 2 2 1 m 2 .
Thi0 du1 144. Tm m phng trnh sau c 2 nghim thc phn bit:
( )

2
2x mx 3 x 1 =
Cao ng Ti chnh Hi quan khi A nm 2006
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( ) ( )

2
2
2
x 1 0
x 1
2x m 2 x 4 0
2x mx 3 x 1
'
' 1 1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+

Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
( )
c hai nghim phn bit
tha
1 2
1 x x
( )
a 0
0
m 1
m 1
a.f 1 0
m 4
S
1
2
'
1
1
1
1

1
'
1 1
1 1

! !

1 1 <
1 1
+
1
1
1
1
1+
.

BI TP TNG T
Ba6i t1p 475. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s thc m phng trnh sau c nghim:
( )( )
( )
( )
6 x 2 4 x 2x 2 m 4 4 x 2x 2 , x = ?
Cao ng khi A nm 2011
S: 0 m 1 .
Ba6i t1p 476. Tm tham s m phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 3
x m 2 x 4 m 1 x 4x = c nghim ?
S: m 7 .
Ba6i t1p 477. Tm tham s m bt phng trnh:
2
m x 1 x 2 m c nghim
?
S:
5
m
4
.
Ba6i t1p 478. Tm m phng trnh x 3 2 x 4 x 6 x 4 5 m = c
ng hai nghim phn bit ?
Ba6i t1p 479. Tm tham s m bt phng trnh:
( )
( )
2
m x 2x 2 1 x 2 x 0 c nghim x 0;1 3
l

l
l
?
S:
2
m
3
.
Ba6i t1p 480. Tm m bt phng trnh:
4 4
x 1 x x 1 x m c
nghim ng x 0;1
l

l
l
?
S:
4
2
m 2
2
.
Ba6i t1p 481. Tm m phng trnh:
2
x mx 2 2x 1 = c hai nghim phn
bit ?
i hc khi B nm 2006
S:
9
m
2
.
2
m x 2x 2 x 2 = c hai nghim phn
bit ?
thi th i hc 2010 ln 1 THPT Phan Chu Trinh Nng
S:
( )
m 1; 10 .
4 2
3 x 1 m x 1 2 x 1 = c nghim ?
i hc khi A nm 2007
S:
1
1 m
2
.
2 4
x 2x 4 x 1 m = c ng mt
nghim ?
S:
4
0 m 3 < .
4 4
2x 2x 2 6 x 2 6 x m = c
ng hai nghim thc phn bit ?
i hc khi A nm 2008
S:
4
2 6 2 6 m 6 3 2 < .
3 2
m x 1 x 2 = c nghim thc ?
S:
( )
2 3 1
m
2 3 3
.
Ba6i t1p 487. Tm m phng trnh: x m 1 x 3m = c nghim ?
S:
37 1 19 1
m
18 9

.
Ba6i t1p 488. Cho phng trnh:
( )

2
x 9 x x 9x m = . Xc nh
tham s m phng trnh
( )
c nghim.
i hc Y Dc Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1997 1998
S:
9
m 10
4
.
( )
( )
4
1
x x 1 m x 16 x x 1 1
x 1
l
l
=
l
l
c hai nghim thc
phn bit ?
S: 16 m 11 .
Ba6i t1p 490. Cho phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
1 x 8 x 1 x 1 8 m = = . Tm
tham s m phng trnh
( )
c nghim ?
i hc Kinh T Quc Dn nm 1998 1999
S:
9
3 m 3 2
2
.
2
1 x 3 x m 3 2x x 2 c nghim thc ?
S: 2 2 16 m 2 2 .
( )
3
2 2
x 1 x m c nghim ?
S: m 1 .
2
11 7
x 2 1 m
2x x
lun ng x 0
?
S:
15
m
2
.
( ) ( )
2
1 x 4 m x 1 m 1 x 1 = c
nghim thc ?
S:
)
m 3;
.
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 m = c nghim
thc ?
S:
)
m 2;
.
( )
2x 3 2 x m 3x 5 = c nghim
thc ?
S:
5
m 1; 2 \
2
' '
1 1
1 1 l
1 1
! !
l
1 1 l
1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
x x x 12 m 5 x 4 x = c
nghim thc ?
S: m 2 15 4 3; 12
l

l
l
.
( )
2 2 4 2 2
m 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x 1 x = c nghim
thc ?
i hc khi B nm 2004
S:
3 2 4
m 2 5;
2
l

l
l (
l
.
2
x 4 x m 4x x = c nghim thc
?
S: m 5; 6
l
l
l
.
2 2
2 x x 1 x x 1 m = c
nghim thc ?
S:
)
m 3;

( )
( )
2 2
m 2 1 x 1 x m = c nghim
thc ?
thi th i hc ln 1 khi D nm 2010 THPT Phan Chu Trinh
Nng
S:
4
m ;
3
1
.
2 4
x 1 x m = c nghim thc ?
S:
(
m 0;1
l
l
l
.
( )( )
2 5
4
x 34x m x 1 x 33 1 = c
nghim thc ?
S:
)
m 34;
.
2 2
x 4x 21 x 3x 10 m = c
nghim thc ?
S: m 2; 4
l
l
l
.
6 5 4 3 2
x 3x 6x mx 6x 3x 1 0 = c
S:
( ) ( )
m ; 4 21; .
4 3 4 3 4
x 4x 16x m x 4x 16x m 6 = c ng hai nghim
thc phn bit ?
S:
( )
m ;27 .
( )
2 2
2 x 4 x x 4 x 2 3m 0 = c
S:
2 2 2 5
m ;
3 3
1

.
( )
( )
2 2 2
2x 4 x 2 m 2 x 4 x m 0 = c ng hai nghim
thc phn bit ?
S:
)
m 2 3 2;2
.
( )
2 2
10x 8x 4 m 2x 1 x 1 = c ng
hai nghim thc phn bit ?
S:
( )
12 5
m 5; 4 4;
5
l
l (
l
.
Ba6i t1p 510. Tm m bt phng trnh: mx x 3 m 1 c nghim thc ?
S:
2
m ;
3
l
l

l
(
l
.
2
x 2m 4x x c nghim thc ?
S:
(
m ; 2 1
l

l
l
.
( )( )
2
4 x 6 x x 2x m ng
x 4; 6
l

l
l
?
S:
)
m 6;
.
( )
( )
2
x 4 x m x 4x 5 2 0
nghim ng x 2; 2 3
l

l
l
?
S:
1
m ;
4
1
.
( )( )
2
1 2x 3 x 2x 5x 3 m ng
1
x ; 3
2
l
l

l
l
?
S:
(
m ; 0
l

l
l
.
2 2
x 3x 2 m x 3x 4 ng
)
x 3;
?
S:
(
m ;2 2
l

l
l
.
( )
3 2
1
x 2x m 1 x m
x
ng
)
x 2;
?
S:
3
m ;
2
l
l

l
(
l
.
2
x 3 x m 3x x 3 0 ng
x 0; 3
l

l
l
?
S:
6 2 6
m ;
3
l

l
l (
l
.
2 2 3
x 4x 8 x 2x 2 4m m
ng x ?
HSG lp 12 Tnh Hi Dng nm 2009 2010
S:
1 13 1 13
m ; 1 ;
2 2
l 1

l

l )
l
.
x
1 x 1 x 2
m
ng
x 0;1
l

l
l
?
S:
(
m ;2 2
l

l
l
.
( ) ( )
3
4
x 1 x 2m x 1 x 2 x 1 x m = c nghim duy nht ?
Hc Vin K Thut Qun S nm 1997 1998
S: m 1 m 0 = = .
Ba6i t1p 521. Tm m sao cho phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit lp thnh mt
cp s nhn:
( )
4 3 2
16x mx 2m 17 x mx 16 0 = .
S: m 170 = .
Ba6i t1p 522. Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr dng ca tham s m, phng trnh sau
c hai nghim thc phn bit:
( )
2
x 2x 8 m x 2 = .
i hc khi B nm 2007
Ba6i t1p 523. Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 1 nghim:
x
4 4
x 13 m x 1 0 = .
D b 2 i hc khi B nm 2007
S:
3
m m 12
2
= .
2
3x 1
2x 1 ax
2x 1
(a l tham s). Tm a
phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht ?
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh khi A t III nm 1998
Ba6i t1p 525. Tm a phng trnh:
3 3
1 x 1 x m = c nghim ?
S: 0 m 2 < .
Ba6i t1p 526. Tm tham s m phng trnh: m x m x m = c nghim ?
i hc Thy Sn nm 1998
Ba6i t1p 527. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh: x m x 2m x 3m vi
m l tham s.
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh khi D nm 1997
Ba6i t1p 528. Cho bt phng trnh:
( )
2
2 2
x 1 m x x 2 4 . Tm m bt
phng trnh cho c tha x 0;1
l

l
l
.
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh khi A t III i hc Lut
nm 1997
( )( )
3 x 6 x 3 x 6 x m = c
nghim ?
S:
6 2 9
m 3
2
.
Ba6i t1p 530. Tm a 0 bt phng trnh: x x 1 a c nghim ?
i hc Y Dc Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1996
S: 0 a 1 < < .
Ba6i t1p 531. Xc nh m phng trnh:
( )( )
7 x 2 x 7 x 2 x m =
c nghim ?
Ba6i t1p 532. Cho bt phng trnh:
( )
a 2 x a x 1 . Tm tt c cc gi tr ca
a phng trnh c nghim x tha 0 x 2 ?
i hc Bch Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1994
Ba6i t1p 533. Cho bt phng trnh: mx x 3 m 1 . Vi gi tr no ca m th
bt phng trnh c nghim ?
i hc Ngoi Thng nm 1993 i hc Kin Trc Tp. H Ch Minh
nm 1994
S:
1 3
m
4
.
2
2x mx 3 x = vi m l tham s. Xc nh m
phng trnh c duy nht mt nghim ?
i hc S Phm K Thut Tp. H Ch Minh khi B V nm 2001
Ba6i t1p 535. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh:
2
4 x mx m 2 =
c nghim ?
i hc Hng c khi A nm 2000
Ba6i t1p 536. Xc nh theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
4 4 4
x 4x m x 4x m 6 = ?
Ba6i t1p 537. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 2
x 2x 2 2m 1 2x 4x = ?
Cao ng Kinh t i ngoi khi A D nm 2006
S: m 1 .
( )( ) ( )
x 1
x 3 x 1 4 x 3 m
x 3
. Vi gi tr
no ca m th phng trnh c nghim ?
i hc Tng Hp Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1991 1992
S: m 4 .
Ba6i t1p 539. Xc nh tham s m phng trnh:
( )( )
2
x 6x m x 5 1 x 0 = c nghim.
Cao ng S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2001
( )

2 2
x 4 x m 0 = . nh m phng
trnh
( )
c nghim.
Cao ng S Phm Th Dc TWII nm 2002
( )
x 4 x 4 x x 4 m = . Tm tham
s m phng trnh
( )
c nghim.
Cao ng Hi Quan Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1999
S: m 6 .
( ) ( )
2m 1 x 2 m 2 2 x m 1 0 =
c nghim ?
HSG lp 12 Tnh Thi Bnh Nm hc 2007 2008
HD: Lng gic ha.

PHN 2 H PHNG TRNH
Mt s tng gii h phng trnh:
Khng c mt cng c vn nng no trong vic x l cc h phng trnh. Ta phi
cn c vo c im ca h phng trnh phn tch v tm ti ra li gii. Mt s
tng gii h l
C Phng php th, phng php cng.
C Phng php t n ph.
C S dng tnh n iu ca hm s.
C S dng bt ng thc.
C S dng s phc v lng gic.
A H PHNG TRNH C BN

I KIN THC C BN
1/ Gii h bng phng php th, phng php cng
a/ H c cha mt phng trnh bc nht
Phng php gii: Rt n bc nht theo n th hai, ri th vo phng
trnh cn li.
b/ H phng trnh bc hai c dng:
( )

2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
a x b y c xy d x e y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Phng php gii:
Kim tra xem y 0 x .... = = c phi l nghim khng, nu l nghim th nhn
nghim ny.
Vi y 0, t x ty = (hoc x 0, t y tx = ). Lc :
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
a y t b y c y t d ty e y 0
a y t b y c y t d ty e y 0
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 1 1
y a t b c t y d t e 0
y a t b c t y d t e 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
d t e
y
d t e d t e a t b c t
t y x
d t e
a t b c t a t b c t
y
a t b c t
'
1

1
1
=
1
1

1
1
=
!
1

1
1
=
1
1

1
1+
.
c/ H dng
( )
( ) ( )
( )

m
n k
f x; y a
f x; y f x; y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Trong : vi
( ) ( ) ( )

m n k
f x; y , f x; y , f x; y l cc biu thc ng cp bc
m, n, k tha mn m n k = .
Phng php gii:
S dng k thut ng bc:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

m m
n k m n k
f x; y a f x; y a 1
a.f x; y a.f x; y f x; y .f x; y a.f x; y 2
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Ni mt cch khc: k thut ng bc l s kt hp gia hai phng trnh (bng
phng php th) c mt phng trnh thun nht dng:
k n m m n k
a.x bx .y c.x .y d.y 0 = . Sau , a phng trnh ny thnh
phng trnh bc hai hay phng trnh tch s hoc tm ra mi lin h gia x v y
trc tip. Kt hp vi phng trnh cn li.
Th d nh:
( )
( )( )

4 4
4 4 4 4 3 3 2
3 3 2 3 3 2
3 3 2
4x y 1 4x y
4x y 4x y 4x y x y xy 4x y
x y xy 1 x y xy 1
x y xy 1
'
1
1 =
' ' 1
1 1
= =
1
1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1
= =
1 1 1
1+ 1+
1
=
1
1+
.
2/ H phng trnh i xng loi I:
( )
( )
( )
f x, y 0
I
g x, y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi
( ) ( )
f x, y f y, x = v
( ) ( )
g x, y g y, x = .
Nhn dng: i ch hai n th h phng trnh khng thay i v trt t cc
phng trnh cng khng thay i.
Phng php gii:
Bin i v tng tch v t
S x y
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
a v h mi
( )
II vi n S, P.
Gii h
( )
II tm c S, P v iu kin c nghim
( )
x; y l
2
S 4P .
Tm nghim
( )
x; y bng cch gii phng trnh
2
X SX P 0 = hoc nhm
nghim vi S, P n gin.
Mt s bin i hng ng thc hay dng trong dng ny a v tng tch:

( )
2
2 2 2
x y x y 2xy S 2P = = .

( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
x y x y 3xy x y S 3SP = = .

( ) ( )
2 2
2
x y x y 4xy S 4P = = .

( )
2
4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
x y x y 2x y S 4S P 2P = = .

( )( )
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y x xy y x xy y = .

3/ H phng trnh i xng loi II:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

f x; y 0 1
I
f y; x 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn dng: i ch 2 n th h phng trnh khng thay i v trt t cc
phng trnh thay i.
Phng php gii: Ly v tr v v phn tch thnh nhn t, lc no ta
cng thu c mt nhn t
( )
x y tc c x y = . C
th cc bc nh sau:
Tr
( )
1 v
( )
2 v theo v ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

f x; y f y; x 0 3
I
f x; y 0 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bin i
( )
3 v phng trnh tch:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x y
3 x y .g x, y 0
g x, y 0
.
Lc :
( )
( ) ( )
( )

f x, y 0 f x, y 0
I
x y g x, y 0
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Gii cc h trn ta tm c nghim ca h
( )
I .
4/ H phng trnh ng cp:
( )

2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
a x b xy c y d
I
a x b xy c y d
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Gii h khi x 0 = (hoc y 0 = ).
Khi x 0, t y tx = . Th vo h
( )
I ta c h theo t v x. Kh x ta tm c
phng trnh bc hai theo t. Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c t, t tm c
( )
x; y .
Lu :
trn l h ng cp bc hai, nu h ng cp bc ba hoc bn, ta cng gii
tng t.
II CC V D MINH HA
Thi0 du1 145. Gii h phng trnh:
( )

3
2
x 2xy 5y 7
3x 2x y 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: V phng trnh hai ca h c th rt y theo theo x, lc
thay vo phng trnh mt, th phng trnh mt l bc ba,
nn rt nhiu kh nng gii bng phng php th. Nn ta
c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )

3
2
x 2xy 5y 7 1
y 3 2x 3x 2
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

Thay
( )
2 vo
( )
1 ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1 x 2x 3 2x 3x 5 3 2x 3x 7 =

3 2
7x 19x 4x 8 0 =
( )( )

2
x 1 7x 12x 8 0 =

6 2 33 6 2 33
x 1 x x
7 7

= = = .
Vi x 1 y 2 = = .
Vi
6 2 33 153 44 23
x y
7 49

= = .
Vi
6 2 33 153 44 23
x y
7 49

= = .
( ) ( )
( )

3 2
4 6 2
2x y x 1 4x 1
5x 4x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: V phng trnh
( )
1 cha y bc nht nn ta ngh n vic rt
y theo x v th vo phng trnh
( )
2 ca h. Nhng lu
rng, khi ta rt y theo x s xut hin
( )
x 1 di mu s,
ta nn xt khi x 1 = y ... = phi l nghim ca h
hay khng, nu l nghim th nhn nghim ny. Xt
x 1 ta rt y theo x v ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
2 3
4x 2x
1 y
x 1
(do x 1 = th
( )
1 1 4 = nn x 1 = khng
l nghim)
Thay vo phng trnh
( )
2 ta c:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
4
2 3
4 6
2
4x 2 x
4x 2x
2 5x 4x
x 1
x 1
1

= =

( )

( )
( )
( )

2
4 2
2
4 2 x
x 5 4x 0
x 1
l
l
l =
l
l
l

( )( ) ( )

2 2
2
x 0
5 4x x 1 4 2 x 0

4 3 2
x 0
4x 8x 3x 26x 11 0

( )( )( )

2
x 0
x 1 2x 1 2x 7x 11 0

1
x 0 x 1 x
2
= = = .
Vi x 0 y 0 = = .
Vi x 1 y 1 = = .
Vi
1 1
x y
2 2
= = .
( )
( ) ( )

5
x y 1 1
2
3
y 2 x 3 x 1 2
4
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )
y 1
5
x
x 1
2
y 1
5
1 x
2
'
1
1
1
'
1 1
1 1

1 1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1+
1

1
1
+
.
( )
2
2
5 5 21
1 y 1 x y 1 x y x 5x
2 2 4
1

= = =

( )
. Th
vo
( )
2 , ta c:
( ) ( )
2
21 3
2 x 5x 2 x 3 x 1
4 4
=
( )

2
x 5x 6 2 x 3 x 1 0 =
( )( ) ( )
x 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 1 0 =
( )
x 3 x 2 2 x 1 0
l
=
l
l

( )

3
x 3 y
4
5
x 2 2 x 1 0 VNdo : 1 x nn : x 2 2 x 1 0
2
= =

( )
.
Vy nghim h l
( )
3
x; y 3;
4
1

=

( )
.
( )
( )

2 2
2 2
14x 21y 22x 39y 0 1
35x 28y 111x 10y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: y l h bc hai dng
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
(xem li phng
php gii phn l thuyt).
Bi gii tham kho
Vi x 0, y 0 = = th
( )
0 0
0 0
'
1 =
1

!
1 =
1
+
nn
( ) ( )
x; y 0; 0 = l nghim ca
( )
.
Vi x 0 : t x ty = th
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
14x 21t x 22x 39tx 0
35x 28t x 111x 10tx 0
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2 2
2 2
14 21t x 39t 22 x
35 28t x 10t 111 x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
( )

2
2
39t 22
x 2
14 21t
, do : x 0
10t 111
x
35 28t
'
1
1
=
1
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1

1+

2 2
39t 22 10t 111
14 21t 35 28t

=

3 2
1
186t 421t 175t 112 0 t
3
= = .
Thay
1
t
3
= vo
( )
2
39t 22
2 x 3
14 21t
= =
.
Thay x 3 = vo
( )
1 y 1 = .
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 0; 0 , 3;1 = .
( )

