Giao Trinh Phuong Phap Phan Tu Huu Han

TRN CH THNH NG NH KHOA
PHNG PHP
PHN T HU HN
L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
H NI 2007
TRN CH THNH
NG NH KHOA
PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
H NI 2007
GS, TS Trn ch Thnh

TS. Ng Nh Khoa
PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB
H NI 2007
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
M U
Gio trnh Phng php Phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) c bin son
da trn ni dung cc bi ging v kinh nghim ging dy mn hc cng tn
trong nhng nm gn y cho sinh vin khoa C kh, trng i hc Bch
khoa H Ni v hc vin cao hc ngnh C hc K thut, trng i hc K
thut Cng nghip - i hc Thi Nguyn. Ni dung gio trnh c mc ch
trang b cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut: Cng ngh ch to my, C tin k
thut, K thut hng khng, K thut tu thu, My thu kh, t, ng c,
To hnh bin dng, Cng ngh cht do & composite, Cng ngh & kt cu
hn v.v.:
-
Nhng kin thc c bn nht ca PP PTHH ng dng,
p dng phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton k thut khc

nhau,
Nng cao k nng lp trnh Matlab trn c s thut ton PTHH.
Gio trnh bin son gm 13 chng.

Sau phn gii thiu phng php PTHH, mt s loi phn t thc v phn
t qui chiu hay gp (Chng 1), gio trnh cp n mt s php tnh ma
trn, phng php kh Gauss (Chng 2) v thut ton xy dng ma trn
cng v vct lc nt chung cho kt cu (Chng 3). Phng php Phn t
hu hn trong bi ton mt chiu chu ko (nn) c gii thiu trong Chng
4 v ng dng vo tnh ton h thanh phng (Chng 5). Tip theo, gio trnh
tp trung vo m t phn t hu hn tam gic bin dng hng s trong bi ton
phng ca l thuyt n hi (Chng 6) v ng dng vo tnh ton kt cu i
xng trc (Chng 7). Chng 8 gii thiu phn t t gic km theo khi nim
tch phn s. Chng 9 m t phn t Hermite trong bi ton tnh dm v
khung. Chng 10 trnh by phn t hu hn trong bi ton dn nhit mt v
hai chiu. Chng 11 xy dng thut ton PTHH tnh tm-v chu un. Phn
p dng phn t hu hn trong tnh ton vt liu v kt cu composite c
gii thiu trong chng 12. Chng 13 m t phn t hu hn trong tnh ton
ng lc hc mt s kt cu.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Cui mi chng (t chng 4 n chng 13) u c chng trnh

Matlab km theo v mt lng bi tp thch ng ngi c t kim tra kin
thc ca mnh.
Gio trnh c bin son bi:
-
GS. TS Trn ch Thnh (ch bin): Chng 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 v 9.
TS Ng Nh Khoa: Chng 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 v cc chng trnh

Matlab.
Gio trnh c trnh by mt cch h thng v nht qun t u n cui

nh Nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn. Cc quan h c xy dng
trong "khng gian qui chiu", do rt thun li trong tnh ton v lp trnh.
C th dng gio trnh ny lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin, hc vin
Cao hc v nghin cu sinh cc ngnh k thut lin quan.
Rt mong nhn c nhng gp xy dng ca bn c.
Tp th tc gi
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
ii
MC LC
Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
1.
2.
3.
Gii thiu chung ................................................................................ 1

Xp x bng phn t hu hn ............................................................. 1
nh ngha hnh hc cc phn t hu hn .......................................... 2
3.1.
3.2.
Nt hnh hc ............................................................................................... 2
Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t............................................................ 2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cc dng phn t hu hn ................................................................. 3

Phn t quy chiu, phn t thc ......................................................... 4
Mt s dng phn t quy chiu .......................................................... 5
Lc, chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut ............................................... 6
Nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn ........................................ 7
S tnh ton bng phng php phn t hu hn ........................... 8
Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN
1.
i s ma trn ................................................................................. 11
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
Vct ....................................................................................................... 11
Ma trn n v .......................................................................................... 12
Php cng v php tr ma trn. ................................................................. 12
Nhn ma trn vi hng s ......................................................................... 12
Nhn hai ma trn ...................................................................................... 13
Chuyn v ma trn .................................................................................... 13
o hm v tch phn ma trn................................................................... 14
nh thc ca ma trn .............................................................................. 14
Nghch o ma trn .................................................................................. 15
Ma trn ng cho .............................................................................. 16
Ma trn i xng .................................................................................. 16
Ma trn tam gic ................................................................................... 16
2.
Php kh Gauss ............................................................................... 17
2.1.
2.2.
M t........................................................................................................ 17
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut ................................................................. 18
Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG
1.
Cc v d ......................................................................................... 22
1.1.
1.2.
V d 1 ..................................................................................................... 22
V d 2 ..................................................................................................... 24
2.
Thut ton ghp K v F ................................................................... 28

iii
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
2.1.
2.2.
Nguyn tc chung ..................................................................................... 28

Thut ton ghp ni phn t: .................................................................... 29
Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
M u ............................................................................................ 31
M hnh phn t hu hn ................................................................. 31
Cc h trc to v hm dng ....................................................... 32
Th nng ton phn ......................................................................... 35
Ma trn cng phn t .................................................................. 36
Qui i lc v nt ............................................................................ 37
iu kin bin, h phng trnh phn t hu hn ............................. 38
V d ............................................................................................... 40
Chng trnh tnh kt cu mt chiu 1D ....................................... 46
Bi tp ............................................................................................. 50
Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
M u ............................................................................................ 52
H to a phng, h to chung ............................................ 52
Ma trn cng phn t .................................................................. 54
ng sut .......................................................................................... 55
V d ............................................................................................... 55
Chng trnh tnh h thanh phng .................................................... 57
Bi tp ............................................................................................. 67
Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1.
M u ............................................................................................ 71
1.1.
1.2.
Trng hp ng sut phng ...................................................................... 72

Trng hp bin dng phng .................................................................... 72
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ri rc ho kt cu bng phn t tam gic ....................................... 73

Biu din ng tham s.................................................................... 76
Th nng ......................................................................................... 79
Ma trn cng ca phn t tam gic ............................................. 79
Qui i lc v nt ............................................................................ 80
V d ............................................................................................... 83
Chng trnh tnh tm chu trng thi ng sut phng ...................... 88
Bi tp ............................................................................................. 99
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
iv
Chng 7
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M u .......................................................................................... 103
M t i xng trc ....................................................................... 103
Phn t tam gic ............................................................................ 104
Chng trnh tnh kt cu i xng trc......................................... 114
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 122
Chng 8
PHN T T GIC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
M u .......................................................................................... 126
Phn t t gic............................................................................... 126
Hm dng ...................................................................................... 127
Ma trn cng ca phn t.......................................................... 129
Qui i lc v nt .......................................................................... 131
Tch phn s .................................................................................. 132
Tnh ng sut................................................................................. 136
V d ............................................................................................. 136
Chng trnh ................................................................................. 138
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 150
Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 152

Th nng ....................................................................................... 153
Hm dng Hermite ........................................................................ 153
Ma trn cng ca phn t dm .................................................. 155
Quy i lc nt .............................................................................. 157
Tnh mmen un v lc ct............................................................ 158
Khung phng ................................................................................. 159
V d ............................................................................................. 161
Chng trnh tnh dm chu un .................................................... 166
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 175
Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT
1.
2.
Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 178

Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu.......................................................... 178
2.1.
M t bi ton ........................................................................................ 178
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
2.2.
2.3.
Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 178

V d ...................................................................................................... 180
3.
Bi ton dn nhit hai chiu ........................................................... 182
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu .................................. 182

iu kin bin ........................................................................................ 183
Phn t tam gic ..................................................................................... 184
Xy dng phim hm ............................................................................. 185
V d ...................................................................................................... 189
4.
Cc chng trnh tnh bi ton dn nhit ........................................ 192
4.1.
4.2.
V d 10.1 .............................................................................................. 192

V d 10.2 .............................................................................................. 197
5.
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 203
Chng 11
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 206

L thuyt tm Kirchhof ................................................................. 206
Phn t tm Kirchhof chu un ...................................................... 209
Phn t tm Mindlin chu un........................................................ 215
Phn t v ..................................................................................... 218
Chng trnh tnh tm chu un ..................................................... 221
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 231
Chng 12
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON VT LIU, KT CU COMPOSITE
1.
2.
3.
Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 234

Phn loi vt liu Composite ......................................................... 234
M t PTHH bi ton trong trng thi ng sut phng ................... 236
3.1.
3.2.
Ma trn D i vi trng thi ng sut phng ........................................... 236

V d ...................................................................................................... 238
4.
Bi ton un tm Composite lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ................ 241
4.1.
4.2.
M hnh ha vt liu composite nhiu lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ........... 241

M hnh ha PTHH bi ton tm composite lp chu un ....................... 246
5.
6.
Chng trnh tnh tm Composite lp chu un.............................. 250

Bi tp ........................................................................................... 267
Chng 13
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON NG LC HC KT CU
1.
Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 268
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
vi
2.
3.
4.
M t bi ton................................................................................ 268
Vt rn c khi lng phn b ....................................................... 270
Ma trn khi lng ca phn t c khi lng phn b.................. 272
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 272

Phn t trong h thanh phng.................................................................. 272
Phn t tam gic ..................................................................................... 273
Phn t tam gic i xng trc ............................................................... 274
Phn t t gic ....................................................................................... 275
Phn t dm ........................................................................................... 275
Phn t khung ........................................................................................ 276
5.
6.
V d ............................................................................................. 276
Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm v khung .................. 277
6.1.
6.2.
Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm ................................... 277

Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung ................................ 282
7.
Bi tp ........................................................................................... 287
TI LIU THAM KHO
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
vii
Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
1. GII THIU CHUNG
S tin b ca khoa hc, k thut i hi ngi k s thc hin

nhng n ngy cng phc tp, t tin v i hi chnh xc, an
ton cao.
7.1.
Phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH) l
mt phng php rt tng qut v hu hiu cho li
gii s nhiu lp bi ton k thut khc nhau. T
vic phn tch trng thi ng sut, bin dng trong
cc kt cu c kh, cc chi tit trong t, my bay,
tu thu, khung nh cao tng, dm cu, v.v, n
nhng bi ton ca l thuyt trng nh: l thuyt
truyn nhit, c hc cht lng, thu n hi, kh
n hi, in-t trng v.v. Vi s tr gip ca
ngnh Cng ngh thng tin v h thng CAD, nhiu
kt cu phc tp cng c tnh ton v thit k
chi tit mt cch d dng.
Trn th gii c nhiu phn mm PTHH ni ting nh:

NASTRAN, ANSYS, TITUS, MODULEF, SAP 2000, CASTEM
2000, SAMCEF v.v.
c th khai thc hiu qu nhng phn mm PTHH hin c hoc
t xy dng ly mt chng trnh tnh ton bng PTHH, ta cn phi
nm c c s l thuyt, k thut m hnh ho cng nh cc bc tnh
c bn ca phng php.
2. XP X BNG PHN T HU HN
Gi s V l min xc nh ca mt i lng cn kho st no

(chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng, nhit , v.v.). Ta chia V ra nhiu min
con ve c kch thc v bc t do hu hn. i lng xp x ca i
lng trn s c tnh trong tp hp cc min ve.
Phng php xp x nh cc min con ve c gi l phng php
xp x bng cc phn t hu hn, n c mt s c im sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Xp x nt trn mi min con ve ch lin quan n nhng bin

nt gn vo nt ca ve v bin ca n,
Cc hm xp x trong mi min con ve c xy dng sao cho
chng lin tc trn ve v phi tho mn cc iu kin lin tc
gia cc min con khc nhau.
Cc min con ve c gi l cc phn t.
3. NH NGHA HNH HC CC PHN T HU HN

3.1.
Nt hnh hc
Nt hnh hc l tp hp n im trn min V xc nh hnh hc

cc PTHH. Chia min V theo cc nt trn, ri thay min V bng mt tp
hp cc phn t ve c dng n gin hn. Mi phn t ve cn chn sao
cho n c xc nh gii tch duy nht theo cc to nt hnh hc
ca phn t , c ngha l cc to nm trong ve hoc trn bin ca
n.
3.2.
Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t
Vic chia min V thnh cc phn t ve phi tho mn hai qui tc

sau:
Hai phn t khc nhau ch c th c nhng im chung nm trn

bin ca chng. iu ny loi tr kh nng giao nhau gia hai
phn t. Bin gii gia cc phn t c th l cc im, ng hay
mt (Hnh 1.1).
Tp hp tt c cc phn t ve phi to thnh mt min cng gn

vi min V cho trc cng tt. Trnh khng c to l hng
gia cc phn t.
v1
v2
bin gii
v2
v1
bin gii
v1
v2
bin gii
Hnh 1.1. Cc dng bin chung gia cc phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
4. CC DNG PHN T HU HN
C nhiu dng phn t hu hn: phn t mt chiu, hai chiu v ba

chiu. Trong mi dng , i lng kho st c th bin thin bc nht
(gi l phn t bc nht), bc hai hoc bc ba v.v. Di y, chng ta
lm quen vi mt s dng phn t hu hn hay gp.
Phn t mt chiu
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t hai chiu
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t ba chiu
Phn t t din
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t lng tr
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
5. PHN T QUY CHIU, PHN T THC
Vi mc ch n gin ho vic xc nh gii tch cc phn t c

dng phc tp, chng ta a vo khi nim phn t qui chiu, hay
phn t chun ho, k hiu l vr. Phn t qui chiu thng l phn t
n gin, c xc nh trong khng gian qui chiu m t , ta c th
bin i n thnh tng phn t thc ve nh mt php bin i hnh hc
re. V d trong trng hp phn t tam gic (Hnh 1.2).
(5)
y
(4)
r3
0,1
0,0
(3)
v2
r2
r1
vr
v3
(1)
v1
(2)
1,0
Hnh 1.2. Phn t quy chiu v cc phn t thc tam gic

Cc php bin i hnh hc phi sinh ra cc phn t thc v phi
tho mn cc qui tc chia phn t trnh by trn. Mun vy, mi
php bin i hnh hc phi c chn sao cho c cc tnh cht sau:
a. Php bin i phi c tnh hai chiu (song nh) i vi mi im
trong phn t qui chiu hoc trn bin; mi im ca vr ng vi
mt v ch mt im ca ve v ngc li.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
b. Mi phn bin ca phn t qui chiu c xc nh bi cc nt hnh hc

ca bin ng vi phn bin ca phn t thc c xc nh bi cc nt
tng ng.
Ch :
Mt phn t qui chiu vr c bin i thnh tt c cc phn t

thc ve cng loi nh cc php bin i khc nhau. V vy, phn
t qui chiu cn c gi l phn t b-m.
C th coi php bin i hnh hc ni trn nh mt php i bin n

gin.
(, ) c xem nh h to a phng gn vi mi phn t.
6.
MT S DNG PHN T QUI CHIU
Phn t qui chiu mt chiu
-1
-1
-1
-1
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc nht
/2 0
/2
Phn t bc ba
Phn t qui chiu hai chiu
v
0,0
/2
Phn t bc nht
1 ,1
/2 /2
0,0
/2
Phn t bc hai
1 ,2
/3 /3
/3
2 ,1
/3 /3
vr
/3
0,0
/3
/3
Phn t bc ba
Phn t qui chiu ba chiu

Phn t t din
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
0,0,1
0,0,1
vr
0,0,1
0,0,0
vr
vr
0,1,0
0,1,0
1,0,0
1,0,0
Phn t bc nht
0,1,0
1,0,0
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t su mt
vr
0,1,1
vr
vr
1,1,0
Phn t bc nht
0,1,1
0,1,1
1,1,0
Phn t bc hai
1,1,0
Phn t bc ba
7. LC, CHUYN V, BIN DNG V NG SUT
C th chia lc tc dng ra ba loi v ta biu din chng di dng

vct ct:
- Lc th tch
f : f = f[ fx, fy , fz]T
- Lc din tch T : T = T[ Tx, Ty , Tz]T

- Lc tp trung Pi: Pi= Pi [ Px, Py , Pz]T
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Chuyn v ca mt im thuc vt c k hiu bi:

u = [u, v, w] T
Cc thnh phn ca tenx bin dng c k hiu bi ma trn ct:
(1.1)
= [x , y, z, yz, xz, xy] T

Trng hp bin dng b:
(1.2)
T
u v w v w u w u v

x y z z y z x y x
Cc thnh phn ca tenx ng sut c k hiu bi ma trn ct:
(1.3)
= [x , y, z, yz, xz, xy] T

Vi vt liu n hi tuyn tnh v ng hng, ta c quan h gia ng
sut vi bin dng:
(1.4)
=D
(1.5)
Trong :
1

1
1
E
D
1 1 2 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,5
E l mun n hi, l h s Poisson ca vt liu.

8. NGUYN L CC TIU HO TH NNG TON PHN
Th nng ton phn ca mt vt th n hi l tng ca nng

lng bin dng U v cng ca ngoi lc tc dng W:
=U+W
Vi vt th n hi tuyn tnh th nng lng bin dng trn mt
1
n v th tch c xc nh bi: T
2
Do nng lng bin dng ton phn:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(1.6)
dv
(1.7)
Cng ca ngoi lc c xc nh bi:

n
W u T FdV u T TdS u i Pi
V
(1.8)
i 1
Th nng ton phn ca vt th n hi s l:
n
1
T
T
T
T
dV
u
f
dV
u
TdS
ui Pi
2V
i 1
V
S
(1.9)
Trong : u l vct chuyn v v Pi l lc tp trung ti nt i c

chuyn v l ui
p dng nguyn l cc tiu th nng: i vi mt h bo ton,
trong tt c cc di chuyn kh d, di chuyn thc ng vi trng thi cn
bng s lm cho th nng t cc tr. Khi th nng t gi tr cc tiu
th vt (h) trng thi cn bng n nh.
9. S TNH TON BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU
HN
Mt chng trnh tnh bng PTHH thng gm cc khi chnh sau:

Khi 1: c cc d liu u vo: Cc d liu ny bao gm cc thng
tin m t nt v phn t (li phn t), cc thng s c hc
ca vt liu (mun n hi, h s dn nhit...), cc thng tin
v ti trng tc dng v thng tin v lin kt ca kt cu
(iu kin bin);
Khi 2: Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k v vct lc nt phn t f
ca mi phn t;
Khi 3: Xy dng ma trn cng tng th K v vct lc nt F
chung cho c h (ghp ni phn t);
Khi 4: p t cc iu kin lin kt trn bin kt cu, bng cch bin
i ma trn cng K v vec t lc nt tng th F;
Khi 5: Gii phng trnh PTHH, xc nh nghim ca h l vct
chuyn v chung Q;
Khi 6: Tnh ton cc i lng khc (ng sut, bin dng, gradin
nhit , v.v.) ;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Khi 7: T chc lu tr kt qu v in kt qu, v cc biu , th

ca cc i lng theo yu cu.
S tnh ton vi cc khi trn c biu din nh hnh sau (Hnh
1.3);
c d liu u vo
- Cc thng s c hc ca vt liu
- Cc thng s hnh hc ca kt cu
- Cc thng s iu khin li
- Ti trng tc dng
- Thng tin ghp ni cc phn t
- iu kin bin
Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k

Tnh ton vct lc nt phn t f
Xy dng ma trn cng K v vct lc chung F
p t iu kin bin
(Bin i cc ma trn K v vec t F)
Gii h phng trnh KQ = F
(Xc nh vct chuyn v nt tng th Q)
Tnh ton cc i lng khc
(Tnh ton ng sut, bin dng, kim tra bn, v.v)
In kt qu
- In cc kt qu mong mun
- V cc biu , th
Hnh 1.3. S khi ca chng trnh PTHH
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
10
Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN
p dng phng php PTHH trong cc bi ton k thut thng
lin quan n mt lot cc php ton trn ma trn. V vy, cc php
ton c bn trn ma trn v phng php kh Gaussian (Gauss) gii
h phng trnh tuyn tnh s l 2 ni dung chnh c cp trong
chng ny.
1. I S MA TRN
Cc cng c ton hc v ma trn c cp trong phn ny l cc

cng c c bn gii bi ton tm nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn
tnh, c dng nh sau:
a11 x1 a12 x2 a1n xn b1

a21 x1 a22 x2 a2n xn b2
(2.1)
an1 x1 an 2 x2 ann xn bn
trong , x1, x2, , xn l cc nghim cn tm. H phng trnh (2.1) c
th c biu din dng thu gn:
Ax = b
trong , A l ma trn vung c kch thc (n n), v x v b l cc
vct (n1), c bin din nh sau:
a11
a
A 21
a n1
a12
a 22
a n2
a1n
a 2 n

a nn
x1
x
2
x
xn
b1
b

b 2
bn
1.1. Vct
Mt ma trn c kch thc (1 n) c gi l vct hng, ma trn

c kch thc (n 1) c gi l vct ct. V d mt vct hng (1
4):
r 2 2 12 6
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
11
(2.2)
v vct ct (3 1):
11

c2
34

1.2. Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v l ma trn ng cho vi cc phn t trn ng

cho chnh bng 1, v d:
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1
1.3. Php cng v php tr ma trn.
Cho 2 ma trn A v B, cng c kch thc l (m n). Tng ca

chng l 1 ma trn C = A + B v c nh ngha nh sau:
cij = aij + bij
(2.3)
V d:
3 2 8 5 5 7
5 1 1 2 4 3
php tr c nh ngha tng t.

1.4. Nhn ma trn vi hng s
Nhn 1 ma trn A vi hng s c c nh ngha nh sau:

cA=[caij]
V d:
(2.4)
3 2 300 200
10 2
5 1 500 100
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
12
1.5. Nhn hai ma trn
Tch ca ma trn A kch thc (m n) vi ma trn B kch thc (n

p) l 1 ma trn C kch thc (m p), c nh ngha nh sau:
A
(2.5)
(m n)
(n p)
(m p)
trong , phn t th (ij) ca C l (cij) c tnh theo biu thc:
n
cij aik bkj
(2.6)
k 1
V d:
4 5
2 8 5
54 70
3 1 4 2 5 38 36
6 4
Ch :
- iu kin tn ti php nhn 2 ma trn AB l s ct ca ma
trn A phi bng s hng ca ma trn B.
- Trong phn ln cc trng hp, nu tn ti tch 2 ma trn AB
v BA, th tch 2 ma trn khng c tnh cht giao hon, c ngha l
AB BA.
1.6. Chuyn v ma trn
Chuyn v ca ma trn A = [aij] kch thc (m n) l 1 ma trn, k

hiu l AT c kch thc l (n m), c to t ma trn A bng cch
chuyn hng ca ma trn A thnh ct ca ma trn AT. Khi , (AT)T = A.
V d:
4 5
A 2 5
6 4
4 2 6
th: AT
5 5 4
Chuyn v ca mt tch cc ma trn l tch cc chuyn v ca ma

trn thnh phn theo th t o ngc, c ngha l:
(ABC)T=CTBT AT.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(2.7)
13
1.7. o hm v tch phn ma trn
Trong nhiu bi ton k thut, cc phn t ca ma trn khng phi

l 1 hng s, chng l cc hm s 1 bin hay nhiu bin. V d:
x 2 y 5 x 2 xy
A 2 x
y
6x
x 4 y
Trong cc trng hp , cc ma trn c th c o hm hay

tch phn. Php o hm (hay php tch phn) ca 1 ma trn, n gin
l ly o hm (hay ly tch phn) i vi mi phn t ca ma trn:
da ( x)
d
A( x) ij
dx
dx
(2.8)
Adxdy a dxdy
ij
(2.9)
Chng ta s s dng thng xuyn biu thc (2.8) xy dng h

phng trnh PTHH trong cc chng sau. Xt ma trn vung A, kch
thc (n n) vi cc h s hng, vct ct x = {x1 x2 ... xn}T cha cc
bin. Khi , o hm ca Ax theo 1 bin xp s l:
d
( Ax) a p
dx p
(2.10)
trong , ap l vct ct v chnh l ct th p ca ma trn A.

1.8. nh thc ca ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A = [aij], kch thc (n n). nh thc ca ma

trn A c nh ngha nh sau:
n 1
det( A) a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) 1 a1n det( A1n )
n
(2.11)
i j
1 aij det( Aij )

j 1
trong , Aij l ma trn kch thc (n-1 n-1) thu c bng cch loi
i hng i ct j ca ma trn A.
V d:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
14
a11
a
A 21
an1
a12
a22
an 2
a1n
a2n
ann
a22
a
A11 32
an 2
a23
a33
an 3
a2 n
a3n
ann
Cng thc (2.11) l cng thc tng qut. Theo cng thc ny, nh thc
ca ma trn vung c kch thc (n n) c xc nh theo phng
php truy hi t nh thc cc ma trn c kch thc (n-1 n-1). Trong
, ma trn ch c 1 phn t (1 1) c:
det(apq) = apq
(2.12)
1.9. Nghch o ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A, nu det(A) 0, th A c ma trn nghch o

v k hiu l A-1. Ma trn nghch o tha mn quan h sau:
A-1A = AA-1 = I
(2.13)
Nu det(A) = 0, A l ma trn suy bin v khng tn ti ma trn
nghch o. Nu det(A) 0 ta gi A l ma trn khng suy bin. Khi ,
nghch o ca A c xc nh nh sau:
A1
adjA
det A
(2.14)
i j
Trong , adjA l ma trn b ca A, c cc phn t a ij 1 det( A ji )

v Aji l ma trn thu c t A bng cch loi i hng th j v ct th i.
V d:
Nghch o ca ma trn A kch thc (2 2) l:
a11
A
a21
1
a12
a22
1 a 22
det A a21
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
a12
a11
15
1.10. Ma trn ng cho
Mt ma trn vung c cc phn t bng khng ngoi tr cc phn

t trn ng cho chnh c gi l ma trn ng cho. V d:
2 0 0
D 0 3 0
0 0 5
1.11. Ma trn i xng
Ma trn i xng l mt ma trn vung c cc phn t tho mn

iu kin:
aij = aji
hay:
A = AT
Nh vy, ma trn i xng l ma trn c cc phn t i xng qua
ng cho chnh.
V d, ma trn A sau y l ma trn i xng:
(2.15a)
(2.15b)
2 3 11
A 3 4
0
11 0 9
1.12. Ma trn tam gic
Ma trn c gi l ma trn tam gic trn hay ma trn tam gic

di, tng ng l cc ma trn c tt c cc phn t nm di hay nm
trn ng cho chnh bng khng.
V d, cc ma trn c minh ho di y tng ng l ma trn
tam gic trn A v ma trn tam gic di B:
2 3 11
A 0 4
0
0 0 9
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
2 0 0
B 3 4 0
11 0 9
16
2. PHP KH GAUSS
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c biu din dng ma trn nh

sau:
Ax = b
trong , A l ma trn vung kch thc (n n). Nu detA 0, th ta c
th thc hin php bin i phng trnh trn bng cch nhn 2 v vi
A-1 v nhn c nghim: x = A-1b. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc bi
ton k thut, kch thc ca ma trn A l rt ln v cc phn t ca A
thng l s thc vi min xc nh rt rng; do , vic tnh ton ma
trn nghch o ca A l rt phc tp v d gp phi sai s do vic lm
trn trong cc php tnh. V vy, phng php kh Gauss l mt cng
c rt hu ch cho vic gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh.
2.1.
M t
Chng ta s bt u m t phng php kh Gauss thng qua mt v d

minh ho sau y; sau tm hiu gii thut kh Gauss tng qut.
Xt h phng trnh:
x1 2 x 2 5 x3 1
(1)
2 x1 5 x2 3 x3 2
(2)
x1 x2 15 x3 4
(3)
Bc 1: bng cc php bin i tng ng kh x1 trong cc

phng trnh (2) v (3), ta c h:
x1 2 x2 5 x3 1
(1)
0 x1 x2 7 x3 4
(21)
0 x1 x2 20 x3 5
(31)
Bc 2: kh x2 trong phng trnh (31), ta c h:

x1 2 x2 5 x3 1
(1)
0 x1 x2 7 x3 4
(21)
0 x1 0 x2 27 x3 9
(32)
y, ta nhn c h phng trnh m ma trn cc h s lp

thnh ma trn tam gic trn. T phng trnh cui cng (32), ta tm
c nghim x3, ln lt th cc nghim tm c vo phng trnh
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
17
trn n, (21) v (1). S nhn c cc n s cn tm nh sau:

1
5
8
x3 ; x2 ; x1 . Phng php tm nghim khi ma trn cc
3
3
3
h s l ma trn tam gic trn ny c gi l phng php th
ngc.
Cc thao tc trn c th c biu din di dng ngn gn nh sau:
2 5 1
1
1 2 5 1
1 2 5 1
2
5 3 2 0 1 7 4 0 1 7 4
1 1 15 4
0 1 20 5
0 0 27 9
bng phng php th ngc, cui cng ta nhn c cc nghim:
1
5
x3 ; x2 ;
3
3
2.2.
x1
8
3
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut s c biu din thng qua cc

bc thc hin i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut nh
sau:
a11
a
21
a31

ai1

a
n1
a12
a22
a32
ai 2
an2
a13
a23
a33
ai 3
an 3
a1 j
a2 j
a3 j
aij
anj
a1n x1 b1
a2 n x2 b2

a3n x3 b3

ain xi bi

ann xn bn
(2.16)
thc hin phng php kh Gauss, ta xt cc th tc tc ng

n cc ma trn h s A v ma trn cc s hng t do b nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
18
a11
a
21
a31

ai1

a
n1
a12
a22
a32
ai 2
an2
a13
a23
a33
ai 3
an 3
a1 j
a2 j
a3 j
aij
anj
a1n
a2 n
a3n

ain

ann
b1
b
2
b3

b
i

bn
(2.17)
Bc 1. S dng phng trnh th nht (hng 1) loi x1 ra khi cc

phng trnh cn li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong
vng nh du v lm cho cc phn t t hng 2 n hng th n ca
ct 1 bng khng nh php bin i (2.18) sau:
ai1
1
aij aij a a1 j
11
(2.18)
b 1 b ai1 b ; i, j 2,..., n
i
1
i
a11
Bc 2. S dng phng trnh th hai (hng 2) loi x2 ra khi cc
phng trnh cn li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong
vng nh du di y v lm cho cc phn t t hng 3 n hng
th n ca ct 2 bng khng.
a11
0
a12
1
a22
1
a32
ai12
an12
a13
1
a23
1
a33
ai13
an13
a1 j
a21j
a31j
aij1
anj1
a1n
a21n
a31n

ain1

1
ann
b1
b 1
2
b31

b 1
i

1
bn
(2.19)
Cc bc nh trn s c lp li n khi trong vng nh du ch cn

1 phn t. Mt cch tng qut, ti bc th k ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
19

a1 j a1n b1
a11 a12 a13
0 a 1 a 1
a 21j a21n b21

22
23
2
0
0 a33
a32j a32n b33
0
0
0 akk11,k1 a kk11,j akk11,n bkk11 (2.20)
0
0
0 ai,kk11 ai,kj1 ai,kn1 bik 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
0
k 1
0
0
a
b
n ,k 1
n, j
n ,n n
bc ny, cc phn t trong min nh du c tc ng nh php

bin i
k 1
k
k 1 a ik
k 1 ; i, j k 1,..., n
aij aij
k 1 a kj
a kk
(2.21)
k 1
a
k
k 1 ik b k 1 ; i, j k 1,..., n
bi bi
k 1 k
a kk
Cui cng, sau n-1 bc nh trn, chng ta nhn c h (2.16) di

dng:
a11 a12
(1)
a 22
a13
a14
(1)
23
(2)
33
(1)
24
( 2)
34
( 3)
44
a
a
a
a
a
a1n x1 b1
a2(1n) x2 b2(1)
a3( 2n) x3 b3( 2)

a4(3n) x4 b4( 3)
( n 1)
( n 1)
ann
xn bn
(2.22)
T h (2.22) ny, bng phng php th ngc t di ln ta nhn

c cc nghim ca h phng trnh (2.16) nh sau ( y, tin
theo di, chng ta b qua k hiu ch s trn trong cc h s ca ma
trn A v b):
n
b
x n n ; , x i
a nn
bi
ij
j i 1
a ii
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
xj
;
i n 1, n 2 , ,1
(2.23)
20
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
21
Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG
Vic ghp cc ma trn cng k v cc vct lc f ca cc phn t

to ra ma trn cng K v vct lc nt F chung cho c h, t
thit lp h phng trnh PTHH l mt vn quan trng.
Ta s cng cc s hng ca ma trn cng ca mi phn t vo
cc v tr tng ng ca ma trn cng chung v cng cc s hng
ca vct lc vo vct lc chung.
Cch d nht ghp cc phn t l gn s cho mi dng v ct
ca ma trn cng phn t ng vi bc t do ca phn t y, sau
chng ta s lm vic qua cc s hng ca ma trn phn t; tc l cng
cc s hng ny vo ma trn chung m mi dng, mi ct cng c
gn ng nhng s trn.
Di y ta s xt hai v d.
1. CC V D
1.1.
V d 1
Mt kt cu c chia ra 8 phn t tam gic nh Hnh 3.1. Mi

phn t c 3 nt; mi nt c 1 bc t do (v d nhit ).
8
5
5
1
3
Hnh 3.1
M t qu trnh ghp ni ma trn cng chung K vi gi s ch xt 3

phn t u tin: 1, 2 v 3 vi cc ma trn cng bit nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
22
7 3 1
8 1 2
9 4 1
2
3
k 3 6 2 ; k 1 7 3 ; k 4 6 0
1 2 5
2 3 4
1 0 5
1
Li gii
1. Xy dng bng ghp ni phn t (ng n cc nt ngc chiu kim
ng h)
Bc t do
Phn t
1
2
3
1
4
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
2. Xt tng phn t
Vi phn t 1, cc dng v ct c nhn dng nh sau:
1 2 4
7 3 1
k 3 6 2
1 2 5
1
1
2
4
Ma trn ny c cng vo ma trn cng chung v ta s c:

1 2 3 4 5
7
3
0
K
1
0
3
6
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ma trn cng ca phn t 2 c gn s bi:

4 2 5
8 1 2 4
k 1 7 3 2
2 3 4 5
2
Cc s hng ca ma trn k2 c cng thm vo ma trn chung, cho ta
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
23
3
0
1
0
7
3 6 7 0 2 1 3
0
0
0
0
0
K
1 2 1 0 5 8 2
0
3
0
2
4
1
2
3
4
5
Vi phn t 3:
2 3 5
9 4 1
k 4 6 0
1 0 5
3
2
3
5
Cc s hng ca ma trn k3 c cng tip vo ma trn chung trn,

cho ta
1
2
3
4
5
3
0
1
0
7
3 13 9
4
3 3 1
0
4
6
0 00
K
3
0
13
2
1
0 3 1 0 0 2 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
Vic cng cc vct lc phn t vo vct lc chung c tin

hnh hon ton tng t.
1.2.
V d 2
Gi s c hai phn t 1 v 4 trong bi ton hai chiu; mi phn t

c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 3.2). Hy m t qu trnh ghp
ni ma trn cng chung K v vct lc nt chung, theo cc ma trn
cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t k1, k4, f1 v f4 cho trc nh
sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
24
22
3
7
k1
4
6
3
29
9
9
1
7
7
9
30
6
3
5
4
9
6
31
4
8
6
1
3
4
16
2
2
7
5
;
8
2
24
3
6

4
f1
1
7

5
23
1
6
k4
8
3
1
19
2
6
7
5
6
2
30
7
8
7
8
4
7
25
2
4
3
7
8
2
27
7
5
5
7
;
4
7
28
9
7

