LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian

Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn

I. TCH V HNG CA HAI VC T TRONG KHNG GIAN
1) Gc gia hai vc t
Gi s ta c
( )

( )

; ;

= =

AB u
u v AB AC BAC
AC v
, vi

0 180 .
o o
BAC
2) Tch v hng ca hai vc t
Gi s ta c
( )

. . . .cos .

= =

AB u
u v AB AC AB AC AB AC
AC v

Nhn xt:
+ Khi
0
. 0
0

=
=

u
u v
v

+ Khi
( )

0
; 0 =

u v u v
+ Khi
( )

0
; 180 =

u v u v
+ Khi . 0 =

u v u v
V d 1. Cho t din u ABCD cnh a.
a) Tnh gc gia hai vc t
( )

; .

AB BC
b) Gi I l trung im ca AB. Tnh gc gia hai vc t
( )

; .

CI AC
Hng dn gii:
a) S dng cng thc tnh gc gia hai vc t ta c
( )

( )
2
. . .
cos ; , 1 .
.
.
= = =



AB BC AB BC AB BC
AB BC
AB BC a
AB BC

Xt
( )
. . . . = + = +

AB BC AB BA AC AB BA AB AC
M
( )

( )

0 2
2
0
. . .cos . . .cos180
. . .cos . . .cos60
2
= = =
= = =


AB BA AB BA AB BA a a a
a
AB AC AB AC AB AC a a

2 2
2
. .
2 2
= + =

a a
AB BC a
( )
( )

( )
2
0
2
1
2
1 cos ; ; 120 .
2

= = =

a
AB BC AB BC
a

Vy
( )
; 120 . =

o
AB BC

b) Ta c
( )
. .
cos ;
.
.
= =



CI AC CI AC
CI AC
CI AC
CI AC

T din ABCD u cnh a, CI l trung tuyn ca tam gic u ABC nn
( )

( )
2
3 .
cos ; , 2 .
2 3
2
= =


a CI AC
CI CI AC
a

Ta c
( )
. . . . = + = +

CI AC CI AI IC CI AI CI IC
Do ABC u nn . 0. =

CI AI CI AI
Ti liu tham kho:
01. GC GIA HAI NG THNG
Thy ng Vit Hng
LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
ng thi,
( )

2 2 2
0
3 3 3 3 3
. . .cos ; . .cos180 . 0 .
2 2 4 4 4
= = = = =

a a a a a
CI IC CI IC CI IC CI AC
Thay vo (2) ta c ( )
( )

( )

2
0
2
3
3
4
2 cos ; ; 150 .
2 3
2

= = =

a
CI AC CI AC
a

Vy
( )
0
; 150 . =

CI AC
V d 2. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA, SB, SC i mt vung gc v SA = SB = SC = a. Gi M l trung im ca
AB.
a) Biu din cc vc t

SM v

BC theo cc vc t ; ; .

SA SB SC
b) Tnh gc
( )

; .

SM BC
Hng dn gii:
a) S dng quy tc trung tuyn v quy tc tr hai vc t ta
c
( )
1
2
2

= + + =

= +
=

SM SA SB SA SB SM
BC BS SC
BC SC SB

b)
( )

( )
. .
cos ; , 1 .
.
.
= =



SM BC SM BC
SM BC
SM BC
SM BC

M SA, SB, SC i mt vung gc nn
. 0
. 0
. 0

SASB
SASC
SB SC

Tam gic SAB v SBC vung ti S nn theo nh l Pitago ta
c
2
2
1 2
2 2

= =

= =

BC a
AB BC a
a
SM AB


Theo cu a,
( ) ( )
2
2
0
0 0
1 1 1
. . . . . .
2 2 2 2
| |
= + = + = =
|
\


a
SM BC SA SB SC SB SASC SASB SB SC SB SB SB
Thay vo (1) ta c
( )

( )