3 3
2 2 3
x y 1
x y 2xy y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: Thy rng v tri ca phng trnh th hai l bc ba, cn v
phi l bc khng. Nu ta s dng k thut ng bc, tc l
th phng trnh mt vo hai:
( ) ( )

3 3
2 2 3 3 3
2 2 3
1 x y
x y 2xy y 2. x y
x y 2xy y 2.1
'
1
= 1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
1+
th y l phng trnh thun nht cng bc ba v sau , ta
chia hai v cho
3
y 0 (v y 0 = khng l nghim) th
c phng trnh bc ba vi n l
x
y
1

( )
. Nn ta c li gii
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
3 3
2 2 3 3 3
x y 1
x y 2xy y 2 x y
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

( )

3 3
2 2 3 3
x y 1
1
x y 2xy y 2x 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Do y 0 = khng l nghim ca h phng trnh nn chia hai v phng
trnh hai ca h
( )
1 cho
3
y 0 :
( )
3 3
2 3
x y 1
1
x x x
2. 1 2 0
y y y
'
1
=
1
1
1
1 1 1 !
1
=
1

1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
+

3 3
3 2
x y 1
x x x
2 2. 1 0
y y y
'
1
=
1
1
1
1 1 1 !
1
=
1

1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
+

3 3
x y 1
x x x 1
1 1
y y y 2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
= = =
1
1
1+

3
3
3
3
1
3
x
x
2 3
1
2 3
y
y
2 3
' '
1 1
1 1
=
1 1 =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
1 1 =
1 1
1 1+ +
.
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l
( )
3 3
3 3
1 1 3 2 3
x; y ; , ;
3 3
2 2
' ' 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
( )( ) ( )

2 2
2 2 5
x y 2 1
x y 4 x y 2xy 2y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: Phng trnh th hai c
( )
x y bc nht,
( )
2 2
4 x y 2xy c
bc bn nhng cc hng t cha ng bc. V vy, ta ngh n
php th ca phng trnh u to biu thc thun nht, ng
bc. Ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
Thay
( )
1 vo
( )
2 ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 5
2 x y x y x y x y xy 2y
l
= l
l
l

( ) ( )

4 4 2 2 2 2 5
x y x y x y xy x y 2y
l
=
l
l

5 5 5 5 5
x y 2y x y x y = = = .
Thay x y = vo phng trnh
( )
1 ta c:
2
x y
x y 1
2x 2
'
1 =
1
1
= =
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 , 1; 1 = .
( )

3 3
2 2
x 8x y 2y
x 3y 6
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

thi hc sinh gii tnh H Tnh nm 2008 D b 2 i hc khi A
nm 2006
Nhn xt: H
( )
( )
3 3
2 2
x y 2 4x y
x 3y 6
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+
. Ta ngh n vic ng bc
ca phng trnh th nht bng cch dng php th t phng
trnh th hai trong h. Nhng trc ht ta cn nhn thm cho 3
hai v ca phng trnh mt xut hin s 6. Ta c li gii
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
3 3
2 2
x y 2 4x y
x 3y 6
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( )

3 3
2 2
3 x y 6 4x y
x 3y 6
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( )( )

3 3 2 2
2 2
3 x y x 3y 4x y
x 3y 6
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

3 2 2
2 2
x x y 12xy 0
x 3y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )( )

2 2
x x 3y x 4y 0
x 3y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

2 2
x 0 x 3y x 4y
x 3y 0
'
1 = = =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Vi
2 2
x 0
x 0 :
x 3y 0
'
1 =
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+
v nghim.
Vi
2 2 2
x 3y x 3y x 3 x 3
x 3y
y 1 y 1 x 3y 6 y 1
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + 1 1 + +
.
Vi

2 2
2
6 6
x 4y
x 4 x 4
x 4y
13 13
x 4y
6
x 3y 6
y 6 6
y y
13
13 13
' '
1 1
1 1
'
1 = 1 1 = = '
1 1 = 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 =
=
1 1 1 1
1+
1 1 1 = =
1+
1 1
1 1
+ +
.
Vy tp nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6
x; y 3;1 , 3; 1 , 4 ; , 4 ;
13 13 13 13
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )

2
3 2 2 3
5x 3y x 3xy
x x y 3y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

thi th i hc 2013 ln 1 khi A THPT Chuyn H Ni
AMSTERDAM
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )

2
3 3 2 2
5x 3xy x 3y 1
x 3y x y 2
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

Trng hp 1. x 3y 0 x 3y x y 0 = = = = .
Trng hp 2.
2 2
x y 0 x y 0 = = = v tha mn h.
Trng hp 3.
2 2
x 3y 0
:
x y 0
'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1+
ly
( )
1 chia
( )
2 ta c:
( )
( )
2
3 3 2 2
1
5x 3xy x 3y
x 3y x y 2

=

( )( ) ( )( )

2 2 2 3 3
5x 3xy x y x 3y x 3y =
( )

4 2 2 4
4x 5x y 9y 0 3 =
Do : y 0 = khng l nghim ca
( )
3 nn chia hai v ca
( )
3 cho
4
y 0
ta c:
( )
2
2 2
2 2
x x
3 4 5 9 0
y y
1 1

=

( ) ( )

( )

2 2
2 2
x x 9
1 L
4 y y
= =

2 2
x y
x y
x y
.
Vi
2
3 2
8x 4x
1
x y x y
4x 2x 2
'
1
=
1
1
= = =
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Vi
2
3 2
2x 2x x 1
x y
y 1 2x 2x
' '
1 1 = =
1 1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
Vy h phng trnh c ba nghim:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
S x; y 0; 0 , ; , 1;1
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

2 2
2 2
x x y 1 x y x y 1 y 18 1
x x y 1 x y x y 1 y 2 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc An Ninh H Ni khi A nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
H
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 2 2
1 2
2 x x y 1 y x y 1 20
2x 2y 16
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
= 1
1+

2 2
2 2
x y 8
x x y 1 y x y 1 10
x y 8 x 9 y 9 10
' '
1 1 =
= 1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

2
2 2
2 2 2
y 8 x
x y 8
10 x 9 0
y 9 10 x 9
y 9 100 20 x 9 x 9
'
1
=
1
'
1 1 =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
=
1 1
1+ 1
=
1
1+

( )

2 2
2
2
2 2
y 8 x
y 8 x
10 x 9 100 x 9
5 x 9 4x 9
8 x 100 20 x 9 x
' '
1 1
=
1 = 1
1
1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
= 1 1
1+ 1+

( )

2 2 2
y 8 x y 8 x
x 4
91 x 91 91 x 91
y 4
9x 72x 144 0 25 x 9 16x 72x 81
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
' 1 1 1 =
1 1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
+
1 1 = =
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
x; y 4; 4 = .
( )

12
1 x 2
y 3x
12
1 y 6
y 3x
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 0
x
0
y 0 y
y 3x 0
y 3x 0
'
1 '
1
1
1
1

1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 +
1
+
.
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

1 2
1 2
1 3
12 2
1 3
1 1
y 3x
x y
x
12 6
12 1 3
1 2
4
y 3x
y 3x
y
x y
'
' 1
1
1
1
=
= 1
1
1
1

1
11 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
=
1 1
1 1

1 1
1+ 1+

Ly
( ) ( )
12 1 3 1 3 1 9 12
3 x 4
y 3x x y y 3x
x y x y
1 1

= =

( )( )

( )( )

2 2
y 9x 12
0 y 9x y 3x 12xy 0 y 6xy 27x 0
xy y 3x
= = =

( )
( )

2
y 3x
y y y y
6 27 0 3 9 y 3x 5
y 9x L x x x x
1 1 =

= = = =

=
( ) ( )

T
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 , 5 x 1 3 y 3 1 3 = = .
( )

2 2
1 1 1
x y 2
x y 5
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng Giao thng vn ti III nm 2004
Nhn xt: Thay i v tr x v y cho nhau th h khng thay i l h
i xng loi I
PP
Bin i v tng v tch. Nn ta c li
gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0; y 0 .
( )
( )
2 2
x y 1
S 1
xy 2
P 2
S 2P 5
x y 2xy 5
'
1 '
1
1
1 =
1
=
1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
( )
2
S x y
, S 4P
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
( )
( ) ( )

2
S 1 S 5 P 2S, P 0
N L
P 2 P 10 S 4S 5 0
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + 1+

x y 1 x 1 x 2
xy 2 y 2 y 1
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
Vy nghim h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 2 , 2; 1 = = .
( )

3 3
x y 8
x y 2xy 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

i hc S phm H Ni khi B T M nm 2001
Nhn xt: Thay i v tr x v y cho nhau th h khng thay i h i
xng loi I.
PP
Bin i v tng v tch. Nn ta c li gii
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
x y x y xy 8 x y x y 3xy 8
x y 2xy 2
x y 2xy 2
' l
1
'
1
1 = =
l
1
1 1
l
l ! !
1 1
=
1 1 =
1 +
1
+

( ) ( )
( )

3
3
S 3PS 8
x y 3xy x y 8
S 2P 2
x y 2xy 2
'
1 '
1
=
1 =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
( )
2
S x y
K : S 4P
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

3 2
3
2 S
2 S
P
S 2
P
2
2
2 S P 0
2S 3S 6S 16 0
S 3S. 8 0
2
'
1
'
1 1
= '
1 1 1 =
=
1 1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
=
+ =
1 1
1+
1
1+
.

x y 2 x 2 x 0
xy 0 y 0 y 2
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 2; 0 , 0;2 = = .
( )
( )

2 2
x y 13
3 x y 2xy 9 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng Giao Thng Vn Ti III khi A nm 2006
xng loi I.
PP
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
t S x y, P xy = =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
S 2P 13
x y 2xy 13
3S 2P 9 0
3 x y 2xy 9 0
'
1 '
1
=
1 =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
S x y
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

2
S 4
2P 3S 9 S 1
3
P 6 S 3S 4 0
P
2
'
1 =
' '
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1
+ 1+
1
1+

Vi
S 1 x y 1 x 2 x 3
P 6 xy 6 y 3 y 2
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + + +
.
Vi

4 10 4 10
S 4 x y 4
x x
2 2
3 3
P xy 4 10 4 10
y y
2 2
2 2
' '
1 1

1 1 ' '
1 1 = =
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
= =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 = =
1 1 + +
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Vy nghim h l
( ) ( ) ( )
4 10 4 10
S x; y 2; 3 , 3; 2 , ;
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )

2 2
4 4 2 2
x y xy 13
x y x y 91
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng s phm Hng Yn khi B nm 2006
xng loi I.
PP
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
x y 13 xy
x y xy 13
x y xy 91 x y 2xy xy 91
'
1
'
1
1 =
1 =
1
1 1

! !
l
1 1
= = 1 1 l
1 1
+ l
l 1+

( )
( ) ( )
( )

2
2
2 2
xy 3
x y xy 13 x y 4 x y 4
xy 3
x y 16
13 xy xy 91
'
1 '
1 ' =
1 1 = = =
1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 =
=
= 1 1 1
+
1+ 1
+

x y 4 x 3 x 1
xy 3 y 1 y 3
x y 4 x 3 x 1
xy 3 y 1 y 3
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
! ! !

1 1 1 = = =

1 1 1
+ + +

' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 3; 1 , 1; 3 , 1; 3 , 3;1 = = .
Lu : Ta c th s dng hng ng thc:
( )( )
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y x xy y x xy y = gii (Dnh cho
bn c).
( )

2 2
x y y x 6
x y y x 20
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng bn cng Hoa Sen khi A nm 2006 (i hc Hoa Sen)
xng loi I.
PP
sau:
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x, y 0 . t
u x 0
v y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
( )
( )
2 2
4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
uv u v 6 u v uv 6
u v u v 20 u v u v 20 0
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1+

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
uv u v 6
PS 6
P S 2P 20 uv u v 2uv 20
'
1
= '
1 = 1
1 1 1

! ! l
1 1 = =
l
1 1
1+
l 1
l +

vi
( )
2
S u v
, S 4P
P uv
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
uv u v 6
PS 6
P S 2P 20 uv u v 2uv 20
'
1
= '
1 = 1
1 1 1

! ! l
1 1 = =
l
1 1
1+
l 1
l +

( )

2
3
PS 6
P 2 uv 2 u 1 v 2
S 3 u v 3 v 2 u 1
PS 2P 20
'
1 ' ' ' ' =
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1
1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = =
=
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
1+

x 1 x 2 x 1 x 4
y 4 y 1
y 2 y 1
' '
1 1 ' '
1 1 = = = =
1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = =
= =
1 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 + +
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 4 , 4;1 = = .
( )
( )

3
3
x 1 2y 1
y 1 2x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc Thi Nguyn khi A B T nm 2001
Nhn xt: Thay i v tr x v y cho nhau th phng trnh
( )
1 tr thnh
phng trnh
( )
2 v h khng thay i h i xng loi II.
PP
Ly v tr theo v. Nn ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
3 3
x y 2 y x x y x y xy 2 x y 0
1 2
2y x 1 2y x 1
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1+

( )( )

2 2
2
2 2
3
3
x y
x y x y xy 2 0
y 3
x xy y 2 0
4 4 2y x 1
2y x 1
'
1
=
1
1
' 1
1 1
= 1
1 1 1

=
! !

1 1
= ( )
1 1
1+
1
1
=
1
1+

( )

2
2
3
3
x y x y 1
x y
1 5
y 3
x y
x y 2 0 VN
x 2x 1 0 2
2 4
1 5
2y x 1
x y
2
'
1
= = =
1

1
1 '
1 = 1 1

1 1 1
= = = ! !
1 1 =
( )
1 1
1 +
1

1
= 1
= =
1
+

.
Vy nghim h l:
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
S x; y 1;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )

2
2
3
2x y
x
3
2y x
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

i hc Thy Li nm 2001
( )
1 tr thnh
phng trnh
( )
PP
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0, y 0 .
( )
( )
( )

3 2
3 2
2x x y 3 1
2y xy 3 2
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

Cch gii 1. (Xem y l h phng trnh i xng loi 2)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
3 2 3 2
2 x y xy x y 0 2 x y x xy y xy x y 0
1 2
2x x y 3 2x x y 3
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )( )

2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
x y
x y 2x 2y 3xy 0
2x 2y 3xy 0
2x x y 3
2x x y 3
'
1
=
1
'
1 1
=
1 1 1 1
=
! !
1 1
=
1 1
1+
1 =
1
1+

( )

2
2
3
3 2
x y
x y
3 7
2 x y y 0 VN do : xy 0 x y 1
3x 3 4 16
2x x y 3
'
1
=
1
1
1
l
' 1
1 1 =
1 l
1 1 1
= = = ! ! l
1 1 =
( ) l
1 1
1+
l 1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
Cch gii 2. (Xem y l h phng trnh ng cp bc ba)
Vi x, y 0, t x ty 0 = : H
( )
( )
3 3 2 3 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3
y 2t t 3 2t y t y 3
2y t ty 3 y 2t t 3
'
' 1
1
= =
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1+
1+

( )

3 2
3 2 3 2
3
t 1
2t t
1 2t t 2t t t t 0
t 0 L
2t t

= = =
.
Vi t 1 x y = = thay vo
( )
1 ta c
3
3x 3
x y 1
x y
'
1
=
1
1
= =
!
1 =
1
1+
.
( )
( )

2x 3 4 y 4 1
2y 3 4 x 4 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
1 tr thnh
phng trnh
( )
PP
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
x 4
2
3
x 4
2
'
1
1

1
1
1
!
1
1

1
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2x 3 4 y 4
1 2
2x 3 2y 3 4 y 4 x 0
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1
+

( )

2x 3 4 y 4
2 x y
x y
0
2x 3 2y 3 4 x 4 y
'
1
=
1
1
1
1

!

1
=
1
1
1
1+

( )

2x 3 4 y 4
2 1
x y 0
2x 3 2y 3 4 x 4 y
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
!

1
=
1

1

1 ( )
1+

2x 3 4 y 4 2 1
do : 0
x y 0
2x 3 2y 3 4 x 4 y
' 1
1
= 1
1
!

1
=

1 ( )
1+

2x 3 4 x 4
x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )( )

x y 3
x 7 2 2x 3 4 x 16
11
x y x y
9
= = '
1

= 1
1

!
1
= = =
1

1+

.
So vi iu kin, h c hai nghim:
( ) ( )
11 11
S x; y 3; 3 , ;
9 9
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
Nhn xt: Qua bi ton trn, ta nhn thy, i vi h i xng loi II c cha cn
thc, sau khi ly v tr v, ta cn phi kh cn thc bng cch nhn
lng lin hp hoc s dng tnh n iu ca hm s hoc bnh
phng, xut hin nhn t chung
( )
x y .
( )

3 3
6 6
x 3x y 3y
x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc Ngoi Thng khi A nm 2001 HSG lp 12 Tnh Thi Bnh
nm 2003 2004
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )( )
( )
( )

6 6
2 2
2 2 6 6
6 6
x y
I
x y 1
x y x y xy 3 0
x y xy 3 0 x y 1
II
x y 1
'
1 =
1 1
!
'
1 1 =
=

1 1
1 1+
!
'
1 1 = =
1 1
1
1+
!
1
=
1
1+

Gii
( )
6 6 6
6
x y x y
1
I x y
x y 1 2x 1
2
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Gii
( )
( )
( )

2 2
6 6
x y xy 3 1
II
x y 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
2 2
1 x y 3 xy = .
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x 1 x 1 x y 2 3 xy 2 xy 1
2 x y 1
xy 1 xy 1 y 1 x y 1 y 1
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= =
! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
+ + 1 1 1 + + +
.
Thay x y 1 = = vo
( )
2 1 1 1 = v l Loi x y 1 = = .
Vy h c hai nghim l
( )
6 6 6 6
1 1 1 1
S x; y ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

2
3 3
x y y 2
x y 19
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
Do
( ) ( )
2
0 2
y 0 : VN
x 19
'
1 =
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+
y 0 = khng l nghim h. t
x ty = :
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
3 2 2 2 3 3
y t 1 2
ty y y 2 t 1 2
2t 17t 21 0
y t 1 19 19 t 1 t y y 19
' '
1
1
=
1 = 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1+

( )
( )

3
2
2
3
7
3 x
t 7
x 7y
x y x 3
18
2
3
1 y 2
t x y y 2
y x y y 2
2
18
'
1
' 1
1
=
= ' 1
1 1 ' =
1 = = 1
1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 =
= =
1 1 1 1
+ = =
1+ 1 1
1+ 1
1
+
.
Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim:
( ) ( )
3 3
7 1
S x; y 3;2 , ;
18 18
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2 2
x 2xy 3y 9 1
2x 13xy 15y 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Hc Vin Ngn Hng Phn Vin Ngn Hng Tp. H Ch Minh khi A
nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
Vi
( )
x 0 0 9 x 0
:
y 0 0 0 y 0
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
khng l nghim ca h
( )
.
Vi x 0; y 0, t y tx = . T
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2x 13x t 15t x 0 =
( ) ( )

2 2 2
2 1
x 2 13t 15t 0 15t 13t 2 0 do : x 0 t t
3 5
= = = =
.
Vi
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 4 12
t : 1 x 1 2t 3t 9 x 1 9 x 9
3 3 9
1

= = = =

( )

x 3 y 2
x 3 y 2
= =
= =
.
Vi
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 25
t : 1 x 1 2t 3t 9 x 1 9 x
5 5 25 2
1

= = = =

( )

5 1 5 1
x y x y
2 2 2 2
= = = = .
Vy nghim ca h l:
( ) ( ) ( )
5 1 5 1
S x; y 3; 2 , 3;2 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

2 2
2 2
x 2xy 3y 9 1
2x 2xy y 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi A B nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
x 2xy 3y 9
2 x 2xy 3y 9 2x 2xy y
2 2x 2xy y 2

= =

( )

2 2
16x 14xy 3y 0 =
Do y 0 = khng tha mn h nn chia hai v
( )
cho
2
y 0, ta c:
( )

2
x x x 1 x 3 8
16 14 3 0 y 2x y x
y y y 2 y 8 3
1 1

= = = = =

( ) ( )
.
Vi

2 2 2
y 2x y 2x x 1 x 1
y 2x
y 2 y 2 2x 2xy y 2 x 1
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + 1 1 + +
.
Vi
2 2
2
3 17 3 17 8x
8x
x x y
y 8x
17 17 3
y
3
9
3
8 17 8 17
2x 2xy y 2
x
y y
17
17 17
' '
1 1 '
1
1 1 '
1 1
1 1 = = =
1 1
1 1 =
1 1
1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 =
=
1 1 1 1 = =
1+
1 1 1
1+
1 1 + +
.
Vy nghim h l:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 17 8 17 3 17 8 17
S x; y 1; 2 , 1;2 , ; , ;
17 17 17 17
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
BI TP TNG T
Ba6i t1p 543. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
1/
( )
3 3
x y 2
xy x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
2/
( )
3 3
xy x y 2
x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 1 , 1;1 = .
3/
( )
2 2
x y 8 x y
xy xy x y 1 12
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1;2 , 1; 3 , 2;2 , 2; 3 .
4/
2 2
2 2
3x 5xy 4y 38
5x 9xy 3y 15
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 3; 1 , 3;1 = .
5/
2 2
2 2
14x 21y 6x 45y 14 0
35x 28y 41x 122y 56 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 2 , 2; 3 = .
6/
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
x 1 2 x x y
y 1 2 y y x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5
x; y 1;1 , ;
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
7/
2 2
2 2
3x 2xy y 11
x 2xy 3y 17
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. S:
( ) ( )
4 5
x; y ; , 1; 2
3 3
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
Ba6i t1p 544. Gii h phng trnh:
2
x x 2 x y y
x y x y 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
5 13
x; y 1;
2
1

( )
.
2
2 2
y 3xy 4
x 4xy y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 4 , 1; 4 = .
2 2
3 3
2y x 1
2x y 2y x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1; 1 = .
3 3
2 2 3
x y 1
x y 2xy y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
3 3
3 3
1 1 3 2 3
x; y ; , ;
3 3
2 2
' ' 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1

= ! !