6
f4
2
4

5
4
2
1
1
i
2
2
Hnh 3.2
Cc nt ca phn t 1 l: (1, 2, 5). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:
2 i1
q2i 1
q2 j 1
q2 j
q2 k 1
q2 k q1
T
q2
q3
q4
q9
q10
Cc hng v ct ca ma trn cng phn t 1 c gn cc s ng

vi bc t do tng ng ca n v cc s hng ca ma trn c cng
vo cc v tr tng ng ca ma trn cng chung.
1
22
3
7
1
k
4
6
10
3 7 4 6 2 1
29 9 9 1 7 2
9 30 6 3 5 3
9 6 31 4 8 4
1 3 4 16 2 9
7 5 8 2 24 10
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
25
1
22
3
4
0
0
K 0
0
6
0
0
4 5 6 7 8
10 11 12
3 7 4 0 0 0 0 6 2 00 0 1
29 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 2
9 30 6 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 3
9 6 31 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 4
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 5
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 6
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 7
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 8
1 3 4 0 0 0 0 16 2 0 0 9
7 5 8 0 0 0 0 2 24 0 0 10
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 11
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 12
Tin hnh tng t i vi ma trn cng ca phn t 4. Cc nt ca

phn t 4 l: (5, 2, 6). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:
2 i1
q2i 1
q2 j 1
q2 j
9
23
1
6
4
k
8
3
q2 k 1
10
q2k q9
q10
12
11
q3
q4
q11
q12
1 6 8 3 5 9
19 2 4 7 5 10
2 30 7 8 7 3
6 7 25 2 4 4
7 8 2 27 7 11
5 7 4 7 28 12
Cc s hng ca ma trn c cng vo cc v tr tng ng ca ma

trn cng chung, ta nhn c kt qu nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
26
1
22
3
4
0
0
K 0
0
6
0
0
5 6 7 8
10
0 0 0 0
29
9
9
60
9 0 0 0 0
16 0 0 0 0
1
9
7
7
9 13
0
0
11 12
0
0
0
8 7
56
0
0 0 0 0 12 14 2 4
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0
1
7
9
7
12 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0
39
3
3
43
3 5
7 5
0
0
8
7
2
4
3
5
7
5
27 7
7 28
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Vct lc nt ca cc phn t 1 v 4 cng c cng vo vct lc nt

chung theo cch tng t:
3
6

4
f1
1
7

5
3 1
6 2

4 3

1
1 4
0 5
2

0 6
3
F 0 7
4
0 8
9

7 9
10

5 10
0 11

0 12

9
7

6
; f 4
2
4

5
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
3 1
6 2

10 3

9
3 4
0 5
10

0 6
3
F 0 7

4
0 8
11

16 9
12

12 10
4 11

5 12

27
2. THUT TON GHP K V F

2.1.
Nguyn tc chung
Qua hai v d trn ta thy ma trn cng chung K chnh l tng

ca cc ma trn m rng [ke] ca cc phn t. Vct lc chung F cng
chnh l tng ca cc vct lc m rng {fe} ca cc phn t:
K ke ; F f e
e
(3.1)
chun ho cc bc ghp ni, ta xy dng bng nh v index cho

mi phn t. Bng index s cho bit v tr ca mi s hng ca qn
trong Qn. Kch thc ca bng index l (noe edof ), vi edof l k
hiu cho s bc t do ca phn t v noe l k hiu cho tng s phn
t.
Mi nt c mt bc t do
Tr li v d 3.1, bng index chnh l bng ghp ni phn t trn.
Khi y: Q Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
- Vi phn t 1 (e =1)
Q1 Q2
Q4
Q4
Q2
Q5
index(2, :) 4
- Vi phn t 3 (e =3)
q
Q2
Q3
Q5
index(3, :) 2
index(1, :)
- Vi phn t 2 (e =2)
q
Ch : k hiu (:) trong index(e,:) ch cc phn t thuc hng e ca

index.
Mi nt c hai bc t do
Tr li v d 3.2 xt trn, bng index l:
Bc t do
Phn t
1
...
4
2
...
10
4
...
4
10
...
12
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
11
28
Khi y:
Q Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11 Q12
- Vi phn t s 1
Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q9
Q10
10
Q9
Q10
Q3
Q4
Q11 Q12
index(4, :) 9
10
index(1, :) 1
- Vi phn t s 4
q
11
12
Vi s gip ca bng index, mi s hng kij ca ma trn ke c

cng vo K IJ ca [K] sao cho:
I = index(e,i), vi i = 1.. sdof
J = index(e,j), vi j = 1.. sdof
hoc:
K IJ K index (e ,i ) index ( e, j ) k e i j
(3.2)
Tng t, mi s hng fi ca {fe}c chuyn sang FI ca F sao

cho:
K I Findex ( e,i ) f e i
2.2.
(3.3)
Thut ton ghp ni phn t:
Bc 1: Khi to ma trn vung [K] c kch thc (sdof sdof) v

vct ct {F} c kch thc (sdof 1), vi cc s hng bng khng.
Trong , sdof l k hiu cho tng s bc t do ca cc nt trong ton
h.
Bc 2: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng
kij ca ca ma trn phn t ke vo s hng K IJ ca ma trn [K]:
K IJ K IJ k e i j ; i, j 1 : edof ;
(3.4)
I index(e, i ), J index (e, j )
Bc 3: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng

fi ca ca vct lc phn t f vo s hng FI ca vct lc chung F:
FI FI f
; i 1 : edof ; I index (e, i )
(3.5)
S thut ton c m t nh Hnh 3.3 sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
29
...
K=zero(sdof,sodf);
F=zero(sdof,1);
e =1; i = 1; j = 1;
K index (e, i ), index (e, i ) K index (e, i ), index (e, i ) k e i, j

j = j + 1;
j edof
F
F index(e, i ) F index(e, i ) f e i
i = i+1;
i edof
F
e = e +1;
T
e noe
F
...
Hnh 3.3. S thut ton ghp ni phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
30
Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1. M U
gii bi ton mt chiu (1D) bng phng php phn t hu

hn, chng ta s s dng nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn v
cc quan h: quan h ng sut-bin dng, quan h bin dng-chuyn v.
Vi bi ton hai chiu (2D) v ba chiu (3D), cch tip cn cng tng
t.
Trong bi ton mt chiu, cc i lng: chuyn v, bin dng, ng
sut ch ph thuc vo bin x. Ta biu din chng nh sau:
u u x ;
x ;
(4.1)
Quan h gia ng sut vi bin dng, bin dng vi chuyn v:
du
dx
Vi bi ton mt chiu, vi phn th tch dv c vit di dng:
dv=Adx
trong , A l din tch mt ct ngang.
E ;
(4.2)
(4.2)
2. M HNH PHN T HU HN
C th chia thanh ra nhiu phn t, mi phn t c tit din ngang

khng i (hoc thay i). Chng hn, ta chia thanh ra 5 phn t vi
cc nt c nh s t 1 n 6, cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt ton
cc (Hnh 4.1a); mi phn t c hai nt 1 v 2, cc ch s nt ny l
ch s nt cc b (Hnh 4.1b).
Trong bi ton mt chiu, mi nt ch c mt chuyn v theo
phng x . V vy mi nt ch c mt bc t do, n nt c n bc t do.
Chuyn v tng th c k hiu l Qi ; i = 1, n; chuyn v a
phng ca mi phn t c k hiu l qj; j = 1, 2
Vct ct Q Qi
c gi l vct chuyn v chung (tng th).
Lc nt c k hiu l Fi ; i = 1, n.
Vct ct F Fi
c gi l vct lc nt chung (tng th).
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
31
1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
q1
2
q2
Q6
Hnh 4.1b. Ch s cc b
Hnh 4.1a. Ch s ton cc
ghp ni cc phn t vi nhau, ta s dng bng ghp ni cc

phn t nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Bng ghp ni cc phn t
Nt
Phn t
1(u)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2(cui)
2
3
4
5
6
Ch s a phng
Ch s chung
3. CC H TRC TO V HM DNG
Kho st mt phn t e nh Hnh 4.2. Theo s nh s nt cc b:

Nt th nht l 1
Nt th hai l 2
e
x1
x
x2
(a)
= -1
= 1
(b)
Hnh 4.2. Phn t trong h to x v
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
32
Theo k hiu, x = x1 l ta ca nt th nht; x = x2 l ta ca nt

th hai. Ta nh ngha h ta qui chiu (hay chun ho) c k
hiu l nh sau:
x x 1
2
x x1 1 1
x2 x1
x x2 1
(4.3)
1 : 1 x x1 : x2
Vy:
Ta s dng h ta a phng ny xc nh hm dng vi mc

ch ni suy ra trng chuyn v trong cc phn t.
By gi trng chuyn v cn tm cho mt phn t s c ni suy
bng mt php bin i tuyn tnh (Hnh 4.3).
u2
u1
1
q2
q1
1
Hnh 4.3. Ni suy tuyn tnh trng chuyn v ca mt phn t

thc hin c php ni suy ny, cn a vo mt hm dng
tuyn tnh:
1
1
; N 2
2
2
Cc hm dng c minh ho trn Hnh 4.4. th ca hm dng N1
trn Hnh 4.4a c suy ra t phng trnh (4.4): N1 = 1 ti = -1 v
N1 = 0 ti = 1. Tng t ta c th ca N2.
N1
1
2
1
N2
2
1
-1
u=N1q1+N2q2
N1
0
(a)
N2
N1
2
1
1
-1
(4.4)
1
q2
q1
2
0
(b)
2
(c)
Hnh 4.4. (a), (b). Hm dng N1, N2; (c). Ni suy tuyn tnh
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
33
Mt khi cc hm dng c xc nh, trng chuyn v ca phn t s

c biu din qua cc chuyn v nt q1 v q2 nh sau:
(4.5)
u N 1 q1 N 2 q 2
Hoc di dng ma trn:
u = Nq
Trong :
N N1 , N 2
q q1
(4.6)
q1
(4.7)
Trong biu thc trn, q l vct chuyn v ca phn t. T (4.5), ta thy

u = q1 ti nt 1; u = q2 ti nt 2 v u bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t
(Hnh 4.4c).
Ta bit:
N1 1
x x1 1
u q1
N 2 0
N1 0
x x2 1
u q2
N 2 1
By gi ta ni suy ta x nh cc hm dng N 1 , N 2
x N1 x1 N 2 x 2
So snh:
(4.8)
x N1 x1 N 2 x 2
u N1q1 N 2 q2
ta thy chuyn v u v to x c ni suy trn cng phn t nh

cng cc hm dng N1 v N2. Trong trng hp ny, ta c php biu
din ng tham s.
Ch : Cc hm dng cn tho mn:
1) o hm bc nht phi hu hn,
2) Chuyn v phi lin tc trn cc bin ca phn t.
Mt khc:
du du d
dx d dx
(4.9)
m:
d
2
dx x2 x1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(4.10)
34
suy ra
u N1q1 N 2 q 2
1
1
q1
q2
2
2
(4.11)
du q1 q2
d
2
(4.12)
1
q1 q2
x2 x1
(4.13)
do :
Bq; B
1
1 1
x 2 x1
(4.14)
Trong ma trn B c gi l ma trn bin dng-chuyn v ca phn

t.
Theo nh lut Hooke, ta c biu thc tnh ng sut:
= EBq
(4.15)
Ch :
B, , l cc i lng hng s;
Cc biu thc u = Nq; = Bq; = EBq m t chuyn v, bin
dng v ng sut qua cc gi tr chuyn v nt ca phn t. Ta
s th cc biu thc ny vo biu thc th nng ca thanh
thit lp ma trn cng v ma trn lc nt ca phn t.
4. TH NNG TON PHN
p dng cng thc (1.3) - Chng 1, ta tnh c th nng ton

phn ca thanh:
n
1 T
T
T
T
A
d
x
u
f
Adx
u
Tdx
ui Pi
L
L
2 L
i 1
(4.16)
Khi vt th c chia ra lm nhiu phn t hu hn, th
n
1
T
T
T
A
d
x
u
f
Adx
u
Tdx
Qi Pi
e
e
2 e e
i
1
e
e
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(4.17)
35
5. MA TRN CNG PHN T
Gi:
Ue
1 T
Adx
2 e
l th nng bin dng ca phn t, ta c:
Ue
1 T T
q B Ee B q Ae d x
2 e
1
U e q T BT Ee B Ae d x q
2 e
(4.18)
Ch rng: Ae, Ee v B l cc i lng hng s, v

x2 x1
l
d dx e d , vi: 1 1; le x2 x1
2
2
Khi y, ta c biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t:
dx
1 T le
T
U e q Ae Ee B B d q
2
1
2
vi:
1
1 1
x2 x1
B
ta c:
Ue
1 T Ae Ee
q
2
le
1 1
1 1 q
Gi:
Ae Ee 1 1
le 1 1
l ma trn cng ca phn t .
Khi , biu thc th nng (4.18) c biu din dng thu gn nh
sau:
ke
Ue
(4.19)
1 T e
q k q
2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(4.20)
36
6. QUI I LC V NT
Khi vt th c ri rc ha bng cc phn t hu hn vi cc

nt xc nh, ta phi qui i cc loi lc tc dng v nt.
Ln lt xt tng thnh phn biu din cng ca ngoi lc trong
biu thc th nng (4.17), ta c:
- Cng do lc khi:
Ae f N 1dx
e
e u f Adx q Ae f N 2 dx
le 1
l
N
dx
d e
1
2 1 2
2
e
1
N dx le 1 d le
2
2 1 2
2
e
m:
u T f Adx q T
e
Ae f le 1
T
e
q f
2 1
Vi:
fe
Ae f le
2
(4.21)
l lc th tch quy i v nt ca phn t

- Cng do lc din tch:
T dx N1q1 N 2 q2
T N1dx

T e
T dx q e
q T
T N 2 dx
e
Vi:
T le 1
2 1
c gi l lc din tch qui i v nt ca phn t
Te
(4.22)
Cui cng, biu thc c vit gn di dng
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
37
1
Q T KQ Q T F
2
(4.23)
Trong :
Q l vct chuyn v nt chung,
K l ma trn cng chung, c xc nh t cc ma trn
cng ke ca cc phn t:
F l vct lc nt chung, c xc nh t cc vct lc nt: fe,

Te, P ca cc phn t:
Te P F
Vi phn t mt chiu v mi nt c mt bc t do, ta vn s dng

bng ghp ni phn t trn thit lp ma trn cng K v vct
lc F.
7.
IU KIN BIN, H PHNG TRNH PHN T HU HN
Sau khi ri rc ha vt th nh phng php phn t hu hn, ta

xc nh c biu thc th nng ton phn (4.23).
By gi phi xy dng phng trnh cn bng t xc nh
cc chuyn v nt, sau tnh ng sut, bin dng v cc phn lc lin
kt.
Bng cch cc tiu biu thc th nng i vi Q, tc l cho cho
th nng bin dng "chu" iu kin bin, ta s thu c phng trnh
cn bng.
Di y ta trnh by cch nhp iu kin bin. Phng php ny
c p dng khng ch cho bi ton mt chiu m cn cho c bi ton
hai, ba chiu.
iu kin bin thng c dng:
Qi = ai
Biu thc trn c ngha l chuyn v Qi phi bng ai .
y, chng ta s p dng phng php kh nhp cc iu kin
bin.
Kho st trng hp n gin: Q1 = a1.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
38
Vi mt kt cu c n bc t do, ta c
T
Q Q1
Q2 Qn
F F1
F2 Fn
Ma trn cng tng th c dng:

K 11
K
21
K

K n1
K 12
K 22
K n2
K 1n
K 2n
K nn
(4.24)
K l ma trn i xng
Ta vit biu thc ca th nng di dng khai trin nh sau:
Q1K11Q1 Q1K12Q2 Q1K1nQn
1 Q2 K21Q1 Q2 K22Q2 Q2 K 2nQn

Q1F1 Q2 F2 Qn Fn

2
Q K Q Q K Q Q K Q
n n1 1
n n2 2
n nn n
(4.25)
Thay Q1 = a1 vo phng trnh trn, ta c:
a1K11a1 a1K12Q2 a1K1nQn
1 Q2 K21a1 Q2 K22Q2 Q2 K2nQn

a1F1 Q2 F2 Qn Fn

2
Q K a Q K Q Q K Q
n n1 1
n n2 2
n nn n
(4.26)
Ch rng chng ta kh chuyn v Q1 trong biu thc ca th nng

trn. p dng iu kin cc tiu th nng:
0; i 2,..., n
Qi
(4.27)
ta thu c:
K22Q2 K23Q3 K2nQn F2 K21a1

K Q K Q K Q F K a
32 2
33 3
3n n
3
31 1

Kn2Q2 Kn3Q3 KnnQn Fn Kn1a1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(4.28)
39
Khi y, h phng trnh PTHH c biu din nh sau:

K 22
K
32

K n2
K 23 K 2n Q2 F2 K 21 a1
K 33 K 3n Q3 F3 K 31a1

K n3 K nn Qn Fn K n1a1
(4.29)
Nhn xt: Ma trn cng (n-1)(n-1) trn c nhn t ma trn

cng (nn) ban u (4.23) bng cch b i hng th nht v ct th
nht (v Q1 = a1). H phng trnh (4.28) c vit di dng c ng:
KQ = F
(4.30)
Ma trn K trong (4.30) l ma trn khng k d cn ma trn K ban u
(4.24) l ma trn k d (det K=0).
p dng phng php kh Gauss (xem chng 2) gii h phng
trnh (4.30), ta s tm c chuyn v Q;
Nh bng thng tin ghp ni phn t gii thiu phn u, ta s xc
nh c chuyn v nt q ca phn t t chuyn v chung Q tm
c trn.
p dng cng thc EBq ta tm c ng sut;
xc nh phn lc lin kt R1, ta vit phng trnh cn bng cho nt
1:
K 11Q1 K12 Q2 K 1n Qn F1 R1
(4.31)
Trong Qi c xc nh, F1 l lc tc dng ti ni t lin kt

cng bit.
8. V D
V d 4.1.
Cho mt trc bc chu tc dng ca lc P = 10 N (hnh 4.5a). Bit

tit din cc on: A1=20 mm2; A2 = 10 mm2 ; chiu di cc on l1 = l2
= 100 mm; v mun n hi: E1 = E2 = 200 gPa. Hy xc nh chuyn
v ti B v C; bin dng, ng sut trong cc on trc AB, BC.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
40
P=10 kN
(a)
x
C
A
1
(b)
1
Hnh 4.5. (a) Trc bc chu ko ng tm; (b) S phn t

Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, Hnh 4.5b.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
Nt i
Nt j
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k1 v 2: k2
1
1
AE 1
k2 2 2
l2 1
3. Ma trn cng chung K:
k1
A1 E1
l1
1 4 4
10 4 N
mm
1 4 4
1 2 2
10 4 N
mm
1 2 2
4
0
4
K 4 4 2 2 10 4 N
mm
0
2
2
4. Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [0 0 10]T
5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
4
0 Q1 R
4

10 4 4 2 2 Q2 0
2
2 Q3 10
0
4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
41
6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A), do ta loi dng 1 v ct 1 trong h
phng trnh trn. Cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
6 2 Q2 0
10 4

2 2 Q3 10
7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 0,25 10-3 mm
Q3 = 0,75 10-3 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c phn lc lin kt:
R1 =104 (-4 Q2 ) = -10 N
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t
1 = (-q1 + q2 )/l = 0,25 x10-5 /100 = 2,5 x10-6

2 = (-q2 + q3 )/l = 5 x10-6
ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t
1 = E 1 = 0,5 N/mm2
2 = E 2 = 1 N/mm2
V d 4.2.
Cho mt trc bc chu lin kt ngm 2 u v tc dng ca lc P =

200 kN (hnh 4.6a). Bit tit din cc on: A1=2400 mm2 ; A2 = 600
mm2; chiu di cc on l1 = 300mm, l2 = 400 mm; v mun n hi:
E1 = 70 gPa, E2 = 200 gPa. Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B; ng sut
trong cc on trc AB, BC v phn lc ti A v C.
P=200
KN
x
2
B
1
C
A
Hnh 4.6. Trc bc chu ko ng tm
Li gii
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
42
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, nh hnh 4.5b v d 4.1.

1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
Nt i
Nt j
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k1 v 2: k2
k1
A1 E1
l1
1 1 2400 70 103
1 1
300
1 1 N
1 1 mm
k2
A2 E2
l2
1 1 600 200 103

1 1
400
1 1 N
1 1 mm
3. Ma trn cng chung K:

0
560 560
K 560 860 300 103 N
mm
300 300
4. Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 200103 R3]T
5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
0 Q1 R1
560 560

10 560 860 300 Q2 200 10 3
0
300 300 Q3 R3
3
6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q3 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti C) , do
ta loi dng 1, ct 1 v dng 3, ct 3 trong h phng trnh trn. Cui
cng ta thu c phng trnh:
860 Q2 = 200
7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
43
Q2 = 0,23257 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c cc phn lc lin kt:
R1 =103 (-560 Q2 ) = -130,233 KN
R3 =103 (-300 Q2 ) = -69,767 KN
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t
1 = (-q1 + q2 )/l1 = 0,23257 /300 = 7,752 10-4

2 = (-q2 + q3 )/l2 = -0,23257 /400 = 5,81410-4
ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t
1 = E11 = 54,26 N/mm2
2 = E2 2 = 116,28 N/mm2
V d 4.3.
Cho mt trc trn chu lin kt ngm ti A, khe h gia u C v

thnh cng l 1,2mm, chu tc dng ca lc P = 60 kN ti B (hnh 4.7).
Bit tit din ca thanh l A=250 mm2 ; v mun n hi: E =
2103N/mm2 Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B; v phn lc ti A v C.
P=60 KN
x
A
150mm
C
B 2
150mm
1,2mm
Hnh 4.7. Tnh kt cu bng phng php PTHH

Li gii
y, ta xem nh thc hin bc kim tra kt lun rng,
trong qu trnh bin dng, u C ca trc tip xc vi thnh cng v
tip tc bin dng. Tng t cc v d trn, ta chia trc lm hai phn t
(1) v (2). Khi , ma trn cng chung K c xc nh nh sau:
1 1 0
250 20 10 3
K
1 2 1 10 3 N
mm
150
0 1 1
Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 60103 R3]T
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
44
H phng trnh phn t hu hn:

1 1 0 Q1 R1
250 20 10 3

1 2 1 Q2 60 10 3
150
0 1 1 Q3 R3
p t iu kin bin: Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q3 = 1,2 (khe
h ti C) , do ta loi dng 1, ct 1. Cui cng ta thu c h phng
trnh:
3,3333104(2 Q2 1,2) = 60103

3,3333104(- Q2 + 1,2) = R3
Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 1,5 mm;
R3 =3,3333104 (-Q2 + 1,2) = - 10 kN
R1 =3,3333104 (- Q2) = -50 kN
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
45
9. CHNG TRNH TNH KT CU MT CHIU - 1D
Chng trnh ngun

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 4. (P4_1)
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Tinh chuyen vi nut trong cac ket cau 1-D
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran do cung phan tu
% f = vecto luc nut phan tu
% kk = ma tran do cung tong the
% ff = vecto luc nut tong the
% gcoord = toa do nut
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut cua moi phan tu
% index = vecto chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------% Cac tham so dau vao
%-----------------------------------clear
edof=1; % edof = so bac tu do tai nut
noe=input('Nhap so phan tu:'); % noe = so phan tu
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong so hinh hoc cua ket cau va co tinh vat lieu
for i=1:noe
Doan_truc=i
los(i)=input('Nhap chieu dai (don vi mm) cua doan ');
E(i)=input('Nhap modul dan hoi keo nen (N/mm2) cua doan (phan
tu)');
A(i)=input('Nhap tiet dien mat cat ngang (mm2) cua doan (phan
tu)');
end
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong tin ve chi so nut phan tu tuong ung voi chi
so
% nut tong the, phuc vu cho viec ghep noi phan tu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
46
for i=1:noe
Phan_tu = i
index(i,1)=input('Chi so nut toan cuc cua nut 1:');
index(i,2)=input('Chi so nut toan cuc cua nut 2:');
end
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong tin ve tai trong tac dung.
% 1. Tai trong tap trung
nof=input('Nhap so luc tap trung:'); % nof=Number Of Force
for i=1:nof
Luc_thu =i
temp_f(i)=input('Gia tri luc (don vi N): ');
force_pos(i)=input('Vi tri dat luc (nut so): ');
end
% Thong tin ve lien ket
noc=0; % noc=Number Of Clamp
while ((noc==0)|(noc>2))
noc=input('So luong lien ket (1 hoac 2):');
end
for i=1:noc
c(i)=input('Vi tri dat lien ket (nut dat lien ket): ');
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
for i=1:noe
k(1,1,i)=E(i)*A(i)/los(i);
k(1,2,i)=-k(1,1,i);
k(2,1,i)=-k(1,1,i);
k(2,2,i)=k(1,1,i);
end
for e=1:noe % In ma tran do cung cac phan tu
k(e,:)
end
% Xay dung ma tran do cung tong the
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
47
non=noe+1; % non = Number Of Nodes

sdof=non*edof;
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n1=1:2
if (index(e,n1)==row_indx)
for col_indx=1:non
for n2=1:2
if (index(e,n2)==col_indx)
kk(row_indx,col_indx)=kk(row_indx,col_indx)+ k(n1,n2,e);
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
kk % In ma tran do cung tong the
% Tinh ma tran luc nut phan tu
f=zeros(noe,2);
for e=1:noe
for i=1:nof
if (index(e,1)==force_pos(i))
f(e,1)=temp_f(i);
end
if (index(e,2)==force_pos(i))
f(e,2)=temp_f(i);
end
end
end
for i=e:noe % In vecto luc nut phan tu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
48
f(e,:)
end
% Xay dung vecto luc nut chung
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
for node=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n=1:2
if (index(e,n)==node)
ff(node)=f(e,n);
end
end
end
end
ff % In vecto luc nut chung
% Ap dat dieu kien bien
for node=1:noc
kk(c(node),:)=0;
kk(:,c(node))=0;
ff(c(node))=0;
kk(c(node),c(node))=1;
end
kk
ff
Q=kk\ff;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
49
10. BI TP
4.1. Cho kt cu 1D c ri rc ho bi 2 phn t mt chiu

nh Hnh 4.10.1 di y.
a. Hy chng t rng ma trn cng tng th K l ma trn k d.
b. Ch ra mt vct chuyn v Q0 0 m tho mn KQ0 = F = 0.
Bng cch m t qua hnh v, hy phn tch ngha ca cc
chuyn v ny. V ch ra nng lng bin dng n hi trong cu
trc trng hp ny ?
c. Chng minh dng tng qut rng, vi bt k vct chuyn v Q
0 l nghim ca h phng trnh KQ = 0, vi K l ma trn k
d.
x
2
Hnh 4.10.1
4.2.
Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi
9
E=20010 N/m2. C lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.2. Xc nh cc
chuyn v nt (cc chm en trn hnh), ng sut trong cc phn t v
cc thnh phn phn lc ti ngm. Hy gii bi ton bng tay v nghin
cu k Chng trnh cho, sa i li mt s im nu cn thit v
b sung phn chng trnh tnh ng sut trong cc phn t; thc hnh
tnh ton bng chng trnh v so snh kt qu.
400mm2
250mm2
P=300 kN
150mm
150mm
300mm
Hnh 4.10.2
4.3. Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi
E=200109N/m2. C lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.3. Xc nh cc
chuyn v nt, ng sut trong cc phn t v cc thnh phn phn lc
ti ngm.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
50
250mm2
400mm2
P=300 kN
150mm
150mm
P=600 kN
200mm
200mm
3.5mm
Hnh 4.10.3
4.4. Xt kt cu lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.4. Thanh
nm ngang c xem nh l tuyt i cng, cc thanh treo c lm
bng thp v nhm, c mun n hi nh ch ra trn hnh v. Tnh
ng sut trong mi thanh treo.
thp
22 cm
E=200109 N/m2
40 cm
30 cm
Nhm
24 cm
E=70109 N/m2
50cm
20 cm
Thanh tuyt i cng, trng lng khng ng k
60 KN
Hnh 4.10.4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
51
Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG
1. M U
Trong chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu

hn tnh ton h thanh phng (h gm n thanh lin kt vi nhau bi
cc khp quay). H thanh phng in hnh c trnh by trn Hnh
5.1.
Q12
Q11 7
6
Q2
Q4
2
Q16
Q13 8
Q6
Q3
Q1
1
Q14
Q15
Q8
Q5
3
Q10
Q7
Q9
5
Hnh 5.1. H thanh phng

Trong h thanh, ti trng hoc phn lc lin kt t cc khp ni;
b qua ma st trong cc khp ni. R rng, mi phn t ca h thanh
hoc chu ko, hoc chu nn.
Ta c th gp h thanh tnh nh hoc siu tnh.
2. H TO A PHNG, H TO CHUNG
H thanh khc vi cc kt cu mt chiu xt trong Chng 4

ch: trong h thanh, cc phn t (cc thanh) c cc phng khc nhau.
c th tnh n s khc nhau v phng ca cc phn t trong h, ta
cn phi a ra khi nim h to a phng v h to chung.
Mt phn t thanh c m t trong h to a phng v h
to chung nh trong Hnh 5.2.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
52
q2
q4sin
q3cos
q4
q3
q1
q2sin
q1cos
q1
(a)
q2
(b)
Hnh 5.2. Phn t thanh trong h to a phng (a)

v trong h to chung (b)
Trong s nh s nt a phng, hai nt ca phn t c nh s
1 v s 2. H to a phng hng theo trc x, chy t nt 1 n
nt 2. Tt c cc i lng trong h to a phng c k hiu bi
du (). H to chung (x,y) l c nh v khng ph thuc vo
phng ca cc phn t.
Trong h to chung, mi nt cng c hai bc t do. Chng hn, nt j
s c hai chuyn v l Q2j-1 v Q2j.
Gi q1 v q2 l cc chuyn v ca nt 1 v 2 tng ng trong h to
a phng. Ta k hiu vct chuyn v trong h to a phng
bi:
q = [q1 , q2]T
Trong h to chung, vct chuyn v c 4 thnh phn:
q = [q1, q2 , q3 , q4 ]T
Ta i tm quan h gia q v q.
D thy
(5.1)
(5.2)
q1 = q1 cos + q2 sin
(5.3a)
q2 = q3 cos + q4 sin
(5.3b)
K hiu
= cos
(5.4a)
m = sin
(5.4b)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
53
Ta c th vit
(5.5)
q = L q
Trong L l ma trn chuyn v, c vit di dng:
l m 0 0
L
0 0 l m
(5.6)
3. MA TRN CNG PHN T
Cc phn t trong h thanh u l cc phn t mt chiu. V vy, ta p

dng nhng kt qu ca chng 4 vo h thanh.
Trong h to a phng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng ca
phn t
1 1
1 1
thit lp ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung, ta ch

ti biu thc nng lng bin dng ca phn t
k'
Ee Ae
le
1
U e q 'T k ' q '
2
Thay q = Lq vo biu thc trn, ta c
(5.8)
1
U e q T LT k ' L q
2
Cui cng, nng lng bin dng trong h to chung c vit di
dng:
1
U e qT k q
2
Trong k l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung v
k = LT k' L
Thay biu thc ca L t (5.6) v ca k' t (5.7) vo (5.11), ta c
l2
lm
m2
Ee Ae lm
k
le l 2 lm
2
lm m
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
l 2 lm
lm m 2
l2
lm
lm
m 2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(5.7)
(5.12)
54
T cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t v nh bng ghp ni phn t,

ta s thu c ma trn cng chung ca c h thanh.
4. NG SUT
Nh lu trn, mi phn t trong h thanh hoc chu ko, hoc

chu nn. Do , ng sut trong thanh c xc nh bi:
= Ee
Hoc
Ee
q'
q '2 q '1 Ee
1 1 1 Ee 1 1Lq
le
le
q ' 2 l e
Th biu thc ca L t (5.6) vo biu thc trn ta c:
Ee
l m l
le
mq
(5.13)
Nh vy, sau khi tm c chuyn v, ta s xc nh c ng sut

trong mi phn t ca h thanh.
5.
V D
Kho st h gm hai thanh chu lc P nh hnh di. Cc thanh c

cng din tch mt ct ngang v cng vt liu. Xc nh chuyn v ti
im t lc.
y
3
2
1
300
L, A, E
(a)
x
P
300
2
1
(b)
Hnh 5.3. (a) Kt cu bng chu lc, (b) s phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
55
Li gii
1. M hnh. Ta m hnh ho h thanh bi 2 phn t hu hn; mi nt
phn t c 2 bc t do.
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (5.12), ta tnh c cc ma trn cng ca
cc phn t.
Vi phn t 1: l cos 1; m sin 0;
1
EA 0
k1
L 1
Vi phn t 2: l cos
L1 L
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
3
1
2
; m sin ; L2
L
2
2
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3
EA
8
8
8
8
k2
L
3 3
3
3 3
3

8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
T y, ta thit lp c ma trn cng chung K v h phng trnh:
1
0
0
0
1 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
R
3 1
1 0 1 3 3 3 3 3
R
0
8
8
8
8 2
EA
3
3
3
3 Q3 0
0 0

L
8
8
8
8 Q4 P
3 3
3
3 3
3
0 R5
0 0 8
8
8
8 0 R
6
3
3
3
3
0 0
8
8
8
8
p dng iu kin bin: Q1 = Q2 = Q5 = Q6 =0, ta thu c h phng

trnh PTHH:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
56
3 3
3
EA 1 8
8 Q3 0

L
3
3 Q4 P
8
8
Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c:
LP
3
Q3
EA
8
LP
Q4
3
3
EA
Thay cc gi tr chuyn v trn vo (5.14), ta tm c phn lc lin
kt:
R R1
R1
R5
R6
0 3 1P
6. CHNG TRNH TNH H THANH PHNG

V d
Kho st h thanh chu lc nh sau (Hnh 5.4). Cc thanh c cng

din tch mt ct ngang A = 2,5cm2 v cng vt liu, vi E =
2105N/cm2. Xc nh chuyn v ti im t lc. Xc nh ma trn
cng ca cc phn t v ma trn cng chung; chuyn v ti im t
lc v ng sut trong cc thanh v cc phn lc lin kt.
Q8
P=100KN Q6
Q7
Q5
4
3
75 cm
Q2
Q4
Q1
y
1
x
2
2
Q3
1
100 cm
Hnh 5.4. Tnh kt cu bng phng php PTHH
Chng trnh ngun
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
57
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 5 - (P5_1)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Tinh toan chuyen vi nut, ung suat trong cac thanh cua he thanh
phang
% tinh phan luc lien ket tai cac lien ket cua he thanh phang chiu luc
% su dung phan tu thanh
% (Hinh. 5.4 mo ta mo hinh PTHH tinh he thanh phang)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% disp = vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
% eldisp = (element_disp) vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
% stress = ma tran ung suat
% strain = ma tran bien dang
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut cua moi phan tu
% index = vecto chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%-----------------------------------clear
% Type of geometric construction
type_geometric =1;
switch (type_geometric)
case 1
length=1000;
% mm
emodul=100e3; % MPa (N/mm^2)
area=(2.5^2)e2; % mm^2
force=100e3;
%N
noe=4; % noe = Number Of Elements(segments)
non=4; % non = Number Of Nodes
lcoord(1,1,1)=0;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
58
lcoord(1,2,1)=0;
lcoord(2,1,1)=length;
lcoord(2,2,1)=0;
lcoord(1,1,2)=lcoord(2,1,1);
lcoord(2,2,2)=length*3/4;
lcoord(1,1,3)=0;
lcoord(1,2,3)=0;
lcoord(1,1,4)=0;
% Chi so nut phan tu theo chi so nut chung
index(1,1)=1;
index(1,2)=2;
index(2,1)=2;
index(2,2)=3;
index(3,1)=1;
index(3,2)=3;
index(4,1)=4;
index(4,2)=3;
end
% Tinh chieu dai cac thanh l(e) va ma tran chuyen doi he co so:
% trans_mat(e).
for i=1:noe
L(i)=sqrt((lcoord(2,1,i)-lcoord(1,1,i))^2+(lcoord(2,2,i)lcoord(1,2,i))^2);
l(i)=(lcoord(2,1,i)-lcoord(1,1,i))/L(i);
m(i)=(lcoord(2,2,i)-lcoord(1,2,i))/L(i);
% Ma tran chuyen doi he toa do
trans_mat(1,1,i)=l(i);
trans_mat(1,2,i)=m(i);
trans_mat(1,3,i)=0;
trans_mat(1,4,i)=0;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
59
trans_mat(2,1,i)=0;
trans_mat(2,2,i)=0;
trans_mat(2,3,i)=l(i);
trans_mat(2,4,i)=m(i);
% Ma tran chuyen doi he toa do ung suat
stress_trans(i,1)=-l(i);
stress_trans(i,2)=-m(i);
stress_trans(i,3)=l(i);
stress_trans(i,4)=m(i);
% Modul dan hoi cua cac thanh
E(i)=emodul;
A(i)=area; % Tiet dien ngang cua cac thanh
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do dia phuong
for i=1:noe
k_local(1,1,i)=(E(i)*A(i)/L(i));
k_local(1,2,i)=-k_local(1,1,i);
k_local(2,1,i)=-k_local(1,1,i);
k_local(2,2,i)=k_local(1,1,i);
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do chung
trans_trans_mat=permute(trans_mat,[2,1,3]);
for i=1:noe
k(:,:,i)=trans_trans_mat(:,:,i)*k_local(:,:,i)*trans_mat(:,:,i);
end
k % In ma tran do cung phan tu
% Xay dung ma tran do cung tong the
edof=2; %edof: so bac tu do cua 1 node
sdof=non*edof;
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n1=1:2
if (index(e,n1) = = row_indx)
for col_indx=1:non
for n2=1:2
if (index(e,n2)==col_indx)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
60
for i=1:2
for j=1:2
kk((row_indx-1)*edof+i,(col_indx-1)*edof+j)=...
kk((row_indx-1)*edof+i,(col_indx-1)*edof+j)+...
k((n1-1)*edof+i,(n2-1)*edof+j,e);
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
kkk=kk;
kk % In ma tran do cung tong the
% Tinh ma tran luc nut phan tu
f=zeros(noe,2*edof);
f(2,1)=20000
f(2,4)=-25000;
f % In ve to luc nut phan tu
% Xay dung ve to luc nut chung
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n=1:2 % 2:so node/phan tu
if (index(e,n)==row_indx)
for i=1:2
ff((row_indx-1)*edof+i)=ff((row_indx-1)*edof+i)...
+f(e,(n-1)*edof+i);
end
end
end
end
end
% In vec to luc nut chung
ff
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
61
% Ap dat dieu kien bien

for i=1:sdof
disp(i)=1;
end
disp(1)=0;
disp(2)=0;
disp(4)=0;
disp(7)=0;
disp(8)=0;
for i=1:sdof
if (disp(i)==0)
kk(i,:)=0;
kk(:,i)=0;
ff(i)=0;
kk(i,i)=1;
end
end
kk
ff
% Giai he PT PTHH xac dinh chuyen vi nut
disp=kk\ff;
% In vec to chuyen vi nut chung
disp
% Xac dinh chuyen vi nut trong cac thanh
for e=1:noe
for i=1:2 % 2 nut
for j=1:edof % edof=2: 2 bac tu do/nut
eldisp(e,(i-1)*edof+j)=disp((index(e,i)-1)*edof+j);
end
end
end
eldisp
% Tinh Ung suat trong cac thanh
stress=zeros(noe,1);
for e=1:noe
stress(e)=(E(e)/L(e))*stress_trans(e,:)*eldisp(e,:)';
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
62
stress
% Tinh Phan luc lien ket tai cac goi
R=zeros(sdof,1);
R=kkk*disp;
R
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
63
Kt qu s
k(:,:,1) =
1.0e+011 *
1.2916
-1.2916
-1.2916
1.2916
1.7221
-1.7221
-1.7221
1.7221
6.6128
4.9596
-6.6128
-4.9596
4.9596
3.7197
-4.9596
-3.7197
-6.6128
-4.9596
6.6128
4.9596
-4.9596
-3.7197
4.9596
3.7197
0
0
0
0
-1.2916
0
1.2916
0
0
0
0
0
k(:,:,2) =
1.0e+011 *
k(:,:,3) =
1.0e+010 *
k(:,:,4) =
1.0e+011 *
1.2916
0
-1.2916
0
kk =
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
64
1.0e+011 *
1.9529 0.4960
0.4960 0.3720
-1.2916 0
0
0
-0.6613 -0.4960
-0.4960 -0.3720
0
0
0
0
-1.2916
0
1.2916
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.7221
0
-1.7221
0
0
-0.6613
-0.4960
0
0
1.9529
0.4960
-1.2916
0
-0.4960
-0.3720
0
-1.7221
0.4960
2.0941
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.2916
0
1.2916
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
disp =
1.0e-006 *
Q1
0
Q2
0
Q3
0.1549
Q4
0
Q5
0.0323
Q6
-0.1270
Q7
0
Q8
0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
65
eldisp=
Phn t
Nt 1
Nt 2
Phng x
1.0e-006 *
Phng y
1.0e-006 *
Phng x
1.0e-006 *
Phng y
1.0e-006 *
0.1549
0.1549
0.0323
-0.1270
0.0323
-0.1270
0.0323
-0.1270
stress=
Phn t
ng sut (mPa)
31.0001
-33.9063
-8.0729
6.4583
R=
Ri
Phn lc lin kt (N)