2
0
. 1
2
cos ; ; 120 .
. 2 2
. 2
2

= = = =


a
SM BC
SM BC SM BC
SM BC a
a

II. GC GIA HAI NG THNG
1) Khi nim vc t ch phng ca ng thng
Mt vc t u 0

m c phng song song hoc trng vi d c gi l vc t ch phng ca ng thng d.
2) Gc gia hai ng thng
Khi nim:
Gc gia hai ng thng a v b l gc gia hai ng thng a; b ln lt song song vi a; b. K hiu ( )

a; b .
T nh ngha ta c s ( )

( )

a// a
a; b a ; b
b// b

Nhn xt:
+ Gi s a, b c vc t ch phng tng ng l u; v

v
( )

u; v . =


Khi ,
( )

( )

o o
o o o
a; b ; 0 90
a; b 180 ; 90 180
=
= <

+ Nu a // b hoc a b th ( )
o
a; b 0 . =
LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
Cc xc nh gc gia hai ng thng:
Phng n 1
(s dng nh ngha)
Phng n 2
To ra cc ng ( )

( )

a // a
a, b a , b
b // b

- Ly mt im O bt k thuc a
- Qua O, dng ng // b ( )

( )

a, b a, =
Ch :
Cc phng php tnh ton gc gia hai ng thng:
Nu gc thuc tam gic vung th dng cc cng thc tnh ton trong tam gic vung: sin, cosin, tan, cot.
Nu gc thuc tam gic thng th s dng nh l hm s cosin trong tam gic ABC:
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 cos cos .
2
+
= + =
b c a
a b c bc A A
bc

V d 1. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, cc tam gic SAB, SAD, SAC l cc tam gic
vung ti A. Bit = = = 3; ; 3 . SA a AB a AD a Tnh gc gia cc ng thng sau:
a) SD v BC.
b) SB v CD.
c) SC v BD.
Hng dn gii:
a) Tnh gc gia SD v BC
xc nh gc gia hai ng thng SD v BC ta s dng
phng n 2, tm ng thng song song vi mt trong hai
ng thng SD, BC v song song vi mt ng cn li.
Ta d nhn thy AD // BC.
Khi ( )

( )

o
SDA
SD; BC SD; AD
180 SDA

= =

Xt SAD:

o
SA 3
tanSDA SDA 30 .
AD 3
= = =
Vy ( )
o
SD; BC 30 . =
b) Tnh gc gia SB v CD
Tng t, ( )

( )

o
SBA
CD//AB SB;CD SB; AB
180 SBA

= =

Xt SAB:

o
SA
tanSBA 3 SDA 60 .
AB
= = =
Vy ( )
o
SB;CD 60 . =

c) Tnh gc gia SC v BD
Gi O l tm ca hnh ch nht ABCD, I l trung im ca SA.
Trong SAC c ( )

( )

o
IOB
OI // SC SC; BD OI; BD
180 IOB

= =

p dng nh l Pitago cho tam gic vung ABI:
2
2 2 2
a 3 a 7
IB IA AB a
2 2
| |
= + = + =
|
|
\

ABCD l hnh ch nht nn
2 2 2 2
a 10
BD AB AD a 9a a 10 OB OA
2
= + = + = = =
p dng nh l Pitago cho tam gic vung ABO:
2 2
2 2
a 3 a 10 a 13
IO IA AO
2 2 2
| | | |
= + = + =
| |
| |
\ \

LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
Khi , theo nh l hm s cosin cho IOB ta c:

2 2 2
2 2 2
13a 10a 7a
OI OB IB 8
4 4 4
cos IOB
2.OI.OB a 13 a 10 130
2. .
2 2
+
+
= = =

( )

8
IOB arccos SC; BD .
130
| |
= =
|
\

Vy ( )

8
SC; BD arccos .
130
| |
=
|
\

V d 2. Cho t din ABCD, gi M, N l trung im ca BC, AD. Bit = = = 2 , 3. AB CD a MN a Tnh gc gia
hai ng thng AB v CD.
Hng dn gii:

Do AB v CD l cc cnh ca t din nn chng cho nhau,
xc nh gc gia hai ng thng AB v CD ta to cc
ng thng tng ng song song vi AB, CD v chng ct
nhau.
Gi P l trung im ca AC, khi MP // AB, NP // CD
( )

( )

o
MPN
AB, CD MP, NP
180 MPN

= =

Do MP, NP l cc ng trung bnh nn ta c MP = NP = a.
p dng nh l hm s cosin trong MPN ta c

( )

2 2 2 2 2
o o
MP NP MN 2a 3a 1
cos MPN
2MP.NP 2.a.a 2
MPN 120 MP, NP 60
+
= = =
= =

Vy ( )
o
AB, CD 60 . =
Nhn xt:
Ngoi vic khi to P nh trn ta cng c th ly im P l
trung im ca BD, cch gii khi cng tng t.

V d 3. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thang vung ti A v D, AD = DC = a, AB = 2a. SA vung gc vi
AB v AD, =
2 3
3
a
SA . Tnh gc ca 2 ng thng
a) DC v SB.
b) SD v BC.
Hng dn gii:

LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
a) ( )

( )

Do DC// AB DC,SB AB,SB = =

Tam gic SAB vung ti A nn l gc nhn, khi
o
2a 3
SA 3
3
tan 30
AB 2a 3
= = = =
Vy gc gia hai ng thng DC v SB bng 30
o
.
b) Gi I l trung im ca AB, khi AI = a. T gic ADCI l hnh bnh hnh (do AI // DC), c AI = AD = a nn l
hnh thoi. Li c gc A, D vung nn ADCI l hnh vung cnh a DI a 2. =
mt khc, t gic BIDC l hnh bnh hnh (do cp cnh DC v BI song song v bng nhau) nn BC // DI.
Khi , ( )

( )

SD, BC SD, DI = = .
Tam gic SAI vung ti A nn
2
2
2 2 2 2
2a 3 7a
SI SA AI a
3 3
| |
= + = + =
|
|
\

Tam gic SAD vung ti A nn
2
2
2 2 2 2
2a 3 7a
SD SA AD a
3 3
| |
= + = + =
|
|
\

p dng nh l hm s cosin trong tam gic SDI ta c

2 2 2 2
SD DI SI 2a 3
cosSDI
2SD.DI a 21 42
2. .a 2
3
+
= = =
Do

cosSDI 0 > nn gc SDI l gc nhn

3
SDI arccos .
42
| |
= =
|
\

BI TP LUYN TP:
Cho t din u ABCD cnh a, gi I l trung im cnh AD. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng AB v CI.
/s: ( )

3
; arccos .
6
| |
=
|
|
\
AB CI
Cho t din ABCD. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BC, AD v AC. Bit 2 , 2 2, 5. = = = AB a CD a MN a
Tnh gc gia hai ng thng AB v CD.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA = SB = SC = AB = AC = a v 2. = BC a Tnh gc gia
( )

,

SC AB , t suy ra gc
gia SC v AB.
III. HAI NG THNG VUNG GC
Hai ng thng a, b c gi l vung gc vi nhau nu ( )

; 90 .
o
a b a b =
Ch :
Cc phng php chng minh a b:
Chng minh ( )
o
a; b 90 =
Chng minh hai vc t ch phng ca hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau, u.v 0. =


Chng minh hai ng thng c quan h theo nh l Pitago, trung tuyn tam gic cn, u...
V d 1. Cho t din ABCD trong