1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
3 3
2 2
x 3x 448y 6y
385x 16y 96
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
1 1 1 1
x; y ; , ;
2 8 2 8
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
3 3
5 5 2 2
x y 1
x y x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 0;1 , 1; 0 = .
3 3
2 2
1
3x y
x y
x y 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
3 3
2 2
x 4y y 16x 0
y 5x 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
( )

2 4 3
2 2
4x y 4xy 1 1
2x y 2xy 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 2. 2 x; y 0;1 , 1;1 , 0; 1 , 1; 1 , ; , ;
5 5 5 5
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

3 3
2 2
x y 9 1
x 2y x 4y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
1 3. 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
x 1 y 2 x; y 1; 2 , 2; 1 = = .
( )
( )

2 2
2
x y xy x 5y 0 1
2xy y 5y 1 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )

2
x. 2 1 x y 5xy 5y 0 x 5 5 x 5 5 = = = .
( )
( )

2 2
2 2
x y xy 2y x 2 1
2x y 2y 2 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
2
2
y 2y 2
2 x
2

= thay vo
( )
1 v rt gn, ta c:
( )
2
3y 6y 2
x
2 y 1

=
v thay vo
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 7 4 5 7
2 x; y 1; 2 , 1; 0 , ; , ;
7 7 7 7
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
( )
( )

y x x 3 3 1
x y x 1 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD: Nhn lin hp
( )
1 x y x 3 = v kt hp
( )
2
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
2 2
2 2
6x xy 2y 56
5x xy y 49
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Giao thng vn ti II nm 2004
S:
( )
3 35 3 35 2 21 21 2 21 21
S x; y ; , ; , ;
5 5 3 3 3 3
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
3 3
2 2
x y 7 x y
x y x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm H Tnh khi A, B nm 2002
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 5 1 5
S x; y 1; 2 , 2;1 , ;
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
2 2
2x y 3x 2
2y x 3y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Kinh t K Thut Thi Bnh nm 2004
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 , 2; 2 = = .
2 2
x xy y 3
x xy y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng Xy dng s III khi A nm 2004
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 1 , 1;2 , 2; 1 = = .
x 2 y 2
y 2 x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng S Phm Hng Yn khi A nm 2006 i hc Quc Gia nm
1997
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0; 0 , 2;2 = = .
x 1 7 y 4
y 1 7 x 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Vn Ha khi D nm 2001 i hc Dn Lp ng nm
1998
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 8; 8 = .
x 9 y 7 4
y 9 x 7 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Dn Lp ng khi A V nm 2001
S: x y 7 = = .
x 5 y 2 7
x 2 y 5 7
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 11;11 = .
2
2
2
2
y 2
3y
x
x 2
3x
y
'
1

1
= 1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
i hc khi B nm 2003
S:
( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 = = .
3
1 1
x y
x y
2y x 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc khi A nm 2003
S:
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
S x; y 1;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( ) ( )
2 2
x y x y 4
x x y 1 y y 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
D b 1 i hc khi A nm 2005
S:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

S x; y 2; 2 , 2; 2 , 1; 2 , 2;1 = = .
2 2
x xy y 4
x xy y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
d b Cao ng s phm H Nam khi M nm 2006
S:
( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 = = .
2 2
x y xy 2
x y xy 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng Kinh t Cn Th nm 2006 Cao ng s phm H Nam nm
2005
S:
( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 = = .
4 4
x y 34
x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng Cng nghip thc phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 2006
S:
( )
( ) ( )
S x; y 1 2; 1 2 , 1 2; 1 2 = = .

2
2
3
2x y
x
3
2y x
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Tr Vinh khi A B nm 2006
S:
( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 = = .
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x 1 y 6 y x 1
y 1 x 6 x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi HSG khi 12 tnh Hng Yn nm 2006 2007
2 2
x y xy 5
x y y x 6
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Tr Vinh khi M nm 2006 i hc Nng khi A
nm 1999
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1;2 , 2;1 = = .
2
2
xy x 1 y
xy y 1 x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Kinh t k thut cng nghip I khi A nm 2005
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
S x; y 1;1 , ; , a; a 1
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
v a .
( )
2 2
2 2
x x y y
x y 3 x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Qung Ninh khi A nm 2005
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0; 0 , 3; 3 = = .
2
2
x 3 2 x 3 y
y 3 2 y 3 x
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
2
x y x 3 x 3 x; y 1;1 = = = .
2 2
3 3
x y xy 30
x y 35
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng S phm C Mau khi A nm 2005
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 2; 3 , 3; 2 = = .
3 3
2 2
x 7x y 7y
x y x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Tr Vinh khi A nm 2005
S:
( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
x; y ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
x y 5
x y y x 20
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Tr Vinh khi B M nm 2005
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1;16 , 16;1 = = .
1 3
2x
y x
1 3
2y
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi B nm 1999
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 1 , 1;1 , 2; 2 , 2; 2 = = .
( )
2 2
x y xy 11
x y 3 x y 28
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi D nm 2000
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 2; 3 , 3; 2 , 7; 3 , 3; 7 = = .
2 2
4 4 2 2
x y xy 7
x y x y 21
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc s phm H Ni khi B D nm 2000
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 2 , 2;1 , 1; 2 , 2; 1 = = .
2 2
xy x y 11
x y xy 30
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc Giao thng vn ti H Ni nm 2000
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 5 , 5;1 , 2; 3 , 3;2 = = .
2 2
2 2
2x 3xy y 12
x xy 3y 11
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Dn Lp Phng ng khi A nm 2000
S:
5 5
x x
x 1 x 1
3 3
y 2 y 2 1 1
y y
3 3
' '
1 1
1 1
= =
1 1
' '
1 1 = = 1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 1
+ + = =
1 1
1 1
1 1
+ +
.
5 5
9 9 4 4
x y 1
x y x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc S phm Vinh khi D M T nm 2001
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 0 , 0;1 = = .
2 2
8 8 10 10
x y 1
x y x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 0; 1 , 1; 0 = .
( )( )
2 2 3 3
x y 4
x y x y 280
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Hc Vin Quan H Quc T khi D nm 2001
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 3 , 3;1 = = .
2 2
x y 1 2xy
x y 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc An Ninh khi D nm 2001
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0;1 , 1; 0 = = .
3 3
x y 2
x y 26
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn khi G H chuyn ban nm 2000
( )

1 1 4
3 x, y
x y
xy 9
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Du lch H Ni khi A nm 2006
2 2
3 3
x y 1
x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm H Nam khi A nm 2005
3 3
5 5 2 2
x y 1
x y x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm k thut Vinh khi A nm 2006
2 2
2 2
x y y 4
xy x 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng s phm Hi Dng khi B nm 2005
1 1 7
xy
x y 2
3
x y xy
2
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
i hc Dn Lp Hi Phng khi B D nm 2000
2 2
2 2
2x 3x y 2
2y 3y x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi B nm 2000
2
2
1
2x y
y
1
2y x
x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
Hc Vin Chnh Tr Quc Gia nm 2001
2 2
x xy y 4
x xy y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng Y T Nam nh nm 2001
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 2; 0 , 0;2 = .
2 2
x xy y 1
x y xy 6
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc Nng khi A t I nm 2000
2x 2y
3
y x
x y xy 3
'
1
1
1 =
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Vin i hc M H Ni nm 2001
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
S x; y 2;1 , 1; 2 , 3; , ; 3
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
2 2
2 2
2x y 3x 2
2y x 3y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Ti Chnh K Ton nm 2001
2 2
x y x y 2
xy x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Cao ng S Phm Hu khi B T nm 2001
2 2
2 2
3x 5xy 4y 3
9y 11xy 8x 6
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Kin Trc nm 1995
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x; y ; , ; , 1; 2 , 1;2
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
x y x y 13
x y x y 25
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 3;2 , 2; 3 = .
2
2 2
1
2x x 2
y
y y x 2y 2
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 1 3
x; y 1; 1 , 1;1 , ;1 3 , ;1 3
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2 3
2 2
x y 1 y x y 2 y xy 30 0
x y x 1 y y y 11 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: S dng Vit
( ) ( ) ( )
5 21 5 21 5 21 5 21
x; y 1;2 , 2;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
x y 3x 2y 1
x y x y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Bnh phng
( ) ( ) ( )
PT 1 x; y 1; 3 = .
2 2
2 2
xy 2y 3x 0
y x y 2x 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Vi x 0 th ly
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
3 3
x 2 6
2 .x 1 y x; y 1;1 , ;
x 2
3 9
1

= =

( )
.
( )
2
3xy 2y 5
2xy x y y 5
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
HD: H
( ) ( )
2
2
5
3x 2
1 1 5
y
2x 2xy y 3x 2 x; y 1;1 , ;10 , ;
5
2 3 3
2x 2xy y
y
'
1
1
=
1
1 1
1
1
= = !

1
( ) ( )
1
=
1
1
1+
.
( )
( )( )
4 4
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 y x
x 2y
1 1
3y x 3x y
x 2y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )
( )
( )
5
4 5 3 2
5 5
4 5 2 3 5
2 5xy x 10x y x y 3
1 3 3 1
x; y ;
1 5yx y 10x y 2 2
x y 1
'
1
' 1
1
1 = =
1
1 1

=
! !

1 1 =
= ( ) 1 1
1+
1
+
.

B BIN I MT PHNG TRNH THNH TCH & KT HP
PHNG TRNH CN LI

I KIN THC C BN
La chn mt phng trnh bin i v tch s (thng la chn phng trnh
phc tp v c kh nng bin i c).
Dng cc php bin i ng nht kt hp vi vic tch, nhm, ghp thch hp
a phng trnh v dng tch n gin hn v bit cch gii.
Mt s bin i thng gp

( ) ( )( )
2
1 2
1 2
x , x l hai nghim ca
( )
f x 0 = .
Chia Hoocner a v dng tch s.
Cc hng ng thc thng gp.

( )( )
u v 1 uv u 1 v 1 0 = = .

( )( )
....... .
Kt hp vi phng trnh cn li, lu :
A.B 0 A 0 B 0
C 0 C 0 C 0
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
II CC V D MINH HA
( )
( )

3 2 2 2
xy x 2 0 1
2x x y x y 2xy y 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc khi D nm 2012
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2x x y y x y x y 0 =
( )( )

2
x y 2x y 1 0 =

2
y x
y 2x 1
.
Kt hp vi
( )
1 , ta c h:
2
y 2x 1 y x
xy x 2 0 xy x 2 0
' '
1 1 = =
1 1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+

3 2
2
x x 2 0 x x 1 0
y 2x 1 y x
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1+ 1+

1 5
x 1
x
2
y 1
y 5
'
1

1 '
1 =
1 =
1 1

! !
1 1 =
1 1
+ =
1
1+
.
Vy nghim h l
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5
S x; y 1;1 , ; 5 , ; 5
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 3
2
2 2
5x y 4xy 3y 2 x y 0 1
xy x y 2 x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc khi A nm 2011
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 xy x y 2 x y 2xy xy x y x y 2 2xy 0
2
= =

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )

2 2 2 2
2 2
xy 1
x y xy 1 2 xy 1 0 xy 1 x y 2 0
x y 2
= =

Trng hp 1.
( )

2 2 3
x 1 x 1 5x y 4xy 3y 2 x y 0
y 1 y 1 xy 1
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
Trng hp 2.
( )
2 2 3
2 2
5x y 4xy 3y 2 x y 0
x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )( )

2 2 3 2 2
2 2
2 2
1
5x y 4xy 3y x y x y 0
y x y x
2
x y 2
x y 2
'
1
'
1 1
=
= = 1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
=
1 1
=
1+ 1
1+

2 2 2 2
x x
x 1 x 1
5 5
y 1 y 1
2 2
y y
5 5
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1 = =
' ' 1 1
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Vy h phng trnh c 4 nghim:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
S x; y 1;1 , 1; 1 , ;
5 5
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
( )

3 2 2 3
x 6x y 9xy 4y 0 1
x y x y 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

thi th i hc ln 1 khi B nm 2013 S GD & T Vnh Phc
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x y 0
x y 0
x y 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
( )
3 2 2 2 2 3
1 x 4x y 2x y 8xy xy 4y 0 =
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
x x 4y 2xy x 4y y x 4y 0 =
( )( )

2 2
x 4y x 2xy y 0 =
( )( )

2
x 4y x y 0 =

x 4y
x y
.
Kt hp vi
( )
1 , h

x 4y x y
x y x y 2 x y x y 2
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

3y 5y 2 2y 2
x 4y x y
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

2
y 2
8y 2 15y 4
x 2
x 4y
'
' 1
1 =
= 1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
+
1+

y 8 2 15 y 2
x 2
x 32 8 15
'
1 '
1 = =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
+
1+
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( )
( )
S x; y 2; 2 , 32 8 15; 8 2 15 = = .
( )
( )

2 2
xy x y x 2y 1
x 2y y x 1 2x 2y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc khi D nm 2008
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 1
x y 1
y 0
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
Cch bin i 1.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 x 2y xy x y 0 x 2xy y 3xy 3y x y 0 = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )

2 x y 0 L
x y 3y x y x y 0 x y x 2y 1 0
x 2y 1
= =
.
Cch bin i 2.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
1 xy y x y y x 0 y x y x y y x x y 0 = =

( )( )
( )

x y 0 L
x y 2y 1 x 0
x 2y 1
.
Kt hp vi phng trnh
( )
2 , ta c:
( )
x 2y 1
2y 1 2y y 2y 2y 2
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

x 2y 1
x 2y 1
y 1 y 2
L
x 1 x 5 y 1 2y 2 2y y 1 2 y 1 0
'
' 1 = ' ' 1 = 1 1 = =
1
1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1
+ +
1+
1+
.
Vy h c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
S x; y 5;2 = = .
( )
( )

4 2 2 2
2
y 2xy 7y x 7x 8 1
3y 13 15 2x x 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Trch thi th i hc ln 1 khi A, B, D nm 2013 THPT Trn Ph
H Tnh
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
x 1 0
15
1 x
15 2x 0
2
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 2 2 2 2 2
1 y 2xy 7y x 7x 8 y x 7 y x 8 0 = =

( )( )

2
2 2
2
y x 1
y x 1 y x 8 0
y x 8
=

=
.
Vi
2
y x 1, = thay vo
( )
2 ta c:
3x 16 15 2x x 1 =
( )( )
3x 16 15 2x x 1 2x x 1 15 2x = =

2
2
x 0
x 0
x 3 y 4 y 2
5
6x 13x 15 0
x 3 x
6
'
1
'
1 1
1 1
1 1
= = =
! !
1 1 =
= =
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
Vi
2
15 1 1
x x 8 y x 8
2 2 2
= (v l) nn loi
2
y x 8 = .
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 3; 2 , 3;2 = = .
( )
( ) ( )

3
4
x 1 y 8 x 1
x 1 y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 y 0 .
Thay
( )
2 vo
( )
1 :
( )
2
3
x 1 x 1 8 x =
( )

3 2
x 1 x x 2x 9 3 =
( )
( )

2
3
x 1 1 x 1 1 x 8 0
l
=
l
l
l

( ) ( )( )

2
x 2
x x 2 x 2 x 2x 4 0
x 1 1
=

( )

2
1
x 2 x x 4 0
x 1 1
1

=

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

2
x 2
x 2
1
f x x x 4 0 VN do : f x 0, x 1
x 1 1
= =
.
Thay x 2 = vo
( )
2 ta c nghim duy nht ca h l
( ) ( )
x; y 2;1 = .
( )( ) ( )
( )

x 3 2 3y x y 1 1
x 5
3y 2 xy 2y 2 2
2
'
1
= 1
1
1
!
1
1 =
1
1
+

Trch thi th i hc nm 2012 t 1 TTBDVH Thng Long Tp. H
Ch Minh
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
( )( )
2 2
y y
3 3
x 5 x 5
3x y 0 3y x y 1 0
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
+ +
.
( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 y 1 3y x 2 3y x. y 1 =
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
2 y 1 2 3y x. y 1 y 1 3y x 0
l l
l l
=
l l
l l

( ) ( )( )
2 y 1 y 1 3y x y 1 3y x y 1 3y x 0 =

( )( )
y 1 3y x 3 y 1 3y x 0 =
( )
( )

y 1 3y x 0
y 1 3y x x 2y 1 3
0 3 y 1 3y x 0 L
= =

Thay
( )
3 vo
( )
2 , ta c:
2
3y 2 y 2 2y 3y 2 =
( )
( )( )

2 y 2
y 2 2y 1
3y 2 y 2
=

( ) ( )

2
y 2 2y 1 0
3y 2 y 2
l
l
=
l
l
l

( ) ( )

y 2 x 3
2
2y 1 0 4
3y 2 y 2
= =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2y 1 3y 2 y 2 0 5 =
Do
( )
( )
2 2 2
y 2y 1 3y 2 y 2 2. 1 2
3 3 3
1

( )

( )
( )