1.0e+004 *
-1.5833
0.3125
2.0000
2.1875
-0.0000
-2.5000
-0.4167
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
66
7. BI TP
5.1. Mt kt cu thanh ging nh trn Hnh 5.7.1. Vt liu cc

thanh bng thp, c mun n hi E=200gPa. Xc nh ma trn
cng tng th ca h.
P
2
Q2i
1000 mm2
Q2i-1
i
500 mm
3
1250 mm2
750 mm
Hnh 5.7.1
5.2. Mt kt cu gin gm 3
thanh c nh s (nt v thanh) nh
trn Hnh 5.7.2. Vt liu ca cc thanh I
v II l nhm, vt liu ca thanh III l
thp. Tit din ca thanh I l 15cm2 v
tit din ca thanh II v III l 8cm2. Xc
nh chuyn v ca nt 2 v ng sut
trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton bng tay
v bng cch s dng phn mm tnh
ton kt cu tng ng. Khi gii bng tay
yu cu biu din ma trn cng tng
th di dng ton b v di dng rt
gn. Cho Enhm = 70gPa, Ethp = 210gPa.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
8 kN
1 I
II
5 kN
III 1m
y
3
x
0,7m
0,5m
Hnh 5.7.2. Dn chu lc
67
5.3. Mt kt cu gin gm 5
a
a
thanh c nh s (nt v thanh) nh
trn Hnh 5.7.3. Vt liu ca cc thanh
2
x
u l thp v c mun n hi Ethp =
1
3
210gPa. Tit din ca thanh I, II v III l
I
II
15cm2 v tit din ca thanh IV v V l
IV
V
8cm2. Xc nh chuyn v ca cc nt v
III
P
ng sut trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton
P
5
4
bng tay v bng cch s dng chng
Q
Q
trnh tnh ton kt cu tng ng. Khi
y
gii bng tay nn ch n tnh i xng
Hnh 5.7.3. Dn chu lc
ca kt cu. Cho a = 0,5 m; = 600; P =
2kN; Q = 4kN.
5.4. Mt cy cu ng st c ghp t cc thanh thp, tit
din ca cc thanh thp bng nhau v bng 3250 mm2. Mt on tu
dng trn cu, cu phi chu ti trng ca on tu (Hnh 5.7.4). Tnh
chuyn v theo phng ngang gi di ng R di tc dng ca cc ti
trng. Xc nh chuyn v ti cc nt v ng sut trong mi thanh cu.
280 kN
210 kN
600
360 kN
3.118m
280 kN
600
R
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
Hnh 5.7.4. M hnh mt nhp cu chu lc

5.5. Mt kt cu cu c tnh ton thit k theo m hnh dn
thanh nh trn Hnh 5.7.5. Kt cu ny c cu thnh t 6 nhp. Ti
trng biu din trn hnh v m t trng thi lm vic nguy him nht
ca kt cu. Vt liu s dng trong kt cu l thp vi mun n hi
Ethp = 210gPa. Xc nh tit din cho cc thanh sao cho ti u theo
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
68
iu kin bn. Cho a=5,5m; b=4,5m; c=1m; P1=25kN; P2=15kN;

P3=40kN v P4=20kN.
Ch : Kt cu ny s c tnh ton, thit k li theo m hnh khung
(xem bi tp Chng 8).
P1
P2
P3
P4
b
c
a
Hnh 5.7.5. M hnh dm cu chu lc
5.6. S kt cu ca mt chic cn cu c th hin trn

Hnh 5.7.6, ti trng thit k l 10 tn. Chn loi thp ph hp v s
dng h s an ton bng 4, xc nh tit din cho tt c cc thanh. Cho
a=3m; b=9m; P=10000kg.
Hnh 5.7.6. M hnh cn cu

5.7. Mt kt cu gin cng xn phi chu ti nh trn Hnh
5.7.7; cc thanh u bng thp v c tit din 8cm2, ng sut cho php
ca vt liu l 600mPa. Kim tra xem thit k c tha mn iu kin
bn hay khng? Thit k li (thit k tinh) vi iu kin s dng cng
loi vt liu v gi nguyn ng bao ca kt cu. Thit k li y c
th hiu l thay i cch sp xp cc thanh, loi b mt s thanh, hoc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
69
thay i tit din ca cc thanh. Mt trong cc mc ch ca thit k

tinh v d l tm cch lm gim khi lng tng th ca kt cu. Cho
a=0,5m ; b=0,9m; c=0,4m; d=0,6m; =600; P = 30kN; Q = 40kN.
P
a
b
Hnh 5.7.7. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc

5.8. Cho kt cu gin nh Hnh 5.7.8. Vt liu v tit din ca
cc thanh ging nh bi 5.7. Hy phn tch bi ton ging nh lm
vi bi ton 5.7. Cho a=0,4m; b=6,5m; c=0,4m; = 300; P = 40kN; Q
= 60kN.
a
a
P
b
Hnh 5.7.8. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
70
Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1. M U
Trong chng ny, chng ta p dng phng php PTHH tnh

kt cu phng (2D) ca bi ton n hi. Cc bc c tin hnh
ging nh bi ton mt chiu xt trong chng 4.
Vct chuyn v u c xc nh bi:
u = [u v]T
Trong : u, v l cc chuyn v theo phng x v y tng ng (Hnh
6.1).
(6.1)
T
L
A
v
y
u
(x,y)
fy
i
fx
u=0
v=0
x
Hnh 6.1. Bi ton hai chiu
ng sut v bin dng c k hiu bi:
= [x, y, xy]T
(6.2)
(6.3)
= [x, y, xy]
Lc th tch, lc din tch v vi phn th tch c xc nh nh sau:
f = [fx fy]T
T = [Tx Ty]T
dv = tdA .
trong : t l dy theo phng z.
Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(6.4)
71
u

x
v
y
u v

y x
(6.5)
Xt quan h ng sut vi bin dng cho hai trng hp:

1.1.
Trng hp ng sut phng
x
E

y
2
1
xy
1
0 x

1
0 y
1
0 0
xy
(6.6)
Hoc:
= D
(6.7)
Trong
1
0
E
1
D
0
1 2
1
0 0
2
1.2.
(6.8)
Trng hp bin dng phng
1
x
E

1
y
1
1
2

0
0
xy
0 x

0 y
1 2
xy
2
(6.9)
Hoc:
= D
(6.10)
Trong
E

1
D
1 1 2
0
0
0
1 2
2
0
(6.11)
E l mun n hi; l h s Poisson ca vt liu.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
72
2. RI RC KT CU HO BNG PHN T TAM GIC
Min hai chiu c ri rc ho bng cc phn t tam gic nh hnh

6.2. Mi phn t tam gic c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 chuyn v (theo
phng x v y).
10
11
10
Q2 6
Q1 1
1
11
Q4
2
Q6
Q2j
Q3
Q5
Q2j-1
j
Hnh 6.2. Ri rc kt cu bng phn t tam gic

Ta k hiu vct chuyn v nt chung bi:
Q Q1
Q2 Qn
(6.12)
tin tnh ton, cc thng tin v vic chia min thnh cc phn t
tam gic s c th hin qua cc bng to nt v bng nh v cc
phn t.
Bng nh v cc phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Bc t.do
Phn t
11
12
13
14
11
12
13
14
13
14
10
21
22
...
11
Qui c: ng i t nt u n nt cui trong mi phn t theo

chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Bng nh v phn t m t tnh tng
ng gia chuyn v a phng v chuyn v chung ca phn t. Cc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
73
thnh phn chuyn v trong h to a phng ca nt i c k hiu

l q2i-1 v q2i theo phng x v y tng ng.
Ta k hiu vct chuyn v ca phn t bi:
q q1
q 2 q6
(6.13)
R rng, t bng nh v cc phn t trn, sau khi tm c vct

chuyn v chung Q, ta s tm c vct chuyn v nt ca tng phn
t ri t i xc nh cc i lng khc nh ng sut, bin dng
trong mi phn t.
Chuyn v ti mt im bt k trong phn t c biu din qua
cc thnh phn chuyn v ca nt phn t. i vi phn t tam gic c
bin dng l hng s, cc hm dng bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t.
Ta c th biu din cc hm dng N1, N2, N3 nh trn Hnh 6.3.
N1
N1=1
N2
=1
1
2
=1
2
N3 =1
=1
N3
N2 =1
=1
3
=1
=1
Hnh 6.3. Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng
Nhn xt:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
74
Hm dng N1=1 nt 1, gim tuyn tnh n 0 ti nt 2 v nt 3.

Tng t i vi N2 v N3.
- Bt k mt t hp tuyn tnh no ca cc hm dng trn cng u
biu din mt mt phng.
- Tng N1+ N2+ N3 biu din mt mt phng c chiu cao l mt n
v cc nt 1, 2 v 3; mt phng ny song song vi mt phng (1,
2, 3). V vy, vi N1, N2 v N3 bt k, ta c:
N1+ N2+ N3 = 1
Trong ba hm dng, c hai hm l c lp. Cc hm dng c
biu din qua v nh sau:
-
N1= 1- - ; N2 = ; N3 =.
(6.14)
Trong v c gi l cc to chun ho hay to t nhin.

Tng t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (to x c bin i qua
to , cc hm dng l hm s ca ), trong bi ton hai chiu, cc
to x, y cng c biu din qua cc to v .
V mt vt l, cc hm dng c biu din bi cc to din
tch. Khi ni mt im nm trong mt tam gic vi ba nh, tam gic
s c chia ra ba tam gic c din tch A1, A2, A3 nh Hnh 6.4.
N1
A1
;
A
N2
A2
;
A
N3
A3
A
A2
A1
(x,y)
A3
1
Hnh 6.4. To din tch
Trong A l din tch ca phn t.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
75
3. BIU DIN NG THAM S
Ta biu din chuyn v trong phn t qua cc hm dng v cc

chuyn v nt ca n nh sau:
u N 1q1 N 2 q3 N 3 q5
v N 1q 2 N 2 q 4 N 3 q 6
(6.15)
hay
(6.16)
u = Nq
Trong
N1
N
0
N2
N3
N1
N2
0
N 3
(6.17)
Thay (6.14) vo (6.15), ta c biu thc xc nh chuyn v qua chuyn

v nt xt trong h to quy chiu nh sau:
u q3 q1 q5 q1 q1
v q 4 q 2 q6 q 2 q2
(6.18)
i vi phn t tam gic, nh php m t ng tham s, ta c th biu

din to (x,y) qua to nt phn t vi cng cc hm dng trn:
x N 1 x1 N 2 x 2 N 3 x3
y N 1 y1 N 2 y 2 N 3 y 3
(6.19)
x x 2 x1 x3 x1 x1
y y 2 y1 y3 y1 y1
(6.20)
Hay
Ta k hiu:
xij = xi - xj
yij = yi - yj
T (6.20), suy ra:

x x21 x31 x1
y y 21 y31 y1
(6.21)
y l mi lin h gia (x, y) vi (, ). xc nh cc thnh phn

bin dng, ta cn tnh cc o hm ring u v v theo x v y.
Ta c:
u = u(x(, ), y(, )).
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
76
v = v(x(, ), y(, )).

p dng qui tc o hm hm hp:
u u x u y
x y
u u x u y
x y
(6.22)
Hoc di dng ma trn:

u x

u x

y u
x
y u

y
(6.23)
Trong ma trn vung (2x2) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i,

k hiu l J:
x21
J
x31
y21
( ((
y31
Trin khai ly o hm ca x v y theo v , ta c:

u
u

x
1
J
u
u

y

(6.24)
J 1 l ma trn nghch o ca J
J 1
1 y31
det J x31
y21
x21
(6.25)
Trong :
det J = x21 y31 x31 y21
Ta cng bit rng, det J chnh bng hai ln din tch tam gic.
det J= 2A
(6.26)
Ch : Nu cc nt 1, 2, 3 c xp t theo chiu ngc chiu kim
ng h, th det J lun c du dng.
T (6.24), (6.25), ta c th vit:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
77
u
x
1
u
det J
y
u
u
y31 y 21
u
u
x31
x21
(6.27)
Thay vai tr ca u bi v, ta cng c biu thc tng t:

v
x
1
v
det J
y
v
v
y
31
21
v
v
x31
x21
(6.28)
Khi y, cc thnh phn bin dng c xc nh bi:
x
v

y
u v
y x
y 23q1 y31q3 y12 q5
x32 q2 x13 q4 x21q6
det J
x32 q1 y23 q2 x13 q3 y31q4 x21q5 y12 q6
(6.29)
Hoc di dng ma trn:
=Bq
(6.30)
Trong :
y 23
1
B
0
det J
x32
y31
y12
x32
x13
y 23
x13
y31
x 21
0
x21
y12
(6.31)
y l ma trn lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v nt, trong cc s

hng u l cc hng s v c xc nh qua cc to nt ca cc
phn t.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
78
4. TH NNG
Th nng ca h c xc nh bi:
1 T
T
Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl ui Pi
2A
i
A
L
(6.32)
Trong :
T: lc din tch; f: lc th tch; t: chiu dy phn t
Pi: lc tp trung, Pi = [Px, Py]iT
Theo s phn t hu hn, th nng c vit di dng:
1 T
T
Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl ui Pi
2e
e e
e e
i
(6.33)
Hoc
T
U e u T ft dA T Tt dl ui Pi
e
(6.34)
Trong :
Ue
1 T
Dt dA
2 e
l nng lng bin dng ca phn t

5. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T TAM GIC
Th biu thc ca bin dng vo biu thc ca th nng bin dng ca

phn t, s c:
Ue
1 T
1
Dt dA q T B T DBqt dA
2e
2e
(6.35)
V: t, D, B l hng s v cc ma trn hng s, do
Ue
1 T T
q B DB qt e dA
2
e
(6.36)
Mt khc: dA Ae , nn cui cng ta c:

e
Ue
1 T
1
q t e Ae B T DB q q T k e q
2
2
(6.37)
Trong :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
79
k e t e Ae B T DB
(6.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t tam gic; t l dy ca phn t; Ae

l din tch ca phn t; B l ma trn lin h bin dng-chuyn v nt
ca phn t; D l ma trn lin h ng sut-bin dng, n ph thuc vo
vt liu kho st. V D l ma trn i xng, do ke cng l ma trn
i xng.
T cc ma trn cng ke ca cc phn t, ta s suy ra ma trn cng
K ca c kt cu; khi y, th nng bin dng ca c kt cu c xc
nh bi:
1
U e QT K Q
(6.39)
2
Ma trn K l ma trn i xng, thng c dng di bng
Ch : Mun gim chiu rng di bng trong ma trn K, ta cn gim
hiu s gia cc ch s nt ca mi phn t trong kt cu.
6. QUI I LC V NT
Qui i lc th tch
6.1.
Ta c:
u
e
ft dA t e uf x vf y dA
(6.40)
p dng biu thc ni suy ca u v v ta c:
u
ft
dA
q
t
f
N
dA
q
t
f
N
dA
e
x
e
y
1
1
2
1
e
e
e
q3 t e f x N 2 dA q 4 t e f y N 2 dA
q5 t e f x N 3 dA q6 t e f y N 3 dA
e
e
(6.41)
Vi ch :
1 1
N1 dA
e
1 1
N1 det J dd 2 Ae
0 0
1 dd 3 A
(6.42a)
0 0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
80
1 1
dA
1 1
det J dd 2 Ae
0 0
1 1
dA N 2 det J dd 2 Ae
(6.42b)
0 0
1 1
d d 3 A
0 0
d d 3 A
(6.42c)
0 0
biu thc (6.41) s cho
ft dA q T f
Trong f l vct lc th tch qui i v nt, v

t e Ae
f x f y f x f y f x f y T
(6.43)
3
Sau khi xc nh c cc lc nt fe ca phn t, ta suy ra vct lc F
chung.
fe
6.2.
Qui i lc din tch
Lc din tch thng l cc lc tc dng trn cc cnh ni cc nt

phn t. Vn l ta phi qui i cc lc ny v nt.
Gi s cnh l12 chu tc dng ca lc ko Tx v Ty (Hnh 6.5).
uT
Tt dl
vTy t dl
(6.44)
l1 2
Ty
l12
Ty2
2
Ty1
1
x
Tx2
Tx
Tx1
Hnh 6.5. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t

Thay u = Nq, ta s c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
81
T
t T N dl q t T N dl
u
Tt
dl
q
e
x
e
y
1
1
2
1
L
l12
l12
(6.45)
q3 t eTx N 2 dA q 4 t eT y N 2 dA
l12
l12
V N3 = 0 trn cnh (1-2) suy ra: N1 + N2 = 1;

do
l12
1
dl l12
2
Trong
l12
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2
T
T
e
u Tt dl q T
L
y, q l tp hp cc bc t do nt tng ng vi cnh 1-2.

T
q q1 q2
q3
q4
te l12
Tx
2
Ty
Tx
(6.46)
Cui cng
Te
6.3.
Ty
0 0
(6.47)
Lc tp trung
tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng ly nt ti im t lc

tp trung.
Nu i l nt c lc: Pi = [Px, Py]T tc dng, th
uiTPi = Q2i-1 Px + Q2i Py
(6.48)
Cui cng ta c th vit
Te P F
(6.49)
Sau khi tnh c nng lng bin dng v cc thnh phn lc nt, ta
vit biu thc th nng ton phn di dng:
1
Q T KQ Q T F
2
p dng iu kin cc tiu ho th nng, ta thu c h phng trnh:
KQ=F
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
82
(6.50)
(6.51)
Gii h phng trnh (6.51), ta tm c vct chuyn v nt Q.

Tnh ng sut
6.4.
V bin dng l hng s trong phn t, do ng sut cng l hng

s. Ta cn xc nh gi tr ng sut trong mi phn t: = D.
M: = Bq, do :
= DBq
(6.52)
T chuyn v chung Q, nh bng ghp ni phn t, suy ra cc chuyn
v nt q ca tng phn t, sau thay vo (6.52) s tnh c ng sut.
ng sut chnh v phng chnh c xc nh nh vng Mohr ng
sut.
7. V D
Cho mt tm kim loi hnh vung, cnh di 2m, chu lc nh Hnh

6.6.
P
(a)
p=10mN/m2
P=100 kN
2m
y
3
P=100 kN
2
(b)
1
1
Hnh 6.6. M hnh PTHH tnh tm vung chu ko

Bit E = 182 gPa; = 0,3; t = 0,01 m. Xc nh ng sut trong
tm cho hai trng hp:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
83
a. Ch c P = 100 kN tc dng,
b. Ch c p = 10 mN/m2 tc dng.
Li gii
Do kt cu i xng, chu ti trng i xng, nn ta ch cn xt
mt phn t tm vi hai phn t (Hnh 6.6b).
Ta thit lp c bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
1
2
3
4
5
Phn t
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
4
7
8
5
2
iu kin bin:
Ti nt 1: u = v = 0, tng ng ta c Q1 = Q2 = 0;
Ti nt 2: v = 0, tng ng ta c Q4 = 0;
Ti nt 3: u = 0, tng ng ta c Q5 = 0;
p dng cc cng thc (6.38): ke = te Ae BT D Ta xc nh c
trn cng cho tng phn t.
Phn t 1
6
6
6
ma
650 1000 350 350 300

1350
650
1350 300 350 350 1000
1000 300 1000

0
0
300
3
k1
10 N / mm
0
350
350
0
350 350
350 350
0
350
350
0
0
0
1000
300 1000 300
Phn t 2
0
350 350
0
350
350
0
1000
0
300 1000 300
350 300 1350

650
1000 350
3
k2
10 N / mm
1350
300 350
350 1000 650
0
300
1000 300 1000
0
0
350 350
0
350
350
Ma trn cng chung K
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
84
650 1000 350 350 300

0
0
1350
650
1350 300 350 350 1000
0
0
1000 300 1350

0
0
650
350 350
0
1350
650
0
350 350
300 1000
10 3
K
350 350
0
650
1350
0
1000 300
0
0
1350 350 350
300 1000 650
0
0
650
350 300 1000 350 1350
0
650
1350
350 1000 300 350
0
Trng hp 1: P = 100 kN
Sau khi p t iu kin bin ta c h phng trnh:
1350 650 350 350 Q3 0
650 1350 350 350 Q 0
3
6 10 3
10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 100
350 350 650 1350 Q8 0
Gii h phng trnh, ta c:

Q3 = 9,971510-3 (mm)
Q6 = 9,971510-3 (mm)
Q7 = 99,91910-3 (mm)
Q8 = -42,93810-3 (mm)
tnh ng sut trong mi phn t, ta p dng cng thc (6.52):
=DBq
Trong
200 60 0
D 10 60 200 0 N / m
0
0 70
9
q1 10 6 0 9,9715 0 0 9,9715 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
B1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
85
Cui cng ta tnh c ng sut trong phn t 1
x 2,593

y 2,593 MPa
0
xy
Thc hin cc bc tng t cho phn t 2:
T
q 2 10 6 0 9,9715 9,9715 0 99,919 42,938
1 0 0 0 1 0
B 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
2
V ng sut trong phn t 2:
x 17 ,407

y 2,5926 MPa
2,5926
xy
Trng hp 2: p =10 mN/m2
p dng cng thc (6.47) tnh lc nt qui i, ta c:
F3 = 50000 N
F7 = 50000 N
Ta thit lp c h phng trnh:
1350 650 350 350 Q3 50
650 1350 350 350 Q 0
3
6 10 3
10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 50
350 350 650 1350 Q8 0
Gii h phng trnh, ta tm c cc chuyn v nt

Q3 = 54,945110-3 (mm); Q6 = -16,483510-3 (mm);
Q7 = 54,945110-3 (mm); Q8 = -16,483510-3 (mm).
Cui cng ta tnh c cc thnh phn ng sut trong cc phn t 1 v
2 (c cng gi tr):
x 10

y 0 MPa
0
xy
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
86
Trong c hai trng hp t ti, kt qu theo phng php phn t hu

hn trng vi kt qu chnh xc.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
87
8. CHNG TRNH TNH TM CHU TRNG THI NG SUT

PHNG
V d.
Cho mt tm kim loi chu lc ko nh Hnh 6.7, kch thc

100400mm, chiu dy t = 10 mm, vi p = 200 N/mm. Bit E = 200
gPa; = 0,3. Xc nh ng sut trong tm.
40 mm
2
4
2
5
5
10
8
6
3
1
1
7
7
9 p
Hnh 6.7. Tm ch nht chuko trong mt phng

Theo s li PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t nh sau: nt 1
cc thnh phn chuyn v u v v bng khng, nt 2 thnh phn u bng
khng; nh vy iu kin bin tng ng l Q1= Q2 = Q3 = 0.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
88
Chng trnh ngun.
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 6, (Vi du 6.8.1) P6_1

% Phan tich ung suat cua tam chiu keo su dung phan tu tam giac bac 1
% (Hinh. 6.7 mo ta luoi phan tu)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% eldisp = vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
% stress = ma tran cac thanh phan ung suat
% strain = ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut phan tu
% index = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi) tong the tai moi phan
tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut) tai bien cua ket
cau
% bcval = vecto chi dieu kien bien (gia tri chuyen vi nut tai bien)
%-----------------------------------clear
noe_x=4;
% so luong cac phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=1;
% so luong cac phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*2*noe_y;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=3;
% tong so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=2;
% tong so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=10;
% tong so nut cua he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% tong so bac tu do cua he
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
89
edof=nnel*ndof;
% so bac tu cua phan tu
E_module=200e3;
% modun dan hoi khi keo nen
poisson=0.3;
% he so Poisson
x_length=400;
% chieu rong tam (mm)
y_length=100;
% chieu dai tam (mm)
thickness=10;
p=200;
% tai trong phan bo deu (MPa=N/mm)
%--------------------------------------------% nhap gia tri toa do cac nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do: i la chi so nut, j =1,2 chi toa do x hay y
%--------------------------------------------temp=x_length/noe_x;
gcoord=[temp*0 0.0; 0.0 y_length;
temp*1 0.0; temp y_length;
temp*2 0.0; temp*2 y_length;
temp*3 0.0; temp*3 y_length;
temp*4 0.0; temp*4 y_length];
%--------------------------------------------------------% Nhap chi so nut o moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% trong do: i la chi so cua phan tu va j la chi so nut
%--------------------------------------------------------nodes=[1 3 4; 1 4 2; 3 5 6; 3 6 4;
5 7 8; 5 8 6;7 9 10; 7 10 8];
%------------------------------------% Nhap cac dieu kien bien
%------------------------------------bcdof=[1 2 3];
% ba bac tu do dau tien la co rang buoc
bcval=[0 0 0];
% voi gia tri bang khong
%----------------------------------------% khoi tao cac ma tran va cac vecto
%----------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% vecto luc nut tong the
% ma tran do cung tong the
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
% vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
90
eldisp=zeros(edof,1);
% vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
% ma tran ung suat
strain=zeros(noe,3);
% ma tran bien dang
index=zeros(edof,1);
% veto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(3,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
D_matrix=zeros(3,3);
% ma tran do cung vat lieu
%---------------------------% vecto luc nut
%---------------------------ff(17)=(y_length/noe_y)*p/2; % luc dat tai nut so 9 theo phuong x
ff(19)=(y_length/noe_y)*p/2; % luc dat tai nut so 10 theo phuong x
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu va
% ghep noi thanh ma tran do cung tong the, vecto luc nut tong the
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung vat lieu
D_matrix=D_matrix_2D(1,E_module,poisson);
for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu iel
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % toa do nut thu nhat
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1); y2=gcoord(nd(2),2); % toa do nut thu hai
x3=gcoord(nd(3),1); y3=gcoord(nd(3),2); % toa do nut thu ba
% xay dung vecto chi so bac tu do tong the gan ket voi tung phan tu
index=sys_elm_dof_assoc(nd,nnel,ndof);
%------------------------------------------------------% Xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang
%------------------------------------------------------% dien tich phan tu tam giac
area=0.5*(x1*y2+x2*y3+x3*y1-x1*y3-x2*y1-x3*y2);
% tinh dao ham rieng theo x
dhdx=(1/(area*2))*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)];
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
91
% tinh dao ham rieng theo y

dhdy=(1/(area*2))*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)];
% xay dung ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_matrix=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
k=thickness*area*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix;
% ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index);
end
%----------------------------% aps datj dieu kien bien
%----------------------------[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
%-----------------------------% tinh vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
%-----------------------------disp=kk\ff;
%-----------------------------% tinh ung suat phan tu
%-----------------------------for e=1:noe
% tinh cho tung phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(e,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu iel
%------------------------------------------------------% xay dung vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
92
for i=1:edof
eldisp(i)=disp(index(i));
end
% dien tich phan tu
% dao ham theo x
dhdx=(1/(2*area))*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)];
% dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/(2*area))*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)];
% tinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_matrix=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
estrain=B_matrix*eldisp;
% tinh bien dang
estress=D_matrix*estrain;
% tinh ung suat
for i=1:3
strain(e,i)=estrain(i); % luu tru vecto bien dang tai nut cua PT
stress(e,i)=estress(i); % luu tru vecto ung suat tai nut cua PT
end
end
%-----------------------------------% In ket qua
%-----------------------------------num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp]
% chuyen vi nut
for i=1:noe
stresses=[i stress(i,:)]
% ung suat
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
93
Cc hm s dng trong chng trnh
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [D_matrix]=D_matrix_2D(type,E_module,poisson)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran do cung vat lieu (vat lieu dang huong)
%
% cu phap cua ham:
% [D_matrix]=D_matrix_2D(type,E_module,poisson)
%
% mo ta cac bien:
% E_module modul dan hoi
% poisson he so Poisson
% type=1 lua chon cho truong hop bai toan ung suat phang
% type=2 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan bien dang phang
% type=3 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan doi xung truc
% type=4 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan ba chieu
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------if type==1
% bai toan ung suat phang
D_matrix= E_module/(1-poisson*poisson)* ...
[1 poisson 0; ...
poisson 1 0; ...
0 0 (1-poisson)/2];
elseif type==2 % bai toan bien dang phang
D_matrix= E_module/((1+poisson)*(1-2*poisson))* ...
[(1-poisson) poisson 0;
poisson (1-poisson) 0;
0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
elseif type==3 % bai toan doi xung truc
[(1-poisson) poisson poisson 0;
poisson (1-poisson) poisson 0;
poisson poisson (1-poisson) 0;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
94
0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
else % bai toan ba chieu
[(1-poisson) poisson poisson 0 0 0;
poisson (1-poisson) poisson 0 0 0;
poisson poisson (1-poisson) 0 0 0;
0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2 0 0;
0 0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2 0;
0 0 0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_matrix]=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi-ung suat
%
% cu phap:
% [B_matrix]=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%
% mo ta cac bien:
% nnel tong so nut cua phan tu
% dhdx dao ham ham dang theo x
% dhdy dao ham ham dang theo y
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i_1=(i-1)*2+1;
i_2=i_1+1;
B_matrix(1,i_1)=dhdx(i);
B_matrix(2,i_2)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(3,i_1)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(3,i_2)=dhdx(i);
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
95
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [kk]=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% ghep noi ma tran do cung phan tu vao ma tran do cung chung
%
% Cu phap:
% [kk]=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung chung (tong the)
% k - ma tran do cung phan tu
% index vecto chi so chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%----------------------------------------------------------edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% Ap dat dieu kien bien vao he phuong trinh [kk]{x}={ff}
%
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
96
% Cu phap:
% [kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung chung truoc khi loai hang va cot
% ff vec to luc nut chung truoc khi loai hang
% bcdof vec to chua cac bac tu do bi rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval vecto chua gia tri cac rang buoc
%
%
Vi du, neu co cac rang buoc o cac chuyen vi nut (bac tu do) 2 va
10,
% tuong ung voi cac gia tri la 0.0 va 2.5.
% Thi ta co: bcdof(1)=2 va bcdof(2)=10; va
% bcval(1)=1.0 va bcval(2)=2.5.
%----------------------------------------------------------n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
kk(j,c)=0;
end
kk(c,c)=1;
ff(c)=bcval(i);
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
97
Kt qu chng trnh
displace =
Bc t do
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Chuyn v nt
0
0
0
- 0.0030
0.0100
0.0000
0.0100
- 0.0030
0.0200
0.0000
Bc t do
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Chuyn v nt
0.0200
- 0.0030
0.0300
0.0000
0.0300
- 0.0030
0.0400
0.0000
0.0400
- 0.0030
stresses =
Phn t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
-0.0000
-0.0000
xy
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
98
9. BI TP
6.1. Tm chuyn v ti hai im A v B v phn b ng sut

trong tm phng c kch thc v chu ti trng nh Hnh 6.9.1. Vt
liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi Ethp=210gPa v h s Poisson
=0,22; vi a = 0,2 m ; b = 0,3 m; t = 5 mm v q = 8 kN/m2. Hy xt
vi cc trng hp chia li nh sau:
a. Hai phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh 6.9.1a
b. Ba phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh 6.9.1b
c. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v a ra nhn xt
v khuyn co.
d. Thay i lin kt ca tm nh trn Hnh 6.9.1c v d, liu cc
kt qu tnh trn Hnh 6.9.1a v b c thay i hay khng? Gii thch?
3A
3A
II
II
III 5
I
1
b/2
I
1
2B
a)
2B
b)
3A
q b/2
3A
4
II
II
II 5
I
I
I
1
2 B
c)
b/2
b/2
2B
d)
Hnh 6.9.1.Cc dng lui vi phn t tam gic
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
99
6.2. Mt vng dt ( h << ri ,

re ) chu p sut trong p nh trn
Hnh 6.9.2. Hy tnh chuyn v v
ng sut trong vng. y l dng bi
ton vt i xng trc chu ti i
xng trc v c th s dng cc phn
t dng v i xng trc gii.
Nhng y ta s s dng m hnh
bi ton ng sut phng gii
quyt. Vi: ri = 15mm; re = 30mm;
p = 120N/mm2; E = 70000 N/mm2;
re
p
ri
Hnh 6.9.2. Vng dt chu p lc

= 0,3 v h = 1mm.
So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu gii tch nh sau:
2
ur
ri pr
2
E re ri
re
1 1 2
r
2
re 2
ri p
1
;
2
2
2
2
2
re ri r
re ri
ri p
re 2
1 2
r
6.3. Mt tm thp hnh tam gic

d
c bt cht vo mt ct thp bng 5
a b
c
P
bu-lng ng knh 8mm nh trn hnh
v 6.9.3. Gi thit l ct thp v bu-lng
a
l rt cng so vi tm thp v b qua
a
ma st gia tm v ct, hy xc nh
xem bu-lng no chu ti trng ln nht d a
v xc nh gi tr . So snh vi kt
qu theo phng php gii tch thng
dng cho mt nhm bu-lng chu ti
lch. Nu tm trn lm bng nhm th
ti trng m bu-lng phi chu c thay
i khng?
Hnh 6.9.3. Kt cu lp ghp
Lu : Do kch thc tng i gia
bu-lng, tm v ct, ch cn m phng mi bu-lng bng mt hoc mt
vi nt, v t cc chuyn v nt ny bng khng (= 0). Phn lc ti cc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
100
nt c nh ny s chnh l ti m bu-lng tng ng phi chu. Tuy

nhin c mt phn b kh chnh xc ca ng sut trn tm ta cn
phi c mt li mn cho tm. S dng phn t tam gic tuyn tnh.
Bit: a = 100mm; b = 120mm; c = 300mm; d = 600mm; E = 210gPa;
= 0,22 v P = 4kN.
6.4. Bi ton tng ng nh bi 6.3, ln ny tm thp c dng
hnh thang nh trn hnh v 6.9.4 v c bt bng tm bu-lng ng
knh 16mm. S dng phn t tam gic tuyn tnh. Bit: a = 50mm; b =
75mm; c = 500mm v P = 8kN.
a
2b
a
2b
2b
a

6.5. Xc nh h s tp trung ng sut trong kt cu tm phng
c chiu dy 1 n v, chu ti trng nh Hnh 6.9.5, ng vi cc
trng hp sau:
a. Mt l chnh tm ca tm
b. Mt l lch tm
c. Mt l chnh tm v hai rnh cong khot i xng gia chiu
di tm
d. Mt l chnh tm v chiu rng mt u nh hn.
Bit: a = 50 mm; b = 80 mm; c = 30 mm; e = 110 mm; r = 10 mm; r1 =
6 mm; q = 20N/mm v P = qa.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
101
r
q
(a)
2b
r
q
(b)
2b
r1
r
b
(c)
2b
e
r
r
P
b
2b
(d)
Hnh 6.9.5. Cc kt cu tm phng chu ko
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
102
Chng 7
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON I XNG TRC
CHU TI TRNG I XNG
1. M U
tnh ton mt vt i xng trc hay cn gi l vt trn xoay

chu ti trng i xng trc, ta a bi ton v bi ton hai chiu n
gin.
V vt i xng hon ton i vi trc z, nn cc thnh phn bin
dng v ng sut khng ph thuc vo gc quay . Do , bi ton
c xem xt nh mt bi ton hai chiu trong mt phng (rz), trong
z l trc ng, r l trc hng knh.
2. M T I XNG TRC
Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh trn Hnh 7.1:

z
z
Pi
bin L
dA
dA
w
r,z
(a)
(b)
Hnh 7.1. Vt i xng trc
Vi phn th tch dv = rddrdz = rddA. Khi biu thc th nng

s c dng:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
103
2
T
rdAd
0 A
frdAd
0 A
Trdld ui Pi
(7.1)
0 L
vi Pi l lc tp trung tc dng trn chu tuyn i xng qua trc z.

V tt c cc bin trong tch phn trn khng ph thuc vo , do
, h thc (7.1) cho ta:
1
T
2 T rdA u T frdA u T Trdl ui Pi
2 A
A
L
i
y:
u = [u w]T
(7.2)
(7.3)
(7.4)
(7.5)
f = [fr fz]
T = [Tr Tz]T
T (7.3), ta c quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v u:
rz
w
z
u w
z r
(7.6)
Vct ng sut:
z rz
(7.7)
Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng:
= D
(7.8)
vi:
E 1 1
D
1 1 2 0
1 2
21
1
0
(7.9)
3. PHN T TAM GIC
Xt mt min hai chiu (mt ct) c trch ra t vt th trn xoay.

Ta chia min ny thnh cc phn t tam gic. Mt phn t i din vi
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
104
3 nt l 1, 2, 3 v cc chuyn v tng ng q1, q2, q3, q4, q5 v q6 c

biu din nh trn Hnh 7.2.
z
q6
q5
(r3,z3) 3
Ae
w
q4
q2
u
1
(r1,z1)
q1
2
(r2,z2 )
q3
r
Hnh 7.2. Phn t tam gic i xng trc
Vi ch rng cc to r v z ng vai tr ging nh x v y trong bi
ton hai chiu xt trong Chng 6.
Nh cc hm dng N1, N2, N3 bit trong chng 6, ta biu din hm
chuyn v bi:
u = Nq
(7.10)
trong :
N1
N
0
q q1
N2
N3
N1
N2
q2
q3
q4
q5
0
N 3
(7.11)
q6
(7.12)
Ch rng:
N1 = 1 - - , N2 = , N3 =
Suy ra:
u 1 q1 q3 q5
v 1 q2 q4 q6
(7.13)
Dng php m t ng tham s ta cng c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
105
r 1 r1 r2 r3
z 1 z1 z 2 z3
(7.14)
T ta c:
u
u

r
u J u

z
(7.15)
w
w

r
w J w

z
(7.16)
Trong ma trn vung (22) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i,

k hiu l J:
r21 z 21
J
( ((
r31 z 31
K hiu: rj = ri - rj ; z = zi - zj
Suy ra:
detJ = r21z31 r31z21
vy
|detJ| = 2Ae
Nghch o (7.15) v (7.16) ta c:
u
u

r
1
u J u ;

z
(7.17)
(7.18)
w
w

r
1
w J w

z
(7.19)
Trong , J 1 l ma trn nghch o ca J v c xc nh bi:

J 1
rz
1
det J
z 31
r
31
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
z 21
r21
w
z
u w
z r
(7.20)
u
(7.21)
106
u 1 q1 q3 q5
v 1 q 2 q 4 q6
(7.22)
Thay cc quan h trn vo biu thc bin dng - chuyn v (7.6), ta

c:
z 31 q3 q1 z 21 q5 q1
det J
r31 q4 q 2 r21 q6 q2
J
det

r q q r21 q5 q1 z 31 q4 q 2 z 21 q6 q 2
31 3 1
det J
N 1q1 N 2 q3 N 3 q5
r
Hoc di dng ma trn:
= Bq
Trong , ma trn bin dng - chuyn v B c xc nh bi:
z 23
det J
0
B
r32
det J
N
1
r
0
r32
det J
z 23
det J
0
z 31
det J
0
r13
det J
N2
r
0
r13
det J
z 31
det J
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
z12
det J
0
r21
det J
N3
r
(7.23)
0
r21
det J
z12
det J
(7.24)
107
3.1.
Ma trn cng ca phn t
Trc ht ta xc nh biu thc th nng bin dng nh sau:
T
2 T D r dA 2 u T fr dA 2 u T T r dl ui Pi
e
i
e
e
2 e
(7.25)
S hng u trong du mc [], chnh l nng lng bin dng ca phn t. Sau khi t
Ue
1 T
q 2 B T D B r dA q
2 e
(7.26)
i lng
k e 2 B T D B r dA
(7.27)
c gi l ma trn cng ca phn t.

Ch rng hng th t ca ma trn B v tch phn (7.25) c cha bin
r. Trong thc t, n gin ho vic xc nh ma trn cng ke, ta
tnh gn ng gi tr ca B v r i vi trng tm ca tam gic v coi
y l gi tr c trng ca tam gic . Do , i vi trng tm tam
gic th:
N1 N 2 N 3
K hiu: r
1
3
(7.28)
r1 r2 r3
; trong r l bn knh ca trng tm tam
3
gic.
K hiu B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v ca phn t c
tnh i vi trng tm tam gic, khi ta c:
T
k e 2 r B D B dA
e
Cui cng, ma trn cng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

T
k e 2 r Ae B D B
(7.29)
Ch : s hng 2 r Ae chnh l th tch ca phn t vnh, cn din tch

Ae c xc nh bi: Ae
det J
2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
108
3.2.
Lc nt qui i
Lc th tch
3.2.1.
Ta c:
2 u T frdA 2 uf r wf z rdA
e
2 N1q1 N 2 q3 N 3q5 f r N1q2 N 2 q4 N 3 q6 f z rdA

e
Ly xp x cc bin bng cc gi tr tng ng ti trng tm tam gic,

ta c:
2 u T frdA q T f e
(7.30)
trong :
fe
K hiu f r ,
2 r Ae
fr
3
fr
fz
fr
fz
(7.31)
f z , r trong (7.31) ch cc i lng c biu din
i vi trng tm ca tam gic.