= = = = = =
o o o
AB AC AD a, BAC 60 , BAD 60 , CAD 90 . Gi I v J ln lt
l trung im ca AB v CD.
a) Chng minh rng IJ vung gc vi c hai ng AB v CD.
b) Tnh di IJ.
Hng dn gii:
LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
a) T gi thit ta d dng suy ra tam gic ABC, ABD u,
ACD vung cn ti A.
T BC BD a, CD a 2 = = = BCD vung cn ti B.
Chng minh IJ vung gc vi AB
Do cc ACD, BCD vung cn ti A, B nn
1
AJ CD
2
AJ BJ IJ AB.
1
BJ CD
2

Chng minh IJ vung gc vi CD
Do cc ACD, BCD u nn CI = DI IJ CD.
b) p dng nh l Pitago cho AIJ vung ti I ta c
2
2
2 2
a 2 a a
IJ AJ AI
2 4 2
| |
= = =
|
|
\

Vy IJ = a/2.

V d 2. Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c SA = SB = SC v

= = ASB BSC CSA.
Chng minh rng SA BC, SB AC, SC AB.
Hng dn gii:
Chng minh: SA BC.
Xt
( )
SA.BC SA. SC SB SA.SC SA.SB = =


M
( )

( )

SA.SC SA.SC.cos SA;SC
SA.SB SA.SB.cos SA;SB
SA.SC SA.SB SA.SC SA.SB 0 SA.BC 0 SA BC
SA SB SC
ASB BSC CSA
=
=
= = =
= =
= =




Chng minh tng t ta cng c SB AC, SC AB
V d 3. Cho t din u ABCD, cnh bng a. Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip BCD.
a) Chng minh AO vung gc vi CD.
b) Gi M l trung im ca CD. Tnh gc gia
BC v AM.
AC v BM.

Hng dn gii:
a) S dng phng php dng tch v hng
Gi M l trung im ca CD. Ta c
( )
AO.CD AM MO .CD AM.CD MO.CD = + = +


Do ABCD l t din u nn AM CD v O l tm y (hay
O l giao im ca ba ng cao). Khi
AM CD AM.CD 0
AO.CD 0 AO CD.
MO CD
MO.CD 0

=
=

b) Xc nh gc gia BC v AM; AC v BM
Xc nh gc gia BC v AM:
Gi I l trung im ca BD MI // BC.
T ( )

( )

AMI
BC; AM MI; AM
180 AMI

= =

p dng nh l hm s cosin trong AMI ta c

( )
2 2 2
AM MI AI
cos AMI , 1 .
2.AM.MI
+
=

Cc ABD, ACD u, c cnh a nn
a 3
AI AM .
2
= =
LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
MI l ng trung bnh nn MI = a/2.
T ( )

( )

2 2 2
a 3a 3a
1 1 1
4 4 4
1 cos AMI AMI arccos BC; AM arccos .
a a 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2. .
2 2
+
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ \

Xc nh gc gia BC v AM:
Gi J l trung im ca AD MJ // AC.
Khi ( )

( )

BMJ
AC; BM MJ; BM
180 BMJ

= =

Cc tam gic ABD, BCD l cc tam gic u cnh a, nn cc trung tuyn tng ng
a 3
BJ BM
2
= =
Do ,

1
AIM BJM AMI BMJ arccos .
2 3
| |
= = =
|
\

Vy ( )

1
AC; BM arccos .
2 3
| |
=
|
\

V d 4. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A B C D cnh a. t = = = AB a, AD b, AA c.


a) Tnh gc gia cc ng thng: ( )

( )

( )

AB, B C ; AC, B C ; A C , B C .
b) Gi O l tm ca hnh vung ABCD v I l mt im sao cho = + + + + OI OA OA OB OB


+ + + + OC OC OD OD .

Tnh khong cch t O n I theo a.
c) Phn tch hai vc t AC , BD

theo ba vc t a, b, c.