7 8
2y 1 3y 2 y 2
3 3

( )
( )
( )
7 8
2 2y 1 3y 2 y 2 2 0 5
3 3
< v nghim.
So vi iu kin, h phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
( ) ( )
x; y 3;2 = .
BI TP TNG T
2 2
2 2
2y xy x 0
x xy y 3x 7y 3 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
13 157 13 157
x; y 1; 1 , 3; 3 , 13 157; , 13 157;
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2
2
y xy 6x 3
y 2xy 2x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 4
PT 2 x y x 2y 1 0 x; y ;1 , 2; 3 , ;
5 6 3
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
3 2 2
3 2
2x 2x y xy y x y
2x xy x 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
1 17 1 17
S x; y 1; 1 , ;10 17 , ;10 17
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
3 3 2 2
x 2y xy x y 0
x y 2x y y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( )
PT 1 x y x 2y 1 0 = .
3
1 1
x y
x y
2y x 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc khi A nm 2003
S:
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
S x; y 1;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
x y x y 1 x y
x y 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
PT 1 x y 1 x y 1 0 x; y 1; 0 = = .
2 2 3
3 2
2x 8xy xy 4y 0
16x 2x 8y 5 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
1 3 19 3 19
PT 1 x 4y 2x y 0 x; y ;1 , ;
2 4 2
' ' 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
2 2
2x xy y 5x y 2
x y x y 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 13
PT 1 x y 2 2x y 1 0 x; y 1;1 , ;
5 5
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
3 2
2 2
x 3x x 3y xy 3
2y 3xy 9x 3x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 3 x 1 y 0
1 5
x; y 3; 4 , 3; 9 , 1;2 , ;
2 4 y 3x 2y 3x 1 0
'
1 ' ' 1
= 1 1
1
1 1 1
= ! ! !
1 1 1
= ( )
1 1 1
+ +
1+
.
2
2 2
x 5x xy 3y 6
4x y 3xy 2y 9
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
45 3 233 1 9
PT 1 x 3 x 2 y 0 x; y 3; , 1;1 , ;
4 4 4
' ' 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
3 3
3
2y 2x 3
y 4x x 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 2 khi D nm 2013 THPT Nguyn Tri Hi
Dng
S:
( )

3 3
3 3
x; y ;
4 4
1

( )
.
x
2 6y x 2y
y
x x 2y x 3y 2
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD:
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
8 4
PT 1 2x y 2y x 2 3y 0 x; y 12; 2 , ;
3 9
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
2
3
y y 3 x 4y 3
x 2 2 y 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
PT 1 y 3 x y 1 0 x; y 3;2 = = .
2
y
12 3 x 2 4y x
x
y 3 y x x 3
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
2 2
1 1
PT 2 y 3 x
2 2
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
( )
( )
2 2
3y 1 2y x 1 4y x 2y 1
y y x 3 3y
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc nm 2013 ln 1 THPT Thi Ha Ngh An
HD:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
415 17
PT 1 2y x 2y 1 x y x; y 1;1 , ;
51 3
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( ) ( )
2 2
x y 5
y 1 x y 1 y 2 x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
PT 2 1 y 1 x y x y y 1 0 x; y 1;2 = =
.
2 xy y x y 5
5 x 1 y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
PT 2 y x 1 2 y x 1 2 0 x; y 5; 0 = = .
3 2 2
2 3 3
x 2y x y 2xy
2 x 2y 1 y 14 x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )

2
PT 1 x y x 2y 0 x; y 1 2; 1 2 = = .
( ) ( )
2
2
2x y 1 2y y 1 3
4 y
x y x
2 x y
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
= 1
1
1

1
+
.
HD:
( )
( )
2
2
PT 2 x y x 4 = .
4 2 2 2
2
y 2xy 7y x 7x 8
3y 13 15 2x x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2 2
PT 1 y x 7 y x 8 0 y x 1 y x 8 0 = =
.
x 2y xy 0
x 1 2y 1 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2010 THPT Minh Khai H Tnh
HD:
( )
( )( )
PT 1 x y x 2 y 0 = .
2 2
2
2xy
x y 1
x y
x y x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 2 nm 2010 THPT Chuyn L Qu n Tp.
H Ch Minh
HD:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 x y 1 x y x y 0 x; y 1; 0 , 2; 3 = = .
3 2 2 3 2
x 3x y 4x 4y 16xy 16y 0
x 2y x y 2 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 2 khi A, B nm 2013 THPT Hng Vng
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
PT 1 x 2y x y 4 0 x; y 8; 4 , 8 ; 4
3 3
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
x y x xy y 3 3 x y 2
4 x 2 16 3y x 8
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 2 nm 2013 khi A, B THPT Lng Ti 2
Bc Ninh
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
PT 1 x 1 y 1 x; y 2; 0 , 1; 3 = = .
( )
2 2
x y 2
4x y 5 2x y xy
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
22 8 6 22 8 6
PT 2 2x xy y 2x 4 xy y 0 x; y 1;1 , ;
25 25
1

= =

( )
.

C GII H BNG CCH T N PH A V H C BN

( )

2 2
xy x y 3
x y x y xy 6
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

Cao ng K hoch Nng nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
y x xy 3
u v 3
u u 3v 6
y x y x 3xy 6
'
1 '
= 1 =
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
u y x
v xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

2
v u 3 u 3 u 5
v 0 v 8 u 2u 15 0
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
Vi
( )

y x 3 u 3 y x 3 x 0 x 3
v 0 xy 0 y 3 y 0 x x 3 0
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + 1+
.
Vi
( )
( )
2
y x 5 y x 5 u 5 y x 5
VN
v 8 xy 8 x 5x 8 0 x x 5 8
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + 1 1 + +
.
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0; 3 , 3; 0 = = .
( )
( )

x
x y 5
y
x
x y 6
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

i hc Thy Sn Nha Trang nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: y 0 . t
x
u x y, v
y
= = .
( )

u v 5 u 2 u 3
u.v 6 v 3 v 2
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
Vi
3
x y 2
x
u 2 x y 2
2
x
v 3 x 3y 1 3
y
y
2
'
1
'
1 = 1
= ' ' 1 1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + =
1 1
1+
1
1+
.
Vi
x y 3
u 3 x y 3 x 2
x
v 2 x 2y y 1 2
y
'
1 =
' ' ' 1
1 1 1 = = =
1
1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + +
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
3 1
S x; y ; , 2;1
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

2 3
2
x x
12
y y
xy xy 6
'
1
1 1
1

1
=
1

1

( ) ( ) !
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: y 0 . t
x
u ; v xy
y
= = . Khi :
( ) ( )

2 3
2
u 2
x x
u u 12
2 2
v 2 VN y y
v v 16 0
xy 2 xy 3
v 3
'
1 = ' '
1 1
1
'
1 1 1 1 =
= =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
=
1 1 1 1
= = 1+
= 1 1 1
1 1 + +
1
+

2
x 2y x 2y y 1 y 1
xy 2 x 2 x 2 2y 2
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + + 1+
.
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 2;1 , 2; 1 = = .
( ) ( )

2 2
2 2x y 3 2x y
, x, y
x 2xy y 2
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng khi A nm 2010
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 2x y 0 .
( )
( ) ( )
( )

2 2
2 2x y 2x y 3 0 1
x 2xy y 2 0 2
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

t
( )
2
t 2x y, t 0 t 2x y = = .
( )
( )

2
t 1
1 t 2t 3 0 2x y 1 y 1 2x
t 3 L
= = =
.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
x 1 x 3
2 x 2x 1 2x 1 2x 2 0 x 2x 3 0
y 1 y 7
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 1 , 3; 7 = = .
( )
( )
( )

2
2 2
2 2
x xy y 19 x y
x xy y 7 x y
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc Hng Hi khi A nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y 3xy 19 x y u 3v 19u
u v 7u
x y xy 7 x y
'
1
'
1
1 = =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
= 1 1
1+
1
+
vi
u x y
v xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.

2 2
2 2
v 6u u 0 u 1 v 6u
v 0 v 6 u 0 u 1 u 7u 6u 0
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + 1+ 1+

x y 0 x y 1 x 0 x 3 x 2
xy 0 xy 6 y 0 y 2 y 3
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
.
Vy h phng trnh c ba nghim:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0; 0 , 3;2 , 2; 3 = = .
( )

12x 3y 4 xy 16
4x 5 y 5 6
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Trch thi th i hc khi A, B, D nm 2013 THPT H Huy Tp
H Tnh
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
5
xy 0, x , y 5
4
.
( )
( )
( )( )
3 4x y 4 xy 16
4x y 10 2 4x 5 y 5 36
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

( )
( ) ( )
( )

3 4x y 4 xy 16
1
4x y 2 4xy 5 4x y 25 26
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

t
u 4x y
v 4xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
. Lc :
( )
3u 2 v 16
1
u 2 v 5u 25 26
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
( ) ( )

2
2
3u 16 0
2 v 3u 16 4v 3u 16
26 u 0
2 v 5u 25 26 u
4 v 5u 25 26 u
'
1
1
1
1
'
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
=
1 1
1+ 1
1
1
=
1
1+

2 2
2 2 2
16 16
u 16 u 16
3 3
u 8
4v 9u 96u 256 4v 9u 96u 256
v 6
4v 20u 100 676 52u u u 3u 40 0
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
'
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
= =
! ! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1
+
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
1 1
+ +

u 4x y 8 x 1
v 4xy 6 y 4
' '
1 1 = = =
1 1

! !
1 1 = = =
1 1
+ +
.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
( ) ( )
x; y 1; 4 = .
( )

2
2 2
x 2x 6 y 1
x xy y 7
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Trch thi th i hc khi A, B, D nm 2013 THPT Phc Trch
H Tnh
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: y 1 0 y 1 .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x 2x 6 1 2y y x y 2 x y 5
1 1
3 x y x y 7 3 x y x y 7
4 4
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
l l
1 1
= =
l l
1 1
1 1 l l
l l 1 1 + +

( )( )
( ) ( )
( )

2 2
2 2
x y x y 2 5
v u 2 5
3u v 28
3 x y x y 28
'
' 1
= 1
=
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
u x y
v x y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

2
2
u 1 x y 1 x 3
5
v
v 5 x y 5 y 2
u 2
5 u 3 x y 3 x 1
3u 28
u 2
v 1 x y 1 y 2
' ' '
1 1 1 = = = '
1
1 1 1
1
= ! ! !
1
1 1 1 1 = = =

1 1 1 11
+ + +

!
1 ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1
= 1
! ! !
1
1 1 1 ( ) = = =
1
1+ 1 1 1
+ + +
.
So vi iu kin, nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 3;2 , 1;2 = = .
( )

2 2
2 2 2
y xy 6x
1 x y 5x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc s phm H Ni khi A nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
Vi
( )
y 0
x 0 : x 0
1 0
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
khng l nghim ca h
( )
.
Vi x 0, chia hai v cho x 0
2
ta c:
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
y 1
y y
y 6
6
uv 6 x x
x x
1 v 2u 5
1 y
y 5
y 2. 5
x
x x
' 1
1
' 1 1
= 1 1

= ' 1 1
1 =
( ) 1 1
1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 1 =
1 1 1 1+ =
1 1 =
1 1
1+ 1( )
1+
vi
y
u
x
1
v y
x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

2
3
x 1
1
y 2 v 5 1 1
y 3
v 3
u 1 2
x
3 x x
1
u 2 1
x
y 2 y 1 v 5v 12 0
.y 2
2
x
y 1
'
1 =
1
' !
1
' ' '
1 1 1 = 1 1
= ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 = +
= = =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
' ! ! ! ! !
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 =
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 = = 1 = + =
1 1 1 1
! 1 1 + + 1 +
1
1+ 1
1 =
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
1
S x; y 1;2 , ;1
2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )( )
( )

2
2
x 1 y y x 4y
x 1 y x 2 y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
Vi y 0, = th
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
x 1 0
VN
x 1 x 2 0
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+
.
Vi y 0, chia hai v ca mi phng trnh trong
( )
cho y 0 ta
c:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
x 1
y x 2 2
u v 2
y
uv 1
x 1
y x 2 1
x
'
1

1
=
1 '
1 =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
1 1
+
= 1
1
1+
vi
2
x 1
u
y
v y x 2
'
1

1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+

2
2 2
x 1
x 1 x 2 x 1 y x x 2 0
u 1
y
y 2 y 5 y 3 x y 3 x
v y x 2 1
'
1

' ' ' ' 1
1 1 1 1 = = = =
= =
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
= = + + 1 1 + +
1
1+
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1;2 , 2; 5 = = .
( )

3 3 3
2 2
1 x y 19x
y xy 6x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc Thng Mi nm 2001 HSG lp 10 huyn Hc Mn, Tp.HCM
nm 2013
Bi gii tham kho
Vi
( ) ( )
1 0
x 0 : VN x 0 :
y 0
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
khng l nghim h.
Vi x 0 :
( )
2 3 2
3
3 2 2
3
2
2
1 1 1 1 1
1
3 y 3 y y 3 y 3 y 19
y 19
x x x x x
x
y y y 1
6 y 6
x x x x
' 1
1
'
1 1
1 = 1
= 1
1

1 ( ) 1
1 1

! !
1
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1

1 1

1 ( ) + 1
1+

3
3
1 y 1
y 3 y 19
u 3uv 19
x x x
uv 6
y 1
y 6
x x
'
1
1 1
1

1
=
' 1
1
=
1
1 ( ) ( ) 1 1

! !
1 1 1 =
1 1 1+
1 =
1

1 ( )
1+
vi
1
u y
x
y
v
x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

3
2
1
1 1
y 1
y 6x u 1 u 1
x x
x
3 2
v 6 y uv 6 16x x 1
y 2 y 3
6
x
'
1
' '
1 1 1
' = ' '
1 1 1 1 1 1 = = =
= =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1 = =
+ 1 1 + + =
1 1 1
1 1 + +
1
1+
.
Vy h c hai nghim:
( )
1 1
S x; y ; 2 , ; 3
3 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2
3
4xy 4 x y 7
x y
1
2x 3
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
=
1
1

1+

Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr s 379 thng 1 nm 2009
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x y 0 = .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
3
3 x 2xy y x 2xy y 7
x y
1
x y x y 3
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1

!
1
1
1
=
1
1

1+

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

2 2
2
1
3 x y x y 7
x y
1
x y x y 3
x y
' l
1
1
l
1
1 l =
1
l
1
1

l !
l
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1+

t
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2
2
2
1
u x y
1
x y u x y 2, u 2
x y
v x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
3u v 13 3 u 2 v 7
3u 3 u 13
v 3 u u v 3 v 3 u
' ' ' 1 1 1
= =
1 = 1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
1+ 1+ 1+

( ) ( )

2 2 2 1
3u 9 6u u 13 4u 6u 4 0
u L u 2 N
2
v 3 u v 3 u
v 1
'
1
' '
1 1 1
= =
= =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1 =
1 1 + +
1
1+

( ) ( )

2 1
x y 1 x 1 x y 2
x y 2 x y 1 0
x y
x y 1 y 0
x y 1
x y 1
'
1
'
1 ' ' 1
1 1 = = =
1 = 1
1 1 1 1
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1 1
= + +
1+ 1
1+
.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht l
( ) ( )
S x; y 1; 0 = = .
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2
5
8 x y 4xy 13
x y
1
2x 1
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
=
1
1
1+

thi hc sinh gii tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2011
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x y .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
5
5 x 2xy y 3 x 2xy y 13
x y
1
x y x y 1
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1

!
1
1
1
=
1
1
1+

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

2 2
2 2
2
2
1
1
5 x y 3 x y 13
5 a 3b 13
a
x y
1
1
1
a b 1
x y x y 1
a
x y
' l
1
1
' 1 l
1
1
1
1 l = = 1
1
1 l 1
1 1 ( )
l ! !
l
1 1
1 1
1 1 =
1 1
=
1 1+
1
1+

Vi
( )

a x y
2
b x y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

t
( )
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1
u a u a 2 a u 2, u 2
a a a
2
= = = .
Khi :
( )
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2
2
b 1 u
b 1 u
u 2 5u 3b 23
5
1 u L
b 1 u b 1 4
5u 3 1 u 23
u 2 N
'
1 =
1
1
'
' 1 ' = 1 1 1 = =
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1 1
+ 1+
1+ 1
=
1
1
1+

2
1
a 2 a 2a 1 0 a 1
a
= = = .
Thay a, b vo
( )
2 , ta c h:
x y 1 x 0
x y 1 y 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
( ) ( )
S x; y 0;1 = = .
BI TP TNG T
3
x y x y
x y x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc khi B nm 2002
S:
( ) ( )
3 1
x; y 1;1 , ;
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !
( ) 1 1
1 1
+ +
.
2x y 1 x y 1
3x 2y 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

S:
( ) ( )
x; y 2; 1 = .
2 2
2 2
x y x y 12
y x y 12
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc 2013 khi A THPT Chuyn L Qu n
Nng
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 u
u x y 0, v x y y v x; y 5; 3 , 5; 4
2 v
1

= = = =

( )
.
3
3
8
2 3x
y
6
x 2
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
u 0
x; y 1; 2 , 2;1 y
v x
'
1
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
4 3 2 2
3 2
x x y x y 1
x y x xy 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

S:
( ) ( )
S 1;1 , 1; 1 = . t
2 3
u x xy, v x y = = .
( )
3
2 3
4
x x 2 0
y
1 y y 4x 2 0
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
1
x; y 1;1 , 2;
2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )
2
2
x x y 1 3 0
5
x y 1 0
x
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+
.
i hc khi D nm 2009
HD:
( ) ( )
u x y
3
x; y 1;1 , 2;
1
2 v
x
'
1 =
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
= ! ! !
1 1 1
( ) =
1 1 1
+ +
1
1+
.
( )
( )
3
3 x 2 x 2y 2y 1 0
2 2 x 2y 1 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
u 2 x 0
1 5 5 5
u v x; y 1;1 , ;
2 4
v 2y 1 0
'
' ' 1 1 1 1
=
1 1 1
1 1 1
= =
! ! !

1 1 1
=
( ) 1 1 1
1 1 + + 1+
.
( )
2 3 2
4 2
5
x y x y xy xy
4
5
x y xy 1 2x
4
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

i hc khi A nm 2008
S:
3 3
5 25 3
S ; , 1;
4 16 2
' ' 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

( ) 1 1 ( )
1 1
1 1 + +
. t
2
u x y; v xy = = .
2 2
2 2
1 1
x y 5
x y
1 1
x y 9
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
i hc Ngoi Thng Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 1997 1998
S:
3 5 3 5
S 1, , ,1
2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
x y 41
x y 2 x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
u x y 0
x; y 5; 4
v x y 0
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2y x y 3x
x x y 10y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc M a Cht nm 1997 1998
S:
( ) ( )
5 15 3 15
S 0, 0 , 2, 1 , ,
2 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

= ! !
1 1

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
2 2
xy x 1 3y
x y x 2y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 1 khi A nm 2013 THPT chuyn Bc Ninh
HD:
( )
( )
( )
1 x 1
u x , v x; y 1 2;1 2 , 2;1 , 1;
y y 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
2 2
2
2
x y xy 1 4y
y x y 2x 7y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
2
x 1
u x y, v
y
= = .
3 3 3
2 2
8x y 27 18y
4x y 6x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
3 3 5 6 3 5 6
u 2x, v x; y ; , ;
y 4 4
3 5 3 5
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

= = =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
3 3 3
2
x y 8 16y
x xy 2 8y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
2
u , v x x; y 2;1
y
= = = .
( )
2 2 2
xy x 1 7y
, x, y
x y xy 1 13y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
i hc khi B nm 2009
S:
( ) ( )
1
x; y 1; , 3;1
3
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
2 2
2
x y xy 4y 1
y
x y 2
x 1
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1

1+
.
HD: Chia
( )
PT 1 cho y 0 v t
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 1
u , v x y x; y 1;2 , 2; 5
y
= = = .
( )
3 3 3
2 2
y x 9 x
x y y 6x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y
u , v x x; y 0; 0 , 1;2 , 2;2
x
= = = .
( )
2 2
2
2
x y xy 1 4y
y x y 2x 7y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( )
2
x 1 3 17 5 17
u , v x y x; y ;
y 2 2
1

= = =

( )
.
( )( )
4 3 2 2
2 2
x 2x x 1 y 2y 16y
2x y 2xy y 10y 1 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
y 1
x x . 16
y
HPT
y 1
2 x x 8
y
'
1
1
1
1 =
1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
+
v t
( )
( )
2
2
y 1
u , v x x
y
= = .
H c 8 nghim:
( )
( ) ( )
1 5 4 3
x; y 1;3 2 2 , 2;3 2 2 , ;4 5 2 5 2 5
2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

= ! !
1 1

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
2 2 4 2
2
x y y 1 3y
xy x 2y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )

1
u y , u 2, v x x; y 1;1 , 1; 1
y
= = = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2x y 5 4x y 6 2x y 0
1
2x y 3
2x y
'
1
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1

1
+
.
i hc Xy Dng nm 1997 1998
HD:
( )
3 1 3 1
x; y , , ,
8 4 4 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
. Chia hai v PT
( )
1 cho
( )
2
2x y .
3 3 3
2 2
27x y 9y 125
45x y 6y 75x 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )
( )
3
3
5
3x 9
1 5 2
y
x; y ; , ; 5
3 2 3
5 5
3x. 3x 6
y y
'
1
1
1

1
=
1
' ' 1 1
1 1
1
( ) 1 1 1
= ! ! !