3.2.2.
Lc din tch
Xt trng hp lc tc dng u trn cnh ni nt 1 v nt 2 c cc

thnh phn l Tr, Tz (Hnh 7.3).
3
q4
2
q3
l12
r
q2
Tz
T
q1
Tr
Hnh 7.3. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t
Da vo biu thc:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
109
2 u T Trdl q T T e
(7.32)
trong :
q q1
q2
q3
T e 2l12 aTr
q4
q5
q6
aTz
bTr
bTz
(7.33)
T
(7.34)
vi
a
2r1 r2
r 2r2
; b 1
6
6
l12
(7.35)
2
r2 r1 z 2 z1
Ch trong tch phn (7.33), r = N1r1 + N2r2. Khi cnh 1-2 song
song vi trc z, th a = b = 0,5r1 v r1 = r2
3.3.
ng sut
Sau khi tnh c th nng ton phn, iu kin bin s c p

dng trong qu trnh cc tiu ho th nng, cui cng ta c thu c
h phng trnh dng quen thuc sau:
KQ=F
(7.36)
trong : K l ma trn cng chung; Q l vct chuyn v nt chung;
F l vct lc nt chung.
T (7.36) ta s gii c cc chuyn v nt Q, sau nh bng nh v
phn t s suy ra chuyn v qi ca tng phn t.
Tip tc p dng biu thc quan h ng sut-bin dng v bin dngchuyn v, ta s tnh c
D Bq
(7.37)
Ch : l mt ng sut chnh, hai ng sut chnh khc l 1 v 2 s

c xc nh qua r, z v rz nh vng trn Mohr ng sut.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
110
3.4.
V d
Cho mt ng tr di c ng knh trong bng 80mm, ng knh

ngoi bng 120mm. ng c ghp cng xung quanh ng sinh vi
mt vt cng khc v chu p lc t bn trong p = 2 mPa. Bng m
hnh hai phn t hu hn trn chiu di 10mm, hy xc nh cc
chuyn v, ng sut ca im bn trong thnh ng, bit E = 200 gPa,
= 0,3.
Li gii
M hnh 2 phn t trn chiu di 10mm theo phng z c minh
ho nh trn Hnh 7.4.
Vi ng chu lin kt nh trn, chuyn v pha ngoi ng khng
c; coi lin kt ti nt 3 v 4 l c nh. Tng t, chuyn v dc trc
cng khng c; lin kt ti nt 1 v 2 l c nh theo phng dc trc z.
z
2mPa
F1
4
1
F2
10mm
2
3
40mm
60mm
80mm
120mm
Hnh 7.4. M hnh hai phn t

Theo nhn xt trn ta c:
Q2 = Q4 = 0 (chuyn v dc trc)
Q5 = Q6 = Q7 = Q8 = 0 (chuyn v pha ngoi ng)
Ta lp bng nh v cc phn t:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
111
Bc t.do
1
2
3
4
5
6
Phn t
1
1
2
3
4
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Khi ly gc to trng vi nt 2, ta c bng to cc nt nh sau:
Nt
r
z
1
40
10
2
40
0
3
60
0
4
60
10
Tnh ma trn D theo biu thc (7.9):
2,69 10 5
1,15 10 5
5
1,15 10
1,15 10 5
2,69 10 5
0,77 10 5
1,15 10 5
1,15 10 5
1,15 10 5
0
5
2,69 10
Vi c 2 phn t, ta u c: detJ = 200mm2 v din tch ca phn t l

Ae= 100mm2. Cc lc nt c xc nh bi:
F1 F2
2r1lp 2 3,14 40 10 2
2514 N
2
2
Xt phn t 1
r1
1
40 40 60 46,67 mm
3
0
0
0
0,05
0
0,05
0
0,1
0
0,1
0
0
B1
0,1
0,05 0,1
0
0
0,05
0
0,0071
0
0,0071 0
0,0071
Xt phn t 2
r2
1
40 60 60 53,33 mm
3
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
112
0
0,05
0
0
0
0,05
0
0
0
0,1
0
0,1
B2
0,1
0,05
0,1
0,05
0,1
0
0
0,00625
0
0,00625 0
0,00625
p dng cng thc (7.29), ta tnh c:
1,13
4,03 2,58 2,34 1,45 1,932
8,45
1,37 7,89 1,93
0,565
2,30 0,24 0,16

1,13
k 1 10 7
7,89
1,93
0
DX
2,25
0
0,565
0
2,22
1,69
0,085 1,69
2,05
0,645 1,29 0,645 1,29

0
5,11
3,46 2,42
2,17
k 2 10 7
9,66
1,05
9,01
DX
2,62
0,241
9,01
Ghp 2 phn t vi ma trn cng l k1 v k2 ri p t cc iu kin

bin: Q2 = Q4 = Q5 = Q6 = Q7 =Q8 = 0.
Ta thu c h hai phng trnh, hai n s:
4,03 2,34 Q1 2514
10 7

2,34 4,35 Q3 2514
Gii h phng trnh trn ta thu c:

Q1 0,014 10 2
mm

2
Q3 0,0133 10
Chuyn v nt ca tng phn t:

T
q1 0,014 0 0,0133 0 0 0 10 2
T
q2 0,0133 0 0 0 0 0 10 2
Xc nh ng sut
mm
mm
Da vo phng trnh quan h ng sut - bin dng (7.37) ; ta nhn

c cc kt qu sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
113
1 166 58,2 54 28,4 10 2

T
2 169 ,3 66,9 0 54 10 2
mPa
mPa
4. CHNG TRNH TNH KT CU I XNG TRC
Ta s xy dng chng trnh tnh cho bi ton c m t v

d trn (Mc 3.4), vi m hnh 10 phn t (Hnh 7.5).
2 mPa
80mm
120mm
10
10
1
1
3
3
5
5
7
7
12
10mm
9
9
11
40mm
60mm
Hnh 7.5
Chng trnh tnh v kt qu s c m t chi tit di y:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
114
Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh tinh ket cau doi xung truc- chuong 7
% tinh ket cau ong (doi xung truc) chiu ap luc trong
% bang cach su dung phan tu tam giac (hinh 7.5 mo ta luoi phan tu)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
tu
cau
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------%----------------------------------------% du lieu cua cac tham so dieu khien
%----------------------------------------clear
noe=10;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=3;
% so nut cua 1 phan tu
ndof=2;
% so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=12;
% tong so nut trong he thong
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
115
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof=nnel*ndof;
% so bac tu do cua moi phan tu
E_module=200e3;
% modul dan hoi (MPa=N/mm2)
poisson=0.25;
% he so Poisson
in_r=40;
% ban kinh trong cua ong (mm)
out_r=60;
% ban kinh ngoai cua ong (mm)
len_z=10;
% kich thuoc phan tu theo phuong truc z (mm)
p=2;
% gia tri ap luc (MPa)
%--------------------------------------------% du lieu toa do nut, luu tru trong ma tran gcoord(i,j),

% trong do i la chi so nut va j =1 la toa do x, j=2 la toa do y
%--------------------------------------------temp=((out_r-in_r)/noe)*2;
gcoord=[in_r 0; in_r len_z; in_r+temp 0; in_r+temp len_z;
in_r+temp*2 0; in_r+temp*2 len_z; in_r+temp*3 0; in_r+temp*3
len_z; in_r+temp*4
0; in_r+temp*4
len_z; in_r+temp*5
0;
in_r+temp*5 len_z];
%--------------------------------------------------------% du lieu cac chi so nut tong the o moi phan tu
% nodes(i,j), trong do i la chi so phan tu va j la chi so nut
%--------------------------------------------------------nodes=[1 3 4; 1 4 2; 3 5 6; 3 6 4; 5 7 8;
5 8 6;7 9 10; 7 10 8; 9 11 12; 9 12 10];
%------------------------------------% du lieu mo ta dieu kien bien
%------------------------------------% cac chuyen vi nut bi khong bi che
bcdof=[2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24];
bcval=[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
% gia tri cua chuyen vi nut = 0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
116
%----------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% vec to luc nut tong the
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
% vecto chuyen vi nut tongthe
% ma tran cac thanh phan ung suat
% ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang
% vecto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(4,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi bien dang

%---------------------------% vec to luc nut tong the

%---------------------------ff(1)=p*2*pi*len_z*in_r/2;
% luc dat tai nut 1 theo phuong x
ff(3)=p*2*pi*len_z*in_r/2;
% luc dat tai nut 2 theo phuong x
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, cac vec to luc nut
% va ghep noi chung vao ca ma tran va vec to tong the
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung vat lieu
for iel=1:noe
% tinh cho moi phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the ung voi nut 1 cua phan tu
(iel)
(iel)
(iel)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
117

% xay dung vec to chi so phuc vu viec ghep noi phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------% xac dinh dao ham cac ham dang
%------------------------------------------------------% dien tich phan tu tam giac
area2=area*2;
xcenter=(x1+x2+x3)/3;
% toa do x cua trong tam phan tu
ycenter=(y1+y2+y3)/3;
% toa do y cua trong tam phan tu
shape(1)=((x2*y3-x3*y2)+(y2-y3)*xcenter+(x3-x2)*ycenter)/area2;
dhdx=(1/area2)*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)]; % dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/area2)*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)]; % dao ham theo y
% xay dung ma tran bien dang chuyen vi
B_matrix=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,xcenter);
k=2*pi*xcenter*area*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix;
% ghep noi ma tran do cung phan tu vao ma tran do cung chung
end
%----------------------------% ap dat dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
118
[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
%---------------------------% giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%---------------------------disp=kk\ff;
%--------------------------------------% tinh ung suat tai cac diem gauss cua phan tu
%--------------------------------------for ielp=1:noe
% Tinh cho moi phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(ielp,1); % chi so nut tong the ung voi nut 1 cua phan tu
(iel)
(iel)
(iel)
% xay dung vec to chi so phuc vu viec ghep noi phan tu
index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof);
%------------------------------------------------------% xac dinh vec to chuyen vi nut phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------for i=1:edof
end
% area of triangule
area2=area*2;
xcenter=(x1+x2+x3)/3;
% toa do x cua trong tam phan tu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
119
ycenter=(y1+y2+y3)/3;
% toa do y cua trong tam phan tu
dhdx=(1/area2)*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)]; % dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/area2)*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)]; % dao ham theo y
% tinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_matrix=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,xcenter);
% tinh vecto bien dang
% tinh vecto ung suat
for i=1:4
strain(ielp,i)=estrain(i);
% luu tru
stress(ielp,i)=estress(i);
% luu tru
end
end
%-----------------------------------% hien thi ket qua
%-----------------------------------num=1:1:sdof;
% hien thi chuyen vi nut
for i=1:noe
stresses=[i stress(i,:)]
% hien thi ung suat
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
120
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_matrix]=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,radist)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi - bien dang cho bai toan ket cau x
% doi xung dung truc
% Cu phap:
% [B_matrix]=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,radist)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel so nut cua phan tu
% shape cac ham dang
% dhdy - dao ham ham dang theo y
% radist khoang cach tu ta den diem lay tich phan den hay
%
trong tam phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*2+1;
i2=i1+1;
B_matrix(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_matrix(2,i1)=shape(i)/radist;
B_matrix(3,i2)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(4,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(4,i2)=dhdx(i);
end
Kt qu chng trnh
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
121
displace =
bc t do
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
chuyn v nt
0.0011
0
0.0011
0
0.0010
0
0.0010
0
0.0010
0
0.0010
0
bc t do
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
chuyn v nt
0.0010
0
0.0010
0
0.0009
0
0.0009
0
0.0009
0
0.0009
0
stresses =
phan tu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
rz
-1.5928 4.7563 0.7909

-1.7516 4.9888 0.8093
-1.0897 4.2332 0.7859
-1.1632 4.4217 0.8146
-0.6878 3.8327 0.7862
-0.7261 3.9831 0.8143
-0.3606 3.5200 0.7899
-0.3944 3.6361 0.8104
-0.0882 3.2724 0.7960
-0.1400 3.3558 0.8039
0.0221
0.0575
0.0016
0.0221
-0.0117
0.0016
-0.0225
-0.0117
-0.0345
-0.0225
5. BI TP
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
122
7.1. Mt ng dy hnh tr chu

p sut trong p nh trn hnh v 7.5.1,
tm chuyn v v ng sut trong ng.
y l dng bi ton vt i xng trc
chu ti i xng trc. Hy s dng cc
phn t phng tuyn tnh (tam gic
hoc t gic) gii cho mt lt mng
(bi ton bin dng phng).
ri = 15; re = 30 mm; h = 10 mm ;
re
p
ri
E = 70000N/mm2; = 0,3 ;
p = 120 N/mm2.
Hnh 7.5.1. Vng dt chu p lc
So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu tm c bng phng php

gii tch nh sau:
2
ur
ri pr
2
E re ri
re
1 1 2
r
2
re 2
ri p
1
;
2
2
2
2
2
re ri r
re ri
ri p
re 2
1 2
r
7.2. Mt tm trn ng knh R=120mm, chiu dy h=15mm,

b ngm cht trn ton b bin chu mt p sut phn b u p=2mPa
theo phng vung gc trn mt mt ca n.
- Xc nh vng cc i ca tm bit rng vt liu ca tm c
mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson =0,3.
- So snh vi kt qu gii tch biu din di dng:
wmax
pR 4
64 D
trong , D l cng chng un:
Eh 3
12 1 2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
123
p
h
R
Hnh 7.5.2. a trn chu lc phn b u
7.3. ng tr rng khng y (Hnh 7.5.3) chu p lc tc dng
t pha trong, ln 1MPa. Xc nh bin dng ca ng v s phn b
ca ng sut chnh. Bit E = 200 gPa v = 0,3.
200 mm
100 mm
1 mPa
16 mm
Hnh 7.5.3. ng thp h, chu p lc trong lng ng
7.4. Mt khun thp hnh chic cc, c t va kht vo mt
ai thp hnh vnh khn (Hnh 7.5.4a). Chy dp tc dng lc p ln
phi to ra vt c hnh dng nh chic cc. Gi s qu trnh dp l l
tng vi lc tc dng vo khun thay i tuyn tnh theo b mt chu
lc p (Hnh 7.5.4b). Xc nh v tr v ln ca ng sut chnh ln
nht trong khun trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Khun khng c ai thp vnh khn bao ngoi.
b. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi v khng c s trt gia khun
thp vi ai thp.
c. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi c k n ma st trt (gi : cn
phi tch ring b mt tip xc gia khun v ai thp. Nu I
v J l l mt cp im trn b mt tip xc, khi rng buc
gia cc im l: Q2I-1 Q2J-1 = 0.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
124
Chy dp
Phi
Khun
ai thp
hp kim
p3
3
190
320
300
100
p1
p2
220
p2
320
420
(b)
(a)
Hnh 7.5.4. M hnh chu lc ca b chy - ci dp

7.5. Hnh 7.5.5 m t mt on trc h bc chu ti dc trc c
s dng bn knh cong gim tp trung ng sut. Mun phn tch
chnh xc qu trnh ph hu mi th nh gi h s tp trung ng sut
(HSTTS) ti ch trc h bc ny l rt quan trng ta c th s
dng ng sut dc trc trung bnh cho ton tit din ngang. Hy nh
gi HSTTS bng phng php phn t hu hn v so snh kt qu
vi cc kt qu cng b trong cc bng tra cu. Mun Young v h s
Poisson c lm nh hng n HSTTS hay khng?
Bit:
r
d1=150mm ; d2 = 200mm ;
P
d2
d1
r = 15mm ;
E = 210 gPa ; = 0,22 ;
P = 100 kN
Hnh 7.5.5. Trc bc chu ko
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
125
Chng 8
PHN T T GIC
1. M U
Trong chng 6 v 7 chng ta lm quen vi phn t tam gic 3

nt c bin dng l hng s. Trong chng ny, chng ta s kho st
phn t t gic 4 nt, mi nt c 2 bc t do. Cc phn t t gic c
ng dng nhiu trong k thut gii cc bi ton hai v ba chiu.
2. PHN T T GIC
Kho st mt phn t t gic tng qut nh Hnh 8.1. Phn t c

bn nt: 1, 2, 3 v 4 c nh s ngc chiu kim ng h, mi nt
c 2 bc t do; (xi, yi) l to ca nt i. Vct chuyn v nt ca phn
t c k hiu bi:
q q1
q 2 q8
Chuyn v ca mt im M(x, y) bt k trong phn t c k hiu

l u: u = [u(x, y), v(x, y)] T
q6
q8
q5
3
q7
(1,1)
3
(-1,1)
4
(0,0)
q2
q1
M(x,y)
q4
q3
x
1
(-1,-1)
2
(1,-1)
2
Hnh 8.1. Phn t t gic 4 nt
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
126
3. HM DNG
Ging nh cc chng trc, trong chng ny, phn t qui chiu

t gic c dng hnh vung c xc nh trong h to (, ) (Hnh
8.1). Cc hm dng Ni (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) c tnh cht: Ni = 1 ti nt i v
bng khng ti cc nt khc. Chng hn: N1 bng 1 ti nt 1; bng 0 ti
cc nt cn li (2, 3, 4). Yu cu N1 = 0 ti nt 2, 3, 4 c ngha l N1 =
0 dc theo cnh =1 v =1. V vy, N1 phi c dng: N1 = c(1- )(1) ; trong c l hng s cn xc nh.
1
.
4
Tng t nh trn, ta cng xc nh c biu thc ca cc hm dng
cn li. Cui cng, biu thc ca cc hm dng Ni nh sau:
T iu kin N1= 1 ti nt 1 ( = -1; = -1), suy ra: c
1
1 1
4
1
N 2 1 1
4
1
N 3 1 1
4
1
N 4 1 1
4
N1
(8.1)
Ta c th biu din cc hm dng mt cch tng qut nh sau:

Ni
1
1 i 1 i
4
(8.2)
trong (i , i) l to ca nt i.
By gi ta m t trng chuyn v ca phn t theo chuyn v nt ca
n. Ta thy:
u = N1q1 + N2q3 + N3q5 + N4q7
v = N1q2 + N2q4 + N3q6 + N4q8
Hoc di dng ma trn
u = Nq
Trong
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
127
(8.3)
(8.4)
N1
N
0
N2
N3
N4
N1
N2
N3
0
N 4
(8.5)
Nh cch m t ng tham s, ta biu din to ca mt im trong

phn t qua to cc nt phn t cng nh cc hm dng Ni trn:
x = N1x1 + N2x2 + N3x3 + N4x4
y = N1y1 + N2y2 + N3y3 + N4y4
(8.6)
Trc ht, ta tnh o hm ca hm hp f = f(x, y) = f[x(, ), y(, )]

theo v .
f f x f y
x y
f f x f y
x y
(8.7)
f
f

x
f J f

y

(8.8)
Hoc
Trong J l ma trn Jacbin

x

J
x

(8.9)
T (8.1) v (8.6), ta c:
1 1 x2 x1 1 x3 x4 1 y2 y1 1 y3 y4
J
4 1 x4 x1 1 x3 x2 1 y4 y1 1 y3 y2
J
J
11 12
J 21 J 22
Nghch o (8.8) ta c quan h:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
128
(8.10)
f
f

x
1
f J f

y

(8.11)
Hoc
f
x
1 J 22
f
det J J 21
y
f
J 12

J 11 f

(8.12)
Ta s s dng cc biu thc trn xy dng ma trn cng ca phn

t.
4. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T
Nng lng bin dng ca vt th n hi c xc nh bi:
1 T
dV
2 V
(8.13)
1
U t e T dA
2
e
V
(8.14)
U
hoc
Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:

u
x x
v
y
y
xy u v
y x
Nu trong (8.12), coi vai tr ca f l u, ta c:
u
x
1
u
det J
y
J 22
J
21
(8.15)
u
J12

J 11 u

(8.16)
Tng t,
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
129
v
x
1 J 22
v
det J J 21
y
v
J 12

J 11 v

(8.17)
Biu thc (8.15), (8.16) v (8.17) cho ta:

u

u

A
v

v

(8.18)
Trong A c xc nh bi
0
J 22 J 12
1
A
0
0
J 21
det J
J 21 J 11
J 22
T phng trnh ni suy (8.3), ta c th vit:
u

u

v G q

v

0
J 11
J 12
(8.19)
(8.20)
Trong
1
1 0
1 0
1
1
G
4 0 1
0
0
0 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0 1
0
1
1
0 1
0
1
(8.21)
Cui cng ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
130
= Bq
(8.22)
Trong
B = AG
v ng sut c xc nh bi
(8.23)
= DBq
Quay li biu thc nng lng bin dng (8.14),
(8.24)
1 1
1
1
U q T t e B T DB det J d d q q T k e q
e 2
e 2
11
(8.25)
Trong
1 1
e
k t e B T DB det J d d
(8.26)
1 1
chnh l ma trn cng ca phn t t gic.

5. QUI I LC V NT
5.1.
Lc th tch
tch phn:
f dV
(8.27)
vi: u = Nq v gi thit rng cc thnh phn lc khi f = [fx, fy]T phn

b l hng s trong mi phn t, ta s c:
f dV q T f e
(8.28)
1 1
f x
Trong : f e t e N T det J d d
11
f y
(8.29)
5.2.
Lc din tch
Gi s lc din tch T = [Tx, Ty ]T bng hng s, tc dng trn cnh

2-3 ca phn t t gic. Dc theo cnh 2-3, = 1 v khi y cc hm
dng tr nn:
1
1
; N3
2
2
Ta tnh c cc thnh phn ca vct lc nt phn t:
N1 N 4 0;
N2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
131
te l 23
0 0 Tx Ty Tx Ty 0 0T
(8.30)
2
Ch : Trong cng thc ma trn cng (8.26) v cng thc qui i
lc th tch (8.29), cc i lng B v detJ u l cc hm s ca v
. Ta cn phi s ho cc tch phn trn. Di y chng ta nhc li
mt vi khi nim v tch phn s.
Te
6. TCH PHN S
6.1.
Tch phn s mt bin
Cho tch phn

1
I f d
(8.31)
Ta s xp x tch phn I trn di dng mt tng n im xp x nh sau:

1
I f d w1 f 1 w2 f 2 wn f n
(8.32)
Trong w1, w2, ..., wn l cc hm trng s v 1, 2, ..., n l cc im

Gauss. T tng ca phng php cu phng Gauss l chn n im
Gauss v n hm trng s sao cho tch phn (8.31) cho kt qu chnh
xc nht i vi a thc f(). Ni khc i, cng thc tch phn n im
l chnh xc cho tt c cc a thc bc cao, v cng thc tch phn
trn vn ng thm ch khi f khng phi l mt a thc. hiu c
bn cht ca phng php, chng ta xt cng thc tch phn 1- im v
tch phn 2- im nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
132
6.1.1.
Cng thc tch phn 1- im
Khi n = 1:
1
f d w f
1
(8.33)
C 2 tham s w1 v 1 cn xc nh, vi yu cu l (8.33) cho kt qu

chnh xc khi f() l mt a thc bc nht. iu ny c ngha l nu
f() l mt a thc bc nht, th sai s:
1
a0 a1 d w1 f 1 0
(8.34a)
2a0 w1 a0 a11 0
(8.34b)
a0 2 w1 w1a11 0
(8.34c)
hoc
T (8.34c), suy ra = 0 khi:

w1 2
1 0
(8.35)
Vi hm f tng qut v tu , ta c:
1
I f d 2 f 0
(8.36)
Kt qu tnh ging nh phng php trung im (phng php hnh

ch nht), nh m t Hnh 8.2 sau.
f
Phn din tch
xp x = 2f(0)
f()
Phn din tch

chnh xc
f(0)
-1
Hnh 8.2. Cu phng 1 im Gauss

6.1.2.
Cng thc tch phn 2- im
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
133
Khi n = 2
1
f d w f w f
1
(8.37)
y, c 4 thng s cn xc nh l: w1; w2 ; 1 v 2. Chn

f a0 a1 a 2 2 a3 3 , ta c:
1
a0 a1 a2 2 a3 3 d w1 f 1 w2 f 2 0
(8.38)
tho mn (8.38): = 0, khi ta phi c:

w1 w2 2
w w 0
2 2
1 1
2
2
2
w11 w2 2 3
w113 w2 2 3 0
(8.39)
H phng trnh phi tuyn (8.39) c nghim duy nht l:

w1 w2 1
(8.40)
1
1 2 3 0,57735
T y, chng ta c th kt lun rng phng php cu phng Gauss

n-im s cho kt qu chnh xc nu f l mt a thc bc (2n-1) hoc
nh hn. Bng di cho cc gi tr ca wi v i theo cng thc Gauss
vi n =1,...,6.
Bng 8.1. im Gauss v hm trng lng
n
wi
i
2
1 0
0,9061798459
2 0,5773502692 1
5 0,5384693101
0
0,7745966692 0,5555555556
3
0
0, 888888889
0,9324695142
0,8611363116 0,3478548451 6 0,6612093865
4
0,3399810436 0,6521451549
0,2386191861
6.2.
wi
0,2369268851
0,4786286705
0,5688888889
0,1713244924
0,3607615730
0,4679139346
Tch phn s hai bin
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
134
Xt tch phn
1 1
I f , d d
(8.41)
1 1
Ta c
1
1 1
I wi f i , d w j wi f i , j wi w j f i , j
6.3.
(8.42)
i 1 j 1
Tch phn ma trn cng
T cng thc (8.26):

1 1
k e t e B T DB det J d d
1 1
Ch k l ma trn cng (8x8) i xng, do ta ch cn ly tch

phn cc s hng pha trn ng cho chnh l .
K hiu
, te B T DB det J
(8.43)
ij
v p dng cng thc (8.42), ta c
kij w1 1 ,1 w1w21 ,2 w2 w12 ,1 w2 2 ,2

2
(8.44)
Trong :
w1 w2 1
1 1 0,57735; 2 2 0,57735
Cc im Gauss theo cng thc tch phn 2- im trn c m t

trn Hnh 8.3. Nu gi cc im Gauss ln lt l 1, 2, 3, 4 th kij trong
(8.44) c vit di dng:
4
k i j Wk K
(8.45)
K 1
Trong K l gi tr ca v WK l hm trng s ti im tch phn

k. Ch rng WK = (1)(1) = 1. Cng thc (8.45) rt thun li cho
chng ta khi lp trnh tnh ton ma trn cng.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
135

1
3
1
1
3
3
Hnh 8.3. im Gauss theo qui tc tch phn 2 im
1
7. TNH NG SUT
Khng ging nh phn t tam gic c bin dng hng s; vi phn

t t gic, ng sut = DBq khng phi l hng s trong phm vi mt
phn t, m chng thay i theo v . Trong thc t, ng sut c
tnh ti cc im Gauss, y cng l nhng im c s dng trong
khi tnh ma trn cng ke. Nh vy, vi phn t t gic, ta s c 4 gi
tr ng sut. trnh sinh ra nhiu s liu, ta ch cn tnh ng sut ti
mt im cho mi phn t, chng hn im ( = 0, = 0).
8. V D
Kho st mt phn t ch nht nh hnh v di y. Gi thit

phn t chu trng thi ng sut phng v c cc thnh phn chuyn v:
T
q 0 0 0,051 0,076 0,152 0,081 0 0 mm . Bit E = 206
gPa, = 0,3. Hy xc nh cc i lng J, B v ti im ( = 0, =

0).
y
q8
q6
q7
4
(0,1)
q2
q1
1 (0,0)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
q5
3
(2,1)
q4
q3
2 (2,0)
136
Bi gii
Theo cng thc (8.10), ta c:
J
1 2 1 21
4 2 1 21
1 1 1
1 1 0
p dng cng thc (8.19), ta c:

1
0
1 2
A
0 0
12
0 1
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
2
p dng cng thc (8.21) v (8.23) vi = 0, = 0 ta s c:

1
1
1
1
0
0
0
4 0
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
B 0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1

2
4
2
4 2 4 2
4
Ma trn D c xc nh bi (6.8)
0
1 0,3
206 103
D
0,3 1
0
1 0,09
0
0 0,35
Cui cng ta tnh c ti im = 0, = 0:

T
DBq 461 159 282
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
MPa
137
9. CHNG TRNH
Tr li vi v d mc 7, chng 6. y, ta s s dng phn t

t gic bc nht ng tham s vi 4 phn t xy dng chng trnh
tnh cho kt cu, nh m t trong Hnh 8.5. Trong chng trnh, vic
ly tch phn s s c thc hin vi 22 im Gauss. Theo s li
PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t nh sau: Ti nt 1, cc thnh phn
chuyn v u v v bng khng, ti nt 2 u bng khng; nh vy iu kin
bin tng ng l Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = 0
2
1
3
3
5
10
4
7
Hnh 8.5. Tm ch nht chu ko trong mt phng

Chng trnh ngun.
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 8 - (P8_1)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Phan tich ung suat cua tam chiu keo su dung phan tu tu giac bac 1
% (Hinh. 8.5 mo ta luoi phan tu)
% Mo ta cac bien
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
138

tu
cau
%-----------------------------------clear
noe_x=4;
% so luong cac phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=1;
% so luong cac phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*noe_y;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=4;
% tong so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=2;
% tong so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=(noe_x+1)*(noe_y+1); %tong so nut cua he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof=nnel*ndof;
% so bac tu cua phan tu
E_module=200e3;
% modul dan hoi khi keo nen
poisson=0.3;
% he so Poisson
x_length=400;
% chieu dai tam (mm)
y_length=100;
% chieu rong tam (mm)
t=10;
% chieu day tam (mm)
p=200;
% tai trong phan bo deu (MPa=N/mm)
nog_x=2; nog_y=2;
% 2x2 Gauss-Legendre quadrature
nog_xy=nog_x*nog_y;
% number of sampling points per element
%--------------------------------------------% nhap gia tri toa do cac nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do: i la chi so nut, j =1,2 chi toa do x hay y
%--------------------------------------------len_x_elm = x_length/noe_x;
len_y_elm = y_length/noe_y;
for col_index=1:(noe_x+1)
for row_index=1:(noe_y+1)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
139
gcoord((row_index+(col_index-1)*(noe_y+1)),1)=...
(col_index-1)*len_x_elm;
gcoord((row_index+(col_index-1)*(noe_y+1)),2)=...
(row_index-1)*len_y_elm;
end
end
gcoord
%--------------------------------------------------------% Nhap chi so nut o moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% trong do: i la chi so cua phan tu va j la chi so nut
%--------------------------------------------------------nodes=[1 3 4 2; 3 5 6 4; 5 7 8 6; 7 9 10 8];
%------------------------------------% Nhap cac dieu kien bien
%------------------------------------bcdof=[1 2 3];
% bon bac tu do dau tien chiu rang buoc
bcval=[0 0 0];
% voi gia tri bang khong
%----------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% vecto luc nut tong the
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
% ma tran ung suat
% ma tran bien dang
% veto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(3,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang
%---------------------------% vecto luc nut
%---------------------------ff(17)=(y_length/noe_y)*p/2; % luc dat tai nut so 9 theo phuong x
ff(19)=(y_length/noe_y)*p/2; % luc dat tai nut so 10 theo phuong x
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
140
% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu va
% ghep noi thanh ma tran do cung tong the, vecto luc nut tong the
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh toa do va trong so cac diem Gauss
[point,weight]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_x,nog_y);
% tinh ma tran do cung vat lieu
for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i);
% chi so nut tong the cua nut thu i phan tu
iel
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua nut thu i
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do y cua nut thu i
end
k=zeros(edof,edof);
% khoi tao ma tran do cung phan tu iel
% tich phan so
for intx=1:nog_x
x=point(intx,1);
% toa do x cua diem Gauss
wtx=weight(intx,1);
% trong so diem gauss
for inty=1:nog_y
y=point(inty,2);
% toa do y cua diem Gauss
wty=weight(inty,2) ;
% tinh cac ham dang va cac dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
[shape,dhdr,dhds]=Shape_Func_4node(x,y);
% ma tran Jacobian
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord);
detjacob=det(jacob2);
% dinh thuc ma tran Jacobian
invjacob=inv(jacob2);
% nghich dao ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
dhdx(i)=invjacob(1,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(1,2)*dhds(i);
dhdy(i)=invjacob(2,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(2,2)*dhds(i);
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
141
% ----------------------------------% tinh ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang B

% ----------------------------------B_matrix=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
%-----------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
%-----------------------------k=k+t*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end
% ket thuc doan chuong trich tinh phan so
% ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
end
%-----------------------------% tinh vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
%-----------------------------disp=kk\ff;
%-----------------------------% in ket qua chuyen vi
%-----------------------------num=1:1:sdof;
%-----------------------------% tinh ung suat phan tu
%-----------------------------for ielp=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(ielp,i);
% chi so nut tong the cua nut thu i phan tu
iel
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua nut thu i
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
142
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do y cua nut thu i

end
%-------------------------------% tich phan so
%-------------------------------intp=0;
for intx=1:nog_x
x=point(intx,1);
% toa do x diem gauss
wtx=weight(intx,1);
for inty=1:nog_y
y=point(inty,2);
% stoa do y diem gauss
wty=weight(inty,2) ;
intp=intp+1;
% tinh cac ham dang va cac dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% ma tran Jacobian
% determinant of Jacobian
% inverse of Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% ----------------------------------% tinh ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang B_p
% ----------------------------------B_matrix=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
%------------------------------------------------------% xac dinh vec to chuyen vi nut phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------for i=1:edof
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
143
% tinh bien dang
% tinh ung suat
for i=1:3
strain(intp,i)=estrain(i); % luu kq cua moi phan tu
stress(intp,i)=estress(i); % luu kq cua moi phan tu
end
location=[ielp,intx,inty] % in vi tri bieu dien US
stress(intp,:)
% gia tri ung suat
end
end
% ket thuc phan tinh tich phan so
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
144
function [point_1D,weight_1D]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_1D)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cc diem tich phan va ham trong so
% cua cac diem Gauss-Legendre voi tich phan so 1 bien
% Cu phap:
% [point1,weight1]=1_D_Gauss_Point(nog_1D)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nog_1D so luong cac diem tich phan
% point_1D - vector chua tao do cac diem Gauss
% weight_1D - vector chua cac he so trong so cua diem Gauss
%------------------------------------------------------------------% khoi tao
point_1D=zeros(nog_1D,1);
weight_1D=zeros(nog_1D,1);
% tim cac diem tich phan va he so trong so tuong ung
if nog_1D==1
% tich phan 1 diem
point_1D(1)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=2.0;
elseif nog_1D==2
% tich phan 2 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.577350269189626;
point_1D(2)=-point_1D(1);
weight_1D(1)=1.0;
weight_1D(2)=weight_1D(1);
elseif nog_1D==3
% tich phan 3 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.774596669241483;
point_1D(2)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=0.555555555555556;
weight_1D(2)=0.888888888888889;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
145
elseif nog_1D==4
% tich phan 4 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.861136311594053;
point_1D(2)=-0.339981043584856;
weight_1D(1)=0.347854845137454;
weight_1D(2)=0.652145154862546;
else
% tich phan 5 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.906179845938664;
point_1D(2)=-0.538469310105683;
point_1D(3)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=0.236926885056189;
weight_1D(2)=0.478628670499366;
weight_1D(3)=0.568888888888889;
end
%------------------------------------------------------------------function [point_2D,weight_2D]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xa,nog_ya)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cc diem tich phan va ham trong so
% cua cac diem Gauss-Legendre voi tich phan so 2 bien
% Cu phap:
% [point_2D,weight_2D]=2_D_Gauss_Point(nog_xa,nog_ya)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nog_xa - so diem tich phan theo phuong x
% nog_ya - so diem tich phan theo phuong y
% point_2D - vector chua cac diem Gauss
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
146
% weight_2D - vector cac he so trong so cua diem Gauss

%------------------------------------------------------------------% xac dinh gia tri max giua nog_xa va nog_ya
if nog_xa > nog_ya
nog=nog_xa;
else
nog=nog_ya;
end
% khoi tao
point_2D=zeros(nog,2);
weight_2D=zeros(nog,2);
% tim cac diem tich phan va he so trong so tuong ung
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo phuong x
[point_xa,weight_xa]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_xa);
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo phuong x
[point_ya,weight_ya]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_ya);
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo 2 phuong
for intx=1:nog_xa
% quadrature in x-axis
point_2D(intx,1)=point_xa(intx);
weight_2D(intx,1)=weight_xa(intx);
end
for inty=1:nog_ya
% quadrature in y-axis
point_2D(inty,2)=point_ya(inty);
weight_2D(inty,2)=weight_ya(inty);
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [shape,dos_r,dos_s]=Shape_Func_4node(rvalue,svalue)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% tinh ham dang cua phan tu tu giac bac nhat dang tham so
% va cac dao ham cua no tai cac diem Gauss trong he truc tu nhien
% Cu phap:
% [shape,dos_r,dos_s]=4node_Shape_Func(rvalue,svalue)
% Mo ta cac bien:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
147
% shape ham dang cua phan tu tu giac bac nhat

% dos_r dao ham ham dang theo r (Coxi)
% dos_s - dao ham ham dang theo s (Nheta)
% rvalue gia tri toa do r cua diem Gauss
% svalue - gia tri toa do s cua diem Gauss
% Chu y:
% toa do nut 1 la (-1,-1), toa do nut 2 la (1,-1)
% toa do nut 3 la (1,1), toa do nut 4 la (-1,1)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Ham dang
shape(1)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shape(2)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shape(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1+svalue);
shape(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1+svalue);
% cac dao ham
dos_r(1)=-0.25*(1-svalue);
dos_r(2)=0.25*(1-svalue);
dos_r(3)=0.25*(1+svalue);
dos_r(4)=-0.25*(1+svalue);
dos_s(1)=-0.25*(1-rvalue);
dos_s(2)=-0.25*(1+rvalue);
dos_s(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue);
dos_s(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue);
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
148
Kt qu s
- Chuyn v nt:
Bc t
do
Gi tr
(q)
Bc t
do
Gi tr
(q)
Bc t
do
Gi tr
Bc t
do
(q)
Gi tr
(q)
0.0000
11
0.0200
16
-0.0030
0.0100
12
-0.0030
17
0.0400
-0.0030
13
0.0300
18
0.0000
0.0030
0.0200
14
0.0000
19
0.0400
0.0100
10
0.0000
15
0.0300
20
-0.0030
- ng sut ti cc im Gauss:
im
1, 1
1, 2
2, 1
2, 2
Phn t 1
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
Phn t 2
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
Phn t 3
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
Phn t 4
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
Gauss
Phn t
Ch : Thnh phn ng sut trong bng l x, cc thnh phn ng sut

cn li y v xy u bng khng. Kt qu ny hon ton tng t nh
nhn c trong V d 6.8.1 Chng 6.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
149
10. BI TP
8.1. Tr li kt cu trong bi ton 6.1 trn hnh 8.10.1. Ta vn i

xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B, v phn b ca ng sut trong
tm, nhng y ta s dng cc phn t ch nht. Vt liu ca tm l
thp c mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson = 0,22. Hy chia
tm ra thnh hai phn t ch nht theo hai cch c m t trong cc
hnh: Hnh 8.10.1a,b.
So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v so snh vi kt qu
tm c bng cc phn t tam gic nh trong bi 6.1. Bit: a = 0,2 m;
b = 0,3 m; t = 5mm v q = 8 kN/m.
3A
3A
2
q
1
1
2 B
2 B
Hnh 8.10.1. S ho PTHH vi phn t t gic