T , chng t rng AC v BD vung gc vi nhau.
d) Trn cnh DC v BB ly hai im tng ng M, N sao cho DM = BN = x (vi 0 < x < a).
Chng minh rng AC vung gc vi MN.
Hng dn gii:
Nhn xt:
lm tt cc bi ton lin quan n hnh lp phng ta cn nh mt s tnh cht c bn ca hnh lp phng:
Tt c cc ng cho cc mt ca hnh lp phng u bng nhau v bng a 2 (nu hnh lp phng cnh a).
Cc on thng to bi cc kch thc ca hnh lp phng lun vung gc vi nhau (di, rng, cao).
a) Tnh gc gia: ( )

( )

( )

AB, B C ; AC, B C ; A C , B C .
Tnh ( )

AB, B C :
( )

( )
o
Do B C //BC AB, B C AB, BC 90 . = =
Tnh ( )

AC, B C :
( )

( )

o
ACB
Do B C //BC AC, B C AC, BC
180 ACB

= =

ABCD l hnh vung nn ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B

( )
o o
ACB 45 AC, B C 45 . = =
Tnh ( )

AC , B C :
( )

( )

o
ACB
Do AC //AC AC , B C AC, B C
180 ACB

= =

Xt trong tam gic ACB c AC = BC = AB (do u l cc ng cho cc mt hnh vung ca hnh lp phng).
Do ACB u

( )
o o
ACB 60 A C , B C 60 . = =
b) Tnh di OI theo a.
LUYN THI I HC MN TON Thy Hng Chuyn Hnh hc khng gian
Tham gia kha TON 2014 t 9 im Ton! www.moon.vn
Vi O l tm ca hnh vung ABCD th
OA OC 0
OA OC OB OD 0
OB OD 0

+ =

+ + + =

+ =

Khi OI OA OB OC OD = + + +


Gi O l tm ca y ABCD, theo quy tc trung tuyn ta c
OA OC 2OO
OI 4OO
OB OD 2OO
+ =

+ =

Khong cch t O n I chnh l di vc t OI, t ta c OI = 4OO = 4a.
c) Phn tch hai vc t AC , BD

theo ba vc t a, b, c.


Theo tnh cht ca hnh lp phng ta d dng c
a.b 0
a.c 0
b.c 0

Phn tch:
AC AB BC CC a b c
BD BA AD b a
= + + = + +
= + =



Chng minh AC vung gc vi BD.
Xt
( ) ( )

2 2 2 2
2 2
0 0 0 0
AC.BD a b c . b a a.b b c.b a a.b c.a b a AD AB 0 AC.BD AC BD. = + + = + + = = =


d) Chng minh rng AC vung gc vi MN.
Ta c phn tch:
MN MC CB BN
AC AB BC CC
= + +
= + +



( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
MN.AC MC CB BN . AB BC CC MC.AB MC.BC MC.CC CB.AB CB.BC CB.CC
BN.AB
| | | |
= + + + + = + + + + + +
| |
\ \
+

0 0
BN.BC BN.CC MC.AB CB.BC BN.CC
| |
+ + = + +
|
\



M
( )
( )
o
o 2 2
o
MC.AB MC.AB.cos0 a x a
CB.BC CB.BC.cos180 a MN.AC a x a a ax 0 MN AC.
BN.CC BN.CC.cos0 ax
= =
= = = + =
= =




BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh ch nht vi ; 3 AB a AD a = = , SA = 2a v vung gc vi y. Tnh
gc gia cc ng thng sau:
a) SB v CD b) SD v BC
c) SB v AC d) SC v BD
Bi 2: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a, hnh chiu vung gc ca S xung mt y l
trung im H ca AB, bit 3. SH a = Gi I l trung im ca SD. Tnh gc gia cc ng thng:
a) SC v AB b) SD v BC
c) CI v AB d) BD v CI
Bi 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A, B vi AB = 3a, AD = 2a, DC = a. Hnh chiu
vung gc ca S xung mt phng (ABCD) l H thuc AB vi AH = 2HB, bit SH = 2a. Tnh gc gia
a) SB v CD
b) SB v AC