1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
1 1 1 + +
1 =
1

1 ( )
1+
.
( )( )( )
2 2
x 1 y 1 x y 2 6
x y 2x 2y 3 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
u x 1, v y 1 x; y 2; 3 , 3; 2 = = = .
( )
( )( )( )
3 3 2 2
x y 3x 3y 3 x y 5
x 1 y 1 x y 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
x 1 y 1 7
x; y 1;2 , 2; 1
x 1 y 1 x 1 y 1 2
'
1
1 =
1
=
!
l 1
=
1
l
l 1+
.
( )
2 2
3
3
x y 2x
x 1 y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 , 2; 0 = .
( )
( )
2 2 3 3
3
3
2 x y 3 x y xy
x y 6
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
1 =
1
+
.
i hc Dn lp Vn Hin nm 1995 1996
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
u x, v y x; y 8; 64 , 64; 8 = = = .
2
4 2 2 2
x xy 3x y 0
x 3x y 5x y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Chia
( )
1 cho x, chia
( )
2 cho
2
x v t
( ) ( ) ( )
y
u x , v y x; y 0; 0 , 1;1
x
= = = .
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
x y x y 3
x y x y 15
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
u x y , v xy x y x; y 1;2 , 2;1 = = = .
1
x x y 3 3
y
1
2x y 8
y
'
1
1
1 = =
1
1
!
1
1
= 1
1
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
u x 0
x; y 3; 5 , 5; 1 , 4 10; 3 10 y
v x y 3 0
'
1
1
1 =
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
.
( )
( )
2 2
2
3 85
4 x xy y
3
x y
1 13
2x
x y 3
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 85
3 x y x y
3
2 1 x y
x; y 2;1 , ;
3 3
1 13
x y x y
3 x y
' l
1
1
l
1
1 l =
1
l
1 ' ' 1
1 1
1
1 1 1 l
= l ! ! !
1 1 1
l ( )
1 1 1
+ +
1 l
1 =
l
1
1 l
1
l 1+
.
2 2
2 2
3 2y
1
x x y 1
2x
x y 4
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x
u x y 1, v x; y 1; 1 , 1;1 , 3;1 , 3; 1
y
= = = .
2 2
4 2 2
x y 2x 3y 15 0
x y 2x 4y 5 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
u x 1; v y 2 x; y 2;1 , 2;1 , 0; 5 = = = .
2 2
2 2
3 2y
1
x x y 1
4x
x y 22
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD: t
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
u x y 1
14 106 14 106
x; y 3;1 , 3; 1 , ;
x
53 53 v
y
'
1
=
' ' 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
=
! ! !

1 1 1
=
( ) 1 1 1
1 1 + +
1
1+
.
( )
2
2x 1 y 1 2 2x 1 8
y y 2x 1 2x 13
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD:
( )
5 43 3 61 3 61
u 2x 1 0, v y x; y ;2 , ;
2 16 4
' ' 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
= = = ! !

1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( )
3
x y 2
2
7
y 2 x 2 x 2
4
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
7
u x 2 0; v y 2 0 x; y 2;
4
1

= = =

( )
.
( )
2 2
2 2
2x x y 1 y 3y
x xy 3y x 2y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 3
x ty x; y 0; 0 , 1;1 , 1;1 , ;
43 43
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
2 4 2 4 2
2
2 x y 2xy y 1 2 3 2 x y
x y x 3
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
2 2
u xy 1, v y x; y 2; 1 , 4 2; 1 2
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

= = =
! !

1 1 ( )
1 1 + +
.
2 2
2 2
x y 1 xy
x y
1
y 1 x 1
'
1
=
1
1
1
1 1 !
1
=
1

1
( ) ( )
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
x
u
x y
y 1
x xy y 1 1 x; y 0;1 , 1; 0
y y 1 x 1
v
x 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
= = =
!
1

1
=
1
1

1+
.
( )( )
x y xy 3
4 4 1 x 1
5y 9 x 6 2 1 x 1 y 2
'
1 =
1
1
1
!
= 1
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
u x 1, v y 1 x; y 1;1 = = = .
4 3 2 2
3 2
x x y x y 1
x y x xy 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
u x y, v x xy u; v 3; 2 , 0;1 = = = .
( )
2 3 2
4 2
x x y xy xy y 1
x y xy 2x 1 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
u x x, v xy x; y 1; 0 , 1; 0 , 0; 1 , 1;1 , 1; 3 = = = .
2 2
2 2
x x 1 y y 1
x y xy 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
( )
2 2
u x 1 1, v y 1 0 xy ab... x; y 2; 1 = = = = .
2
2
3
2 3
1 1
x x 1 4
y y
x x 1
4 x
y y y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
!
1
1
= 1
1
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
1 x
u x , v x; y 1;1
y y
= = = .
3 2 3
xy x y 1
4x 12x 9x y 6y 7
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
HSG Tp. H Ch Minh vng 1 Ton 12 Ngy 18/10/2012
HD: t
( )
u x 1
5 17 1 17 5 17 1 17
x; y ; , ;
v y
4 2 4 2
' ' 1 1 ' 1 1
1 =
1 1
1 1 1

=
! ! !

1 1 1 =

( ) ( ) 1 1 1
+
1 1 + +
.
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
x y 1 x y
x xy y 1 y xy 1 1
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
u x y xy
x y xy 1 2xy x y
x;y 0; 1 , 1;0 , 1; 1
v xy x y
xy x y xy x y 1
'
1 '
l 1
= 1 =
1
1 1
l
l =
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
.
( )
2 2
2 2 2
x 1 y 2
1 x y xy 3x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( ) ( )
1 7 5 7
u ; v y x; y 1; 1 , ;
x 4 7
1

= = =

( )
.
3 3 3 3
3
3x y 2x y
x y 2xy
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
( )

3
3 1 3 2 2 3
1 1 2 2 3
u , v x; y 1;1 , ;
x y 2 2
1

= = =

( )
.
2 2
4 2 2
x y x 2y 22 0
x 4x y 6y 9 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
x y 1 2y 22 0
x 2 y 3 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. t
( ) ( )
( )
2
u x 2
x; y 2; 3 , 2; 5
v y 3
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2x 1 4 y 1 22
xy x 1 y 2 1
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( )
2
2
u 4x 4x
1 2 1 17 2 5
x; y ;1 5 , ;
v y 2y 2 2 2
' 1 1
1
=
1
1

=
!

1 =
( ) ( ) 1
1+
.
( )( )
2 2
2 2
x 1 y 1 8xy 0
x y 1
4 x 1 y 1
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1

1+
.
HD:
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
u x ; v y x; y 2 3; 1 , 1;2 3
x y
= = = .
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
x 1 y 1 27xy
x 1 y 1 10xy
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( )
( ) ( )
1
u x
1 1
x
x; y ;2 3 , 2;2 3 , 2 3; , 2 3;2
1
2 2
v y
y
'
1
1
=
1
1 1
1
1
= !

1
( ) ( )
1
=
1
1
1+
.
3 3
3 3
2x 5y 2xy 32
2x 3y 8
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
( ) ( )
t xy x; y 2;2 = = .
3 3
3 3
5x 2y 7xy 14
2x 3y 2 xy
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
3 3
x xy 2, y xy 2 x; y 1; 1 = = = .
4 2
2 2
x 2x y 3
x y y 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Cng v theo v
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2
x y 2
x y x y 6 0
x y 3
=

=
.
( )
( )
3
4
2 2
2 x y 4xy 3 0
x y 2y x 1 2x 4xy 3y
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD: t t x y, = t
( )
1 t 1 .
T
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
1 1
2 t t 2t 1 2y 1 0 x; y ;
2 2
1

= =

( )
.
2
4 2 2 2
y 4xy y 2x 0
y 8xy 4x 3y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2x
y 4x 1 0
y
x; y 1;1 , 1;2
4x
y 8x 3 0
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
2 3 2
3
x y 2y
x y 2y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Vi x, y 0 th h
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
x
y 2
1 5
y
x; y 0; 0 , 1;1 , 1;
2
x
y 2
y
'
1
1
1

1
= 1
1

1
1
( )
=
!

1

( ) 1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
( ) ( )
( )
3
3
xy 1 2y 9 5xy
xy 5y 1 1 3y
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Vi y 0 th h
( )
( ) ( )
3
1
x 2 9 5xy
y
x; y 1;1
1
x 5xy 3
y
'
1
1
1

1
=
1

1
1
( )
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
2
4 2 2 2
x 2xy x y 0
x 4x y 3x y 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: Vi x 0 th h
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
y
x 2y 1
x
x; y 0; 0 , 1;2 , 2;2
y
x 4y 3
x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
.
( )
( )
2
2 2
3
3 3
1
x y 1 8
xy
1
x y 1 16
xy
'
1
1
1

1
=
1

1
( )
1
!
1
1
1

1
=
1
1
( )
1
+
.
HD: t
( ) ( )
1
u x
x
x; y 2;2 , 3 1 2 3; 3 1 2 3
1
v y
y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1

=
!

1 ( )
1
=
1
1
1+
.
2 2
2 2
x y y x 2
x y x y 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 5 1 5
u x y 0, v y x 0 x; y 0; 1 , 1; 0 , ;
2 2
1

= = =

( )
.
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x y x y 144
x y x y y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 2 5; 4 , 2 5; 4 , 2 3; 0 , 2 3; 0 = .
2 2
2 2
x 2 y 3 x y 5
x 3 y 3 x y 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
2 2
u x 2 x, v y 3 y = = H
u v 5
2 3
2
u v
'
1 =
1
11
!
1
=
1
1
1+
.
( )
2
3x 2y 2x
2
2x 3x 2y
4y 1 3y x 1
'
1

1
1 =
1
!
1
1
= 1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
1
x; y 2;1 , 1;
2
1

=

( )
.
( )
2
x y 1 6
x 2x y 2 x 1 y 1 29
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 1 y 1 7
x; y 3;10 , 2;17
x 1 y 1 2 x 1 y 1 29
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
2 2
2 2
x y xy 3
x 1 y 1 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
( )
x; y 3; 3 = .
3
3
y 1 x
2 1
x y 1
x y 1 x y 10 5
'
1

1
1 =
1
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
49 41
x; y 7; 8 , 1; 7 , ;
64 8
1

=

( )
.
x y
x y x y 3
x y
x y
x y x y 4
x y
'
1

1
1 =
1
1
1
!
1

1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
u x y 0, v x y x; y 10; 6 = = = .

D GII H BNG BT NG THC

( )
( )

2 2
2 2
1 1
x y 4 1
x y
1 1
x y 4 2
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

i hc An Ninh H Ni khi D nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0; y 0 .
Ta c:
Cauchy
2 2
2 2
2 2
Cauchy 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
x 2 x . 2
1 1
x x
x y 4
1 1 x y
y 2 y . 2
y y
'
1
1
1 =
1
1
1

!
1
1
= 1
1
1
1+
.
2
4
2
4
2
2
1
x
x 1
x
x y 1
1
y 1
y
y
'
1
1
=
' 1
1
=
1
1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
=
1 1
=
1+
1
1
1+
.
Thay x y 1 = = vo
( )
1 , ta ch nhn x y 1 = = .
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
( )
( )

1 x 6 y 14 1
1 y 6 x 14 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 1 x, y 6 .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 x 6 x 1 y 6 y 2 14 3 =
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
1. 1 x 1. 6 x 1 1 1 x 6 x 14 4
l
=
l
l

Du " " = xy ra
1 x 6 x 5
1 x 6 x x
1 1 2

= = = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
1. 1 y 1. 6 y 1 1 1 y 6 y 14 5
l
=
l
l

Du " " = xy ra
1 y 6 y 5
1 y 6 y y
1 1 2

= = = .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 5 1 x 6 x 1 y 6 y 2 14 6
Du " " = trong
( )
6 xy ra du " " = trong
( ) ( )
4 , 5 ng thi xy ra
5
x y
2
= = .
Vy h c nghim duy nht
( )
5 5
x; y ;
2 2
1

=

( )
.
( )
( )

4 2
4
2x 2 6 x y 2 2 1
2x 2 6 x 2 2y 8 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: 0 x 6 .
Ly
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 4
1 2 2x 2 6 x 2x 2 6 x y 2 6 3 2 =
.
Ta c:
( )
2
VP y 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 = . Du " " = xy ra khi
( )
y 2 3 =
Ta li c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

B.C.S
2 2
2
2x 2 6 x 1. 2x 2. 12 2x 1 2 2x 12 2x 36
l
l
= =
l
l

( )
2x 2 6 x 6 v du " " = xy ra khi x 2 =
( )
4
( )
( )
( )

B.C.S
2
2x 2 6 x 1 2 2x 2 6 x 18
( )
2x 2 6 x 3 2 v du " " = xy ra khi
( )
x 2 5 =
Ly
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 4
4 5 VT 2x 2 6 x 2x 2 6 x 6 3 2 =
v du " " = xy ra khi x 2 = .
T
( ) ( ) ( )
3 , 4 , 5 nghim h l
( )
( )
x; y 2; 2 = .
( )
( )

2
2 3
2
2 3
2xy
x x y 1
x 2x 9
2xy
y y x 2
y 2y 9
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1
1+

Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr s 379 thng 1 nm 2009
Bi gii tham kho
Ly
( ) ( )
1 2 , ta c:
( )

2 2
2 2 3 3
2xy 2xy
x y 3
x 2x 9 y 2y 9
=

Ta c:
( )
2
2 3
3
2 3
1 1
x 2x 9 x 1 8 2
2
x 2x 9
=

( )

2 2 3 3
2 xy
2xy 2xy
xy 4
2
x 2x 9 x 2x 9

x y 1
x y 0
= =
= =
.
Tng t, ta chng minh c:
( )

2 3
2xy
xy 5
y 2y 9

x y 1
x y 0
= =
= =
.
Ly
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 3 3
2xy 2xy
4 5 VT 2 xy 6
x 2x 9 y 2y 9
=

x y 1
x y 0
= =
= =
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy:
( )

Cauchy
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y 2 x y x y 2 xy 7
x y 1
x y 0
= =
= =
.
T
( ) ( ) ( )
3 , 6 , 7 Nghim h phng trnh l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 0; 0 , 1;1 = = .
BI TP TNG T
2 2
2 2
2x x 1 2y y 1 2
2y y 1 2x x 1 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )( )
2 2 2 2
4
2x x 1 2x x 1 2 2x x 1 2x x 1 2 x y 0 = =
.
( ) ( )
x 1 y y 1 x 2xy
x y 1 y x 1 xy
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
x xy x
x y 1 x xy x x; y 2;2
2

= = .
( ) ( )
3 2
2 2
x x y 1 5 x y 5
3 1 2x 2 40 9y 5 11
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
2
x 5
1
x y 1
. Vi x y 1, = bt ng thc vct ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
3 1 2x 2 40 9y 9 9x 9x 144 16 36y =
( ) ( )

2 2
225 3x 4 3x 6y 5 11 .
p s:
( )
1 2
x; y ;
3 3
1

=

( )
.
( )( )
2 3 3 2
2
6x x 6x 5 x 4 x 2x 6
2 2
x 1
x x
'
1
= 1
1
1
!
1

1
1
1+
.
S: x 2 = .
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2
1 2xy 1 2x 1 2y
2
x 1 2x y 1 2y
9
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
1 =
1
1
+
.
S:
( )
9 73 9 73 9 73 9 73
x; y ; , ;
36 36 36 36
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
( )
x 3y 1 2 x 3 y 1
2 x y
x y 2
x 3y 1
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
!

1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( )
x y 1
2 1 x y 1 1 x y 1 0
x 3y 1

= =

.
( )
41 5 57 9 5 57 41 5 57 9 5 57
x; y ; , ;
32 32 32 32
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
( )
2 2
3 3
xy x y x xy y
1 1
16
x y
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+
.
HD: t
( )
1 1 1
a , b x; y
x y 2
= = = .
2 2 2
2 2
x y 2x y 0
7x 14x 3y 10 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2
2x
1 y 1 y 1... x; y 1; 1
x 1
= =
.
3
3
y x 3x 4
x 2y 6y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: H
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2
x 2 x 1 2 y
x; y 2;2
2 y 2 y 1 x 2
'
1
1 =
1
=
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
3 3
3 2
y x 7
x y x 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;2 = .
( )
( ) ( )
2 4 4 2 4
2
3 3 2
3 2x y x y x 1 2x y
1 1 x y x x x 2y
'
1
= 1
1
1
!
1
1 =
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
4 2
4
x 32 x y 3
x 32 x 6y 24
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 16; 3 = .
4 4
3 2 2
x y 2
x 2x 2x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 , 1; 1 = .
( )
3
x y 2014
1 1
x y 2
x 3y y 3x
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
!

1
=
1

1

1 ( )
1+
.
S:
( )
3 3
2014 2014
x; y ;
2 2
1

( )
.
( )
( )
3 3 3 3
3 x y 2 xy 1
9 x y x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
3 5 3 5
x; y ;
2 2
1

( )
.

E GII H BNG LNG GIC HA & S PHC HA

I KIN THC C BN
1/ Lng gic ha
Xem li phn lng gic ha ca phng trnh.
2/ S phc ha
Da vo cc php bin i s phc
( )
z x iy, x; y : =

2 2
z x y.i, z x y ,... = =

2
2 2 2 2 2
z x y 2xy.i, z x y 2xy.i = = .

( )
3 3 2 2 3
z x 3xy 3x y y i = .

( )
4 4 2 2 4 3 3
z x 6x y y 4i x y y x = .

( )
2 2
1 1 x iy
, z 0
z x yi x y
= =

.

( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 x yi
z.z x yi x yi x yi x y
z x y
= = = =
2 2
i xi y
z x y
.
Da vo dng lng gic ca s phc v hai s phc bng nhau (thc = thc
v o = o).
Da vo s tng ng ca mt phng trnh nghim phc
( )
f z 0 = vi mt
h phng trnh hai n x, y . Ngha l gii phng trnh
( )
f z 0 = v tm
c nghim
1 1 1 2 2 2
z x y i, z x y i,... = = th nghim h ban u l
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
x; y x ; y , x ; y ,... = .
Da vo CT Moivre:
( )

n n n
k2 k2
z r. cos i sin z r. cos i sin
n n
1

= =

( )
. Chng
hn nh:
3 3 3
1 3 2 2
z 1 3.i z 2 .i z 2 cos i sin
2 2 3 3
1
1

= = =

( )
( )

3 3 3
2 2 8 8 14 14
z 2 cos i sin z 2 cos i sin z 2 cos i sin
9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 1

= = =

( ) ( ) ( )
.
II CC V D MINH HA
( )

2
2
1
x 1 y
4
1
y 1 x
4
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

iu kin:
0 x 1
0 y 1
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
.
t x sinu, y cos v = = vi
u, v 0;
2
l
l
l
2 2
2 2
1 x 1 cos u sinu
1 y 1 sin v sin v
'
1
= = 1
1
!
1
= =
1
1+
.
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

1
1
cos usin v
sin u v 1
4
2
1
sin u v 0 2
cos v sinu
4
'
1
'
1 1
=
1 1
=
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1
1+

( )
2 u v k , k = v u, v 0; u v
2
l
l
=
l
l
.
Thay u v = vo
( )
1
k
u
1
12 2
sin2u
5 k
2
u
12 2
.
V
5
u 0; u u
2 12 12
l

l
= =
l
l
.
( )
5 5
x; y cos ; cos , cos ; cos
12 12 12 12
1 1

=

( ) ( )
vi
6 2 5 6 2
cos , cos
12 4 12 4

= = .
( )

2
2
2y
x
1 y
2x
y
1 x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x, y 1 .
t x tan u, y tan v = = th u, v ; \
2 2 4
1 ' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
( )
1 1 + +
.
Ta c
2 2
2x 2 tanu
tan2u
1 x 1 tan u
= =

.
( )
( )
( )
k 2m
u
tanu tan2v u 2v k
3
tan v tan2u v 2u m m 2k
v
3
'
1

1
1
= ' '
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1
+ +
1
=
1
1
+
.
V
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
u, v ; \ k; m 0; 0 , 1; 1 , 1;1
2 2 4
1 ' '
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1 + +
.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x; y 0; 0 , 3; 3 , 3; 3 = .
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

2
3 2
x 3y 2y 0 1
36 x x 3y 27 4y y 2 3 9 x 1 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Olympic 30 04 ln XIX ngy 06/04/2013 Ton 11 THPT chuyn L
Hng Phong
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 3x 3y 1 1 = .
t
3x sin t
3y 1 cos t
t 0;
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
l
1
l 1
l
1+
. Lc :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
3 2
3
sin t cos t 1
4 3 sin t 4 1 cos t 12 1 cos t 9 1 cos t 2 3 3 sin t 1
t 0;
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 l

1
l
l
1+

3 3
4 cos t 3cos t 4 3 sin t 3 3 sin t 2 sin t 0
t 0;
'
1
=
1
1
!
l 1

1 l
l 1+

cos 3t 3 sin 3t 2sin t 0
t 0;
'
1
=
1
1
!
l 1

1 l
l 1+

sin 3t sin t
6
t 0;
' 1
1

1
= 1

1

( ) !
1
1 l

1
l
l 1+

( )

7 m
t k t , k, m
12 24 2
t 0;
'
1
1
= =
1
1
!
1
l
1

l 1
l 1+

7 19
t ; ;
12 24 24
' '
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.