8.2. Mt kt cu c m t nh Hnh 8.10.2. Bng cc phn t
ch nht tuyn tnh, hy gii li bi ton theo yu cu nh bi ton 6.4.
a
a = 50mm;
b = 75mm;
c = 500mm
P = 8kN.
2b
a
2b
2b
a
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
150
8.3. Xc nh ma trn cng tng th cc li phn t nh

trn hnh v 8.10.3. Gi thit mi nt c mt bc t do v gi [K(e)] l
ma trn cng ca phn t th e. (Kt qu c th biu din thng qua
cc s hng Kij(e)).
3
8
1
5
4
7
2
3
6
10
9
4
Hnh 8.10.3. S li phn t

8.4. Tr li kt cu trong bi tp 6.5 (Hnh 6.9.5). Bng cch kt
hp hp l cc phn t tam gic tuyn tnh vi cc phn t ch nht
tuyn tnh, hy tnh li h s tp trung ng sut trong cc kt cu.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
151
Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V
KHUNG
1. GII THIU
Dm v khung c ng dng rng ri trong k thut. Trong

chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh
dm sau m rng cho kt cu khung hai chiu.
Ta ch xt dm c mt ct ngang i xng so vi mt phng ti
trng. S ho dm chu un v bin dng ( vng) ca trc dm
c minh ho nh Hnh 9.1 di y.
p
Pkp
Mkm
x
kp
km
(a)
x
v
(b)
Hnh 9.1. (a) S ho dm chu un; (b). Bin dng ca trc dm

Trong trng hp bin dng nh, ta c kt qu quen bit sau:
M
y
J
(9.1)
(9.2)
d 2v M
dx 2 EJ
(9.3)
Phng trnh vng:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
152
Trong : l ng sut php, l bin dng di, M l mmen un ni

lc trn mt ct ngang, v l vng ca trc x v J l mmen qun
tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ho (trc z i qua trng tm
mt ct ngang).
2. TH NNG
Nng lng bin dng trong mt phn t c chiu di dx c xc nh

bi:
du
1
dAdx
2 A
(9.4)
Thay (9.1) v (9.2) vo (9.4) ta c:

du
1
1M2
1 M2
2
dAdx
y
dA
dx
dx
2 A
2 EJ 2 A
2 EJ 2
(9.5)
T (9.5) ta tnh c nng lng bin dng ton phn trong dm:
U
d 2v
1
dx
EJ
2 L dx 2
(9.6)
Th nng ca dm c xc nh bi:
2
L
L
d 2v
1
EJ 2 dx pvdx Pkp vkp M km km
2 0 dx
kp
km
0
(9.7)
Trong : p l ti trng phn b trn mt n v di; Pkp l lc tp trung

ti im kp; Mkm l mmen ca ngu lc ti im km; vkp l vng ti
im kp v km l gc xoay ca mt ct ngang ti km.
3. HM DNG HERMITE
Gi s ta chia dm thnh bn phn t nh Hnh 9.2, mi phn t c

2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t do. Hai bc t do ca nt i c k hiu l
Q2i-1 v Q2i. Trong Q2i-1 l vng; Q2i l gc xoay.
Q l vct chuyn v chung:
Q = [ Q1, Q2 , Q3, ..., Q10 ]T
Bn bc t do a phng ca mi phn t c k hiu bi: q = [q1,
q2, q3, q4]T. trong : q1, q3 l vng v q2, q4 l gc xoay.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
153
(9.8)
Q1
Q3
Q5
Q6
Q2
Q4
Q6
q1
Q9
Q10
Q8
q3
q4
q2
1
v1
v2
v2
v1 (b)
(a)
Hnh 9.2. Ri rc dm bng phn t hu hn

Cc hm dng ni suy chuyn v trn mt phn t dm s c
xc nh theo ; trong -1 1.
Cc hm dng i vi phn t dm khc vi cc hm dng m ta
bit trong cc chng trc. V c c chuyn v ngang ( vng) v
gc xoay do chng ta a vo hm dng Hermite nh sau:
Hi = a i + b i + c i2 + di 3; vi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Cc hm dng Hermite tho mn cc iu kin:
(9.9)
H1
H1
H2
H2
H3
H3
H4
H4
= -1
=1
Cc h s ai, bi, ci v di c xc nh nh cc iu kin trong bng

trn.
Kt qu cho ta:
H1 = ( 1 - )2(2 + )/4 = (2 - 3 + 3)/4
H2 = (1 - )2 (1 + )/4 = (1 - - 2 + 3)/4
H3 = (1 + )2(2 - )/4 = (2 + 3 - 3)/4
(9.10)
H4 = (1 + )0( - 1)/4 = (-1 - + 2 + 3)/4

Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng nh Hnh 9.3:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
154
Hnh 9.3. Hm dng Hermite

4. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T DM
Trc ht, ta s dng cc hm dng Hermite trn xy dng biu

thc chuyn v v():
v() = H1v1 + H2 (dv/d)1 + H3v2 + H4 (dv/d)2
(9.11)
x x
x x
1
1
x1
x2 1 2 2 1
2
2
2
2
(9.12)
Mt khc:
x
V (x2 - x1 = le) l di phn t, do : dx
le
dv dv dx
d ; v
,
d dx d
2
nn ta c quan h o hm sau:
dv le dv
d 2 dx
(9.13)
Ch rng (dv/dx) ti nt 1 v nt 2 chnh l q2 v q4, suy ra:

le
l
H 2 q 2 H 3 q3 e H 4 q 4
2
2
hay vit di dng c ng:
v H1q1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(9.14)
155
(9.15)
v=Hq
Trong :
H H1
le
H2
2
le
H4
2
H3
(9.16)
Nng lng bin dng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

2
d 2v
1
U e EJ 2 dx
2 e dx
T (9.13) suy ra:
dv 2 dv
d 2v 4 d 2 v
dx le d
dx 2 le2 d 2
Thay v = Hq, ta c:
T
d 2v
16 d 2 H
2 q T 4
le d 2
dx
d 2H 3
1 3

2
2
d 2
d 2H
q
2
d
le
2
3

2
(9.17)
1 3 le
2 2
le
d , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t
2
c vit di dng:
Ch : dx
9 2
4
1
1 T 8EJ
Ue q
2
le3 1
3
1 3 l e
8
2
1 3 2
le
4
DX
9
2
4
3
1 3 le
8
9 2
1 3 le
8
1 9 2 2
le
16
d q
3
1 3 le
8
2
1 3 2
le
4
(9.18)
cui cng ta thu c:
1
U e qT k e q
2
(9.19)
Trong ke l ma trn cng ca phn t dm
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
156
6l e
12
6l
4le
EJ
ke 3 e
l e 12 6le
2le
6le
12
6le
12
6le
6l e
2le
6le
4le
(9.20)
5. QUY I LC NT
Cc dng ti trng tc dng gy un trn phn t dm nh ch ra

trong Hnh 9.4.
p( x)
p
l
(b)
M0
x0
x0
x
l
p0
l
(a)
P0
p0 x
l
x
l
(c)
(d)
Hnh 9.4. Cc dng ti trng gy un trn phn t dm
Vic quy i cc ti trng ny v nt c thc hin nh sau:

5.1.
Lc phn b u, cng p (Hnh 9.4a)
ple 1
q
pvdx
H
d
(9.21)
Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.21), sau ly tch

phn ta c:
pvdx f
eT
(9.22)
Trong :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
157
ple
6 l e
12
fe
5.2.
6 le
(9.23)
Lc phn b bc nht (0: p0) (Hnh 9.4b)
pvdx
e
pl 1
p0 x
vdx 0 e H (1 )d q
le
4 1
(9.24)
Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.24), sau ly tch

phn ta s nhn c:
p0 le
9 2l e
60
fe
5.3.
21 3le
(9.25)
(9.26)
Lc tp trung P0 (Hnh 9.4c)
Pkp v kp P0 H
Tng t nh trn, ta c:
le
l
H 2 ( 0 ) H 3 ( 0 ) e H 4 ( 0 )
2
2
f e P0 H 1 ( 0 )
(9.27)
trong :
0
5.4.
2 x0
1
le
(9.28)
Ngu lc c mmen M0 (Hnh 9.4d)
Tng t nh trn, ta c:
fe
M0
3
e
6x x l l l
0
2
e e
4x0le 3x0
6x0x0 le x0le3x0 2le
(9.29)
Ch : vct lc nt fe cng c th c biu din theo bin 0, bng

l
cch thay x0 e x0 1 vo biu thc (9.29).
2
6. TNH MMEN UN V LC CT
p dng h thc mmen un v lc ct:
M EJ
d 2v
dM
; Q
, trong : v = Hq
2
dx
dx
Suy ra
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
158
EJ
6 q1 3 1 le q2 6 q3 3 1 le q4
2
le
Q
(9.30)
6 EJ
2q1 le q2 2q3 le q4
3
le
(9.31)
7. KHUNG PHNG
Kho st mt kt cu phng gm cc dm lin kt cng vi nhau.

Cc phn t trong kt cu c th c nhiu phng khc nhau. Hnh 9.5
gii thiu mt phn t khung.
q5
q5
x
q4
q4
q6 (q6)
y
q2
q2
q1
y
x
q1
q3 (q3)
Hnh 9.5. Phn t khung phng
Mi nt phn t c hai chuyn v theo x,y v mt gc xoay. Ta k

hiu vct chuyn v nt ca phn t bi:
q = [ q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6]T
(9.32)
Ta qui c h to a phng (x, y) sao cho x hng dc theo
phn t khung vi cc cosin ch phng l = cos v m = sin.
Trong h to a phng, vct chuyn v nt c xc nh bi:
q' = [ q'1, q'2, q'3, q'4, q'5, q'6]T
(9.33)
Ch : q3 = q3 ; q6 = q6, ta tm c biu thc quan h gia q v q:
q' = Lq
(9.34)
Trong :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
159
m 0 0
0 0
l
m l 0 0
0 0
0
0 1 0
0 0
L
0 0 l
m 0
0
0
0 0 m l 0
0 0 0
0 1
0
(9.35)
y, ta coi q'2, q'3, q'5, q'6 nh cc bc t do ca mt phn t dm

chu un; cn q'1 v q'4 ging nh cc chuyn v ca mt phn t thanh
chu ko hoc nn (Chng 4).
Tng hp cc cng theo ng v tr cn c, ta xc nh c ma
trn cng ca phn t khung nh sau:
EA
l
e
0
0
e
k'
EA
l
e
0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
6 EJ
l 2e
4 EJ
le
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA
le
EA
le
0
0
EA
le
0
0
0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA
le
0
6 EJ
l 2e
4 EA
le
0
(9.36)
Tng t nh phn h thanh phng (Chng 5), ta c th xc nh

c nng lng bin dng ca phn t khung:
1
1
1
U e q 'T k 'e q ' q T LT k 'e Lq q T k e q
2
2
2
(9.37)
trong :
ke = LT k'e L
(9.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung (x, y).
Trong cc chng trnh phn t hu hn, trc ht ta xc nh ma
trn ke, sau tin hnh nhn cc ma trn trn theo (9.38) c
ke.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
160
Pl e
2
Pl 2 e
12
p
y
Pl e
2
Pl 2 e
12
Hnh 9.6. Qui i lc phn b v nt

Nu trn khung c ti trng phn b tc dng, chng hn nh Hnh 9.6.
Ta c:
qTf' = qT LT f'
trong
f ' 0
Pl e
2
Pl 2 e
12
Ple
2
Pl 2 e
12
(9.39)
Vy, ti trng nt do p gy ra s c xc nh bi:

f = LT f'
(9.40)
Cc gi tr ca f c cng vo vct lc nt chung, vi ch l chiu
dng ca p c ly theo chiu ca y'.
Lc tp trung v mmen ca ngu lc un cng c cng mt
cch n gin vo vct lc nt chung.
p dng iu kin bin, cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh
PTHH:
KQ = F
cho php tnh chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca khung chu lc.
8. V D
8.1. V d 1
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.7. Bit E = 200 gPa, J = 4106

mm4, = 1000 mm, p = 12 kN/m. Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v
vng ti im gia on BC.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
161
p
A
Q1
Q5
Q3
Q2
Q6
Q4
Hnh 9.7. Tnh dm chu un bng phng php PTHH

Li gii
Chia dm ra 2 phn t; mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t
do (Hnh 9.7).
Cc chuyn v Q1 = Q2= Q3= Q5= 0; cn tm Q4 v Q6.
Ta c:
EJ
200 10 9 4 10 6
8 10 5 N / m
3
3
1
le
6 12 6
12
6
4
6
2
k 1 k 2 8 105
12 6 12 6
2
6
4
6
p dng cng thc (9.23), ta tnh c lc nt qui i: F4 = -1000
Nm ;F6 = 1000 Nm
Ghp hai phn t, ta thu c ma trn cng chung ca dm
k 144 k 2 22
K
2
k 24
v h phng trnh
k 2 24
8 2
5
10
2 4
k 2 44
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
162
8 2 Q4 1000
8 10 5

2 4 Q6 1000
Gii h phng trnh trn s c
Q4 2.679 10 4
(Rad)

4
Q6 4.464 10
i vi phn t 2: q1 = 0; q2 = Q4; q3 = 0; q4 = Q6. xc nh
vng ti im gia ca phn t 2, ta p dng cng thc (9.15): v = Hq,
ti = 0
Suy ra:
v 0
le
l
H 2Q4 0 e H 4Q6 8.93 10 5 (m) 0.0893(mm)
2
2
8.2. V d 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im B ca khung chu lc nh hnh di.

Bit A = 0,006m2; J = 0,0002m4; E = 200 gPa.
Li gii
1. Bng nh v cc phn t
Kt cu c chia ra 2 phn t nh Hnh 9.8; s nt chung l 1, 2 v 3.
Bc t.do
1
7
2
8
3
9
7
4
8
5
9
6
E(N/m2)
l(m)
EJ/l3
A(m2)
PT
1
2
2. Cc thng s lin quan

PT
1
2
()
sin
22,02 0.375
0
0
cos
0,927
1
200.109
200.109
8
8
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
J(m4)
0,0002 78,125
0,0002 78,125
0,006
0,006
163
p=4 kN/m
P=50kN
5m
3
3m
3m
8m
Q8
Q9
3
Q2
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q4
Q3
Q1
Hnh 9.8. Bi ton khung phng chu lc

3. Ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (9.36), ta tnh c ma trn cng ca cc phn
t:
1
2
3
7
8
9
129 51,82 1,406 129 51,82 1,406
21,90 3,477 51,82 21,9

3,477
20
1,406 3,477
10
k 1 10 6
129
51,82
1,406
DX
21,9
3,477
20
0
0
0
0
150
150
0,9375 3,75
0
0,9375 3,75
20
0
10
3,75
k 2 10 6
150
0
0
DX
0,9375 3,75
20
4. Xc nh vct lc nt ca cc phn t:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
164
- Trn phn t 1, lc tp trung P khng t ng nt, nn c th s

dng cc cng thc (9.10), (9.27) v (9.28), ta c:
12,82
31,68
58
,
59
f 1 103
(N ) ;
5,932
15,66
35,15
- Trn phn t 2, c lc phn b u tc dng, p dng cng thc
(9.34) v (9.35), ta c:
0
16
21
,
33
f 2 10 3
(N )
0
16
21,33
Ghp hai ma trn cng trn ta s c ma trn cng chung K;
ghp hai vct lc nt phn t trn ta c vct lc nt chung F. p
dng iu kin bin (Q1 = Q2= Q3= Q4= Q5= Q6 =0); cui cng ta thu
c h phng trnh:
51,82 1, 406 Q7
279
5,932

3
10 51,82 22,84 0, 2735 Q8 10 1,34
56, 48
1,406 0,2735
40 Q9
Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c cc thnh phn chuyn v ti im B:

Q7 0,0111 (mm)

Q8 0,01631 (mm)
Q 0,001412 ( Rad )
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
165
9. CHNG TRNH TNH DM CHU UN

V d 9. 1
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.9. Bit E = 10106 psi; tit din

ngang hnh ch nht, kch thc 11in, = 10 in, P = 100 lb (1psi =
6894,8Pa; 1lb = 4,448N; 1in = 25,4mm). Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v
vng ti im gia on BC.
P
2
1
A
3
3
4
4
5
5
Hnh 9.9. Dm lin kt n chu un

v d ny, do tnh do i xng ca kt cu v ti trng tc dng nn
chng ta s dng 5 phn t dm Hermitian cho mt na dm xy
dng chng chnh tnh. S ri rc dm bng cc phn t nh
minh ho trn hnh. Di y l chng trnh:
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 9 (P9_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% tinh do vong tinh cua dam, su dung phan tu dam Hermitian
% voi vecto chuyen vi nut nut la {u_1 theta_1 u_2 theta_2}
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tinh do vong cua dam chiu lien ket don tai 2 dau mut
% Chieu dai dam bang 20 inches.
% Modul dan hoi vat lieu dam la 10x10e6 psi
% Mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang la 1/12 inch^4.
% Chiu tai trong tap trun tai giua dam, do lon bang 100 lb.
% Su dung 5 phan tu cho 1 nua dam (Hinh 9.9 mo ta luoi phan tu)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
166
% Mo ta cac bien
% f = vec to luc nut phan tu
% ff = vec to luc nut tong the
% index = vecto chi so phuc vu ghep noi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
% bcval = vecto chua gia tri cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
clear
% Cac he so chuyen doi don vi tinh
psi_pa = 6894.8; % he so chuyen don vi tu Psi => Pa
in_mm = 25.4;
% he so chuyen don vi tu Inch => mm
lb_N = 4.448; % he so chuyen don vi tu Lb => N
psi_pa=1;
in_mm = 1;
noe=5;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=2;
% so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=2;
nnode=(nnel-1)*noe+1; % tong so nut cua ca he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% tong so bac tu do cua ca he
edof = nnel*ndof;
E_module=10^7;
% modul dan hoi
J=1/12;
% momen quan tinh cua mat cat ngang
tleng=10;
% mot nua chieu dai cua dam
leng=10/noe;
% kich thuoc cua cac phan tu
area=1;
% dien tich mat cat ngang cua dam
bcdof(1)=1;
% chuyen vi nut dau tien chiu rang buoc boi DK bien
bcval(1)=0;
% gia tri cua chuyen vi nay bang 0
bcdof(2)=12;
% chuyen vi nut thu 12 chiu rang buoc boi DK bien
bcval(2)=0;
% gia tri cua chuyen vi nay bang 0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
167
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% khoi tao vec to luc nut chung
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung tong the
index=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao vec to chi so ghep noi
ff(11)=50;
% xac dinh vec to luc nut tong the ( cua luc tap trung)
for iel=1:noe % xet tung phan tu cua he
% xac dinh cac chuyen vi nut chung tuong ung tai moi phan tu
start = (iel-1)*(nnel-1)*ndof;
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
% tinh toan ma tran do cung phan tu dam Hermit
k=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi phan tu
end
[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval); % ap dat dieu kien
bien
fem_solution=kk\ff; % giai he phuongg trinh PTHH
% tinh chuyen vi tai cac nut theo phuong phap giai tich
e=10^7; l=20; xi=1/12; P=100;
for i = 1:nnode
x=(i-1)*2;
c=P/(48*e*xi);
k=(i-1)*ndof+1;
exac_solution(k)=c*(3*l^2-4*x^2)*x;
exac_solution(k+1)=c*(3*l^2-12*x^2);
end
% hien thi ket qua theo ca 2 phuong phap
num=1:1:sdof;
store=[num' fem_solution exac_solution']
Cc hm c s dng trong chng trnh
function k=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
168
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:

% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu cua phan tu dam Hermit
% Cu phap ham:
% [k]=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% k ma tran do cung phan tu (kich thuoc 4x4)
% J momen quan tinh mat cat ngang cua dam
% leng kich thuoc (chieu dai) cua phan tu
% area dien tich mat cat ngang cua dam
%------------------------------------------------------------------% ma tran do cung phan tu
c=E_module*J/(leng^3);
k=c*[12
6*leng -12
6*leng;...
6*leng 4*leng^2 -6*leng 2*leng^2;...
-12 -6*leng 12
-6*leng;...
6*leng 2*leng^2 -6*leng 4*leng^2];
Kt qu s
store =
Chuyn
v nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
Kt qu theo
PTHH
0
0.0030
0.0059
0.0029
0.0114
0.0025
Kt qu theo
gii tch
0
0.0030
0.0059
0.0029
0.0114
0.0025
Chuyn
v nt
7
8
9
10
11
12
Kt qu theo
PTHH
0.0158
0.0019
0.0189
0.0011
0.0200
0
Kt qu theo
gii tch
0.0158
0.0019
0.0189
0.0011
0.0200
0
V d 9. 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im mt t do ca khung chu lc nh

Hnh 9.10 di. Bit E = 200 gPa. y ta s xy dng chng trnh
tnh vi li gm 6 phn t c kch thc u nhau, c m t nh
Hnh 9.10.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
169
1m
5
A-A
6 7
P=50KN
4
2m
6 cm
3cm
A-A
2
1
1
Hnh 9.10. Bi ton khung phng chu lc

Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 2, chuong 9 Vi du 9.2 - (P9_2)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Giai bai toan khung phang chiu luc, su dung phan tu khung
% Mo ta bai toan
% Xac dinh bien dang cua khung phang hinh chu L, cac doan co kich
thuoc
% la 2m va 1m. tiet dien mat cat ngang = 60x30mm, khong doi tren
chieu
% dai cua ca 2 doan. Modul dan hoi l 200 GPa. Khung chiu lien ket
ngam
% tai mot dau, dau tu do chiu luc tap trung bang 50 KN. Su dung luoi
6
% phan tu de xay dung chuong trinh tinh, nhu mo ta tren Hinh 9.10
% Mo ta cac bien
% x va y = cac toa do nut toan cuc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
170

% index = vecto chi so ghep noi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut chung) chiu rang
buoc
%
boi cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = vecto gia tri cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
clear
noe=6;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=2;
% so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=3;
nnode=(nnel-1)*noe+1; % tong so nut cua ca he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof = nnel*ndof;
% toa do x, y cua nut trong he truc chung
x(1)=0; y(1)=0;
% toa do nut so 1
x(2)=0; y(2)=500;
% toa do nut so 2
x(3)=0; y(3)=1000;
% toa do nut so 3
x(4)=0; y(4)=1500;
% toa do nut so 4
x(5)=0; y(5)=2000;
% toa do nut so 5
x(6)=500; y(6)=2000; % toa do nut so 6
x(7)=1000; y(7)=2000; % toa do nut so 7
E_module=200*10^3; % modul dan hoi (E = 200 GPa)
b=30;
% chieu rong cua mat cat ngang (mm)
h=60;
% chieu cao mat cat ngang (mm)
area=b*h;
% tinh dien tich mat cat ngang (mm^2)
J=b*h^3/12;
% mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang (mm^4)
bcdof(1)=1;
% chuyen vi theo phuong x ti nut 1 bi khong che
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
171
bcval(1)=0;
% gia tri bang 0
bcdof(2)=2;
% chuyen vi theo phuong y ti nut 1 bi khong che
bcval(2)=0;
% gia tri bang 0
bcdof(3)=3;
% chuyen vi goc tai nut 1 bi khong che
bcval(3)=0;
% gia tri bang 0
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% khoi tao vec to luc nut tong the
% khoi tao ma tran do cung tong the
% khoi tao vec to vecto chi so (bang) ghep noi
ff(20)=-50e3; % khai bao cac thanh phan vecto luc nut tong the
for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
% xac dinh cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut) tong the tai moi phan tu
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
node1=iel;
% nut thu 1 cua phan tu thu 'iel'
node2=iel+1; % nut thu 2 cua phan tu thu 'iel'
x1=x(node1); y1=y(node1); % cac toa do cua nut thu nhat
x2=x(node2); y2=y(node2); % cac toa do cua nut thu hai
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % chieu dai cua phan tu thu 'iel'
if (x2-x1)==0; % tinh goc giua truc dia phuong va truc chung
if y2>y1;
beta=pi/2;
else
beta=-pi/2;
end
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
k=frame_element(E_module,J,leng,area,beta);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
172
end
% ap dat dieu kien bien
[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
fem_solution=kk\ff; % giai he phuong trinh PTHH
% in cac ket qua
num=1:1:sdof;
store=[num' fem_solution]
%-------------------------------------------------------------function k=frame_element(E_module,J,leng,area,beta)
%-------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu ca phan tu khung 2 chieu
% voi vecto chuyen vi nut nut la {u_1 v_1 theta_1 u_2 v_2 theta_2}
%
% Cu phap:
% k=frame_element(J,leng,area,beta)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% J mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang
% leng chieu dai phan tu
% area dien tich mat cat ngang
% beta goc giua truc x he truc dia phuong va truc X- he truc
chung
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do dia phuong
a=E_module*area/leng;
c=E_module*J/(leng^3);
kl=[a 0
0
-a 0
0;...
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
173
0 12*c
6*leng*c
0 -12* c 6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c;...
-a 0
0
a 0
0;...
0 -12*c
-6*leng*c
0 12*c -6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c];
% xay dung ma tran quay
r=[ cos(beta) sin(beta) 0 0
0
0;...
-sin(beta) cos(beta) 0 0
0
0;...
0
0
1 0
0
0;...
0
0
0 cos(beta) sin(beta) 0;...
0
0
0 -sin(beta) cos(beta) 0;...
0
0
0 0
0
1];
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do chung
k=r'*kl*r;
Kt qu s
store =
Chuyn
v nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gi tr
0
0
0
0.0579
- 0.0001
- 0.0002
0.2315
Chuyn
v nt
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Gi tr
-0.0001
-0.0005
0.5208
-0.0002
-0.0007
0.9259
-0.0003
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Chuyn
v nt
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Gi tr
-0.0009
0.9259
-0.5115
-0.0011
0.9259
-1.0805
-0.0012
174
10.
BI TP
9.1-9.6. Trong cc bi ton v dm, biu din trn cc hnh v

t 9.10.1-9.10.6. Bit: EJ = 3E6 Nm2; L = 4 m; xC = 0,4L; q = 15kN/m;
m = 10kN.m. Hy xc nh:
a) Ma trn cng tng th v vct lc tng th
b) Cc chuyn v tng th
c) Mmen un ti im C trn dm
Ch : S dng s lng phn t cn thit ti thiu trong mi bi ton.
q
x
L
Hnh 9.10.2
Hnh 9.10.1
4J1
q
x
J1
2J1
Hnh 9.10.3
Hnh 9.10.4
m
x
L
P
x
2L
Hnh 9.10.5
Hnh 9.10.6
9.7. Hy ch ra tnh hi t ca cc m hnh phn t hu hn cho

mt dm ta trn hai gi n gin v chu ti phn b u, nh Hnh
9.10.7. Hy chia li mn dn xc nh chuyn v ( y l vng)
cc i v ng sut cc i vi sai s nh hn 5%. Dm c chiu di
gp 10 ln chiu cao v c chiu dy n v. So snh kt qu tnh c
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
175
vi ng sut un v vng gia dm c k n nh hng ca bin

dng trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
3qL2
;
4bc 2
y max
5qL4
3qL2 1
16 Ebc 3
5 Ebc
q
x
2c
b
L
y
Hnh 9.10.7. Dm lin kt ta bn l chu un

9.8. Xc nh vng cc i v ng sut cc i cho mt dm
cng xn chu ti phn b u, nh Hnh 9.10.8. Chiu dy ca dm
bng n v v chiu di ca dm gp 5 ln chiu cao ca n. So snh
kt qu tnh c vi ng sut un v vng gia dm c k n
nh hng ca bin dng trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
3qL2
;
4bc 2
y max
5qL4
3qL2 1
16 Ebc 3
5 Ebc
q
2c
x
L
y
Hnh 9.10.8. Dm cng xn chu un
9.9-9.10. Trong cc bi ton v khung biu din trn cc hnh v

t Hnh 9.10.9 - 9.10.10. Hy xc nh: Ma trn cng tng th;
vct lc nt tng th; cc chuyn v nt v cc phn lc ti cc lin
kt. Cho Q = 15 kN ; P= 10 kN; L = 3m; E = 200 gPa; ng knh D =
0,1m.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
176
L
P
P
L
Hnh 9.10.9
Hnh 9.10.10
9.11. Hy phn tch kt cu s b cho mt khung xe p trn

Hnh 9.10.11. Thit k theo ch ti trng nh sau: ti tc dng theo
phng thng ng ti v tr yn xe l 75 kg v ti v tr tay li xe (ghi
ng) l 12 kg. K n nh hng ca lc qun tnh bng cch s dng
h s ti trng 2,5. Gi thit ban u l tt c cc dm u l thp ng
vi ng knh ngoi l 25 mm v chiu dy thnh ng l 1,5 mm.
Kim tra xem khung xe c b ph hy cc b (ti mt im no trn
khung) nu vt liu l thp giu cacbon vi gii hn n hi l 600gPa?
Nu ph hy xy ra th hy thit k li (thit k tinh) v d thay vt liu
bng loi c gii hn n hi cao hn hoc c tit din ln hn hoc
thay i hnh dng ca khung chng ph hy. Nu khung c thit
k qu tha bn th hy thit k tinh gim khi lng ca khung.
(Kch thc ca khung trn hnh v di y c biu din bng mm
75 kg
790
255
12 kg
380
305
458
813
915
Hnh 9.10.11. M hnh khung xe p chu lc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
177
Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT
1. GII THIU
Trong k thut, vic xc nh ng sut nhit trong qu trnh hn,

ng sut nhit do cc ng c nhit hot ng gy ra v xc nh cc
bin dng nhit do nh sng mt tri gy ra trn cc kt cu v.v, c
ngha rt quan trng. gii quyt vn trn, ta cn thit phi bit s
phn b nhit trong vt.
Di y, ta xt bi ton dn nhit mt chiu v hai chiu trong
mi trng dng nh phng php phn t hu hn.
2. BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU
2.1. M t bi ton
Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu cn c gi l bi ton thanh nhit,

Hnh 10.1.
Vt dn
nhit
QAdx
qA
dng
nhit
dq
q dx A
dx
dx
Hnh 10.1. M hnh bi ton dn nhit mt chiu
2.2. Phn t mt chiu
Gi thit nhit bin thin tuyn tnh dc chiu di thanh, khi

ta c th s dng m hnh phn t 2 nt vi hm dng tuyn tnh
xy dng m hnh PTHH cho bi ton truyn nhit mt chiu (Hnh
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
178
10.2). Nhit ti cc nt c k hiu l T (ti nt 1 l T1 v nt 2 l

T2) l cc n s cn tm.
q=h(TL-T)
T1=T0
1
2
1
Hnh 10.2. M hnh phn t hu hn cho bi ton dn nhit

Trong chng ny, cc k hiu c s dng nh sau:
T l nhit ,
k l h s dn nhit ca vt liu (W/m 0C),
q l mt dng nhit (W/ m2),
Q l ngun nhit trn mt n v th tch hoc trn mt n v
din tch,
h l h s i lu nhit (W/m2 0C),
nh lut Fourier cho rng: Dng nhit i qua thanh t l thun vi
grain nhit T/x theo phng dn. Do ,
dT
(10.1)
dx
Trong : Q l nhit lng; k l h s dn nhit; A l din tch mt ct
ngang (mt ng nhit vung gc vi hng truyn nhit).
v:
Q kA
dT T j Ti T j Ti
dx x j xi
le
(10.2)
do :
Qi
kA
kA
T j Ti ; Q j Ti T j
le
le
hoc di dng ma trn:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
179
kA 1 1 Ti Qi

le 1 1 T j Q j
(10.3)
y l phng trnh cn bng ca phn t cho bi ton thanh nhit.

So snh vi bi ton mt chiu (Chng 4), ta d thy c mt s tng
t:
EA
kA
; u T; f Q
l
l
Tin hnh ghp cc phn t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (1D).
Cui cng ta cng thu c h phng trnh PTHH di dng tng
qut:
KT = R
(10.4)
2.3. V d
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt

liu nh Hnh 10.3; vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l:
k1=8010-3W/mm 0C; k2=110-3W/mm 0C; k3=8010-3 W/mm 0C.
T1=2000C
1
1
k1
2
k2
3
k3
10
10
x
T4=200C
Hnh 10.3. M hnh bi ton dn nhit qua vch phng 3 lp
Li gii
Ta c th m t bi ton nh mt thanh nhit gm 3 phn t; din
tch mt ct ngang bng 1 n v.
Trc ht ta xy dng bng ghp ni cc phn t, nh bng sau:
Bc t.do
Phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
180
Sau tnh cc ma trn dn nhit ca cc phn t:

1 1
80 10 3 1 1
8 10 3
10 1 1
1 1
w / C
1 1
1 10 3 1 1
0,2 10 3
5 1 1
1 1
w / C
80 10 3
10
w / C
1
1 1
3 1
1 1 8 10 1 1
T y, ta tnh c ma trn dn nhit K:

8
0
0
8
8 8,2 0,2 0
10 3
K
0 0,2 8, 2 8
0
8 8
0
v h phng trnh PTHH c dng:
w / C
0
8
0
0 T1 R1
8
8 8,2 0, 2 0 T 0
2
10 3
0 0, 2 8,2 8 T3 0
0
8 8 T4 R4
0
p t iu kin bin: T1 = 2000C, T4 = 200C vo h phng trnh trn

(tc l loi b dng 1, ct 1 v dng 4, ct 4); sau gii h phng
trnh, ta s c:
T2 = 195,710C
T3 = 24,29 0C
Thay cc gi tr ca T vo h phng trnh trn, ta tm c lng nhit
cn cung cp ti nt 1 v 4 s l:
R1 = -R4 = 34,3210-3 W/mm2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
181
3. BI TON DN NHIT HAI CHIU

3.1.
Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu
Mc ch ca chng ta y l i xc nh s phn b nhit

T(x, y) trong mt vt th di, hnh lng tr; chng hn trong ng khi c
tit din ngang ch nht nh Hnh 10.4.
qy
q y
y
dy
qx
dy
y
qx
A-A
q x
dx
x
qy
dx
x
(b)
(a)
Hnh 10.4. (a). M hnh bi ton dn nhit hai chiu

(b).Vi phn th tch dn nhit
Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh Hnh 10.4b. Vi phn th tch c
dy t l hng s theo phng z. Lng nhit pht sinh trong phn t
c k hiu l Q(W/m3). V lng nhit i vo vi phn th tch cng
vi lng nhit pht sinh phi bng lng nhit i ra; do :
q y
q x dy t q y dx t Qdxdy t q x x dx dy t q y
dy dx t
x
(10.5)
T (10.5), suy ra:
q x q y
Q 0
x
y
(10.6)
thay q x k T x ; q y k T y vo (10.6), ta s c phng

trnh dn nhit:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
182
T T
Q 0
k
k
x x y y
(10.7)
Phng trnh vi phn o hm ring m t qu trnh dn nhit 2 chiu

(10.7) l mt trng hp ring ca phng trnh tng qut cho qu
trnh dn nhit Helmholtz.
3.2.
iu kin bin
Phng trnh (10.7) phi c gii quyt vi cc iu kin bin xc

nh. C ba dng iu kin bin nh m t trn Hnh 10.5.
Cc iu kin bin c pht biu c th nh sau:
i.
Cho trc nhit T = T0 trn bin ST;
ii.
Cho trc mt nhit qn = q0 trn Sq;
iii.
Cho trc qui lut trao i nhit gia b mt ca vt v mi
trng qn = h(T-T) trn Sc.
ST: T=T0
Sc: qn = h(T-T)
A
Sq: qn = q0
Hnh 10.5. Cc iu kin bin ca bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
Phn bn trong vt k hiu l A. Bin tng cng l S = (ST + Sq + Sc).

Ngoi ra, vct mt nhit qn vung gc vi bin dn. y ta qui
c: q0 >0 nu nhit i ra ngoi vt v q0 <0 nu nhit i vo trong vt.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
183
3.3.
Phn t tam gic
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t tam gic gii bi ton

dn nhit (Hnh 10.6). Vic m rng cho phn t t gic ng tham s
cng c thc hin tng t nh Chng 8.
T3
=1 3
T(x,y)
T1
1
2
T2
x
=1
Phn t quy chiu
Hnh 10.6. Phn t tam gic bc nht trong bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
Ta biu din trng nhit trong phn t c biu din bi:

T = T1 N1 + T2 N2 + T3 N3
Hoc:
T = NTe
Trong :
N 1 l cc hm dng v T e T1 T2
(10.8)
T3
tng ng l nhit ti cc nt v l cc n s cn tm.