2
1 cos 1 cos
1 1 2 3 4 2 6
6 12
t x sin . y
12 3 12 3 2 12 3 12

= = = = = =
.

( )
2
7
4 2 4 2 6 1 cos
7 1 7 1 4 2 6
12
t x sin . y
24 3 24 3 2 24 12

= = = = =
.

( )
2
4 2 4 2 6
19 1 19 4 2 6
t x sin x y
24 3 24 24 12

= = = =
.
( )

2 2
2x 5y xy 2
x 4y 21 y 10x
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
2 2
2i xy 2x 5y 2 0
x y 10x 4y 21 0
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+
. Gi
( )
z x iy, x; y = .
( )

2 2
x y 10x 4y 21 2i xy 2x 5y 2 0 =
( ) ( )

2 2
x y 2xyi 10 x yi 4i x yi 21 4i 0 =

2
z 10z 4iz 21 4i 0 =
( ) ( )

2
z 2 5 2i z 21 4i 0 1 =
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' 5 2i 21 4i 16i 8 1 i = = = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z 5 2 2 2 2 2 i z 5 2 2 2 2 2 i = = .
Vy h c hai nghim:
( )
( ) ( )
x; y 5 2 2; 2 2 2 ; 5 2 2; 2 2 2 = .
( )

2 2
2 2
3x y
x 3
x y
x 3y
y 0
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
!
1
1
=
1
1

1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2 2
x y 0 . Gi
( )
z x iy, x; y =
2 2
1 x yi
;
z x y

2 2
xi y i
z x y
.
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
3x y
x 3
x y
x 3y i
yi 0
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
1

!
1
1
= 1
1
1
1+

( )
2 2 2 2
x 3y i
3x y
x yi 3
x y x y
=

( )

2 2
3x y xi 3yi
x yi 3
x y

=

( )
( ) ( )

2 2
3 x yi xi y
x yi 3
x y

=

3 i
z 3
z
=
2
z 2 i
z 3z 3 i 0
z 1 i
.
Vy h cho c hai nghim:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 2;1 , 1; 1 = .
( )

2 2
2 2
78y
x 20
x y
78x
y 15
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
!
1
1
=
1
1

1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2 2
x y 0 . Gi
( )
z x iy, x; y =
2 2 2 2
1 x yi i xi y
;
z z x y x y

= =

.
( )
2 2
2 2
78y
x 20
x y
78xi
yi 15i
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1

!
1
1
=
1
1

1+

2 2 2 2
78y 78xi
x yi 20 15i
x y x y
=

( )

2 2
xi y
x yi 78. 20 15i
x y

i
z 78. 20 15i
z
=
( )

2
z 20 15i z 78i 0 =
( )

20 15i 16 9i
z
2

=
z 18 12i z 2 3i = = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 2; 3 , 18;12 = .
( )

3 2
3 2
x 3xy 1
y 3x y 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Nhn xt: y l h phng trnh ng cp bc ba. Tuy nhin, nu
gii bng phng php thng thng, s dn ta n gii
phng trnh bc ba:
3 2
3.t 3t 3 3t 1 0 = v
phng trnh ny khng c nghim c bit ! Nhng ta
rng: nu xt s phc
( )
z x iy, x; y = th
( )
3 3 2 2 3
z x 3xy 3x y y i = v ta c li gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
Gi
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 3
z x iy, x; y z x 3xy 3x y y i = = .
( )
( )
( )

3 2
3 2 2 3
2 3
x 3xy 1
x 3xy 3x y y i 1 i 3
3x y y i i 3
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+

3 3 3
1 3 2 2
z 1 3.i z 2 .i z 2 cos i sin
2 2 3 3
1
1

= = =

( )
( )

3
3
3
2 2
z 2 cos i sin
14 14 9 9
z 2 cos i sin
8 8 9 9
z 2 cos i sin
9 9
1

=

1

( )

=

1

( )

=

( )
.
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 8 8 14 14
x; y 2 cos ; 2 sin ; 2 cos ; 2 sin ; 2 cos ; 2 sin
9 9 9 9 9 9
' ' 1 1 1
1 1

1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
BI TP TNG T
2
2
2y
x
1 y
2x
y
1 x
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1

1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 0; 0 , 1;1 = .
2
2
x 1 y 1
y 1 x 3
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t
x cos
; , 0;
y cos
'
1 =
1
l

!
l
l
1 =
1
+
H
( )
1 3
x; y ;
2 2
1

( )
.
( )( )
2 2
x 1 y y 1 x 1
1 x 1 y 2
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 0;1 = .
( )( )
2 2
x y 1
2 x y 1 4xy 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o o o
x; y sin65 ; cos 65 , sin185 ; cos185 , sin 305 ; cos 305 , sin 85 ; cos 85 , =

( ) ( )
o o o o
sin 35 ; cos 35 , sin205 ; cos 205 .
x 2 2 2 y
y 2 2 2 x
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: CM c
( )
x y 0;2 = . t x 2 cos t, t ;
2 2
1

=

( )
.
t
2cos t 2 2 2 2 cos t ... sin t sin
2 4 8
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
.
( )
2 2 2 2
x; y 2 cos ; 2cos , 2 cos ; 2cos
7 7 9 9
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
2 2
5 3 5 3
x 4y 1
16x 20x 5x 512y 160y 10y 2 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
1 13 1 13 21 1 21
x; y sin ; cos , sin ; cos , sin ; cos ,
4 2 4 20 2 20 20 2 20
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )

29 1 29 37 1 37
sin ; cos , sin ; cos
20 2 20 20 2 20
1 1

( ) ( )
.
3 2
2 2
y 2x 2x 3x y
x 1 y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: t x tan = th t
( )
( )
2
2
2x x 1
1 y
1 3x

=
nn x y tan3 = .
( )
( )
x y 1
2 x cot6
2 2 x y
= =
nn
tan cot6 k
10 5

= = .
p s:

x tan
y tan tan3
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
vi
3 3
; ; ;
10 10 10 10
' '
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
2 2
x x y 5
2xy y 55
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 5; 5 , 6; 5 = .
2 2
2 2
16x 11y
x 7
x y
11x 16y
y 1
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
!
1
1
=
1
1

1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 2; 3 , 5;2 = .
2 2
2 2
5x 7 5y
x 7
x y
7 5x 5y
y 0
x y
'
1

1
1 =
1
1
1
!
1

1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
S:
( )
( ) ( )
x; y 7; 5 , 0; 5 = .
4 2 2 4
3 3
x 6x y y 3
1
x y y x
4
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+
.
S:
( )

4
k2 k2
6 6
2 cos i sin , k 0, 1, 2, 3
4 4
1

= =

( )
.
1
3x 1 2
x y
1
7y 1 4 2
x y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
u x 0
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
x; y ; 2 , ; 2
v y 0
3 21 7 3 21 7
'
' ' 1 1 1 1 1
=
1 1 1
1 1 1

=
! ! !

1 1 1
=
( ) ( ) 1 1 1
1 1 + + 1+
.
12
x 1 2
3x y
12
y 1 6
3x y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
HD:
3x u 0
y v 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
( )
( )
x; y 4 2 3; 12 6 3 = .
1
3x 1 2
x y
1
xy 1 4 2
x y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
S:
( )
2
2
1 2 2 2
x, y ; 2
3 21 7
1
1
1

=

( )
( )
( )
.
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
x x 3y 2 3
y 3x y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
4 2 2 4
3 3
x 6x y y 4
x y y x 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
( )
4 2 2 4
4 2 2 4
x x 10x y 5y 3
y y 10x y 5x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
3
10x 1 3
5x y
3
y 1 1
5x y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
HD:
( )
u 5x 0
1
x; y ;1
10
v y 0
'
1
1 =
1
1
= !

1
( ) =
1
1+
.
7
x 2 3 2
2x 5y
7
5y 2 3
2x 5y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
( )
15
x 2 2 3
x 2y
15
y 2 3 3 1
x 2y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
2 2
2 2
9x 10y
x 3 2
x y
10x 9y
y 0
x y
'
1

1
1 =
1
1
1
!
1

1
1 =
1
1
1+
.
5
x 3 2
42x y
5
2y 3 4
42x y
' 1
1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1
!
1
1
1
= 1

1

( )
1
1+
.
S:
( )
5 2 6 5 2 6
x; y ;
27 9
1

( )
.
x 6
1 2
3 x y
6
y 1 1
x y
'
1 1
1
1 =
1

1 ( )
1
!
1 1
1
= 1

1

( ) 1
1+
.
S:
( )
( ) ( )
x; y 2; 1 , 2 2;2 = .
3 2
2 3
2x 6xy 5
6x y 2y 5 3
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 7 13 13
x; y 5 cos ; 5 sin , 5 cos ; 5 sin , 5 cos ; 5 sin
9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
.
3 2
2 3
x 3xy 1
3x y y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
6 6 6 6 6 6
3 3 17 17
x; y 2 cos ; 2 sin , 2 cos ; 2 sin , 2 cos ; 2 sin
12 12 4 4 12 12
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
.

F GII H BNG TNH N IU CA HM S

Xem li phng php gii phng trnh bng phng php hm s
( )
( )

2x 3 4 y 4 1
2y 3 4 x 4 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
3
x, y 4
2
.
Ly
( )
1 tr
( )
2 ta c:
( )
2x 3 4 x 2y 3 4 y 3 = .
Xt hm s:
( )
f t 2t 3 4 t = lin tc trn on
3
; 4
2
l
l
l
l
.
( ) ( )
1 1 3
f ' t 0; x ; 4 f t
2
2t 3 2 4 t
l
l
=
l

l
lun ng bin
trn
3
; 4
2
1

( )
.
( ) ( ) ( )
3 f x f y x y = = .
Thay x y = vo
( )
1 . Gii phng trnh ta tm c:
x 3 y 3
11 11
x y
9 9

= =

= =

.
Vy nghim ca h l:
( ) ( )
11 11
x; y 3; 3 , ;
9 9
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
( )

3 3
6 6
x 3x y 3y 1
x y 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
T
( )
1 v
( )
2

iu kin:
1 x 1
1 y 1
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
.
Xt hm s
( )
3
f t t 3t = lin tc v xc nh trn on 1;1
l
l
l
.
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
f ' t 3 t 1 0; t 1;1 f t
l
=
l
l
lun nghch bin trn
on 1;1
l
l
l
.
T
( ) ( ) ( )
1 f x f y x y = = .
Thay x y = vo
( )
2 , ta c nghim ca h l:
6
1
x y
2
= = .
( )
( ) ( )

3
4
x 1 y 8 x 1
x 1 y 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 1 y 0 .
Thay
( )
2 vo
( )
1 :
( )
2
3
x 1 x 1 8 x =
( )

3 2
x 1 x x 2x 9 3 = .
Nhn thy x 2 = l mt nghim ca phng trnh
( )
3
Xt hm s:
( )
f x x 1 = trn
)
1;
.
( ) ( )
1
f ' x 0 f x
2 x 1
=
ng bin trn
) ( )
1; 4

Xt hm s
( )
3 2
g x x x 2x 9 = trn
)
1;
.
( ) ( )
2
g' x 3x 2x 2 0, x 1 g x = < nghch bin
trn
) ( )
1; 5

T
( ) ( ) ( )
3 , 4 , 5 x 2 = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
( )
3
Thay x 2 = vo
( )
2 ta c nghim duy nht ca h l
( ) ( )
x; y 2;1 = .
( )
( )

2 2
2
2
2
1 1
x y 1
x 1 y 1
4 3x 2x 2
9x 2
y y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
1
!
1

1
=
1
1
1
1+

Trch thi th i hc ln 1 nm 2013 THPT Chuyn i hc S
Phm H Ni
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 f x f y 3 =
Xt hm s
( )
2
1
f t t
t 1
=
trn .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2
4 2
4 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
t t t 1
2t t 2t 2t 1
f ' t 1 0, t
t 1 t 1 t 1

= = =

.
( )
f t ng bin trn
( )
4
T
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 , 4 f x f y x y = = . Thay x y = vo phng trnh
( )
2 , ta c:
( ) ( )

2
2 2
2 2
4 3x 2x 2 4 2
2 9x 9x 3x 2 5
x x x x

= =

t
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 4 4
u 3x u 9x 12 9x u 12
x x x
= = = .
( )
2
2 2
u 2 0 u 2
5 u 12 u 2 u 2
u 2 u 12 u 4u 4
' '
1 1
1 1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
2
2 1 7
u 3x 2 3x 2x 2 0 x y
x 3
= = = = = .
Vy nghim ca h l
( )
1 7 1 7
x; y ;
3 3
1

( )
.
( )
( )
( )

3 2 3 2
2 2
x 3x 9x 22 y 3y 9y 1
1
x y x y 2
2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+

thi i hc khi A v A
1
nm 2012
Nhn xt:
phng trnh
( )
1 , ta thy bc ca x v y cng l bc 3, nn kh nng
s dng ng bin v nghch bin l rt cao. Do hai v u c hng t
bc hai, nn ta cn tm nhng s tha:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 3
m px u n px u m ky d n ky d 1' = .
Ta c h s trc
3 3
x , y trong khi trin ca
( )
1' l:
3
3
mp 1
nk 1
'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1+
C
th chn m 1, p 1, k 1 = = = . Lc :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 3
1' x u n x u y d n y d 2' = .
Ta li c h s trc
2 2
x , y trong khai trin ca
( )
2' l
3u 3 u 1
3d 3 d 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
nn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 3
2' x 1 n x 1 y 1 n y 1 3' = .
Tng t, h s trc x trong khai trin ca
( )
3' l
( )
( )
3x nx n 3 x 9x n 12
n 12
n 12 3y ny n 3 y 9x
' '
1 1 = =
1 1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
Do :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 3
3' x 1 12 x 1 y 1 12 y 1 4' =
Kim tra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
3 2 3 2
x 3x 9x 22 y 3y 9y x 1 12 x 1 y 1 12 y 1 = =
lun ng v phng trnh c dng
( ) ( )
f x 1 f y 1 = vi hm c
trng
( )
3
f t t 12t = c
( )
3
f ' t t 12t = l hm khng n iu trn
.
Do , ta cn tm min gii hn D ca hm ny n n iu trn D.
Lu , t
( )
2 2
1 3 1
1 x 1 x 1
1 1
2 2 2
2 x y 1
1 1 3
2 2
1 y 1 y 1
2 2 2
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Lc ny,
( ) ( )
3 2
3 3
f ' t t 12t 3 t 4 0, t ;
2 2
l
l
= = <
l
l
. Nn ta c bi
gii sau:
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

3 3
2 2
x 1 12 x 1 y 1 12 y 1 1
1 1
x y 1 2
2 2
'
1
1 =
1
1
1

! 1 1
1
= 1

1

1( ) ( )
1+

( )
1 c dng
( ) ( ) ( )
f x 1 f y 1 3 =
T
( )
2 2
1 3 1
1 x 1 x 1
1 1
2 2 2
2 x y 1
1 1 3
2 2
1 y 1 y 1
2 2 2
' '
1 1
1 1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Xt hm s
( )
3
f ' t t 12t = trn
3 3
;
2 2
l
l
l
l
.
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 3
f ' t t 12t 3 t 4 0, t ; f t
2 2
l
l
= = <
l
l
nghch bin trn
( )

3 3
; 4
2 2
l
l
l
l

T
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 , 4 f x 1 f y 1 x 1 y 1 x y 2 5 = = =
Thay
( )
5 vo
( )
2 , ta c:
2 2
2
1
x
1 3
2
x x 1 4x 8x 3 0
3
2 2
x
2
=
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
=
.
Vi
1 3
x y
2 2
= = v vi
3 1
x y
2 2
= = .
( )
1 3 3 1
x; y ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

3 2 2
2 2 2
x 4y 1 2 x 1 x 6 1
x y 2 2 4y 1 x x 1 2
'
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1+

Trch thi th i hc t 1 nm 2013 THPT Qunh Lu 1 Ngh
An
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin: x 0 .
Do x 0 = khng l nghim ca h nn x 0
2
x x 1 0 v t
phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 x y 2 2 4y 1 0 y 0 .
Chia hai v phng trnh
( )
2 ca h cho
2
x 0, ta c
( )
2 2
2
1 1
2 2y 2y 4y 1 x 1
x x
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
1 1 1 1
2y 2y 2y 1 1 f 2y f 3
x x x x
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

Xt hm s
( )
2
f t t t t 1 = trn khong
( )
0;
( ) ( )
2
2
2
t
f ' t 1 t 1 0, t 0 f t
t 1
=
ng bin trn
( ) ( )
0; 4
T
( ) ( ) ( )

1
3 , 4 2y
x
=
Thay
1
2y
x
= vo
( )
1 , ta c:
( ) ( )

3 2
x x 2 x 1 x 6 5 =
Nhn thy x 1 = l mt nghim ca phng trnh
( )
5 .
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
3 2
f x x x 2 x 1 x = trn khong
( )
0; .
( )
2
2
x 1
f ' x 3x x 4x x 0, x 0
x
= Hm s
( )
f x ng
bin
( )
6 .
T
( ) ( )
5 , 6 x 1 = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
( )
5 .
Thay x 1 = vo
( )
nghim ca h l
( )
1
x; y 1;
2
1

=

( )
.
( )
( )

5 4 10 6
2
x xy y y 1
4x 5 y 8 6 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
5
x
4
.
Vi y 0, = thay vo h ta c:
( )
( )
5
x 0 x 0
VN
5 8 6 sai 4x 5 8 6
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1+
.
Vi y 0, chia 2 v
( )
1 cho
5
y 0, ta c:
( )
5
5
x x x
y y f f y
y y y
1 1 1

= =

( ) ( ) ( )

Xt hm s
( )
5
f t t t = trn .
( )

4
f ' t t 1 0, t = Hm s
( )
f t ng bin trn .
2
x
y y x
y
= = .
Thay
2
y x = vo phng trnh
( )
2 , ta c: 4x 5 x 8 6 =
( )( ) ( )( )
5x 13 2 4x 5 x 8 36 2 4x 5 x 8 23 5x = =

( )( ) ( )

2
23 5x 0
x 1 y 1
4 4x 5 x 8 23 5x
'
1
1
1
= =
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Vy nghim ca h l
( ) ( ) ( )
S x; y 1;1 , 1; 1 = = .
BI TP TNG T
3
3
x 2x y
y 2y x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 0; 0 = .
2
1 1
x y
x y
2x xy 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1; 1 = .