Tng t nh Chng 6, vi phn t tam gic ng tham s ta c:
x = N1 x1 + N2 x2+ N3 x3
y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3
Suy ra
T T x T y
T T x T y
v
x y
x y
(10.9)
(10.10)
Hay
T
T

x
T J T

y
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(10.11)
184
J l ma trn Jacobian c xc nh bi:

x21
J
x31
y 21
y31
Trong : xij = xi - xj; yij = yi - yj v det J 2 Ae , vi Ae l din tch

ca phn t tam gic.
Nghch o (10.11), dn n:
T
T

x
1 y31
1
T J T

det J x31
y

y 21 1 1 0 e
T
x 21 1 0 1
(10.12)
Hay:
T
x
e
T BT T

y
(10.13)
Trong
BT
1
det J
y 21 y 31
x x
31
21
y31
x31
y 21
1 y 23
x 21 det J x32
y31
x13
y12
x 21
(10.14)
Kt qu l:
2
T
T T

x y
x
3.4.
T
T x
T
eT
e
T T BT BT T
y
y
(10.15)
Xy dng phim hm
Nh cp mc trn, chng ta cn gii phng trnh (10.7)

vi cc iu kin bin: (i). T = T0 trn ST; (ii). qn = q0 trn Sq; (iii). qn =
h(T-T) trn Sc. Vic gii bi ton ny tng ng vi vic cc tiu
ho phim hm:
2
2
T
1 T
1
2QT tdA q0 TtdS hT T 2 tdS
k
k
2 A x
2
y
Sq
Sc
sao cho T = T0 trn ST.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
185
(10.16)
Th (10.15) vo hai s hng u trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca

, ta s c:
2
T
1 T
tdA
k
k
2 A x
y
T
1
T
kT e BT BT T e tdA
2e
(10.17)
1 T
1 T
1 T
T
T e ktAe BT BT T e T e kT T e T e K T T e
2
e 2
e 2
Trong ma trn dn nhit ca phn t c xc nh bi:
T
(10.18)
kT ktAe BT BT
v ma trn dn nhit ca c h:
K T kT
(10.19)
a. Xt s hng th ba trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca , c ba

trng hp xy ra:
1. Khi Q =Qe l hng s trong phn t; dy phn t t = const.
V N i dA
e
QTtdA Q NtdA T
e
(10.20)
1
Ae , do vct lng nhit:
3
Qe tAe
1 1 1T
3
2. Khi Q bin thin tuyn tnh vi Qe = [Q1, Q2 , Q3 ]T. Khi y, ta c:
rQ
(10.21)
Q(, ) = NQe
(10.22)
Th (10.22) vo QTtdA , s c:
A
rQ
tAe
2Q1 Q2 Q3
12
Q1 2Q2 Q3
Q1 Q2 2Q3
(10.23)
3. Trng hp im nhit. Gi s Q0 l bin ca im nhit ti (0,

0) trong phn t. Nu im nhit trng vi nt ca phn t th Q0 c
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
186
cng vo vct ti trng v phi; nu im nhit nm bn trong phn

t th:
QTtdA tQ T
0 0
tQ0 N 0 , 0 T e rQ T e
(10.24)
Trong : rQ tQ0 N T 0 , 0
Hay
rQ tQ0 1 0 0
0 0 T
(10.25)
b. Xt tch phn tip theo
T
q
TtdS
q
NtdS
0
0
q
e e
(10.26)
Gi thit rng iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc

vi cnh 2-3 ca phn t nh Hnh 10.7.
=0
=1
q = q0
x
1
=0
=0
=1
=0
Hnh 10.7. iu kin bin dn trn cnh 2-3 ca phn t tam gic
Khi y, dc theo cnh 2-3, ta c: N 0 1 v dS l 23 d . V

vy
q0 NtdS q T e
e
q0l 23 0 1 d tT
0
Te
(10.27)
Trong :
rQ
q 0tl 23
0 1 1T
2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(10.28)
187
Tng t, nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc

vi cnh 1-2 ca phn t, ta s c:
q0 tl12
1 1 0T
(10.29)
2
V nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc vi
cnh 1-3 ca phn t, ta s c:
rQ
rQ
q 0tl13
1 0 1T
2
(10.30)
c. Xt tch phn cui cng

1
1
1
2
2
hT T tdS
hT 2 tdS hTT tdS
hT tdS
2S
2S
2S
S
1
2
T hN
1
2
eT
eT
hT T e
NtdS c T e
Te
hT
NtdS c T e
e
1
2
hT t dS c
2
e
(10.31)
2 hT t dS
Nu cnh 2-3 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y

N 0 1 v dS l 23 d , nn ta c:
0 0 0
htl 23
hT
0 2 1
6
0 1 2
(10.32)
htT l 23
0 1 1T
(10.33)
2
N 1 0 v dS l12 d , nn ta c:
r
2 1 0
htl12
hT
1 2 0
6
0 0 0
(10.34)
htT l12
1 1 0T
(10.35)
2
N 1 0 v dS l13 d , nn ta c:
r
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
188
2 0 1
htl13
hT
0 0 0
6
1 0 2
cui cng, s hng
(10.36)
htT l13
1 0 1T
2
2 hT t dS
(10.37)
trong (10.31) c b qua v n
khng cha cc thnh phn ca vect Te, nn s t ng b trit tiu

trong php ton tm cc tr ca phim hm.
Cui cng, ta vit phim hm (10.16) di dng:
1
T T KT R T T
2
(10.38)
K kT hT
(10.39)
R rQ rq r
(10.40)
Trong
e
Vic cc tiu ho phim hm phi c thc hin sao cho tho mn

iu kin T = T0 tt c cc nt trn ST.
3.5.
V d
Mt vt th di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l

1,5W/m 0C chu iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.8. Hai mt i din trn v
di c gi nhit 1800C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu s
trao i nhit i lu vi T = 250C; h = 50 W/m2 0C. Xc nh s
phn b nhit trong vt th.
Li gii
Do mt ct ngang i xng nn ta ch xt mt na chiu cao mt
ct ngang. Phn mt ct kho st c chia ra 3 phn t vi 5 nt nh
Hnh 10.8.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
189
T=1800
T=1800
5
k=1,5W/m0C
0,6m
4
3
h, T
h, T
1
T=1800
0,4m
2
q=0
Hnh 10.8. M hnh bi ton thanh dn nhit

T s li phn t nh trn, ta xy dng c bng ghp ni cc
phn t:
Bc t.do
Phn t
Theo cng thc (10.14)

BT
1
det J
y 23
x
32
y 31
x13
y12
x 21
Ta tnh c
1 0,15 0,15 0
0,06 0
0,4 0, 4
1 0,15 0,15 0,3
B2
0,12 0,4
0,4 0
B1
B3
1 0,15 0,15 0
0,06 0
0,4 0,4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
190
p dng cng thc kT kAe BT BT (t=1 n v), ta tnh c cc ma

trn nhit ca cc phn t:
T
kT (1,5) (0,03) BT1 BT1

1
0, 2813 0,2813 0
0,2813 2,2813 2
0
2
2
kT
0,86 0,2813
1,14
0,86
1,14
0,2813
0,2813 0, 2813 0,5625
0,2813 0, 2813 0
kT 0,2813 2, 2813 2
0
2
2
Tip theo, cn tnh ma trn hT cho phn t c cnh i lu. V hai
phn t 1 v 3 cng c cnh 2-3 (nt a phng) i lu, p dng biu
thc (10.32) ta c:
3
0 0 0
htl 23
hT
0 2 1
6
0 1 2
thay s vo ta c:
0
0 0
hT hT 0 2,5 1, 25
0 1, 25 2,5
Ma trn dn nhit ca c h (kch thc 5x5) s c xy dng
nh bng ghp ni cc phn t trn. Ch n iu kin bin T =
1800C ti nt 4 v 5 (b hng 4, ct 4; hng 5, ct 5), ta c:
1
1,4213 0,2813 0, 2813

K 0,2813 4,7813
0,75
0,2813 0,75
9,563
By gi ta i tnh vct lng nhit R theo cng thc (10.33):
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
191
htT l 23
0 1 1T
2
ta c:
1
r r
50 25 0,15
0 1 1T
2
Vy
2 ]T
R = 93,75 [ 0 1
Gii h phng trnh: (KT = R) ta c:
T T1 T2
T5 124,5 34 40,4 180 180
T3 T4
Nu chia cnh 2-4 ra nhiu nt, ta s c kt qu chnh xc hn.

4. CC CHNG TRNH TNH BI TON DN NHIT
4.1.
V d 10.1
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt

liu nh Hnh 10.9. Vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l: k1=20
W/mm 0C; k2=30 W/mm 0C; k3=25 W/mm 0 C. Qu trnh truyn nhit
i lu t b mt bn trong ca vch, vi T = 8000C v h=25
W/m2.0C.
1
h, T
k1
k2
k3
0,3m
x
T4=200C
0,15m 0,15m
Hnh 10.9. M hnh bi ton dn nhit qua vch phng 3 lp

bi ton ny, ta s s dng m hnh PTHH vi 4 phn t nh
Hnh 10.9, iu kin bin s l T4=200C ; do , vic p t iu kin
bin vo h phng trnh PTHH s cn phi c thc hin theo trnh
t sau:
- Cng vo cc thnh phn ca vct R(i) mt i lng bng K(i,4)*20, vi i l ch s hng (i=1..4) ;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
192
- Tin hnh loi hng 4 v ct 4 nh bi ton thng thng.

Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh 1 chuong 10.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Vi du 10.1, giai bai toan truyen nhiet mot chieu
% Mo ta bai toan
% Xac dinh phan bo nhiet do trong vach phang nhu Hinh 10.9.
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
% kk = ma tran dan nhiet tong the
% rr = vecto nhiet luong tong the
% gcoord = ma tran toa do nut tong the
% k_coeff = he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu
% elsec = dien tich mat cat ngang phan tu
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut tong the tai moi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------%--------------------------% du lieu dieu khien luoi
%--------------------------clear
noe=3;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=2;
% so nut cua phan tu
ndof=1;
% so bac tu do tai nut
nnode=noe+1;
sdof=nnode*ndof; % tong so bac tu do cua he
%--------------------------% toa do nut
%--------------------------gcoord(1)=0.0; % toa do x cua nut 1
gcoord(2)=0.3; % toa do x cua nut 2
%----------------------------------------------------------% cac tham so: he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu v thong so hinh hoc phan
tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
193
% Don vi W/m do C
k_coeff(1)=20;
% he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu phan tu thu 1
k_coeff(2)=30;
k_coeff(3)=50;
elsec(1)=1;
% dien tich mat c ngang phan tu thu 1
elsec(2)=1;
elsec(3)=1;
%----------------------------% nodal connectivity
%----------------------------nodes(1,1)=1; nodes(1,2)=2; % cac chi so nut tong the cua phan tu 1
nodes(2,1)=2; nodes(2,2)=3; % cac chi so nut tong the cua phan tu 2
nodes(3,1)=3; nodes(3,2)=4; % cac chi so nut tong the cua phan tu 4
%----------------------------------------------------------% Convection heat transfer conditions
%----------------------------------------------------------T_0 = 20;
% nhiet do ben ngoai (do C)
T_ext = 800 % T_vocung (do C)
h_coeff = 25; % he so trao doi nhiet (W/m^2)
%----------------------------% khai bao cac dieu kien bien
%----------------------------bcdof(1)=4;
bcval(1)=T_0;
%---------------------------% khoi tao cac vecto va cac ma tran
%---------------------------rr=zeros(sdof,1);
index=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
r=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
% vec to nhiet luong phan tu
eltemp=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
% vecto nhiet do nut phan tu
k=zeros(nnel*ndof,nnel*ndof); % ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
%----------------------------% xay dung vecto nhiet luong tong the
%----------------------------rr(1)=h_coeff*T_ext;
kk(1,1)=h_coeff;
%-------------------------% Xet tung phan tu
%--------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
194
for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so tong the cua nut 1 phan tu (iel)
nd(2)=nodes(iel,2); % chi so tong the cua nut 2 phan tu (iel)
x1=gcoord(nd(1)); % toa do nut thu 1
x2=gcoord(nd(2)); % toa do nut thu 2
leng=x2-x1;
% chieu dai phan tu 1 chieu
% xac dinh cac bac tu do phan tu
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end
% tinh ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
k= (area(iel)*k_coeff(iel)/leng(iel))*[ 1 -1;-1 1];
% ghep noi phan tu
end
%--------------------------------------------------% ap dat cac dieu kien bien va giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%--------------------------------------------------kkk=kk; % kkk luu vet cua kk de tinh vecto nhiet luong.
% ap dat cac dieu kien bien
[kk,rr]=boundary_aply_2D_N(kk,rr,bcdof,bcval);
disp=kk\rr; % giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%-------------------------------------------------% tinh vecto nhiet luong
%-------------------------------------------------rr=zeros(sdof,1);
% khoi tao vecto nhiet luong
for i=1:sdof
for j=1:sdof
rr(i)=rr(i)+kkk(i,j)*disp(j);
end
end
%---------------------------% in ket qua
%---------------------------num=1:1:sdof;
displ=[num' disp rr]
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
195
Kt qu s
displ =
Node
1
2
3
4
Nhit
305
119
57
20
Nhit lng vo/ra

20000
0
0
-12381
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
196
4.2.
V d 10.2
Mt thanh di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l

1,5W/m.0C chu iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.10. Hai mt i din trn
v di c gi nhit 1800C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu
s trao i nhit i lu vi T = 250C; h = 50 W/m2 0C. Xc nh s
phn b nhit trong vt th.
T=1800
T=1800
0,6m
k=1,5W/m0C
8
6
h, T
5
3 h, T
4
1
0,4m
T=1800
2
q=0
Hnh 10.10. M hnh bi ton thanh dn nhit

y, ta s xy dng chng trnh tnh vi m hnh 6 phn t cho mt
na chiu cao mt ct ngang. V t kt qu s ca chng trnh, bn
c c th t so snh vi kt qu tnh tay thc hin vi m hnh 3
phn t trong v d 2, (Chng 10)
Chng trnh ngun:
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh 2, chuong 10 Vi du 10.2 (P10_2)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Mo ta bai toan:
% Mot thanh kim loai du dai, co mat cat ngang hinh chu nhat;
% he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu thanh bang 1,5 W/m. do C
% dieu kien bien nhu mo ta tren Hinh 10.10:
% hai mat doi dien duoc duy tri o mot nhiet do deu la 180 do C
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
197
% su trao doi nhiet doi luu tren mot mat voi T_extremely=25 do C
% va h=50W/m^2. do C, mat doi dien duoc phu lop cach nhiet
% Xac dinh su phan bo nhiet do trong thanh
% su dung 6 phan tu tam giac bac nhat dang tham so tren 1 nua mat cat
% Chu y, tai bien doi xung truc, khong co su trao doi nhiet luong
% Hinh 10.10 mo ta luoi phan tu
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
% kk = ma tran dan nhiet tong the
% rr = vec to nhiet luong tong the
% gcoord = ma tran toa do nut tong the
% nodes = ma tran cac chi so nut tong the tai moi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------% cac tham so dieu khien luoi phan tu
%-----------------------------------clear
noe=6;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=3;
ndof=1;
nnode=8;
% tong so nut trong he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof=nnel*ndof;
% so bac tu do cua phan tu
%--------------------------------------------% nhap thong tin toa do nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do i la so hieu nut va j = 1 chi toa do x, j=2 chi toa do y
%--------------------------------------------gcoord=[0.0 0.0; 0.4 0.0; 0.4 0.075; 0.0 0.15;
0.4 0.15; 0.4 0.225; 0.0 0.3; 0.4 0.3];
%--------------------------------------------------------% nhap thong tin chi so nut tong the cua moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
198
% trong do i chi phan tu, j la chi so nut

%--------------------------------------------------------nodes=[1 2 3; 1 3 4; 4 3 5; 4 5 6; 4 6 7; 7 6 8];
% canh 2 cua cac phan tu: 1, 3, 4 va 6 la cac canh trao doi nhiet doi luu
ce=[2 0 2 2 0 2];
%----------------------------------------------------------% cac thong tin ve su dan nhiet va doi luu nhiet
%----------------------------------------------------------t=1;
% chieu day phan tu thanh, la do day PTHH 2 chieu
k_coeff=1.5; % he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu (W/m do C)
T_0 = 180; % nhiet do moi truong ngoai (do C)
T_ext = 25; % T_vocung (do C)
h_coeff = 50; % he so doi luu (W/m^2)
%------------------------------------% thongg tin ve dieu kien bien
%------------------------------------bcdof(1)=7;
% nhiet do nut 7 chiu rang buoc
bcdof(2)=8;
% nhiet do nut 8 chiu rang buoc
bcval(1)=T_0; % gia tri nhiet do tai nut 7 = 0
bcval(2)=T_0; % gia tri nhiet do tai nut 8 = 0
%---------------------------------------------% khoi tao cac vecto va ma tran
%---------------------------------------------rr=zeros(sdof,1);
hh=zeros(sdof,sdof);
% ma tran doi luu tong the
eltemp=zeros(edof,1); % vec to nhiet do nut phan tu
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh toan cac ma tran dan nhiet, vecto nhiet luong phan tu va ghep
noi
%----------------------------------------------------------------for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
199
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i);
% chi so nut tong the cac nut cua phan tu
(iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua cac nut
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do x cua cac nut
end
k=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
h=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran doi luu nhiet phan tu
r=zeros(edof,1);
% khoi tao vecto nhiet luong phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu(iel)
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); % toa do x cua nut thu 1
y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % toa do y cua nut thu 1
J=[x2-x1 y2-y1; x3-x1 y3-y1] % ma tran Jacobian phan tu
A_e=det(J)/2
% dien tich phan tu
B_t=(1/det(J))*[y2-y3 y3-y1 y1-y2; x3-x2 x1-x3 x2-x1];
%-------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
%-------------------------------------------k=k_coeff*A_e*B_t'*B_t;
%-----------------------------------% tinh vec to nhiet luong doi luu
%------------------------------------------------% khoi tao vecto nhiet luong do doi luu nhiet
r_ext=zeros(edof,1);
if ce(iel)~=0 % co 1 canh la canh doi luu
length(1)=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % do dai cua canh (1-2)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
200

if ce(iel)==1 % canh 1-2 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(1)/6)*[2 1 0; 1 2 0; 0 0 0];
r_ext=(h_coeff*T_ext*length(1)/2)*[1 1 0];
else
if ce(iel)==2 % canh 2-3 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(2)/6)*[0 0 0; 0 2 1; 0 1 2];
else % canh 1-3 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(3)/6)*[2 0 1; 0 0 0; 1 0 2];
end
end
end
% xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran dan nhiet
hh=kk_build_2D(hh,h,index); % ghep noi ma tran doi luu
rr=ff_build_2D(rr,r_ext,index); % ghep noi vecto nhiet luong
end
kk=kk+hh;
%----------------------------[kk,rr]=boundary_aply_2D_N(kk,rr,bcdof,bcval);
%---------------------------disp=kk\rr;
num=1:1:sdof;
% in ket qua
Kt qu s:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
201
Nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nhit (oC)
128.9190
37.1185
40.0259
142.0870
51.6724
85.4203
180.0000
180.0000
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
202
5. BI TP
10.1. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit

ca mt kt cu, ngi ta cho bit rng
nhit ti cc nt ca phn t tam gic
s (5) l: T6 = 488,66 0K; T7 = 425,16 0K;
T8 = 496,08 0K, nh trn Hnh 10.5.1.
Xc nh graien nhit trong phn t.
Xc nh xem ng ng nhit 4910K
ct bin ca phn t ti u?
x
Hnh 10.5.1
10.2. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit

tng t nh bi 10.1 ngi ta bit nhit
ti cc nt ca phn t ch nht s
(10) l: T5 = 258,46 0K; T6 = 288,66 0K;
T7 = 325,16 0K; T8 = 196,08 0K nh trn
Hnh 10.5.2. Xc nh graien nhit
trong phn t. Xc nh xem ng ng
nhit 260 0K ct bin ca phn t ti u?
10
Hnh 10.5.2
10.3. Kho st mt bc tng c
chiu dy L=30 cm, h s dn nhit ca
vt liu k = 0.7 W/m .oC. B mt trong c
nhit 28oC v b mt ngoi tip xc
vi khng kh lnh nhit -15oC. H
s i lu nhit ca b mt l h = 40W/m2
.o
C. Hy xc nh gi tr nhit trung
bnh phn b trong tng v lng nhit
i qua tng. S dng 2 cch c bn: tnh
ton bng tay v sa i li chng trnh
P10_2.
30 cm
h=40W/m2 oC
T = -15oC
o
28 C
k=0.7W/moC
Lp cch nhit
Hnh 10.5.3
Phn t pht nhit

Thp trng
k =16.6W/moC
10.4. Xt kt cu nhit nh Hnh

10.5.4. Mt ngoi ca b pht nhit (dng
bng) c gn vi 1 lp cch nhit, mt
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
h =5W/m2.0C
T =20oC
2cm
Hnh 10.5.4
203
trong c gn vi mt tm thp khng g dy 2cm, h s dn nhit k

=16.6W/m.oC. B mt kia ca tm thp c tip xc vi khng kh
nhit 20oC. Nhit lng pht sinh t b pht nhit cng
500W/m2. Hy xc nh nhit ti b mt m di nhit gn vi tm
thp tn nhit.
10.5. ng khi bng gch trn Hnh 10.5.5 c chiu cao 6m. B mt
trong c nhit c nh l 100oC v b mt ngoi c gi nhit
l 30oC. Bng cch tnh tay v pht trin chng trnh P10_2 tnh
tng nhit lng truyn qua thnh ng khi. Ch n tnh i xng
ca h, nn ch thc hin tnh cho mt ct ngang. Bit h s dn
nhit ca vt liu l k = 0,72 W/m.oC.
y
300C
0,1m
100oC
x
0,6m
0,1m
0,8m
Hnh 10.5.5
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
204
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
205
Chng 11
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1. GII THIU
Tm v v l cc dng kt cu c s dng nhiu trong k thut

v chng thng chu bin dng chu un. Cc phng trnh PTHH i
vi cc kt cu tm-v thng phc tp hn nhiu so vi cc dng kt
cu khc. Chng 11 s gii thiu v hai l thuyt tm c s dng
ph bin trong cc bi ton kt cu tm-v: l thuyt tm kinh in ca
Kirchoff (gi tt l tm Kirchoff) v l thuyt tm bc nht ca Mindlin
(gi tt l tm Mindlin).
Cc thut ton PTHH i vi tm chu un tng ng vi hai l
thuyt trn c thit lp chi tit.
Phn t v c xem l t hp ca phn t tm chu un v phn
t tm chu trng thi ng sut phng.
2. L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF
Gi thit c bn ca l thuyt un tm Kirchoff l: on thng

vung gc vi mt trung bnh (mt phng chia i chiu cao tm) vn
thng v vung gc vi mt trung bnh sau khi bin dng. H qu ca
gi thit ny l ta b qua cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang
( yz xz 0 ). Do , cc thnh phn chuyn v trong mt phng: u, v
v w (Hnh 11.1) c biu din nh sau:
w
x
w
v( x, y, z ) z
y
(11.1)
w( x, y, z ) w 0 ( x, y )
trong , mt phng (0, x, y) l mt gia ca tm, trc z vung gc vi

b mt tm. Cc thnh phn u, v v w tng ng l chuyn v theo
phng x, phng y v phng z; w0 l chuyn v ti mt trung bnh
(gi thit bin dng mng: u0 = v0 = 0).
u ( x, y, z ) z
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
206
Qx
Mx
Mxy
y
Qy
M xy
My
dx
Mxy
M xy
Mx
M x
dx
x
M xy
x
M xy
y
dy
dx
Qx
My
Qy
M y
y
Q y
y
dy
dy
Q x
dx
x
dy
Hnh 11.1. S phn t tm chu un
V b qua bin dng ct, nn cc thnh phn bin dng trong mt
phng c vit dng sau:
T x
y xy z x y xy
(11.2)
Trong :
T x
2w
xy 2
x
2w
2w
2
xy
y 2
(11.3)
c gi l cc thnh phn cong.

Thay cc biu thc (11.2) v (11.3) vo quan h ng sut bin
dng D ta c biu thc sau:
zD
(11.4)
Trong :
y xy T
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
207
1
0
D E 2 1 0
1
1 v
0 0
2
Cc thnh phn mmen c xc nh bi:
h
2
M z dz
(11.5)
Trong : M M x
My
M xy v h l chiu dy tm. Thay biu

T
thc (11.4) vo (11.5), ta thu c quan h gia mmen v cc thnh

phn cong nh sau:
M D
(11.6)
Trong :
3
h
D 12
D
(11.7)
Cc phng trnh cn bng (cn bng mmen i vi cc trc x, y v

cn bng lc i vi trc z, c suy ra t iu kin cn bng tnh hc
ca phn t tm (Hnh 11.1). Sau khi b qua cc thnh phn bc cao,
ta thu c cc phng trnh cn bng sau:
M x M xy
Qx 0
y
x
M xy M y
Q y 0
x
y
Q x Q y
p0
y
x
(11.8)
Trong , Qx v Qy l cc lc ct v p l ti trng phn b gy un tm

(phng tc dng vung gc vi mt phng tm). Kh cc thnh phn
lc ct trong cc phng trnh ca h (11.8) ta c:
2 M xy 2 M y
2M x
2
p0
xy
x 2
y 2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(11.9)
208
T hp cc biu thc (11.3), (11.6) v (11.9), qua mt s php bin i

n gin cui cng ta nhn c phng trnh vi phn cn bng i vi
tm chu un nh sau:
4w
4w
4w
p
4
2
2
4
Dr
x
x y
y
(11.10)
Trong :
Eh 3
Dr
12(1 2 )
l cng chng un ca tm.
3. PHN T TM KIRCHOFF CHU UN
Da trn l thuyt tm kinh in trnh by trn, chng ta s

xy dng thut ton PTHH cho phn t t gic bn nt ti nh chu
un. Phn t c m t trong Hnh 11.2.
z
y
w
4
(x4,y4)
y
3
(x3,y3)
1
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
x
Hnh 11.2. Phn t t gic Kirchoff
Mi nt ca phn t c 3 bc t do: Chuyn v w theo phng z v
hai gc xoay x = w,x v y = w,y (du phy l k hiu ca o hm
ring phn ca w theo cc bin x v y) quanh trc x v y tng ng. K
hiu vct chuyn v nt l di, ta c:
d i wi
x i
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

y i
(11.11)
209
Vi phn t t gic 4 nt, vct chuyn v nt phn t c biu

din nh sau:
q d1T
d 2T
d 3T
d 4T
(11.12)
v vct chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca phn t l:
d w0
x y
(11.13)
Vct chuyn v nt phn t (11.11) c cha cc thnh phn l o

hm bc nht tng ng vi cc gc xoay ti nt. Do , cc thnh
phn chuyn v ca vct chuyn v (11.13) s c ni suy qua cc gi
tr chuyn v nt nh sau:
- Thnh phn chuyn v vng tm (w) c xp x theo hm

ni suy Hecmit, tc l:
w
w
w
w
w H1w10 H2 H3 ... H10w40 H11 H12
x 1
x 4
y 1
y 4
(11.14)
- Cc thnh phn chuyn v gc xoay c ni suy qua cc thnh

phn chuyn v nt:
w
x
x x
y y

H 3i 2 wi H 3i1 w H 3i w
y
x i
i
i 1
(11.15)

H 3i 2 wi H 3i1 w H 3i w
y
x i
i
i 1
(11.16)
Khi , quan h gia vct chuyn v c ni suy qua vct chuyn v

nt phn t nh sau:
d = B q.
(11.17)
Trong : B l ma trn ni suy, c biu din nh sau:
H1
H2
H3 H10
H11
H12
B H1
H2
H3
H10
H11
H12
x
x
x
x
x
x
y H1 y H2 y H3 y H10 y H11 y H12
(11.18)
Thay vo biu thc (11.3) ta c th biu din cc thnh phn bin

dng qua vct chuyn v di dng:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
210
Ld ;
(11.19)
vi L l ma trn ton t o hm, c xc nh nh sau:
0
x
L 0 0
0

y
(11.20)
Cui cng, cc thnh phn bin dng c vit li di dng:
Ld L Bq Bq
(11.21)
vi B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v.

T biu thc nng lng bin dng n hi:
Ue
1 t
dV
2V
(11.22)
a cc quan h (11.2), (11.3) v (11.4) vo (11.22) v qua mt s khai

trin, ch n biu thc ca cc thnh phn ni lc, ta c biu thc
ca nng lng bin dng n hi:
1
Ue
2
h
2
1
T
h S z zDdSdz 2
e
2
T
dS
z dz
h S
e
2
h
T D dS qT h BT DBdSq
24 Se
24 Se
h
2
Cui cng, th nng bin dng n hi ca phn t c biu din

di dng c ng:
1 t e
qk q
(11.23)
2
trong ke l ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff v c xc
nh theo biu thc:
Ue
ke
h3
B T D BdS
24 Se
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(11.24)
211
xc nh c ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff, ta cn

xy dng c cc hm ni suy Hecmit Hi (i = 1, 2, .., 12). Cc hm
ny c xc nh trong h to quy chiu (, ) v vi tnh cht:
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H1
1
0
0
0
H1
0
0
0
0
H1
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H4
0
1
0
0
H4
0
0
0
0
H4
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H7
0
0
1
0
H7
0
0
0
0
H7
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H10
0
0
0
1
H10
0
0
0
0
H10
0
0
0
0
Nt 1
H2
1
0
0
0
Nt 2
H5
H5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Nt 3
H8
H8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nt 4
H11 H11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
H2
0
0
0
0
H2
0
0
0
0
H3
0
0
0
0
H3
0
0
0
0
H3
1
0
0
0
H5
0
0
0
0
H6
0
0
0
0
H6
0
0
0
0
H6
0
1
0
0
H8
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
1
0
H11
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
1
Ta c th chn cc hm dng Hi di dng sau:

H=
a0 + a1 + a2+ a32 + a4 + a52 +
+ a63 + a72 + a82 + a93+ a103 + a113

T bng trn, ta s xc nh c cc h s ai (i = 0 .. 11). Cui
cng, ta s thu c cc hm ni suy Hecmit nh sau:
H1
1
1 1 2 2 2
8
H2
1
1 1 1 2 ; H 3 1 1 1 1 2
8
8
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(11.25a)
212
H4
1
1 1 2 2 2
8
H5
H7
(11.25b)
1
1 1 1 2 ; H 6 1 1 1 1 2
8
8
1
1 1 2 2 2
8
H8
(11.25c)
1
1 1 1 2 ; H 9 1 1 1 1 2
8
8
H 10
1
1 1 2 2 2
8
H 11
1
1 1 1 2 ; H12 1 1 1 1 2
8
8
(11.25d)
Quan h gia 2 h to (x,y) v (, ) c th hin di dng:

2 x xC
2 y y C
;

a
b
x a x ; y b y
C
C
2
2
(11.26)
trong : a, b l kch thc phn t ch nht; xC, yC l ta trng tm

C ca phn t.
Nh thy trn y, cc hm ni suy Hi tng ng vi nt i c
biu din theo cc to quy chiu (,). Cc biu thc ca ma trn
ton t L (11.20), c cha o hm ring phn ca cc hm Hi ly theo
bin x v y ca h to thc. Do , ta cn thc hin php tnh o
hm ca hm hp:
x

x

x
x
J
y

y
y
(11.27a)
v:

J 11*
x
1
J 21

y

J

J

*
12
*
22
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(11.27b)
213
a 0
1
vi: J l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn Jacbin J
.
0 b
Vy ta c:
*
J 1 J11*
J 21
1
J 12* a
*
J 22
0
1
x a
1 ;

y b
v:
0
1
2 1
2 a 2
x
2
2 1
2
y b
(11.28)
2
2
2
2
(11.29)
Khi cc biu thc (10.20) ca ma trn ton t o hm c

biu din theo h to quy chiu (, ):
L 0
2
b
2
a
2
a
0
2
b
(11.30)
v ma trn B c biu din nh sau:

4 2 H1
2
2
a 2
4 H1
B 2
b 2
2
8 H1
ab
4 2H 2
a 2 2
4 2H 2
b 2 2
8 2H2
ab
4 2H3
a 2 2
4 2H3
b 2 2
8 2 H3
ab
4 2 H 10
a 2 2
4 2 H 10
b 2 2
8 2 H 10
ab
4 2 H 11
a 2 2
4 2 H 11
b 2 2
8 2 H 11
ab
4 2 H 12
a 2 2
2
4 H 12 (11.31)
b 2 2
8 2 H 12
ab
Trong :
2 H1 3
1 ;
2
4
2H 2 1
1 3 1 ;
2
4
2 H1 3
1 .
2
4
2
H2
0.
2
2H3
0;
2
2H3 1
1 3 1
2
4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(11.32a)
(11.32b)
(11.32c)
214
2H 4 3
1
2
4
2
2
H5 1
H5
1 3 1 ;
0
2
4
2
2H 4
3
1 ;
2
2 H6
0;
2
2H 7
3
1 ;
2
2H6 1
1 3 1
2
4
2H 7
3
1 .
2
(11.32d)
(11.32e)
(11.32f)
(11.32g)
2 H8 1
2 H8
1 3 1 ;
0,
2
4
2
(11.32h)
2H9
0;
2
2H9 1
1 3 1
2
4
(11.32i)
2 H 10 3
1 ;
2
4
2 H 11 1
1 3 1 ;
2
4
2
H12
0;
2
2 H10
3
1
2
(11.32k)
2 H 11
0
2
(11.32m)
2 H 12 1
1 3 1
2
4
(11.32n)
4. PHN T TM MINDLIN CHU UN
Khc vi l thuyt tm Kirchoff, l thuyt tm ca Mindlin c k

n nh hng ca cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang ( yz xz 0 ).
Khi , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng n hi ca tm c cha
thm biu thc nng lng bin dng ct ngang:
Ue
1
b T b dV 1 s T s dV
2V
2V
(11.33)
trong :
b x
y xy T
b x
(11.34)
xy T
(11.35)
l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng un, cn:
s xz
yz T
(11.36)
s xz
yz T
(11.37)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
215
l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng ct ngang (trong cc mt

phng vung gc vi mt trung bnh).
Trong cc tnh ton k thut theo l thuyt tm ca Mindin, ta cn phi
5
s dng thm h s hiu chnh ct, h s ny thng c chn l .
6
Khi , nng lng bin dng n hi ca tm chu un c k n nh
hng ca bin dng ct s c biu din di dng:
Ue
1
b T Db b dV 5 s T Ds s dV
2V
12 V
(11.38)
trong :
1
0
Db E 2 1 0
1
1 v
0 0
(11.39)
v
G 0
0 G
Ds
(11.40)
Theo l thuyt tm Mindlin, trng chuyn v c biu din nh sau :

u ( x, y, z ) z x ( x, y )
v ( x , y , z ) z y ( x , y )
w( x, y , z ) w0 ( x, y )
(11.41)
trong , x , y l cc gc xoay ca mt trung bnh quanh trc y v

trc x tng ng. y, ta gi thit: khng c cc thnh phn bin
dng trong mt phng trung bnh (khng c bin dng mng). Cc
thnh phn gc xoay ny c biu din bi:
w
xz
x
w
y
yz
y
(11.42)
V chuyn v w v cc gc xoay x , y l cc thnh phn c lp nhau,

nn chng ta cn c cc hm dng ni suy chng mt cch c lp.
Do , vi phn t tm chu un c k n bin dng ct ngang ny s
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
216
yu cu s dng phn t tng thch C0. Cc hm dng ng tham s s

c s dng cho cc phng trnh PTHH ca phn t tm chu un,
c th nh sau :
n
i 1
x N i , x i
i 1
y N i , y i
i 1
w N i , wi
(11.43)
y, n l s nt ca phn t. n gin ha bi ton, ta c th s

dng cc hm dng song tuyn tnh (Chng 8) cho phn t t gic bn
nt. i vi cc bi ton c yu cu cao v chnh xc, ngi ta
thng s dng cc hm dng bc cao hn.
Ta c:
b zB p d e
s zBs d e
(11.44)
trong :
N1
x
Bp 0
N
1
y
0
N1
y
N1
x
N 2
x
N 2
y
0
N 2
y
N 2
x
N 3
x
N 3
y
0
N 3
y
N 3
x
N 4
x
N 4
y
0
N 4
y
N 4
x
(11.45)
Bs
N1
N2
N3
N4
N2
0
N3 0
N4
0
N1 0
x
x
x
x
N1
N2
N3
N4
0 N1
0 N2
0 N3
0 N4
y
y
y
y
(11.46)
d
e
x1
y1 w1 x 2 y 2 w2 x3 y3 w3 x 4 y 4 w4 T
Thay cc biu thc trong (11.44) vo (11.38) ta c :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
217
(11.47)
Ue
B D dz dA d 125 d B D B dz dAd
1 e
d
2
e T
Ae z
V z
(11.48)
Cui cng, ta thu c ma trn cng ca phn t tm t gic bc
nht chu un di dng:
ke
h3
Bb T Db b dA 5 h Bs T Ds Bs dA
12 Ae
6 V
(11.49)
trong , h l chiu dy tm.

Ch : khi chiu dy h ca tm rt nh so vi kch thc ca 2
phng cn li (tm mng), nng lng bin dng n hi do cc thnh
phn bin dng ct (t l vi h) s ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng bin
dng n hi do cc thnh phn bin dng un (t l vi h3) gy ra.
Hin tng ny c gi l nghn ct (shear locking), khin cho li
gii s ca bi ton khng hi t. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi
ta c th s dng k thut tch phn rt gn (reduced integration)
hoc tch phn la chn (selective integration). Ni dung chnh ca
cc k thut ny l: biu thc nng lng ca bin dng un s c
tnh theo lut tch phn ng cp, cn biu thc nng lng ca bin
dng ct s c ly tch phn mc km chnh xc hn mt cp.
Chng hn, vi phn t t gic 4 nt ng tham s, ta s dng tch
phn s vi 22 im Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng
bin dng un, cn i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng
ct ch s dng 1 im Gauss. Tng t, vi phn t t gic 9 nt ng
tham s, nu s dng tch phn s 33 im Gauss i vi biu thc
tch phn nng lng bin dng un, th ta s ch s dng tch phn s
22 im Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng ct.
5. PHN T V
Kt cu v tng t nh kt cu tm nhng c cong khng i

hoc thay i theo cc phng x v y. C th coi kt cu tm phng l
trng hp ring ca kt cu v, khi bn knh cong bng v cng. Khi
v c chia thnh mt s hu hn cc phn t c kch thc nh,
th mi phn t c th c xem nh l phn t tm phng chu un vi
mt phng xc nh trong khng gian. Tuy nhin, mi phn t ny li
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
218
c phng khc nhau (phng vct php tuyn ca mt), v vy bin

dng un trong phn t ny c th gy ra bin dng trong mt phng
cho phn t k tip.
Kt qu l, mt phn t v c th c xc nh nh l t hp ca
mt phn t chu un v mt phn t trng thi ng sut phng,
tng t nh phn t khung 2 chiu c xy dng t phn t dm
chu un v phn t thanh chu ko hoc nn. Hnh 11. 3 m t t hp
hai phn t ni trn to ra phn t v c 5 bc t do ti mi nt: ba
chuyn v thng v hai chuyn v gc. Ma trn cng ca phn t v
c biu din nh sau:
K b
0
0 d b Fb
K m d m Fm
(11.50)
trong : K, d v F tng ng l ma trn cng, vct chuyn v nt

v vct lc nt. Cc ma trn v cc vct trn bao gm hai phn, mt
l t phn t tm chu un v hai l t phn t tm chu ko (nn). Cc
ch s di b v m ch cc bin dng un v bin dng mng (ko, nn)
ca phn t v.
w
w
x
y
z
v
y
zk
Hnh 11. 3. Phn t v l t hp ca 2 phn t
w
y
Khi cc phn t v c phng khc
k
nhau, v d khi xt v tr gc ca
x
mt hnh hp (Hnh 11.4), ti y c
3 phn t k nhau; ta c th thy rng
i
Z
thnh phn gc xoay ca phn t ny
zi
x
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
Y
X
zj
j
219
Hnh 11. 4
s l gc xon ca phn t k tip. Do , khi ghp ni cc ma trn

cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t ta cn phi tnh n gc xon ni
trn. Kt qu l, s bc t do ca cc ma trn v vct phn t cn phi
tng thm 1 ti mi nt. Nh vy, phng trnh (11.50) s c vit li
nh sau :
K b
0
0 d b Fb
0 d m Fm
0 z 0
K m
0
(11.51)
Cc ma trn v vct trong phng trnh (11.45) c xc nh

trong h trc to a phng ca mi phn t, vi trc x v y nm
trong mt phng trung bnh ca phn t v v trc z l trc vung gc
vi mt phng phn t. V vy, ghp ni cc ma trn v vct ny
thnh ma trn cng tng th v vct lc nt tng th h trc to
chung th chng phi c bin i sang h trc to chung trc
khi tin hnh ghp ni. Nu gi ma trn chuyn i h trc l T, ta c :
d T d
l
(11.52)
Trong , l v g l k hiu cho h trc a phng v h trc chung

tng ng.
Nh vy, ma trn T chuyn i cc bc t do chung sang cc bc
t do a phng. N cha cc cosin ch phng ca cc trc to a
phng trong h trc to chung.
Ti mi nt, quan h gia cc bc t do trong h to a phng v
h to chung c m t bi:
u l c11
l
v c21
w l c31
l
x 0
y l 0
l
z 0
c12
c13
c22
c23
c32
c33
c11
c12
c11
c12
c11
c12
0 u g

0 v g
0 w g

c13 x g
c13 y g

c13 z g
(11.53)
Trong , cij l cosin ca gc hp bi trc to a phng xi v trc

to chung Xj. Quan h ny c s dng cho tng nt phn t. Nh
vy, ma trn chuyn i T i vi phn t t gic 4 nt s c biu
din di dng:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
220
Td
0
T
0
Td
Td
0
0
0
Td
(11.54)
vi Td c xc nh theo biu thc (11.53).

Cui cng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng v vct lc nt phn
t nh sau :
K T K T
F T F
T
(11.55)
(11.57)
Ch : khi v suy bin v tm phng, ma trn cng tng th s l

mt ma trn k d v trc ta gn thm gc xon vo vct
chuyn v nt. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta thng cng
thm mt gi tr nh vo bc t do gc xon. Gi tr cng thm ny
khng c qu nh cho ma trn c sa i l mt ma trn
khng k d. ng thi, gi tr ny cng khng qu ln trnh nh
hng n chnh xc ca kt qu tnh. Trong thc t tnh ton, ngi
ta thng khc phc hin tng trn bng cch t K(i,i) = 1, vi i l
ch s ng vi bc t do gc xon.
6. CHNG TRNH TNH TM CHU UN
Xt tm vung vi lin kt n trn 4 cnh chu un bi ti trng

tp trung t ti gia tm nh Hnh 11.5. Tm vng ca tm da trn
l thuyt bin dng ct bc nht. Bit cc kch thc ca tm l
4004002 (mm). Vt liu tm l thp c mun n hi E=200gPa v
h s Poatxng =0,3; lc tp trung P=500N.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
221
z
P
7
3
9
5
2
(b)
(a)
Hnh 11.5. (a). S ho tm vung chu un
(b). Li 4 phn t ca tm vung
Do kt cu i xng, nn ta s gii bi ton cho tm vung. Phn

din tch ny c chia thnh 4 phn t t gic bn nt, s nt nh
m t trn Hnh 11.5b.
y, ta ly tch phn s s 22 im Gauss i vi tch phn ma trn
cng un phn t v 11 im Gauss i vi tch phn ma trn
cng ct phn t. Theo s li PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t
nh sau:
Ti cc nt 1, 2 v 3: cc thnh phn x v w bng khng; ti cc nt 1,
4 v 7: cc thnh phn y v w bng khng; ti cc nt: 3, 6 v 9 c
thnh phn x bng khng; cn ti cc nt 7, 8 v 9: thnh phn y bng
khng.
Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 11- Vi du 11.1

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Mo ta bai toan:
% Tim bien dang (do vong) cua tam, su dung phan tu tu giac bac 1
% dang tham so voi ly thuyet chuyen vi cat bac nhat.
% Kich thuoc tam la 400x400 mm va do day 5 mm.
% Vat lieu tam bang thep, tai trong tap trung bang 500 N.
% (so do luoi phan tu mo ta tren hinh 11.5)
% Mo ta cac bien
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
222
% kb = ma tran do cung phan tu (thanh phan chuyen vi uon)

% ks = ma tran do cung phan tu (thanh phan chuyen vi cat)
% disp = vecto chuyen vi nut chung
% gcoord = toa do nut tong the
% nodes = ma tran dinh vi nut phan tu
% index = bang ghep noi phan tu
% pointb = ma tran toa do cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% weightb = ma tran trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% points = ma tran toa do cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% weights = ma tran trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% bcdof = vecto chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval = vecto gia tri chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc
% B_b = ma tran chuyen vi ung suat cua cac thanh phan bien dang
uon
% D_b = ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
% B_s = ma tran chuyen vi ung suat cua cac thanh phan bien dang
cat
% D_s = ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
%-----------------------------------% cac tham so dieu khien loi
%-----------------------------------clear
noe_x=2;
% tong so phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=2;
% tong so phan tu theo phuong x
noe=noe_x*noe_y;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=4;
ndof=3;
% so bac tu do o moi nut
nnode=(noe_x*2-1)*(noe_y*2-1); % tong so nut cua ca he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof=nnel*ndof;
E_module=200e3;
poisson=0.3;
% modul dan hoi (Mpa=N/mm^2)

% he so Poisson
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
223
len_x=400;
% kich thuoc theo phuong x cua tam (mm)
len_y=400;
% kich thuoc theo phuong y cua tam (mm)
t=5;
% chieu day tam (mm)
% tich phan so 2x2 diem Gauss voi tich phan ma tran do cung uon
nog_xb=2; nog_yb=2;
% so cac diem Gauss
nog_b=nog_xb*nog_yb;
% tich phan so 1x1 diem Gauss voi tich phan ma tran do cung cat
nog_xs=1; nog_ys=1;
% so cac diem Gauss
nog_s=nog_xs*nog_ys;
%--------------------------------------------% du lieu toa do nut: gcoord(i,j)
% voi i la chi so nut va j chi toa do x hay y
%--------------------------------------------len_x_elm = (len_x/2)/noe_x;
len_y_elm = (len_y/2)/noe_y;
for row_index=1:(noe_y*2-1)
for col_index=1:(noe_x*2-1)
gcoord((col_index+(row_index-1)*(noe_x*2-1)),1) = ...
gcoord((col_index+(row_index-1)*(noe_x*2-1)),2) = ...
end
end
%--------------------------------------------------------% du lieu ma tran dinh vi nut phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% voi i la chi so phan tu va j la chi so nut tong the
%--------------------------------------------------------nodes=[1 2 5 4; 2 3 6 5; 4 5 8 7; 5 6 9 8];
%------------------------------------% du lieu ve dieu kien bien
%------------------------------------bcdof=[1 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 12 16 20 21 23 25 26]; % cac bac tu do bi rang
buoc
bcval=zeros(1,15);
% gia tri cac bac tu do bi rang buoc = 0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
224
%---------------------------------------------% khoi tao cac vecto va cac ma tran

%---------------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
B_b=zeros(3,edof);
D_b=zeros(3,3);
B_s=zeros(2,edof);
D_s=zeros(2,2);
%---------------------------% xay dung vec to luc nut tong the
%---------------------------ff(15)=500;
% luc gay uon dat tai nut so 5
%----------------------------------------------------------------% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu
% va ghep noi phan tu
%----------------------------------------------------------------% voi do cung chong uon
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cua cac diem Gauss
[pointb,weightb]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xb,nog_yb);
% xac dinh ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
D_b=D_matrix_2D(1,E_module,poisson)*t^3/12;
%
% voi do cung chong cat
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cua cac diem Gauss
[points,weights]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xs,nog_ys);
G_module=0.5*E_module/(1.0+poisson);
% modul cat
shcof=5/6;
% he so hieu chinh cat
% xac dinh ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
D_s=G_module*shcof*t*[1 0; 0 1];
for iel=1:noe
% xet ti\ung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i);
% xac dinh chi so nut phan tu thu (iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % xac dinh toa do x cua nut phan tu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
225
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % xac dinh toa do y cua nut phan tu

end
k=zeros(edof,edof);
kb=zeros(edof,edof);
% khoi tao ma tran do cung uon phan tu
ks=zeros(edof,edof);
% khoi tao ma tran do cung cat phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------% tinh tich phan so cua ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang uon
%-----------------------------------------------------for intx=1:nog_xb
x=pointb(intx,1);
% toa do x diem Gauss
wtx=weightb(intx,1);
% trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong
x
for inty=1:nog_yb
y=pointb(inty,2);
% toa do y diem Gauss
wty=weightb(inty,2) ;
y
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham ham dang tai cac diem Gauss
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord); % tinh ma tran
Jacobian
% nghich dao ma tran Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he truc vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran bien dang chuyen vi cac thanh phan uon
B_b=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu uon
kb=kb+B_b'*D_b*B_b*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end
% ket thuc doan CT tinh tich phan so
%-----------------------------------------------------% tinh tich phan so cua ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang cat
%------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
226
for intx=1:nog_xs
x=points(intx,1);
% toa do x diem Gauss
wtx=weights(intx,1);
% trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong x
for inty=1:nog_ys
y=points(inty,2);
% toa do y diem Gauss
wty=weights(inty,2) ;
y
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham ham dang tai cac diem Gauss
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord); % tinh ma tran
Jacobian
% nghich dao ma tran Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he truc vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran bien dang chuyen vi cac thanh phan cat
B_s=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
%---------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu cat
%---------------------------------------ks=ks+B_s'*D_s*B_s*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end
% ket thuc doan CT tinh tich phan so
%-------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
%-------------------------------k=kb+ks;
% xac dinh bang ghep boi phan tu
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi phan tu
end
%----------------------------% ap dat cac dieu kien bien
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
227
%---------------------------disp=kk\ff;
num=1:1:sdof;
% in ket qua
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
228
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_b]=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang cua cac thanh phan bien
dang uon
% theo ly thuyet chuyen vi bac nhat co ke den bien dang cat
% Cu phap:
% [B_b]=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
% Mo ta ca cac bien
% nnel - so nut cua phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*3+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
B_b(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_b(2,i2)=dhdy(i);
B_b(3,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_b(3,i2)=dhdx(i);
B_b(3,i3)=0;
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_s]=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang cua cac thanh phan bien
dang cat
% theo ly thuyet chuyen vi bac nhat co ke den bien dang cat
% Cu phap:
% [B_s]=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel - so nut cua phan tu
% shape ham dang
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
229
i1=(i-1)*3+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
B_s(1,i1)=-shape(i);
B_s(1,i3)=dhdx(i);
B_s(2,i2)=-shape(i);
B_s(2,i3)=dhdy(i);
end
Kt qu s
displace =
Chuyn v nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Gi tr
0
0
0
0
0.0054
0
0
0.0064
0
0.0054
0
0
0.0026
0.0026
0.4032
0
0.0043
0.5345
0.0064
0
0
0.0043
0
0.5345
0
0
0.7490
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
230
7. BI TP
11.1. Mt kt cu tm bng hp kim nhm, c mun n hi E

= 75gPa v h s Poisson = 0,3. Tm c kch thc 500100mm v
chiu dy h = 5mm; chu lin kt ta bn l trn 2 cnh i din v chu
ti trng phn b u, cng p= 0,5 N/mm trn sut chiu rng v
nm gia chiu di ca n nh trn Hnh 11.7.1. Xc nh vng
cc i ca kt cu bng phng php phn t hu hn. So snh vi kt
qu gii tch theo l thuyt dm: vng ca dm chu un (c k n
c nh hng ca lc ct)
hL3
hL
48 EJ 4GS *
Trong : G l modul n hi trt ; S* l tit din chu ct thc t:
5
S* S .
6
Gi : c th dng m hnh dm hoc m hnh tm (chu c ko nn v
un), v ch tnh i xng ca kt cu.
w
y
b=100mm
h=5mm
x
L =500mm
Hnh 11.7.1. S ho tm ch nht chu un

11.2. Cho kt cu nh bi tp 11.1, hy tnh vng cc i
ca kt cu khi chu ti trng phn v u trn ton b b mt tm, vi
cng p= 0,1 N/mm2.
11.3. Hy gii bi ton vi kt cu v ti trng nh bi tp
11.2, nhng thay lin kt ta bn l trn hai cnh bng lin kt ngm
trn c hai cnh ny.
11.4. Mt a trn bn knh 0,2m, chiu dy 10mm b ngm
cht trn bin nh Hnh 11.7.2a, mun n hi E = 200 gPa, h s
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
231
Poisson = 0,3 chu lc tp trung ti tm a c cng p = 2 kN.

Hy xc nh vng ln nht ca tm theo s li ca tm nh
Hnh 11.7.2c; gii bng tay v xy dng chng trnh tnh.
11.5. Hy thc hin bi ton vi kt cu v yu cu tnh ton
nh bi 11.4, nhng thay lc tp trung bng lc phn b u trn ton
b mt tm vi cng p = 1N/mm2 nh Hnh 11.7.2b.
P
(a)
p
(b)
(c)
Hnh 11.7.2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
232
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
233
Chng 12
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON VT LIU, KT CU COMPOSITE
1. GII THIU
Vt liu composite l vt liu c t hp t hai pha: pha lin tc

v pha gin on. Pha gin on gi l ct, pha lin tc gi l nn. Ct
c chc nng chu lc, nn lm chc nng lin kt, bo v v truyn ti
trng cho ct.
Ct thng c s dng di dng si: si ccbon, si thu tinh,
si kevlar, si gm, v.v.
Nn thng s dng l nha: nha epoxy, nha polyeste v.v.
Vt liu composite ct si/nn nha c nhiu u im ni tri so
vi cc vt liu ng hng truyn thng: nh, bn ring, mun
n hi ring cao, bn mi cao, v.v. Do n ngy cng c ng
dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip: trong cng nghip hng
khng dng cc kt cu khung, dm v tm v; trong hng hi nh
ng dng lm v tu, thuyn; trong ngnh giao thng vn ti; trong
ngnh cng nghip xy dng dn dng v c bit trong nhiu lnh vc
ca cuc sng.
Trong k thut, kt cu bng vt liu composite thng c ng
dng di dng tm hoc v nhiu lp, vic tnh ton cc loi vt liu
v kt cu lp ny rt quan trng, n s gip chng ta hiu r hn cc
qui lut ng x c hc tin n ti u vt liu cng nh cc kt cu
nghin cu.
2. PHN LOI VT LIU COMPOSITE
Trong k thut, ta thng gp cc loi vt liu composite sau:

- (1): Composite ct ht hoc bt; (2): Composite ng phng, khi
ct (si) c phn b theo mt phng no , (3): Composite
"mat", khi si c cht vn v phn b ngu nhin trong mt mt
phng.
- Composite lp vung, khi mt (hoc nhiu) lp theo phng 00
c km mt hoc (nhiu) lp theo phng 900.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
234
Composite ct vi, khi ct l nhng tm vi gm nhng si dc an

vi nhng si ngang.
Trn phng din c hc, cc loi vt liu composite trn c xp
vo 3 nhm chnh:
- Composite ng hng: Si vn phn b ngu nhin theo c ba
phng x, y v z.
- Composite ng hng ngang: composite gm nhiu lp mat hoc
composite nhiu lp si ng phng;
- Composite trc hng: composite gm nhiu lp ng phng xp
vung gc hoc composite nhiu lp ct vi, v.v.
Hnh 12.1 m t mt s lp vt liu composite thng dng
Lp mat
(a)
Nn nha
(b)
Lp si ng phng
(c)
Lp si trc hng
Hnh 12.1. Lp vt liu composite
Khi phng ca ct (si) trng hoc vung gc vi phng ca

trc qui chiu hay phng ti trng tc dng ( = 00 hoc 900 ) ta c
composite ng trc; khi phng si khng trng hoc khng vung
gc vi phng ca trc qui chiu hay phng ti trng tc dng (
00 hoc 900) ta c composite lch trc.
Nh vy s c khi nim composite ng hng ngang ng trc
v lch trc; composite trc hng ng trc v lch trc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
235
3. M T PTHH BI TON TRONG TRNG THI NG SUT

PHNG
xy dng m hnh tnh ton vt liu v kt cu composite bng

phng php PTHH, ta coi vt liu l ng nht v d hng (thng
gp l trc hng hoc ng hng ngang).
Nh gii thiu trong cc chng trc, trong qu trnh tnh ton
kt cu ta cn phi xy dng cc h thc sau:
1.
Quan h gia chuyn v u vi chuyn v nt q ca phn t:
u = Nq
(12.1)
trong N l cc hm dng, c xc nh c th tu thuc vo phn
t c s dng (xem chng 6, 7, 8, v.v)
2.
Quan h gia bin dng vi cc chuyn v nt:
= Bq
(12.2)
trong B l ma trn lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v, l hm ca
cc to nt ca cc phn t.
3.
Quan h n hi tuyn tnh gia ng sut vi bin dng:
= D
(12.3)
trong D l ma trn n hi ph thuc qui lut ng x ca vt liu.
R rng, ta cn phi bit qui lut ng x ca mt vt liu
composite cn tnh ton, c ngha l phi bit ma trn D. Di y ta s
lm quen vi ma trn D ca lp composite trc hng v ng hng
ngang chu trng thi ng sut phng.
3.1.
Ma trn D i vi trng thi ng sut phng
Lp composite trc hng v ng hng ngang ng trc
Trong trng thi ng sut phng, quan h gia ng sut v bin

dng ca hai loi vt liu trn c cng mt dng:
1 Q11

2 Q12
0
12
Q12
Q12
0
0 1

0 2
Q66 12
(12.4)
Hoc di dng c ng:
=D
(12.5)
trong :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
236
Q11
D Q12
0
Q12
Q12
0
0
0
Q66
(12.6)
vi
Q11
E1
21 E1
; Q12
1 12 21
1 12 21
(12.7)
E2
Q22
; Q66 G12
1 12 21
y, E1, E2, 12 v G12 l bn mun k thut c lp ca lp vt liu
composite.
Lp composite trc hng v ng hng ngang lch trc
Ta thng gp lp composite lch trc nh Hnh 12.2

z3
z3
y
x
Hnh 12.2. Lp composite lch trc
Chng ta cn phi bit quan h ng sut-bin dng khi h trc

chnh (1, 2) ca lp vt liu khng trng vi h qui chiu (x, y).
Quay tenx ng sut t h trc (1, 2) n h trc (x, y), ta s c:
x cos 2

2
y sin
sin cos
xy
sin 2
2
cos
sin cos
2 sin cos 1

2 sin cos 2
cos 2 sin 2 12
(12.8)
Quay tenx bin dng t h trc (x,y) n h trc (1,2), ta s c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
237
2
1 cos

2
2 sin
2 sin cos
12
sin 2
2
cos
2 sin cos
sin cos x

sin cos y
cos2 sin 2 xy
(12.9)
T cc h thc (12.4), (12.7) v (12.8), ta tm c quan h gia ng

sut v bin dng trong h trc (x, y) nh sau:
x Q'11

y Q '12
Q '
xy 16
Q'12
Q'12
Q ' 26
Q '16 x

Q' 26 y
Q' 66 xy
(12.10)
Hoc di dng c ng:
=D
(12.11)
trong
Q'11
D Q '12
Q '16
Q '12
Q '12
Q' 26
Q'16
Q' 26
Q '66
(12.12)
vi:
Q '11 Q11 cos 4 Q22 sin 4 2Q12 2Q66 cos 2 sin 2
Q '12 Q12 cos 4 sin 4 Q11 Q22 cos 2 sin 2

Q '16 Q11 Q12 2Q66 cos 3 sin Q12 Q22 2Q66 cos sin 3
Q '22 Q11 sin 4 Q22 cos 4 2Q12 2Q66 cos 2 sin 2
Q '26 Q11 Q12 2Q66 cos sin 3 Q12 Q22 2Q66 cos 3 sin
Q '66 Q66 cos 4 sin 4 Q11 Q22 2Q12 Q66 cos 2 sin 2
3.2.
V d
Xt lp composite ng phng cacbon/epoxy c chiu dy 9,15

mm, chu lc nh Hnh 12.3. Bit p = 1750N/m ; E1=213740 mPa, E2
= 18616 mPa, 12=0,28, G12 = 5170 mPa; a = 3000 mm, b = 4000
mm. Hy xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
238
t
2
p
a
(a)
2
(b)
Hnh 12.3. Tm vt liu composite lp n, chu ko

Li gii
1. M hnh tnh
M hnh 2 phn t tam gic ba nt, mi nt c hai bc t do c
m t nh Hnh 12.3b
2. Bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
Phn t
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
8
3. Tnh ma trn cng ca mi phn t

Ma trn cng ca mi phn t c tnh theo cng thc:
k e tABT DB
trong t = 9,15 mm, l dy phn t
A = 6106 mm2 l din tch phn t
B c xc nh theo cng thc (6.31) - Chng 6:
y 23
1
B
0
det J
x32
0
x32
y31
0
0
x13
y12
0
y 23
x13
y31
x21
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
0
x21
y12
239
D c xc nh theo cng thc (12.12).

4. Tnh ma trn cng chung K
Ma trn K s c kch thc 88. Vi iu kin bin:
Q1 =Q2 = Q7 = Q8 =0
ta loi dng v ct 1, 2, 7, v 8. Khi y K ch cn:
1
K 33
1
K
K 43
1
K 53
1
K 63
1
K 34
1
K 44
1
K 35
1
K 45
1
K 54
1
K 55
K 332
1
K 64
1
K 65
K 432
1
K 36
1
K 46
1
K 56
K 342
1
K 66
K 442
5. Tnh lc qui i v nt
p dng cng thc (6.47) - Chng 6, ta c:
3500
0
F
N
3500
0
6. H phng trnh PTHH
Vi iu kin bin trn, ta thit lp c h phng trnh PTHH nh
sau:
162,7 63 28,3 25,2 Q3 3500
63
126
37,8 75,6 Q4 0
10 3

28,3 37,8 162,7

0 Q5 3500
0
126 Q6 0
25,2 75,6
Gii h phng trnh ta tm c cc chuyn v ti nt 2 v 3 tc l ti

im A v B ca tm:
Q3 273,5 10 4
Q
4
4 42,32 10
mm

4
Q
270
,
51
10
5

Q6 40,106 10 4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
240
4. BI TON UN TM COMPOSITE LP THEO L THUYT

MINDLIN
4.1.
M hnh ha vt liu composite nhiu lp theo l thuyt

Mindlin
Trong tnh ton k thut cc kt cu composite dng tm - v,

ngi ta phi da trn mt gi thit v trng chuyn v trong tm hay
cn gi l l thuyt tm; v l thuyt tm c vai tr quyt nh n
chnh xc ca li gii. Trc ht, ta xy dng mt s h thc c hc
cho vt liu composite lp theo l thuyt tm Mindlin.
Gi thit vt liu composite gm n lp nh Hnh 12.4, cc lp
c nh s theo th t t di ln trn. Mt phng trung bnh l mt
phng Oxy. Lp th k c xc nh bi chiu cao hk-1 v hk.
z
y
hk
hk-1
Lp th k
x
Hnh 12.4. S ha vt liu composite lp
a.
Trng chuyn v
Cc thnh phn chuyn v u, v, w ca tm c biu din bi:

u ( x, y, z ) u 0 ( x, y ) z x ( x, y )
v( x, y, z ) v 0 ( x, y ) z y ( x, y )
(12.13)
w( x, y, z ) w 0 ( x, y )
Trng chuyn v Mindlin ph thuc vo 5 hm s c lp: u0, v0, w0,
x v y. Trong : u0, v0 v w0 l cc chuyn v ca mt trung bnh;
x, y l cc chuyn v gc quanh cc trc y v x tng ng.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
241
b.
Trng bin dng
Trng bin dng c xc nh t trng chuyn v (12.13):
x u '0x z x ' x ; y v'0y z y ' y ; z 0
0
0
xy (u ' y v' x ) z ( x ' y y ' x )
0
0
xz w' x x ; yz w' y y
(12.14)
Tuy nhin, theo l thuyt Mindlin, cc bin dng ct xz , yz c

xem l hng s trong tt c cc lp vt liu v bng bin dng ca mt
trung bnh. Do , cc thnh phn bin dng ca mt im bt k thuc
tm s c biu din bi:
x x0 z x ; y y0 z y
(12.15)
xy xy0 z xy ; xz xz0 ; yz 0yz

trong
x0 u 0 , x ; y0 v 0 , y ; xy0 u 0 , y v 0 , x
(12.16)
x x , x ; y y , y ; xy x , y y , x
(12.17)
xz0 w0 , x x ; yz0 w0 , y y
(12.18)
tng ng l cc thnh phn bin dng mng, cong theo cc phng

x, phng y, bin dng xon kxy v cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang.
c.
Trng ng sut
Theo gi thit, ta b qua ng sut php theo phng z (z = 0), khi

y trng ng sut trong lp th k c biu din qua cc h s
cng Cij nh sau:
C11' C12' C16'

x
0
0 x

'
'
'
0
0 y
C12 C 22 C 26
y
'
xy C16' C 26
(12.19)
0
0 xy
C66'
0
0
0 C44' C 45' yz
0
yz
0
'
0
xz
0
0 C 45
C55' k xz k
k
C 'ij l cc hng s ca ma trn cng ca lp k trong h trc chung
(Oxyz), c xc nh nh sau:
C ' T1CT
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(12.20)
242
Vi T1 l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn bin i h c s ng sut

T :
cos 2
sin 2
2 sin cos
0
2
2
2 sin cos
cos
0
sin
1
2
2
T sin cos sin cos cos sin
0
0
0
0
cos
0
0
0
sin
sin
cos
0
0
0
(12.21)
v T l ma trn bin i h c s bin dng:

cos2
sin 2
sin cos
0
0
2
2
cos
sin cos
0
0
sin
T 2 sin cos 2sin cos cos2 sin 2
0
0
0
0
0
cos sin
0
0
0
sin cos
(12.22)
Cij l cc hng s cng ca lp vt liu, c xc nh theo cc

mun k thut bi biu thc:
1 23 32
12 32 13
13 12 23
C11
E2 E3
; C12
E1 E3
; C13
E1 E2
1 13 23
21 13
1 12 21
; C 23 23
; C33
E1 E3
E1 E2
E1 E2
C 44 G23 ; C55 G13 ; C 66 G12
C14 C15 C16 C24 C25 C26 C34 C35 C36 C45 C54 0
1 12 21 23 32 13 31 2 21 32 13
E1 E2 E3
C 22
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
243
d.
Cc thnh phn ni lc
Tch phn biu thc (12.19) theo chiu dy tm, nhm a bi ton
ba chiu v bi ton hai chiu, ta nhn c cc thnh phn ni lc nh
sau:
Lc mng, mmen un v mmen xon:
Nx
M N y
N
xy
M x n hk x

M y y 1 z dz
k 1 hk 1
M xy
xy
(12.23)
Cc thnh phn lc ct:

h
Q y n k yz
A
Q dz 44
Qx k 1 hk 1 xz
A45
A45 yz0

A55 xz0
(12.24)
vi:
n
Aij C 'ij (hk hk 1 ); i, j 4,5

k 1
(12.25)
Trong tnh ton, c cc thnh phn ng sut ct t chnh xc

cao so vi li gii ca l thuyt n hi, ngi ta phi s dng thm
cc h s hiu chnh ng sut ct. Mindlin xut hm hiu chnh
di dng:
2
5 z
f ( z ) 1

4 h / 2
(12.26)
Khi y, t (12.24) cc thnh phn lc ct s c tnh theo biu thc:
Q y A 44 yz0 A 45 xz0 ; Qx A 45 0yz A55 xz0
(12.27)
5 n
4
1
C 'ij k hk hk 1 (hk3 hk31 ) 2 ; i, j 4,5
4 k 1
3
h
(12.28)
trong :
Aij
Ch : Hm hiu chnh (hay h s hiu chnh) c chn tu theo vt

liu v ph thuc vo tc gi. Chng hn, Reissner chn h s bng 5/6
cho tm trc hng v ng nht.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
244
e.
Phng trnh ng x c hc ca tm nhiu lp.
Phng trnh quan h ca tm nhiu lp c vit di dng sau:

N x A11
N A
y 12
N xy A16

M x B11
M y B12

M xy B16
Q 0
y
Qx 0
A12
A16
B11
B12
B16
A22 A26
B12
B22
B26
A26
A66
B16
B26
B66
B12
B16
D11 D12
D16
B22 B26 D12 D22 D26
B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
A44
A45
A45
A55
x0
0
y
xy0

x

y
xy
0
yz0
xz
(12.29)
Hay c th vit di dng thu gn:

N A
M B

Q 0
B 0 m
D 0
0 A' 0
(12.30)
trong :
A =[Aij] (i, j =1, 2, 6) l ma trn cng mng; D l ma trn
cng un; B l ma trn tng tc mng-un-xon; A =[Aij] (i, j
=4, 5) l ma trn cng ct. Cc phn t ca chng c xc
nh theo cc biu thc:
n
Aij Qij' k (hk hk 1 )
(12.31a)
k 1
Bij
1 n '
Qij k (hk2 hk21 )
2 k 1
(12.31b)
Dij
1 n '
Qij k (hk3 hk31 )
3 k 1
(12.31c)
m x0 0y xy0 T
0
yz
l ma trn bin dng mng,
y xy T l ma trn cong ca tm chu un,

xz0 l ma trn bin dng ct ca mt trung bnh.
T
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
245
4.2.
M hnh ha PTHH bi ton tm composite lp chu un
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t t gic ng tham s, bn

nt nh gii bi ton un tm composite.
a.
Vct chuyn v nt phn t
Theo l thuyt chuyn v bc nht ca Mindlin trn y, ti mi

nt ca phn t s c 5 thnh phn chuyn v:
di u 0 i
v 0i
w0 i y i x i
(12.32)
Cc thnh phn chuyn v ny tng ng vi 5 bc t do ti mi nt:

qi qi
b.
qi 1
qi 2
qi 3
qi 4
(12.33)
Vct bin dng
Vct chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca phn t tm l:
d u0
v0
w0 y
(12.34)
Vct ny c xc nh nh php ni suy t cc chuyn v nt v cc

hm dng:
4
d Ni di
(12.35)
i 1
Trong (nhc li v phn t t gic bc nht ng tham s): cc hm

dng v o hm ca chng c biu din nh sau:
N
1
1 1
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
N ' 4 1 1 1 1
N ' 1 1 1 1 1
(12.36a)
(12.36b)
To hnh hc ca mt im bt k trong phn t cng c ni suy

t to cc im nt nh sau:
x = N1 x1 + N2 x2+ N3 x3+ N4 x4
y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3+ N4 x5
(12.37)
Quan h gia cc o hm ring trong cc h to thc v h to
quy chiu ca mt hm f bt k c biu din nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
246
f f x f y
x y
f f x f y
x y v
(12.38)
f
f

x
f J f

y

(12.39)
Hay
Vi J l ma trn Jacobian c xc nh bi:
J 11
J x
21
i 1
4
i 1
N i
xi ;
J 12
N i
N i
x
xi ; J 22
yi
i 1
i 1
(12.40)
N i
yi
Thay (12.36b) vo (12.40) ta c:

J 11
1
1 x1 1 1 x2 1 1 x3 1 1 x4
4
4
4
4
(12.41a)
J 12
1
1 y1 1 1 y 2 1 1 y3 1 1 y4
4
4
4
4
(12.41b)
J 21
1
1 x1 1 1 x2 1 1 x3 1 1 x4
4
4
4
4
(12.41c)
1
1 y1 1 1 y 2 1 1 y3 1 1 y4
4
4
4
4
V quan h ngc:
J 22
f
f

x
1
1
f J f

det J
y

J 22
J
21
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(12.41d)
f
J 12

J 11 f

(12.42)
247
Khi , trng bin dng c xc nh qua vct chuyn v di

dng:
m L1

L2 d
0 L
3
(12.43)
Trong : Li l cc ma trn ton t o hm c biu din nh sau:
0 0 0
0 0 00

;
L1 0
0 0 0 L2 0 0 0
0 0 0
y x 0 0 0
0 0
0 1
;
y
L3
0 0 x 1 0
0
x
0
y

y x
(12.44)
Gi a l vct chuyn v nt ca phn t:
aT
d1
d2
d3
d4
(12.45)
Khi , cc thnh phn bin dng c biu din qua vct chuyn v
nt phn t nh sau:
4
L d L N d
m
B1a
(12.46a)
B2 a
(12.46b)
L3 N i d i B3 a
(12.46c)
i 1
4
L d L N d
2
i 1
L q
0
4
i 1
Trong Bi c gi l cc ma trn bin dng-chuyn v v c xc

nh nh sau:
B1 L1 N1
L1 N 2
B2 L 2 N 1
L2 N2
L2 N3
L2 N4
(12.47b)
B3 L 3 N 1
L3 N2
L3 N3
L3 N 4
(12.47c)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
L1 N 3
L1 N 4
(12.47a)
248
c.
Ma trn cng ca phn t ca tm
Biu thc ca nng lng bin dng n hi l:
Ue
1 T
dV
2 V
(12.49)
Khai trin (12.49), vi ch z 0 ta c:

Ue
1
2 S
h
2
y y xy xy yz yz xz xz dzdS
(12.50)
Thay cc quan h ni lc ng sut (12.14) v (12.19) vo (12.50), ri

ly tch phn dc theo z ta s c biu thc nng lng bin dng n
hi nh sau:
0
0
1 x N x k x M x y N y k y M y
Ue 0
dS
2 S xy N xy k xy M xy yz0 Qyz xz0 Qxz
(12.51)
Thay biu thc (12.30) vo (12.51) ta c:

1 m A m m B k
Ue
2 Se k T B k T D k 0
m
dS
A ' 0
(12.52)
Thay cc biu thc (12.44a-c) vo (12.52) ta c:

T T
T T
T T
1 a B1 AB1a a B1 BB2 a a B2 BB1a
Ue T T
dS
2 Se a B2 DB2 a aT B3T A' B2 a
(12.53)
Cui cng, ta c th vit (12.53) di dng c ng sau:

Ue
1 T e
a k a
2
(12.54)
Trong k e c gi l ma trn cng phn t nh sau:

ke
T
1
AB1 B1T BB2 B2T BB1 B2T DB2 B3T A' B3 dS
(12.55)
Se
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
249
d.
Vct lc nt phn t
Cng do ti trng phn b p(x,y) tc dng vung gc vi b mt tm

c biu din bi biu thc:
p( x, y )w( x, y)dS a B p( x, y)dS

T
(12.56)
Se
Se
Vi phn t t gic bn nt, ma trn Bp c xc nh bi:
B p B p1
B p2
B p3
Bp4
(12.57)
vi:
1
1 1 0 0
4
(12.58a)
1 1 0 0
L p 2 0 0
4
(12.58b)
1
1 1 0 0
4
(12.58c)
1 1 0 0
L p 4 0 0
4
(12.58d)
L p1 0 0
L p 3 0 0
5. CHNG TRNH TNH TM COMPOSITE LP CHU UN
Xt tm composite lp ch nht vi lin kt bn l trn 4 cnh chu

un bi ti trng phn b u nh Hnh 12.5. Tm vng ca tm da
trn l thuyt tm Mindlin. Kch thc ca tm ch nht: a=254 mm,
b=508mm, h=12,7mm; cu hnh i xng, ng trc:(900/00/00/900); ti
trng phn b u trn ton b b mt tm: p=0,6895 N/mm2. C tnh
ca cc lp nh nhau: E1=144,8 gPa, E2=E3=9,65 gPa, G12=G13=4,14
gPa, G23=3,45 gPa; cc h s Poatxong : 12 13 23 0,3 .
y, vi ma trn cng un phn t, ta ly tch phn s 22
im Gauss; vi ma trn cng ct, ta ly tch phn s 1 im Gauss.
iu kin bin s c m t nh sau:
-
Ti cc nt nm trn cc cnh bin song song vi trc x: u, w v x

bng khng.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
250
Ti cc nt nm trn cc cnh bin song song vi trc y: v, w v y
bng khng.
p
y
x
h
(a)
x
22
21
16
11
13
9
17
12
23
14
10
6
6
1
1
18
13
2
2
15
11
7
25
24
19
14
9
3
3
16
12
8
20
15
10
4
4
b
(b)
Hnh 12.5. (a). S ho tm composite ch nht chu un
(b). Li 44 phn t trn tm ch nht
Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh chuong 12 Vi du 12.2 (P12_2)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
251
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Mo ta bai toan