3
1 1
x y
x y
2y x 1
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
x; y 1;1 ; ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

=
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
y 1 x x 1 y
x 3y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
1 1 1 1
x; y ; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
tan x tan y y x
y 1 1 x y 8
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Olympic 30 04 nm 2005
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 8; 8 = .
2 2
2 2
x 21 y 1 y
y 21 x 1 x
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 2;2 = .
x y 45 y 5
y x 45 x 5
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 4; 4 = .
2
2
3 x 2 x y 3
3 y 2 y x 3
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
2 2
2x 1 2y 1 x y
x 12xy 9y 4 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
( )
x; y 2; 2 = .
2 2
x 1 x 3 x 5 y 1 y 3 y 5
x y x y 80
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
5 5 7 5 5 5
x; y ;
2 2
1

( )
.
( )
( )
3
3
3 3
x 3 x y 3 3y 2 2
y 3 y x 3 3x 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 1 , 2;2 = .
( ) ( )
2
2 2
4x 1 x y 3 5 2y 0
4x y 2 3 4x 7
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc khi A nm 2010
S:
( )
1
x; y ;2
2
1

=

( )
.
( ) ( )
2
23 3x 7 x 3y 20 6 y 0
2x y 2 3x 2y 8 3x 14x 8 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 5; 4 = .
( )
3
x 2y 1 0
3 x 2 x 2y 2y 1 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
3
2
2y 2x 1 x 3 1 x y
y 1 2x 2xy 1 x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
3 3
x; y cos ; 2 sin
10 10
1

=

( )
.
3 3 2
5 3
x x 2 y 3y 4y
x y 1 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 f x f y 1 x; y 0;1 = = .
3 2 3 2
x 3x 9x 22 y 3y 9y
y x 3 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
S:
( )
9 5 5 5
x; y ;
2 2
1

( )
.
6 3 2 2
x y x 9y 30 28y
2x 3 x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 x x 1 y 3 y 3 1 x; y 3; 6 , 2; 1
l l
= = l l
l l
l l
.
( )
3 2 2
2
y 3y y 4x 22x 21 2x 1 2x 1
2x 11x 9 2y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 1 khi A, A
1
nm 2013 THPT L Thi T Bc
Ninh
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2. 2 f y 1 f 2x 1 =
( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 0 , 5;2 = .
( )
3
2
2y y 2x 1 x 3 1 x
, x; y
2y 1 y 4 x 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HSG Tnh Vnh Phc Lp 12 nm 2012 2013
HD:
( )
( )
f y f 1 x = vi hm c trng
( ) ( ) ( )
3
f t 2t t x; y 3;2 = = .
( )
2 2 2
3 2 4 2 3 2
4 1 2x y 1 3x 2 1 2x y 1 x
, x; y
2x y x x x 2x y 4y 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
thi th i hc ln 3 nm 2013 THPT L Thi T Bc Ninh
HD: Chia hai v ca
( )
2 cho
3
x .
3 4
2 2 3
x y y 28
x y 2xy y 18 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD: T
( )
2 ta rt y theo x v th vo
( )
1
( )
( )
x; y 2 2; 2 = .
2 y 1
2 x 1
x x 2x 2 3 1
y y 2y 2 3 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
D b khi A nm 2007
S:
( ) ( )
x; y 1;1 = .
( )( )
2 2
x 1 x y 1 y 1
x 6x 2xy 1 4xy 6x 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
1 =
1
+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 3 11 11 3
1 1 x x 1 y y x; y 1; 1 , ;
2 2
y 1 y
1

= = =

( )
.
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2
2 2 2
x 4y 1 2 x 1 x 6
x y 2 2 4y 1 x x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
+
.
HD: Chia hai v
( )
2 cho
2
x
( )
1
f 2y f
x
1

=

( )
( )
1
x; y 1;
2
1

=

( )
.
( )
11 10 22 12
4 4 2 2
3
x xy y y
7y 13x 8 2y x 3x 3y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HSG Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2009 2010
HD: Chia
( )
1 cho
11
y
( ) ( )
x 8 16 16
f f y x; y ; 0 , ;
y 13
89 5 89 5
1
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
( )
.
( )( )
2 2 2 2 3
2
x 1 4x y x 4y 1 1 8x y
x y x 2 0
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
HD: Nhn lin hp v bin i
( )
1 v
( )
1
f f 2y
x
1

=

( )
( )
1
x; y 4;
8
1

=

( )
.
3 2 3 2
2
x 3x 2 y 3y
3 x 2 y 8y
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3
1 x 1 3 x 1 y 3 3 y 3 x; y 3;1 = = .
( )
( )
3
3
x 2x 3y 1
x y 1 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
HD:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
1 3 1
1 2 ... y 3y x; y 1; 1 , ;2
x 2 x
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
= = ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
( )
3
2 3 2
8x 3 2x 1 y 4y 0
4x 8x 2y y 2y 3 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
( )
3
2
x 3y 55 64
xy y 3y 3 12 51x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
( )
3 2 3
3
2x 4x 4x 1 2x 2 y 3 2y
x 2 14 x 3 2y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
.
3
2 2
x y 1 x y 5
x xy 4 y xy 4 12
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
3 3 2
2 2 2
x y 2 3x 3y
x 1 x 3 2y y 2 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.

G BI TON CHA THAM S TRONG H PHNG TRNH

Thi0 du1 204. Gi s x, y l cc nghim ca h phng trnh:
( )

2 2 2
x y 2a 1
x y a 2a 3
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
. Xc nh a tch P xy = t gi tr nh
nht.
Cao ng s phm Vnh Phc khi A, B nm 2002
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
S x y 2a 1
x y 2a 1
1
P xy 3a 6a 4 x y 2xy a 2a 3
2
'
1 = = '
1 =
1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1
= = =
1 1
1+ 1
1+
.
x, y l nghim h
( )
2 2
2 2
S 4P 2a 8a 7 0 2 a 2 1
2 2
.
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
1
P f a 3a 6a 4
2
= = trn on
2 2
2 ;2
2 2
l
l

l
l
l
.
( )
P' f ' a 3a 3 = = . Cho
( )
f ' a 0 a 1 = = .
Bng xt du
a 1
2
2
2

2
2
2

( )
P' f ' a =
0

( )
P f a =

Da vo bng bin thin:
min
11 3 2
P
4 2
= khi
2
a 2
2
= .
Thi0 du1 205. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:
( ) ( )
( )

2 2
mx m 1 y 2 1
x y 4 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Cao ng Cng Nghip IV nm 2004 (i hc Cng Nghip IV)
Bi gii tham kho
Phng trnh
( )
1 c dng phng trnh ng thng
( )
: mx m 1 y 2 = v phng trnh
( )
2 c dng phng trnh
ng trn
( )
2 2
C : x y 4 = c tm l
( )
O 0; 0 v bn knh R 2 = .
iu kin h phng trnh c nghim tng ng vi ng thng ct
ng trn hoc tip xc vi ng trn, tc l khong cch t tm O
n ng thng phi nh hn hoc bng 2 (bn knh)
( )
( )
( )
2
2
m.0 m 1 .0 2
d O; 2
m m 1

=

2 2
2m 2m 1 1 2m 2m 0 m 1 m 0 .
Thi0 du1 206. Cho h phng trnh:
( )
( ) ( )

2 2
x y 9 1
2m 1 x my m 1 0 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Xc nh m
h phng trnh trn c hai nghim
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
x ; y , x ; y sao cho biu thc
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
A x x y y = t gi tr ln nht ?
Cao ng Ti Chnh K Ton IV nm 2004
Bi gii tham kho
Phng trnh
( )
2 l phng trnh ng thng
( )
: 2m 1 x my m 1 0 = v phng trnh
( )
1 c dng phng
trnh ng trn
( )
2 2
C : x y 9 = c tm l
( )
O 0; 0 v bn knh
R 3 = .
H c hai nghim
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
x ; y , x ; y ng thng ct
( )
C ti hai
im
( )
1 1
M x ; y ,
( )
2 2
N x ; y . Khi :
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
MN x x y y =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2
A MN x x y y = = .
Biu thc A t gi tr ln nht khi i qua tm O
ca ng trn, tc l:
( )
: 2m 1 .0 m.0 m 1 0 m 1 = = .
Thi0 du1 207. Cho a l mt s thc dng. Chng minh rng h bt phng trnh sau v
nghim:
M

O
N

O

( )
( )

2 2
2
x y 4ax 1
y x 2a 2
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+

i hc Hu khi A nm 1999 H khng chuyn ban
Bi gii tham kho
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 x 2a y 4a .
Nu
( )
x; y tha
( ) ( )
1 M x; y min trong
ca ng trn tm
( )
I 2a; 0 , bn knh R 2a = .
( )
2
2 y x 2a .
Nu
( )
x; y tha
( ) ( )
2 M x; y min trn ca
parabol c phng trnh:
2
y x 2a = .
Do hai min khng giao nhau (hnh v) nn h v nghim.
( )

2 2
x ay a 0
x y x 0
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a
h phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
i hc Thng Mi nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )

2
2
x ay a 0 1
1 1
x y 2
2 4
'
1
=
1
1
1
1 !
1
= 1

1
( )
1
+

Ta xem
( )
1 l phng trnh ng thng v
( )
2 l phng trnh
ng trn
( )
1
C c tm l
1
I ; 0
2
1

( )
v bn knh
1
R
2
= .
h c 2 nghim phn bit
( )
d I, R <

2 2 2
2
1
a
2 1
1 2a 1 a 1 4a 4a 1 a
2
1 a
< < <

2
4
3a 4a 0 0 a
3
< < < .
M
x
y
2a

2a

I
x
y
Thi0 du1 209. Xc nh tham s k h sau c 1 nghim duy nht:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2
2
2
2
x y 1 k 1
x 1 y k 2
'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
+

i hc Giao thng vn ti c s II Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
Xem
( )
1 l phng trnh hnh trn
( )
1
C vi tm
( )
1
I 0; 1
v bn knh
1
R k = v
( )
2 l phng trnh hnh trn
( )
2
C
c tm
( )
2
I 1; 0 v bn knh
2
R k 0 = .
h c nghim duy nht
( )
1
C tip xc ngoi vi
( )
2
C (khng
tip xc trong v
1 2
R R = )
1 2 1 2
1 1
I I R R 2 2 k k k
2 2
= = = = .
Thi0 du1 210. Tm a h:
( )
( )

x y 2
x y 2x y 1 a 2
'
1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
i hc Giao Thng Vn Ti nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
x y 2 x y 2
2x y 1 a 2 x y 2x y 1 a 2 x y
' '
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !
l
1 1
= =
1 1
l
1 l + 1+

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
y x 2 1
x 1 y 2 a 1 2
'
1

1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Ta c:
( )
1 l min nm di ng thng : y x 2 = v
( )
2 l
ng trn tm
( )
I 1;2 bn knh
( )
a 1, a 1 . Khong cch t
tm I n ng thng : y x 2 = l
( )
1 2 2
2
d I,
2
2

= = .
h
( )
c nghim
( )
2 1
d I, R a 1 a
2 2
.
1
I
2
I
1
R
2
R
( )

2 2
x y m
x y xy 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh khi m 2 = .
2/ Vi gi tr no ca m th h trn c nghim.
i hc Dn lp Vn Lang khi A H khng phn ban nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )
2
2
S 2P m
x y 2xy m
S P 1
x y xy 1
'
1 '
1
=
1 =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1+
1+
vi
S x y
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
( )

2
P S 1
S 2S 2 m 0 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

1/ Khi m 2 : =

2
S 0 S 2 x y 0 x y 2 S 2S 0
P 1 P 1 xy 1 xy 1 P S 1
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + 1+

x 1 x 1 x 1
y 1 y 1 y 1
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
2/ H c nghim khi
( )
1 c nghim v nghim h S, P tha
2
S 4P 0
Ta c: ' 1 2 m 0 m 1 = . Khi , h S, P c nghim l

S 1 m 1 S 1 m 1
P m 1 P m 1
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +
.
iu kin h c nghim:
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 m 1 4 m 1 0
S 4P 0
1 m 1 4 m 1 0

(lun tha vi mi gi tr m 1 )
Vy khi m 1 th h phng trnh c nghim.
Thi0 du1 212. Vi nhng gi tr no ca tham s m th h phng trnh:
( )
( )

5 x y 4xy 4
x y xy 1 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

c nghim ?
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi D nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )
5 x y 4xy 4 x y 4m S
xy 5m 1 P 4 x y 4xy 4 4m
' '
1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! !
1 1 = = =
1 1
+ 1+
.
( )
c nghim
2 2
1
S 4P 16m 20m 4 m m 1
4
.
( )
( )

3 3
x y 1
1
x y m x y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
(vi m l tham s)
2/ Vi nhng gi tr no ca m th h phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit
?
Cao ng s phm Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
x y 1 x y 1
1
x y x xy y m x y x y x xy y m 0
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )

2 2 2
1
x
y 1 x x y 1 x y 1
2
x y 0 1 x xy y m 0 x x 1 m 0 2
y
2
'
1
1
' ' = '
1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1
+ 1 1 + = +
1
1
1+
.
1/ Khi m 1 = th
( )

2
1 1
x x
y 1 x x 0 x 1
2 2
1
1 1 y 1 y 0 x x 0
y y
2 2
' '
1 1
1 1
= ' = ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + 1+ = =
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
.
2/ H
( )
1 c ba nghim phn bit
( )
2 c hai nghim phn bit
1
2
.
( )

1 4 1 m 0
3
m
1 1 1
f 1 m 0 4
2 4 2
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
!

1 =
1
1
( )
1+
.
Thi0 du1 214. Cho h phng :
( )

2 2
x xy y m 2
x y y x m 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

2/ Xc nh m h c nghim duy nht.
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn khi A nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( )
( )
x y xy m 2 S P m 2
SP m 1 xy x y m 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+
vi
S x y
P xy
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
P m 2 S P m 2 S
S m 2 S m 1 S m 2 S m 1 0
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +

1/ Khi
S 1 S 2 x y 2 x 1
m 3
P 2 P 1 xy 1 y 1
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 = = = =
1 1 1 1
+ + + +
.
2/ h c nghim th phng trnh
( )
c nghim S v tha
2
S 4P 0 .
( )
( ) ( )

2
2
m 2 4 m 1 m 0, m
= = .
Khi hai nghim ca
( )
l
S m 1 S 1
P 1 P m 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
Mtc khc:
( )
( )
2
2
m 3
3
m 1 4 0 m
S 4P 0 m 3
4
1 4 m 1 0
m 3
3
m
4
.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim th
3
m m 3
4
.
Thi0 du1 215. Chng t rng vi mi gi tr ca tham s m, h
( )
( )
2
x xy y 2m 1
xy x y m m
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
lun c nghim. Xc nh m h phng
trnh c mt nghim duy nht ?
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi A nm 1999
Bi gii tham kho
t S x y; P xy = = .
( )
( )
2 2
P 2m 1 S S P 2m 1
SP m m S 2m 1 S m m
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )

2 2
P 2m 1 S S m S m 1
P m 1 P m S 2m 1 S m m 0
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + 1+
.
H c nghim
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
m 4m 4 0 m 4 m 1
S 4P m
m 1 0 m 1 4m

.
m th h phng trnh lun c nghim.
H
( )
l h i xng. Do , nu
( )
x; y l mt nghim ca
( )
th
( )
y; x cng l nghim ca
( )
2
x y S 4P 0 m 1 m 2 2 2 = = = = .
Vi

S 1 S 2 x y 1 x y 2 x 1
m 1
P 2 P 1 xy 2 xy 1 y 1
' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
l nghim duy nht m 1 = .
Vi
x y 2 2 2
xy 3 2 2
x y 1 2
m 2 2 2
x y
x y 3 2 2
xy 2 2 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1 = =
1 +
=
'
1

=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
h
khng c nghim duy nht m 2 2 2 = khng tha yu cu bi
ton.
Vy vi m 1 = th h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Thi0 du1 216. Vi nhng gi tr no ca m th h bt phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2 2
x 8x 7 0
x 2m 1 x m m 0
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ? Xc nh m h bt
phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht ?
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x 1; 7 1 x 7
x 2m 1 x m m 0 x 2mx m x m 0
' l ' 1
1
1 l 1
1 1 l

! !
1 1
1 1
1+ 1+

( ) ( )
( )( )

2
x 1; 7
x 1; 7 x 1; 7
x m x m 1 0 x m; m 1
x m x m 0
' l ' ' 1 l l
1 1

1 l
1 1 l l l 1 1 1 l l

! ! !
l
1 1 1

1 1 1 l
l 1 1 + +
1+
.
H
( )
c nghim
1 m 7
1; 7 m; m 1 m 1 7 m 1 m 0; 7
m 1 m 1 7
l l l
<
l l l
l l l
.
H
( )
c nghim duy nht
m 7 m 7
m 1 1 m 0

= =

= =

v
m 7 x 7
m 0 x 1
= =
= =
.
Thi0 du1 217. Tm tham s m h
( )
2 2
2 2
5x 2xy y 3
m
2x 2xy y
m 1
'
1

1
1
1
!
1

1
1
1+
c nghim ?
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi A
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin cn: Gi s h
( )
c nghim
( )
x; y th
( )
2 2
2 2
5x 2xy y 3
3m
6x 6xy 3y
m 1
'
1

1
1
1

!
1

1
1
1+

( )

2
2 2
3m 3
x 4xy 4y 3 x 2y m 1
m 1 m 1

.
iu kin : Vi m 1 th
m
1
m 1

nn nu h phng trnh sau

c nghim th phng trnh
( )
s c nghim:
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
5x 2xy y 3 5x 2xy y 3
x 2y 0
2x 2xy y 1 6x 6xy 3y 3
2x 2xy y 1
'
' ' 1
1 1
= =
1 =
1 1
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1
= =
=
1 1 1
1 1 + +
1+

2
x 2y
5y 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
. R rng h ny c nghim.
Vy h c nghim khi m 1 .
Thi0 du1 218. Xc nh tham s a h sau y c nghim duy nht:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

2
2
x 1 y a 1
y 1 x a 2
'
1
1 =
1
!
1
= 1
1
+

i hc S Phm v i hc Lut Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
Do vai tr ca x v y l nh nhau trong h hai phng trnh. V vy, nu
( )
x; y l nghim h th
( )
y; x cng l nghim h.
Ni cch khc: x y = l iu kin cn h c nghim duy nht. Thay
x y = vo
( )
1 ta c:
( ) ( )

2
1 x x 1 a 0 3 =
( )
3 c nghim duy nht
3
4a 3 0 a
4
= = = .
iu kin : vi
3
a
4
= th
( )
( )
( )
2
2
3
x 1 y
4
3
y 1 x
4
'
1
1
=
1
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

2
2
2 2
3
3
x 1 y
x 1 y
4
4
x y x y 3 0
x 1 y 1 y x
'
' 1
1
1
1
=
= 1
1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+

( ) ( )

2 2
x y x y 3 0
1
x y
3 9
2 x 1 x x 1 x
4 4
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
l
nghim duy nht.
Vy
3
a
4
= th h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
( )
( )

2 2
x y 1 k x y 1 1
x y xy 1
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh khi k 0 = .
2/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca k h c nghim duy nht.
i hc Hng c khi A nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
iu kin:
2 2
x y 0
x y 1
'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1+
.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
x y 1 k x y 1 1 x y 1 k x y 1 1
x 1 y 1 x 0 x 1 y 1 0
' '
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

2 2
2
2 2
2
x 1
x y 1 k x y 1 1
1
y k y 1 1 1
x 1
y 1
x y 1 k x y 1 1
2
x k x 1 1 1
y 1
' '
1 1 =
= 1 1
1 1
! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
1 1 + +

' '
1 1 =
= 1 1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1

1 1 + +

a/ Khi k 0 = th
( )

2
2
x 1
x 1
y 1 y 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
I
y 1 y 1 y 1 y 1 y 1
x 1
x 1
'
1 ' =
1 =
1
1 1 1
! !
1 ' ' '

1 = = 1 1 1 = = =
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 + +
! ! !
' '
1 1 1 = = = 1 1 = =
1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + 1

!
!