% Tam composite, chiu lien ket tua ban le tren 4 canh; chiu tai trong
deu.
% Tim do vong cua tam, su dung phan tu tu giac bac nhat dang tham
so
% dua tren ly thuyet tam bac nhat Mindlin. (so do luoi nhu Hinh 12.5)
% Mo ta cac bien
% kb = ma tran do cung phan tu ung voi cac thanh phan uon
% ks = ma tran do cung phan tu ung voi cac thanh phan cat
% kk = ma trando cung tong the
% ff = vecto luc nut phan tu
% gcoord = toa do nut tong the
% nodes = bang dinh vi nut phan tu
% pointb = toa do cac diem Gauss cho tich phan so cac thanh phan
uon
% weightb = he so trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% points = toa do cac diem Gauss cho tich phan so cac thanh phan cat
% weights = he so trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% bcdof = cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc
% B_b = ma tran bien dang - chuyen vi doi voi cac bien dang uon
% D_b = ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
% B_s = ma tran bien dang - chuyen vi doi voi cac bien dang cat
% D_s = ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------%----------------------------------------% cac tham so dieu khien luoi
%-----------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
252
clear
noe_x=4;
% so luong phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=4;
% so luong phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*noe_y;
% tong so phan tu cua he
nnel=4;
% so luong nut cua phan tu
ndof=5;
% so bac tu do cua nut
nnode=(noe_x+1)*(noe_y+1);
sdof=nnode*ndof;
edof=nnel*ndof;
lop=254;
% kich thuoc (chieu dai) tam (mm)
ratio_b_a=2;
wop=lop*ratio_b_a;
% kich thuoc (chieu rong) tam (mm)
ratio_h_a=0.05;
nol_p=4;
% so lop vat lieu
top = lop*ratio_h_a;
% chieu day tam
aol_p=[0 90*pi/180 90*pi/180 0];
% cac goc dat cot (radial)
nog_xb=2; nog_yb=2;
% 2x2 diem Gauss-Legendre cho TP uon
nog_b=nog_xb*nog_yb; % tong so diem Gauss
nog_xs=1; nog_ys=1;
% 1x1 Gauss-Legendre cho TP cat
nog_s=nog_xs*nog_ys; % tong so diem Gauss
%-----------------------------------------% du lieu tinh chat cau vat lieu lop
%-----------------------------------------type_material=1;
% chon 1 trong cac loai vat lieu
switch (type_material)
case 1
emodule_1=175.0e3;
% modul dan hoi E_1 (N/mm^2)
emodule_2=emodule_1/25;
% modul dan hoi E_2
emodule_3=emodule_2;
% modul dan hoi E_3
gmodule_12=0.5*emodule_2; % modul dan hoi truot G_12
gmodule_13=gmodule_12;
% modul dan hoi truot G_13
gmodule_23=0.2*emodule_2; % modul dan hoi truot G_23
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
253
% He so Poisson
nuy_12 = 0.25; nuy_13 = 0.25; nuy_23 = 0.45;
case 2
emodule_1=144.8e3;
emodule_2=9.65e3;
gmodule_12=4.14e3;
gmodule_23=3.45e3;
nuy_12 = 0.3;
nuy_13 = 0.3;
nuy_23 = 0.49;
case 3
emodule_1=19.2*psi_Pa;
emodule_2=1.56*psi_Pa;
gmodule_12=0.82*psi_Pa;
gmodule_23=0.49*psi_Pa;
nuy_12 = 0.24;
nuy_13 = 0.24;
nuy_23 = 0.49;
end
%---------------------------% tai trong gay uon phan bo deu
%---------------------------p=13.8e-3;
% tai trong phan bo deu (N/mm^2)
%--------------------------------------------% du lieu toa do nut gcoord(i,j)
% trong do, i la chi so nut va j=1, chi toa do x va j=2 chi toa do y
%--------------------------------------------len_x_elm = lop/noe_x;
len_y_elm = wop/noe_y;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
254
for row_index=1:noe_y+1
for col_index=1:noe_x+1
gcoord(((row_index-1)*(noe_x+1)+col_index),1) =
gcoord(((row_index-1)*(noe_x+1)+col_index),2) =
end
end
%--------------------------------------------------------% Tinh do cao tam lop cua cac lop vat lieu
%--------------------------------------------------------z_p(1)= -top/2.0;
for k=1:nol_p
tol_p(k)=top/nol_p;
% do day cua cac lop deu nhau (mm)
z_p(k+1)=z_p(k)+tol_p(k);
end
%--------------------------------------------------------% du lieu cua mang chi so nut tong the cua moi phan tu
% nodes(i,j), trong do i la chi so phan tu, j la chi so nut
%--------------------------------------------------------% nodes=[1 2 5 4; 2 3 6 5; 4 5 8 7; 5 6 9 8]; % 4 phan tu 4 nut.
for row=1:noe_y
for col=1:noe_x
elm=(row-1)*noe_x+col;
nodes(elm,1)= (row-1)+elm;
nodes(elm,2)= nodes(elm,1)+1;
nodes(elm,4)= nodes(elm,1)+(noe_x+1);
nodes(elm,3)= nodes(elm,4)+1;
end
end
%-------------------------------------------% dieu kien bien
%--------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
255
i=1;
for node_indx=1:nnode
temp_n=(node_indx-1)*5;
% cac bien x=0 va x=a
if ((gcoord(node_indx,1)= =0)||(gcoord(node_indx,1)= =lop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+2; % v_i
i=i+1;
bcdof(i)=temp_n+3; % w_i
i=i+1;
bcdof(i)=temp_n+5; % teta_x_i
i=i+1;
end
% cac bien y=0 va y=b
if ((gcoord(node_indx,2)==0)||(gcoord(node_indx,2)==wop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+1; % u_i =0
i=i+1;
% tranh cap nhat cac nut goc
if ((gcoord(node_indx,1)~= 0)&&(gcoord(node_indx,1)~=lop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+3;
i=i+1;
end
bcdof(i)=temp_n+4;
i=i+1;
end
end
bcval=zeros(size(bcdof)); % gia tri cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc =
0
%---------------------------------------------% khoi tao cac vec to va ma tran
%---------------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
256
A=zeros(3,3);
% ma tran do cung mang
B=zeros(3,3);
% ma tran tuong tac mang-uon-xoan
D=zeros(3,3);
% ma tran do cung uon
A_t=zeros(2,2);
% ma tran do cung cat
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu, vecto luc nut va ghep noi phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% voi cac thanh phan gay uon
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cac diem gauss
[pointb,weightb]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xb,nog_yb);
% voi cac thanh phan gay cat
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cac diem gauss
[points,weights]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xs,nog_ys);
% tinh cac ma tran do cung vat lieu
[A, B, D, A_t]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p,
z_p);
for iel=1:noe
% xet tung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i);
% chi so tong nut the cua phan tu (iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do nut (phuong x)
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do nut (phuong y)
end
k=zeros(edof,edof);
f=zeros(edof,1);
kb=zeros(edof,edof);
ks=zeros(edof,edof);
%-----------------------------------------------------% tinh tich phan so cac thanh phan uon
%------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
257
for intx=1:nog_xb
x=pointb(intx,1);
% toa do diem Gauss (phuong x)
wtx=weightb(intx,1);
% trong so diem Gauss (phuong x)
for inty=1:nog_yb
y=pointb(inty,2);
% toa do diem Gauss (phuong y)
wty=weightb(inty,2) ;
% trong so diem Gauss (phuong y)
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% tinh ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
[B1, B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
B_p= Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape,edof);
%-------------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung ung voi thanh phan uon
%-------------------------------------------kb=kb+(B1'*A*B1+B1'*B*B2+B2'*B*B1+B2'*D*B2)
*wtx*wty*detjacob;
%-------------------------------------------% tinh vecto luc nut phan tu
%-------------------------------------------f=f+B_p'*wtx*wty*detjacob*p;
end
end
% ket thuc doan chuong trinh tich phan so
%-----------------------------------------------------% tinh tich phan so cac thanh phan cat
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
258
%-----------------------------------------------------for intx=1:nog_xs
x=points(intx,1);
wtx=weights(intx,1);
for inty=1:nog_ys
y=points(inty,2);
wty=weights(inty,2) ;
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% tinh ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_s=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
%---------------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung ung voi thanh phan cat
%---------------------------------------ks=ks+B_s'*A_t*B_s*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end
% ket thuc doan chuong trinh tich phan so
%-------------------------------% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
%-------------------------------k=kb+ks;
% xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cunng tong
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
259
the
ff=ff_build_2D(ff,f,index);
% ghep noi vecto luc nut tong the
end
%-----------------------------------% ap dat dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------------[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
%--------------------------------% giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%--------------------------------disp=kk\ff;
for node=1:nnode
displace(node)=disp((node-1)*5+3);
end
num=1:1:nnode;
Result=[num' displace']
% in ket qua
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
260
function [A, B, D,
A_t]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p, z_p)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cac ma tran do cung vat lieu composite lop
% Cu phap:
% [A, B, D]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
% gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
% nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Tinh toan cac ma tran do cung cua cac lop
nuy_21 = nuy_12*emodule_2/emodule_1;
temp_delta = 1-nuy_12*nuy_21;
U1=(emodule_1+emodule_2+2*nuy_12*emodule_2)/(8*temp_delta);
U2=(temp_delta*gmodule_12-nuy_12*emodule_2)/(2*temp_delta);
U3=(emodule_1-emodule_2)/(2*temp_delta);
U4=(emodule_1+emodule_2-2*nuy_12*emodule_24*temp_delta*gmodule_12)/(8*temp_delta);
for k=1:nol_p
% C(k,i,j): the k layer, i row, j column of hardness coefficient matrix
C(1,1,k)=3*U1+U2+U3*cos(2*aol_p(k))+U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(2,2,k)=3*U1+U2-U3*cos(2*aol_p(k))+U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(1,2,k)=U1-U2-U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(2,1,k)=C(1,2,k);
C(3,3,k)=U1+U2-U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(1,3,k)=0.5*U3*sin(2*aol_p(k))+U4*sin(4*aol_p(k));
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
261
C(3,1,k)=C(1,3,k);
C(2,3,k)=0.5*U3*sin(2*aol_p(k))-U4*sin(4*aol_p(k));
C(3,2,k)=C(2,3,k);
C(4,4,k)=cos(aol_p(k))*cos(aol_p(k))*gmodule_13 +
sin(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*gmodule_23;
C(5,5,k)=sin(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*gmodule_13 +
cos(aol_p(k))*cos(aol_p(k))*gmodule_23;
C(4,5,k)=cos(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*
(gmodule_13-gmodule_23);
C(5,4,k)=C(4,5,k);
end
for i=1:5
for j=1:5
Temp1(i,j)=0;
Temp2(i,j)=0;
Temp3(i,j)=0;
for k=1:nol_p
Temp1(i,j) = Temp1(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*(z_p(k+1)-z_p(k));
Temp2(i,j) = Temp2(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*((z_p(k+1)^2)-(z_p(k)^2))/2;
Temp3(i,j) = Temp3(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*((z_p(k+1)^3)-(z_p(k)^3))/3;
end
end
end
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
A(i,j) = Temp1(i,j);
B(i,j) = Temp2(i,j);
D(i,j) = Temp3(i,j);
end
end
for i=1:2
for j=1:2
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
262
A_t(i,j) = Temp1(i+3,j+3)*5.0/6.0;
% 5/6 He so hieu chinh
end
end
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------%-------------------------------------------------------------------------function [B1,B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cac ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
% cua cac thanh phan chuyen vi uon va do cong
% Cu phap:
% [B1, B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
% Mo ta cac bien:
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------for row =1:3
for col=1:nnel*5
B1(row,col)=0;
B2(row,col)=0;
end
end
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*5+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i1+3;
i4=i3+1;
B1(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B1(2,i2)=dhdy(i);
B1(3,i1)=dhdy(i);
B1(3,i2)=dhdx(i);
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
263
B2(1,i3)=dhdx(i);
B2(2,i4)=dhdy(i);
B2(3,i3)=dhdy(i);
B2(3,i4)=dhdx(i);
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_p]=Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape,edof)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh vecto dinh vi luc nut phan tu
% Cu phap:
% [B_p]=Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape, edof)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel so luong nut cua phan tu
% shape ham dang
% edof - so bac tu do cua phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------B_p=zeros(1,edof); % khoi tao vecto B_p
for i=1:nnel
ii=(i-1)*5+3;
B_p(1,ii)=shape(i);
end
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%-----------------------------------------------------------------------function [B_s]=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran quan he chuyen vi bien dang
% cua cac thanh phan bien dang cat
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
264
% Cu phap:
% [B_s]=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% shape - ham dang
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for row =1:2
for col=1:nnel*5
B_s(row,col)=0;
end
end
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*5+3;
i2=i1+2;
i3=i1+1;
B_s(1,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_s(1,i2)=shape(i);
B_s(2,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_s(2,i3)=shape(i);
end
Kt qu s
Result =
Nt s
1
2
3
4
5
vng (mm)
0
0
0
0
0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
265
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0
0.0210
0.0291
0.0210
0
0
0.0256
0.0361
0.0256
0
0
0.0210
0.0291
0.0210
0
0
0
0
0
0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
266
6. BI TP
12.1-12.3. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 cho bi ton cho

trong V d 12.2, nhng thay lin kt n trn 4 cnh ca tm bng cc
dng sau y:
a. Lin kt ngm (N) mt bin y = 0 (TTNT);
b. Lin kt ngm bin y = 0 v lin kt ta bn l (B) bin y = b
(TTNB);
c. Lin kt ngm ti 2 bin y = 0 v y =b (TTNN).
12.4-12.6. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 cho bi ton cho
trong V d 12.2, vi cc yu cu ca bi 12.1-12.3, nhng thay ti
trng phn b u trn b mt tm thnh ti trng phn b sin nh sau:
p p0 sin
x
y
sin
;
a
b
p0 1 N / mm
12.7. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 tnh ton vng ln

nht v cc thnh phn ng sut ti im ca tm hnh vung c cu
hnh lp vung xen lp (0o/90o/0o/90o/...), s cc cp lp (0o/90o) quy
c l n, ln lt l n=1, n=5 v n=10. Vt liu ca cc lp l nh
nhau, c c tnh l E1/E2 = 25 = 280 gPa, G12 = G13 = 0,5E2, G23 = 0,2
E2, 12=0,25. Xt bi ton vi cc iu kin bin khc nhau v chu ti
trng gy un phn b sin nh cho trong bi 12.3-12.6. Trong cc
trng hp tnh ton, cc cnh bin x = 0 v x = a chu lin kt n
(BB), hai cnh cn li s l (NN), (BB) v (TT). S dng phn t t
gic bc nht ng tham s v kho st bi ton vi cc mt li
khc nhau 33; 44; 66 v 88. Chiu dy cc lp c xc nh
trong tng trng hp c th, vi quy nh t l a/h = 100.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
267
Chng 13
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON NG LC HC KT CU
1. GII THIU
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta xt cc kt cu chu tc dng

ca ti trng tnh. Trong k thut, ta cn gp cc kt cu chu lc tc
dng tc thi ca lc hoc lc thay i theo thi gian, khi y khi
lng v gia tc ng vai tr quan trng.
Gi s mt kt cu b bin dng n hi, nu ta loi b lc tc
dng mt cch tc thi, khi y kt cu s dao ng xung quanh v tr
cn bng. Chuyn ng c chu k ny c gi l dao ng t do. S
chu k trong mt n v thi gian c gi l tn s; chuyn v ln
nht t v tr cn bng c gi l bin .
Di y ta xt bi ton dao ng t do khng c lc cn ca vt
(kt cu).
2. M T BI TON
Ngi ta nh ngha Lagrangean L l hiu ca ng nng T v th

nng ca vt (hay h) nh sau:
L=T-
(13.1)
Nguyn l Haminton
Trong mt khong thi gian bt k t t1 n t2, trng thi chuyn

ng ca vt s lm cc tr phim hm:
t2
I Ldt
(13.2)
t1
Biu din L theo cc bin m rng q1 , q2 , q n , q1 , q 2 , q n ; trong

qi
qi
. Khi , cc phng trnh chuyn ng s c vit di
t
dng:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
268
d L L
0; i 1, 2, , n
dt q i qi
(13.3)
minh ho, chng ta xt v d sau:

V d
Kho st h gm hai khi lng

tp trung m1, m2 ni vi nhau bi cc
l xo c cng k1 v k2 nh Hnh
13.1.
ng nng v th nng ca h c
xc nh bi:
k1
m1
x1 , x1
k2
1
1
2
2
m1 x1 m2 x 2
2
2
1
1
2
2
k1 x1 k 2 x 2 x1
2
2
T
m2
x2 , x 2
Hnh 13.1. H l xo-khi lng
p dng L = T - , ta thu c phng trnh chuyn ng
d L L
m1 x1 k1 x1 k 2 x2 x1 0
dt x1 x1
d L L
m2 x2 k 2 x2 x1 0
dt x 2 x2
Hoc di dng ma trn:
m1
0
0 x1 k1 k 2

m2 x2 k 2
k 2 x1 0

k 2 x 2 0
Hay di dng c ng hn:
MX KX 0
(13.4)
Trong M l ma trn ca cc khi lng ca cc phn t hu hn ca

h, K l ma trn cng, X l ma trn chuyn v, X l ma trn gia tc.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
269
3. VT RN C KHI LNG PHN B
Kho st mt vt rn vi khi lng phn b (Hnh 13.2).

V
w, w
dV
v, v
u , u
y
x
Hnh 13.2. Vt c khi lng phn b
Biu thc xc nh th nng trnh by trong (1.9) - Chng 1, cn
ng nng c xc nh bi:
1 T
u u dV
2 V
(13.5)
Trong l khi lng ring ca vt liu; u l vct vn tc ti im

x vi cc thnh phn u , v v w .
T
u u v w
(13.6)
Theo phng php PTHH, vt th c chia thnh cc phn t; trong

mi phn t, ta biu din chuyn v u theo cc chuyn v nt q nh cc
hm dng N:
u=Nq
(13.7)
Trong cc bi ton ng lc hc, cc thnh phn chuyn v q ph thuc
vo thi gian. V vy, vct vn tc c xc nh bi:
u Nq
(13.8)
Thay (13.8) vo (13.5) ta thu c ng nng ca phn t:
1 T
q N T N dV q
2 e
(13.9)
Biu thc trong ngoc c gi l ma trn khi lng ca phn t:

m e N T N dV
(13.10)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
270
ng nng ca c vt (h) c xc nh bi:
1
1
T Te q T m e q Q T M Q
2
e
e 2
(13.11)
Mt khc, th nng ca vt (h) c xc nh bi:

1
Q T KQ Q T F
2
p dng h thc (13.3), ta thu c phng trnh chuyn ng
KQ F
MQ
(13.12)
(13.13)
Trong M l ma trn khi lng ca cc phn t hu hn ca h do

cc khi lng phn b qui i ra.
Trong trng hp vt dao ng t do, F = 0, do :
KQ 0
MQ
(13.14)
Khi dao ng t do, tt c cc im ca h dao ng cng pha, v vy
ta c th vit:
Q = U sin t
(13.15)
trong U l vct dao ng nt v (rad/s) l tn s gc.

Th phng trnh (13.15) vo (13.14), ta c:
KU = 2 M U
(13.16)
y l bi ton tr ring tng qut. Ta cng c th vit (13.16) di
dng:
KU = M U
(13.17)
y, U l vct ring, biu th dng dao ng ng vi tr ring . Tr

ring l bnh phng ca tn s gc , cn tn s f = /2 c o
bng Hz (s chu k/giy). Mi gi tr tn s ng vi mt dng dao
ng c th. C nhiu phng php gii h phng trnh (13.17) tm
cc tr ring v dng dao ng ca h (xem thm gio trnh phng
php tnh).
Trong thc hnh, ngi ta hay dng cc chng trnh gii bi ton
tr ring.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
271
4. MA TRN KHI LNG CA PHN T C KHI LNG

PHN B
Xt mt vt liu c khi lng ring bng hng s. T cng thc

(13.10) ta c:
m e N T N dV
(13.18)
4.1.
Phn t mt chiu
Vi phn t mt chiu nh m t trong Hnh 13.3.

dV=Adx
q1
q2
le
Hnh 13. 3. Phn t 1 chiu

Ta c:
T
q q1
N N 1
q2
1
N2
2
1
2
(13.19)
Khi :
m e N T N Ae dx
e
4.2.
Ae le 1 T
A l 2 1
N Nd e e
2 1
6 1 2
(13.20)
Phn t trong h thanh phng
Phn t gin, nh m t trong Hnh 13.4.

q4
q3
v
u
q2
1
q1
Hnh 13.4. Phn t gin
Ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
272
u u v ; q q1
T
q2
q4
q3
(13.21)
0 N2 0
N
N 1
0 N1 0 N 2
Trong N1, N2 cng c xc nh theo (13.19)
Tng t nh trn, ma trn khi lng ca phn t gin cng c xc

nh theo biu thc:
2
Ae le 0
e
m
6 1
4.3.
0 1 0
2 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 2
(13.22)
Phn t tam gic
q6
Vi phn t hu hn tam gic bin

dng hng s, Hnh 13.5.
ta c:
u u v ;
q2
q3
q4
q5
q6
0 N2 0 N3
N
N 1
0 N1 0 N 2 0
N1 1 ; N1 ; N 3
q2
y
0
N 3
q3
q1
1
x
Ch rng:
1
2
e N1 dA 6 Ae ;
q4
q q1
q5
Hnh 13.5. Phn t tam gic phng

1
e N1 N 2 dA 12 Ae ;
Khi , ma trn khi lng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

2
0
1
A
t
me e e
12 0
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
(13.23)
273
4.4.
Phn t tam gic i xng trc
Vi phn t tam gic i xng trc, ta c

u u
Trong u v w l cc chuyn v hng knh v hng trc. Vct q

v N c xc nh tng t nh trng hp phn t tam gic trn.
Khi y:
m e N T N dV N T N 2r dA
e
(13.24)
V: r = N1r1 + N2r2 + N3r3, do :

m e 2 N1r1 N 2 r2 N 3 r3 N T N dA
e
Ch
3
1
dA
Ae
;
10
2
1
N 2 dA
Ae
;
30
N N
1
N 3dA
Ae
;
60
Cui cng ta c
4
3 r1 2r
2r r3
A
e
3
me
10 0
2r r2
2r
r3
3
2r
0
r3
3
r2
3
4
r1 2r
3
4
r2 2r
3
4
r2 2r
3
4
r3 2r
3
2r
r3
3
2r
0
2r
r2
3
2r
r1
3
2r
0
2r
r1
3
r1
3
r2
2r
3
0
r
2r 1
3
0
4
r3 2r
3
(13.25)
Trong :
r
r1 r2 r3
3
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
(13.26)
274
4.5.
Phn t t gic
Vi phn t t gic trng thi ng sut v bin dng phng:

u u v ; q q1
T
N
N 1
0
N2
0
0
N1
q2
0
N2
q3
q4
q5
N3
0
0
N3
N4
0
q6
q7
q8
(13.27)
0
N 4
Ma trn khi lng c xc nh bi:

1 1
e
m t e N T N det J d d
(13.28)
1 1
tnh c ma trn khi lng trn, ta s p dng cng thc tch

phn s (xem Chng 8)
4.6.
Phn t dm
Vi phn t dm Hermite, Hnh 13.6, ta c:

v = Hq
(13.29)
q1
q3
le
q2
q4
Hnh 13.6. Phn t dm

1
Khi y: m e H T HAe
1
le
d , sau khi ly tch phn, ta c:
2
156
Ae le 22le
e
m
420 54
13le
22le
54
4le
13le
13le
156
3le
22le
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
13le
3le
22le
4l e
(13.30)
275
4.7.
Phn t khung
Trong h to a phng (x', y'), ma trn khi lng ca phn t

c xem nh mt t hp ca ma trn khi lng ca phn t thanh v
phn t dm. Khi y, ma trn khi lng c xc nh bi:
0
0
0
0
a
2a
2
0
156b 22le b 0
54b
13le b
2
2
2
0
22
4
0
13
3
l
b
l
b
l
b
l
b
e
e
e
e
me '
0
0
2a
0
0
a
0
54b
13le b
0
156b
22le b
2
2
0 13le b 3le b 0 22le b 4le b
(13.31)
vi k hiu:
Ae le
A l
;b e e
6
420
p dng ma trn chuyn v L gii thiu trong Chng 9, ta s
xc nh c ma trn khi lng me ca phn t khung trong h to
chung bi:
a
me LT m e ' L
(13.32)
5. V D
Cho mt dm ngm hai u (Hnh 13.7), chiu di 2, khi lng

ring , mt ct ngang trn, din tch A. Dm chu dao ng un t do.
Hy xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring.
A
1
1
l1=l
2
2
l2=l
Hnh 13.7
Li gii
Chia dm ra hai phn t c chiu di bng nhau. T ma trn

cng ca phn t chu un (xem Chng 9), ta xc nh c ma trn
cng chung K; ch n iu kin bin s c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
276
24 0
0 8l 2
p dng cng thc (13.31), ta xc nh c ma trn khi lng ca

cc phn t, t suy ra ma trn khi lng chung M; ch n iu
kin bin s c:
K
EJ
l3
Al 312 0
420 0 8l 2
Cui cng ta thit lp c phng trnh
M
EJ
l3
0 U 3
24 0 U 3
2 Al 312
0 8l 2 U 420 0 8l 2 U
do tnh i xng, ta suy ra ngay:

2
1 32,31
EJ
EJ
2
; 2 420
4
Al
Al 4
Nu chia dm ra nhiu phn t, ta s tnh c cc gi tr tn s gc

chnh xc hn.
6. CHNG TRNH TNH TN S DAO NG T DO CA DM V
KHUNG
6.1. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm
Tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm cng xn nh Hnh 13.8. Dm

c chiu di 1m, tit din mt ct ngang 2020 mm; khi lng ring
vt liu dm l 1000Kg/m3; mul n hi ko l 100 gPa, mul n
hi trt ca vt liu dm l 40 gPa. y, ta s minh ho bng
chng trnh Matlab, vi s phn t l 4. Trong chng trnh ny,
chng ta s dng hm = eig(K,M) l mt cng c sn c ca Matlab,
cho php tnh nghim ring ca phng trnh KU = MU. y, U l
vct ring, biu th dng dao ng ng vi tr ring . Tr ring l
bnh phng ca tn s gc , cn tn s f = /2 c o bng Hz (s
chu k/giy). Mi gi tr tn s ng vi mt dng dao ng c th.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
277
A-A
1
1
2
2
3
3
1m
A-A
4
5
0,02
Hnh 13.8. M hnh dm dao ng un t do

Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 13- Vi du 13.1 (P13_1)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% tinh tan so dao dong tu do cua dam, su dung phan tu dam voi 1 bac
tu do
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tinh tan so dao dong tu do cua dam cong xon, su dung 4 phan tu.
% dam co chieu dai 1 m, kich thuoc mat cat ngang 0.02 x0.02 (m)
% va trong luong rieng la 1000 Kg/m^3.
% mo dul dan hoi E = 100 GPa va mo dul dan hoi truot la 40 GPa
% Mo ta cac bien
% m = ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% mm = ma tran khoi luong tong the
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do bi rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clear
noe=4;
% tong so phan tu
nnel=2;
ndof=3;
edof = nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua phan tu
nnode=noe+1;
sdof=nnode*ndof; % so bac tu do cua he
e_module=100*10^9; % modul dan hoi
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
278
g_module=40*10^9;
% modul dan hoi truot
tleng=1;
% chieu dai dam
leng=tleng/noe;
% chieu dai cac phan tu (deu nhau)
h=0.02;
% chieu cao mat cat dam
b=0.02;
% chieu rong mt cat dam
rho=1000;
% trong luong rieng vat lieu dam
bcdof(1)=1;
% bac tu do thu 1 tai nut 1 bi rang buoc theo dieu kien
bien
bcdof(2)=2;
bien
bcdof(3)=3;
bien
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung tong the
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof); % khoi tao ma tran khoi luong tong the
index=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao bang ghep noi
for iel=1:noe
% xet tuing phan tu trong he
% xay dung bang ghep noi
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
[k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho);
% ghep noi ma tran do cung
% ghep noi ma tran khoi luong
mm=kk_build_2D(mm,m,index);
end
%---------------------------------% ap dat dieu kien bien
%---------------------------------[kn,mn]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof);
fsol=eig(kn,mn); % giai he phuong trinh tri rieng va in ket qua
fsol=sqrt(fsol)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
279
function [k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho)
%-------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% Xac dinh ma tran do cung va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% cua phan tu dam, voi cac chuyen vi nut chi la chuyen vi dai
% vecto chuyen vi phan tu: {u_1_b u_1_t v_1 u_2_b u_2_t v_2}
% Cu phap:
% [k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% m ma tran khoi luong phan tu (kich thuoc 6x6)
% e_module modul dan hoi
% g_module modul cat
% h, b chieu cao va chieu rong mat cat ngang cua dam
% rho trong luong rieng vat lieu dam
%--------------------------------------------------------------% ma tran do cung
a1=(g_module*leng*b)/(4*h);
a2=(g_module*h*b)/leng;
a3=(e_module*h*b)/(6*leng);
a4=g_module*b/2;
k= [ a1+2*a3 -a1+a3 a4 a1-2*a3 -a1-a3 -a4;...
-a1+a3
a1+2*a3 -a4 -a1-a3
a1-2*a3 a4;...
a4
-a4
a2 a4
-a4
-a2;...
a1-2*a3 -a1-a3 a4 a1+2*a3 -a1+a3 -a4;...
-a1-a3
a1-2*a3 -a4 -a1+a3
a1+2*a3 a4;...
-a4
a4
-a2 -a4
a4
a2];
% ma tran khoi luong
m=zeros(6,6);
mass=rho*h*b*leng/4;
m=mass*diag([1 1 2 1 1 2]);
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
280
function [kk,mm]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof)
%---------------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% Ap dat cac dieu kien bien len he phuong trinh tri rieng
% [kk]{x}=lamda[mm]{x}
% Cu phap:
% [kk,mm]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung tong the truoc khi ap dat dieu kien bien
% mm - ma tran khoi luong tong the truoc khi ap dat dieu kien bien
% bcdof vecto cac bac tu do chiu rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%--------------------------------------------------------------------n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
kk(j,c)=0;
mm(c,j)=0;
mm(j,c)=0;
end
mm(c,c)=1;
end
Kt qu s
fsol =
Mode
1
2
3
Tn s (Hz)
200
1260
4040
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
281
6.2. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung

V d 13.2.
Tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung cng xn nh Hnh 13.9.

Tit din mt ct ngang 1010 mm; khi lng ring vt liu khung l
1000Kg/m3; mun n hi ko nn vt liu khung l 100gPa. y ta
s xy dng chng trnh tnh vi li gm 10 phn t c kch thc
u nhau, c m t nh Hnh 13.9.
y
1m
6
8
10 10 11
A-A
4
1m
3
A-A
0.01m
0,01
1
1
x
Hnh 13.9. Dao ng t do ca khung phng
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
282
Chng trnh ngun
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Chuong trinh so 2, chuong 13 Vi du 13.2 (P13_2)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------% Mo ta bai toan
% Tim tan so dao dong rieng cua khung hinh chu L duoc cau tao tu 2
thanh
% moi thanh co do dai 1 m. Ca 2 thanh co cung tiet dien ngang
0.01x0.01 m.
% Mo dul dan hoi E=100 gPa; khoi luong rieng vat lieu thanh 1000
Kg/m^3.
% Chuong trinh dung luoi 10 phan tu.
% Mo ta cac bien
% x va y = cac toa do nut toan cuc
% m = ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% mm = ma tran khoi luong tong the
% bcdof = vecto chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------clear
b=0.01;
% chieu rong mat cat thanh (mm)
h=0.01;
% chieu cao mat cat thanh (mm)
noe=10;
% so luong phan tu
nnel=2;
% so luong nut cua phan tu
ndof=3;
% so luong bac tu do cua moi nut
nnode=(nnel-1)*nel+1; % tong so nut trong he
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% toa do x, y cua cac nut trong he truc chung
x(1)=0; y(1)=0;
x(2)=0; y(2)=0.2;
x(3)=0; y(3)=0.4;
x(4)=0; y(4)=0.6;
x(5)=0; y(5)=0.8;
x(6)=0; y(6)=1;
x(7)=0.2; y(7)=1;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
283
x(8)=0.4; y(8)=1;
x(9)=0.6; y(9)=1;
x(10)=0.8; y(10)=1;
x(11)=1; y(11)=1;
e_module=100*10^9; % modul dan hoi
area=b*h;
% dien tich mat cat ngang
xi=(b*h^3)/12;
% momen quan tinh mat cat ngang
rho=1000;
% khoi luong rieng vat lieu khung
bcdof(1)=1;
% thanh phan u tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
bcdof(2)=2;
% thanh phan v tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
bcdof(3)=3;
% goc xoay tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof);
index=zeros(nel*ndof,1);
for iel=1:noe % xet tung phan tu
index=feeldof1(iel,nnel,ndof); % xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu
node1=iel;
% chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu 'iel'
node2=iel+1; % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 2 cua phan tu 'iel'
x1=x(node1); y1=y(node1); % toa do x, y cua nut thu 1
x2=x(node2); y2=y(node2); % toa do x, y cua nut thu 2
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % chieu dai phan tu 'iel'
if (x2-x1)==0; % tinh goc giua truc dia phuong x va truc chung X
beta=pi/2;
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
[k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,1);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
mm=kk_build_2D(mm,m,index); % ghep noi ma tran khoi luong tong
the
end
[kn,mn]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof); % ap dat dieu kien bien
fsol=eig(kn,mn); % giai he phuong trinh tri rieng
fsol=sqrt(fsol)
% in ket qua
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
284
%-------------------------------------------------------------function
[k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,ipt)
%-------------------------------------------------------------% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% cua phan tu khung 2 chieu
% voi vecto chuyen vi {u_1 v_1 theta_1 u_2 v_2 theta_2}
% Cu phap:
% [k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,ipt)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% m ma tran khoi luong phan tu (kich thuoc 6x6)
% e_module modul dan hoi
% xi mo men quan tinh cua mat cat ngang
% area dien tich mat cat ngang cua khung
% rho khoi luong rieng (kg/m^3)
% beta goc nghieng giua truc dia phuong x va truc chung X
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------% ma tran do cung trong he truc dia phuong
a=e_module*area/leng;
c=e_module*xi/(leng^3);
kl=[a 0
0
-a 0
0;...
0 12*c
6*leng*c
0 -12* c 6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c;...
-a 0
0
a 0
0;...
0 -12*c
-6*leng*c
0 12*c -6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c];
% ma tran quay (bien doi he toa do)
r=[ cos(beta) sin(beta) 0 0
0
0;...
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
285
-sin(beta) cos(beta) 0 0
0
0;...
0
0
1 0
0
0;...
0
0
0 cos(beta) sin(beta) 0;...
0
0
0 -sin(beta) cos(beta) 0;...
0
0
0 0
0
1];
% ma tran do cung phan tu tinh trong he truc chung
k=r'*kl*r;
% consistent mass matrix
mm=rho*area*leng/420;
ma=rho*area*leng/6;
ml=[2*ma 0
0
ma 0
0;...
0 156*mm
22*leng*mm 0 54*mm
-13*leng*mm;...
0 22*leng*mm 4*leng^2*mm 0 13*leng*mm
-3*leng^2*mm;...
ma 0
0
2*ma 0
0;...
0 54*mm
13*leng*mm 0 156*mm
-22*leng*mm;...
0 -13*leng*mm -3*leng^2*mm 0
-22*leng*mm 4*leng^2*mm];
% ma tran khoi luong trong he toa do chung
m=r'*ml*r;
Kt qu s
Mode
1
2
3
4
Tn s (Hz)
34
92
455
667
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
286
7. BI TP
13.1. Cho kt cu dm nh Hnh 13.7.1.

a. Hy xy dng ma trn cng tng th cho kt cu v ma trn
khi lng h;
b. Thc hin tnh ton bng tay, xc nh tn s dao ng t do nh
nht ca dm;
c. Pht trin chng trnh P13_1 thc hin theo cc yu cu
a v b trn y; v kim tra, so snh kt qu.
A1=1200 mm2
A2=900 mm2
x
300 mm
400 mm
Hnh 13.7.1
13.2. Pht trin chng trnh P13.1, xc nh cc tn s dao

ng t do ca kt cu dm nh Hnh 13.7.2. So snh kt qu khi tnh
hai trng hp: s dng li 2 phn t v li 4 phn t.
x
25 mm
75 mm
800 mm
Hnh 13.7.2
13.3. Bng cch tnh tay v pht trin chng trnh P13_1
xc nh hai tn s dao ng t do thp nht ca h thng trc thp
mang cc bnh rng (coi nh khi lng tp trung) nh ch ra trn Hnh
13.7.3. hai trng hp nh sau:
a. Coi c 3 bi nh cc gi n
b. Mi bi c coi l cc gi mm, cng l 45kN/mm.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
287
10 kN
5 kN
75mm
45mm
45mm
75mm
Hnh 11.7.3
13.4. Pht trin chng trnh P13_2 xc nh hai tn s dao
ng t do thp nht ca khung thp nh ch ra trn Hnh 13.7.4.
300
30
600
0,5
600
15
Khung thp
Mt ct ngang
Hnh 13.4
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
288
TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
Trn ch Thnh - Trn c Trung - Nguyn Vit Hng.

Phng php phn t hu hn trong k thut. i hc Bch Khoa
H Ni, 2000.
2. Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla Ashok D. Belegundu. Introduction
Finite Elements in Engineering. Third Edition.
3. Young W. Hwon - Hyochoong Bang. The Finite Element Method
Using MATLAB. Second Editor. CRC Press, 2000.
4. J. N. Reddy. An Introduction To The Finite Element Method.
Third Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005.
5. Klaus Jrgen Bathe. Finite Element Procedures. Prentice-Hall
of India, New Delhi, 2005.
6. K Chandrashekhara. Theory of Plates. Universities Press, 2001.
7. O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Method,
Fifth Edition. Volume 2, Solid Mechanics. Butterworth Heinemann,
2000.
8. O. C. Zienkiewicz and K. Morgan. Finite Element and
Approximation. New York: Wiley Iterscience, 1982.
9. Akin J. E. Finite Element for Analysis and Design. Academic
Press Limited, London, 1994.
10. Batoz J. L. Et Dhatt DG. Modlesation des structues par
lements finis.Vol. 1, 2, 3. Ed. Herms. Paris, 1995.
11. Dhatt G. Et Touzot G. Une prsentation de la mthode des
lements finis. Maloine S.A. Editeur, 1981.
12. Ochoa O. O, Readdy, J. N. Finite Element Analysis of Composite
Laminates. Klwer Academic Publisher, 1992.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com
289

Giao Trinh Phuong Phap Phan Tu Huu Han

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giao Trinh Phuong Phap Phan Tu Huu Han

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRN CH THNH NG NH KHOA

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

GS, TS Trn ch Thnh

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

Nhng kin thc c bn nht ca PP PTHH ng dng,

p dng phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton k thut khc

Nng cao k nng lp trnh Matlab trn c s thut ton PTHH.

Gio trnh bin son gm 13 chng.

Cui mi chng (t chng 4 n chng 13) u c chng trnh

GS. TS Trn ch Thnh (ch bin): Chng 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 v 9.

TS Ng Nh Khoa: Chng 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 v cc chng trnh

Gio trnh c trnh by mt cch h thng v nht qun t u n cui

Gii thiu chung ................................................................................ 1

Cc dng phn t hu hn ................................................................. 3

Php kh Gauss ............................................................................... 17

Thut ton ghp K v F ................................................................... 28

Nguyn tc chung ..................................................................................... 28

Trng hp ng sut phng ...................................................................... 72

Ri rc ho kt cu bng phn t tam gic ....................................... 73

Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 152

Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 178

M t bi ton ........................................................................................ 178

Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 178

Bi ton dn nhit hai chiu ........................................................... 182

Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu .................................. 182

Cc chng trnh tnh bi ton dn nhit ........................................ 192

V d 10.1 .............................................................................................. 192

Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 206

Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 234

Ma trn D i vi trng thi ng sut phng ........................................... 236

Bi ton un tm Composite lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ................ 241

M hnh ha vt liu composite nhiu lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ........... 241

Chng trnh tnh tm Composite lp chu un.............................. 250

Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 268

Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 272

Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm ................................... 277

GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

1. GII THIU CHUNG

S tin b ca khoa hc, k thut i hi ngi k s thc hin

Trn th gii c nhiu phn mm PTHH ni ting nh:

Gi s V l min xc nh ca mt i lng cn kho st no

Xp x nt trn mi min con ve ch lin quan n nhng bin

3. NH NGHA HNH HC CC PHN T HU HN

Nt hnh hc l tp hp n im trn min V xc nh hnh hc

Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t

Vic chia min V thnh cc phn t ve phi tho mn hai qui tc

Hai phn t khc nhau ch c th c nhng im chung nm trn

Tp hp tt c cc phn t ve phi to thnh mt min cng gn

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng bin chung gia cc phn t

C nhiu dng phn t hu hn: phn t mt chiu, hai chiu v ba

Phn t hai chiu

5. PHN T QUY CHIU, PHN T THC

Vi mc ch n gin ho vic xc nh gii tch cc phn t c

Hnh 1.2. Phn t quy chiu v cc phn t thc tam gic

b. Mi phn bin ca phn t qui chiu c xc nh bi cc nt hnh hc

Mt phn t qui chiu vr c bin i thnh tt c cc phn t

C th coi php bin i hnh hc ni trn nh mt php i bin n

(, ) c xem nh h to a phng gn vi mi phn t.

MT S DNG PHN T QUI CHIU

Phn t qui chiu mt chiu

Phn t qui chiu hai chiu

Phn t qui chiu ba chiu

7. LC, CHUYN V, BIN DNG V NG SUT