1 = 1
=
1
1 1+
1+
.
b/ h c nghim duy nht th
( )
1 c nghim duy nht, cn
( )
2 v
nghim hoc ngc li. Nhng bn cht ca h
( )
1 v h
( )
2 l ging
nhau. Tc l
( )
1 c nghim duy nht th
( )
2 cng c nghim duy nht,
h
( )
1 v nghim th h
( )
2 cng v nghim, Do , khng tn ti
gi tr k tha yu cu bi ton.
Cch khc:
vi tr ca x v y nh nhau trong c hai phng trnh h
( )
. V
vy, nu
( )
x; y l nghim
( )
th
( )
y; x cng l nghim.
Hay ni cch khc, iu kin cn h c nghim duy nht l x y = .
Thay x y = vo
( )
ta c:
( )
2
2
x 1 2x 1 k 2x 1 1
k 0
2x x 1
'
1
'
1 = = 1
1 1
! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
+
1+
.
iu kin : thay k 0 = vo h, cu a/ ta gii c 3 nghim. Do
, khng tn ti k h c nghim duy nht.
Thi0 du1 220. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s a h phng trnh sau c nghim
( )

2 2
2 2 4 3 2
x 2xy 3y 8
2x 4xy 5y a 4a 4a 12 105
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

i hc An Ninh khi A nm 2000
Bi gii tham kho
t
4 3 2
m a 4a 4a 12 105 = th
( )
2 2
2 2
x 2xy 3y 8
2x 4xy 5y m
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+
.
Do x 0 = khng l nghim ca h nn t y tx =
( )
, x 0 th h
tng ng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2 2 1 : 2
2
2 2 2
x 1 2t 3t 8 1
1 2t 3t 8
m x 2 4t 5t m 2 2 4t 5t
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+

( )
( ) ( )

2
2
2 4t 5t
m 1
f t 3 , t 1; t
8 3 1 2t 3t

= =

.
T
( )
2
1
2 1 2t 3t 0 t 1;
3
1

( )
.
Xt hm s
( )
2
2
5t 4t 2
f t
3t 2t 1

=

trn khong
1
1;
3
1

( )
.
( )
( )
2
2
2
2t 22t 8
f ' t
3t 2t 1

=

. Cho
( )

1 2
11 105 11 105
f ' t 0 t t
2 2

= = = .
Bng bin thin
t

1
t 1
2
t
1
3

( )
f ' t 0

0

( )
f t

105 3
8

Da vo bng bin thin, h c nghim phng trnh
( )
3 c
nghim

( )

1
1;
3
m 105 3
min f t m 105 3
8 8
1

( )
=

4 3 2
a 4a 4a 12 105 105 3
4 3 2
a 4a 4a 9 0
( )( )( )

2
a 1 a 3 a 2a 3 0 a 1 a 3 .
Vy h phng trnh c nghim th
( )
a ; 1 3;
l

l
l
.
Thi0 du1 221. Tm tham s m h phng trnh:
( )
( )
3 2
2
x y 2 x 2xy 2m 3
x 3x y m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghm ?
HSG Tnh Long An (bng A) ngy 06/10/2011
Bi gii tham kho
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 3 2 2
2 2
x x 2x y x 2x 2m 3 x 2x x y 2xy 2m 3
x 3x y m x 2x x y m
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
= =
1 1
1+ 1+

( )( )
( ) ( )

2
2
x 2x x y 2m 3 uv 2m 3
u v m
x 2x x y m
'
1 '
1 = =
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
=
1 1
+
1+
vi
2
u x 2x 1
v x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
( ) ( )

2
2
v m u
v m u v m u
u 3
u m u 2m 3 u 3 m u 2
m
u 2
'
1 =
' '
1 1 1 = =
1 1 1
1 1 1

! ! !

1 1 1 = =
=
1 1 1
1 1 + +
1

1+
.
Xt hm s
( )
2
u 3
f u
u 2
trn
)
1;
:
( )
( )

2
2
u 4u 3
f ' u 0, u 1
u 2

=
Hm s
( )
f u ng bin trn
)
1;
.
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, h c nghim m 2 .
Thi0 du1 222. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s a h sau c nghim
( )
x; y tha mn
iu kin x 4 :
( )

x y 3
x 5 y 3 a
'
1
=
1
1
!
1

1
1+

i hc S phm H Ni khi A nm 2001
Bi gii tham kho
t
2
2
u x u x
v y
v y 0
'
' 1
1
= =
1
1
1 1
! !
1 1
=
=
1 1
1+
1+
. Do x 4 u 2 .
u 1
( )
f ' u

+

( )
f u

2
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
u 3 v
u v 3
u 5 v 3 a
3 v 5 v 3 a
'
1 ' =
1 =
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1
+

( )

2 2 2 2
u 3 v 2 0 v 1
1
14 6v v v 3 a v 6v 14 v 3 a
' '
1 1 =
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1 1 + +
.
Xt hm s
( )
2 2
f v v 6v 14 v 3 = trn on 0;1
l
l
l
.
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
v 3 v 3 v v 6v 14
v 3 v
f ' v
v 6v 14 v 3 v 6v 14 v 3

= =

.
Cho
( ) ( )
2 2
f ' v 0 v 3 v 3 v v 6v 14 0 = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
3 v v 3 v v 6v 14 3 v v 3 v v 6v 14 = =

( )
2 1
2 2
2
9 135
v 0;1
2
5v 3 v 3 2v 18v 27 0
9 135
v 0;1
2
l
=
l
l
= =

l
=
l
l
.
Bng bin thin
v

2
v 0 1
1
v

( )
f ' v
0
0

( )
f v

14 3

5

( )
c nghim tha x 4 th h
( )
1 phi c nghim. Da vo bng
bin thin, h
( )
1 c nghim
( )
0;1
a minf v a 5
l
l
l
.

BI TP TNG T
Ba6i t1p 779. Tm m h phng trnh:
x 2 y 3 m
x y 2m 5
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S: m 0 m 2; 4
l
=
l
l
.
2x y m 0
x xy 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim duy nht ?
thi th i hc ln 1 khi B nm 2010 THPT Phan Chu Trinh
Nng
S:
( )
m 2; .
x y 3
x 5 y 3 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1

1
1+
tha mn x 4 ?
S:
)
m 5;
.
2
2
x 5x 4 0
3x mx x 16 0
'
1

1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S: m 8;19
l
l
l
.
Ba6i t1p 783. Tm m h bt phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
1 m
x 2xy 7y
1 m
3x 10xy 5y 2
'
1
1

1
1
!
1
1

1
1+
c nghim ?
HSG lp 12 Tnh Thi Bnh nm 2005 2006
S:
( )
m ; 1 .
2 2 2
2 2
3x 4xy y m
x xy 4y m 4
'
1
<
1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ?
S:
( )
m ; 2 4;
l

l
l
.
2
2
2
3y m x 1 1
1
x y m
x x 1
'
1
= 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
+
c nghim duy
nht ?
S:
4
m 1 m
3
= = .
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
x y 1 m
x 1 y m
'
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
+
c nghim duy nht ?
S:
1
m
2
= .
2 2
2 2
4x 3xy 4y 6
x xy 2y m
'
1

1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S:
54
m ;2
13
l
l

l
l
.
( )( )
2 2
xy x 2 y 2 5m 6
x y 2x 2y 2m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
HD:
)
2
2
u x x 1
5
m ;2 3;
v y y 1 7
'
1 l =
1
1
l

!

l
1
=
1 l
1+
.
x 4 y 1 4
x y 3m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
HD:
u x 4 0
13
m ; 7
7
v y 1 0
'
1
l =
1
1
l

!
l
1
=
1 l
1+
.
x 1 y 2 m
x y 3m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S:
3 21 3 21
m ;
2 2
l

l
l
l
l
.
x 1 y 2 m
x 2 y 1 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
HD: T h, chng minh c x y, = a v xt m x 1 x 2 =
m 3 .
2 2
2 2
5x 4xy 2y 3
2m 1
7x 4xy 2y
2m 5
'
1

1
1
1
!

1

1
1

1+
c nghim ?
S:
5
m ;
2
1

( )
.
( )
( ) ( )
6 4 2 3
8 6 2 4 4
m x x x 1 x y
m x x x m 1 x 2x y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c
nghim ?
S:
( )
1
m ; 0;
3
1

( )
.
2 xy y x y 5
5 x 1 y m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S: m 1; 5
l
l
l
.
( )
2 2
2 2
x y x y 2
m x y x y 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c ba nghim phn
bit ?
HD: T
( )
2
2
x 2
PT 1 y
x 1
m 2 = .
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
x 2mxy m 1 y m
x m 1 xy 2y 2m 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c bn
nghim phn bit ?
S:
4 2 13
m ;2
9
1

( )
.
2 2
1 x 1 y
x y 4m 1 2x
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c bn nghim
phn bit ?
S:
1 1
m m
4 32
= = .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x m 1 xy m 2 y m 1
x m 1 xy 2m 5 y m 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c
bn nghim thc phn bit ?
S:
21
m ;
3
1

( )
.
Ba6i t1p 799. Cho h phng trnh:
( )

2 2
x y xy m
x y xy 3m 8
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh khi
7
m
2
= .
2/ Vi gi tr no ca tham s m th h phng trnh
( )
c nghim.
S: / /
1 1 13 3 33
1 S 2, , , 2 2 m m 8
2 2 8
' ' 1 1
1 1

1 1
= ! !

1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1994 1995
Ba6i t1p 800. Cho h phng :
2 2
x xy y m 2
x y y x m 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
2/ Xc nh m h c nghim duy nht.
i hc Cnh St Nhn Dn khi A nm 2000
S: 1/ x y 1 = = . 2/
3
m m 3
4
.
( )

2 2
x y m
x y xy 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

2/ Vi gi tr no ca m th h trn c nghim.
i hc Dn lp Vn Lang khi A H khng phn ban nm 1999
S: 1/
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x; y 1; 1 , 1;1 , 1;1 = . 2/ m 1 .
2 2 2
x y m 1
x y y x 2m m 3
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
1/ Gii h vi m 3 = .
2/ Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca m, h phng trnh trn c
nghim.
i hc s phm Quy Nhn nm 1999
S: 1/
x 1 x 3
y 3 y 1
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
. 2/
( )

2
m 3 4 0, .
Ba6i t1p 803. Tm tham s m h
( )
2 2
2 2
5x 2xy y 3
m
2x 2xy y
m 1
'
1

1
1
1
!
1

1
1
1+
c nghim ?
i hc Quc Gia H Ni khi A
S: m 1 .
2 2 2
x y a
x y 6 a
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
(a l tham s)
1/ Gii h phng trnh vi a 2 = .
2/ Hy tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( )
F xy 2 x y = trong
( )
x; y l nghim ca h phng trnh.
i hc Thi Nguyn khi D nm 2001
( )

x 1 y 2 m
, m 0
y 1 x 2 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
2/ Xc nh m h c nghim.
i hc S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi D M T nm 2001
2 2
4 4
x y m
x y 3m 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
Cao ng S Phm Qung Nam nm 2001
Ba6i t1p 807. Gi s
( )
x; y l nghim ca h phng trnh:
2 2 2
x y 2a 1
x y a 2a 3
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Xc nh a tch s xy nh nht ?
i hc Kinh T nm 1995
Ba6i t1p 808. Xc nh a h sau c nghim:
2 3 2
2 3 2
y x 4x ax
x y 4y ay
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1996
S:
25
a
4
.
x y a
x y xy a
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
(vi a l tham s)
1/ Gii h phng trnh khi a 4 = .
2/ Tm a h c nghim ?
Cao ng S Phm nm 1998
2 2
2 2
3x 2xy y 11
x 2xy 3y 17 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
1/ Gii h phng trnh vi m 0 = .
2/ Tm a h phng trnh c nghim ?
i hc Kinh T Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 1998
Ba6i t1p 811. Tm tham s m h phng trnh
x y 1
x x y y 1 3m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim.
i hc khi D nm 2004
S:
1
0 m
4
.
Ba6i t1p 812. Tm m h phng trnh
( )
( ) ( )

3 2
2
2x y 2 x xy m
x, y
x x y 1 2m
'
1
=
1
1

!
1
=
1
1+

c nghim ?
i hc khi D nm 2011
Ba6i t1p 813. Tm gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh
3 3
3 3
1 1
x y 5
x y
1 1
x y 15m 10
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
c nghim thc ?
i hc khi D nm 2007
HD:
7
m 2 m 22
4
. t
( )
1 1
v y , u x , u 2, v 2
y x
= = . Dng PP hm s.
Ba6i t1p 814. Tm tham s m h phng trnh
x y 1
x x y y 1 3m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
i hc khi D nm 2004
S:
1
0 m
4
.
2 2
2 2
3x 2xy y 11
x 2xy 3y 17 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Tm a h phng
trnh c nghim ?
i hc Kinh T Tp. H Ch Minh khi A nm 1998
Ba6i t1p 816. Tm cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2
x y 2 1 a
x y 4
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c ng 2
nghim ?
x y a
x y xy a
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
(vi a l tham s). Tm a
h c nghim ?
Cao ng S Phm nm 1998
Ba6i t1p 818. Xc nh a h sau c nghim:
2 3 2
2 3 2
y x 4x ax
x y 4y ay
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
?
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1996
Ba6i t1p 819. Gi s
( )
x; y l nghim ca h phng trnh:
2 2 2
x y 2a 1
x y a 2a 3
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
Xc nh a tch s xy nh nht ?
i hc Kinh T nm 1995
Ba6i t1p 820. Tm gi tr nh nht ca a h:
2 2 4
2 2 4
x 4xy 12y 72
3x 20xy 80y a
'
1

1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
HSG lp 12 Tnh Thi Bnh nm hc 2006 2007
Ba6i t1p 821. Tm cc gi tr ca a h :
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x 5x 1 9x 5x 4 10x x 0
x 2 a 1 x a a 2 0
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

c nghim ?
i hc Kinh T Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1993
2 2
4 4
x y m
x y 3m 2
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
Cao ng S Phm Qung Nam nm 2001
( )
x 1 y 2 m
, m 0
y 1 x 2 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
. Xc nh m
h c nghim ?
i hc S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh khi D M T nm 2001
2 2 2
x y a
x y 6 a
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
(a l tham s). Hy tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
( )
F xy 2 x y = trong
( )
x; y l nghim ca
h phng trnh ?
i hc Thi Nguyn khi D nm 2001
( )
3 3
x y m x y
x y 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
. Tm m h c ba nghim
phn bit
( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 2 2 3 3
x ; y , x ; y , x ; y vi
1 2 3
x , x , x lp thnh mt cp s
cng v trong ba s c hai s c tr tuyt i ln hn 1 ?
Cao ng S Phm K Thut Vinh nm 2001 i hc Y Dc Si
Gn nm 1994
Ba6i t1p 826. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh
2
2 2
x 3 y a
y 5 x x 5 3 a
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c ng mt nghim ?
i hc Cn Th khi A nm 2001
x 1 y 1 3
x y 1 y x 1 y 1 x 1 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
1/ Gii h phng trnh vi m 6 = .
2/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh c nghim.
i hc Thy Sn t II nm 2000
Ba6i t1p 828. Vi gi tr no ca m th h bt phng trnh
( )
2
2 2
x 8x 7 0
x 2m 1 x m m 0
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ? Xc nh m h bt
phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht ?
i hc Ngoi Thng C S 2 nm 1999
Ba6i t1p 829. Tm m h
( )
( )
2
2
x m 2 x 2m 0
x m 7 x 7m 0
'
1
<
1
1
!
1
<
1
1+
c nghim ?
Hc Vin Quan H Quc T nm 1997
S: m 0 < .
( )
2
2 2
x 2x 1 m 0
x 2m 1 x m m 0
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ?
2
x 2mx 0
x 1 m 2m
'
1
<
1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ?
i hc Thy Li nm 1998
2
3 2
x 3x 4 0
x 3x x m 15m 0
'
1

1
1
!
1

1
1+
c nghim ?
Ba6i t1p 833. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
2x y m 0
x xy 1
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
?
S:
( )

2
x 1
m 2. PT
x 2 m x 1 0
'
1
1
1

!
1 =
1
1+
. Dng tam thc bc hai.
( )

2 2
x y xy m
x y m
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
.
( )
c nghim.
i hc Tng Hp nm 1991 1992
S:
( ) ( )
/ / 1 S 2,1 , 1, 2 2 m 0; 8
l
=
l
l
.
( )( )
( )

2 2
x y x y 8
xy x 1 y 1 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
vi m 12 = .
( )
cho c
nghim.
i hc Ngoi Thng H Ni nm 1997 1998
S:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/ 1 S 1, 2 , 2,1 , 1, 3 , 3,1 , 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2 =
/
33
2 m ,16
16
l
l

l
l
.
( ) ( )
( )

2
x y m
x 1 y xy m y 2
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
khi m 4 = .
2/ Tm tt c gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh
( )
c nhiu hn 2
nghim.
i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1997 1998
S:
( )
( )
/ /
3 6
1 S 2, 2 , 3 5,1 5 2 m
2
= .
( )

2 2
2 2
3x 2xy y 11
x 2xy 3y 17 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
vi m 0 = .
( )
c nghim.
i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh t 2 nm 1998 1999
S:
( )
/ /
4 5
1 S 1, 2 , , 2 5 11 3 m 5 11 3
3 3
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

= ! !
1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
Ba6i t1p 838. Tm tham s m h
3 2 2
3 2 2
x y 7x mx
y x 7y my
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim duy nht ?
i hc S Phm Vinh nm 1999 2000
S: m 16 .
( )

2 2
x xy y m 6
2x xy 2y m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+
vi m l tham s ?
1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
khi m 3 = .
2/ Xc nh tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh
( )
c
nghim duy nht.
Trng S Quan Lc Qun 2 Cp phn i nm 1999 2000
S:
( ) ( )
( )

/ / a S 3, 3 , 3, 3 , 1, 1 b m 21 = = .
( )

2
2
xy y 12
x xy 26 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
khi m 2 = .
2/ Vi nhng gi tr no ca tham s m th h phng trnh cho c
nghim.
i hc Kinh T Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2001
( )

3
3
x 2y x m
y 2x y m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi m l tham s.
1/ Gii h phng trnh
( )
khi m 2 = .
2/ Xc nh cc gi tr ca tham s m h
( )
c nghim duy nht.
Trung Tm Bi Dng Cn B Y T Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2001
Ba6i t1p 842. Tm gi tr ca a h
2
2 2
x 3 y a
y 5 x x 5 3 a
'
1
= 1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c ng mt
nghim.
i hc Cn Th khi A nm 2001
Ba6i t1p 843. Xc nh tham s m h phng trnh:
( )
( )
2
2
x m 2 x my
y m 2 y mx
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c ng
hai nghim phn bit ?
Cao ng S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2001
Ba6i t1p 844. Tm a h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
( )
( )
2
2
xy x a y 1
xy y a x 1
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

Cao ng S Phm K Thut Vinh nm 2002
Ba6i t1p 845. Tm cc gi tr ca m 0 < h
2 2
2 2
x y m y
xy m x
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c nghim duy nht ?
S:
4
m 0 m
27
< .
2
2x y 3
2x y
2 x y 3m
'
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
c nghim ?
S:
1
m
3
.
( )( )
2 2
x y x y 8
xy x 1 x 1 m
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
c t nht mt
nghim ?
S:
33
m 16
16
.

Ti liu tham kho

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v cng c phng trnh

= . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.

= . Gii bng hai cch: 1 n ph v 2 n ph.

lin tc trn na khong

< < <

nn nu h phng trnh sau

1 ' ' '

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