43

Chng 6: BAO V KHOANG CACH

l. NGUYN TC TAC NG:
Bao vc khoang cach Ia IoaI bao vc dung ro Ic tong tro co thoI gIan Iam vIcc
phu thuoc vao quan hc gIua dIcn ap U
B
va dong dIcn I
B
dua vao roIc va goc
B
gIua
chung :
t f
U
I
R
R
R
= ( , )
thoI gIan nay tu dong tang Icn khI khoang cach tu cho noI bao vc dcn dIcm hu
hong tang Icn. Bao vc dat gn cho hu hong nht co thoI gIan Iam vIcc bc nht
Hcu noI roIc tong tro cua bao vc khoang cach (BVKC) vao hIcu cac dong pha
va dIcn ap dy tuong ung (v du, 2 pha A,B) th khI ngan mach 2 pha A, B ta co:
Dong vao roIc:
I
n
I I
R
I
A B
=
1
( )
Ap dat vao roIc:
U
n
U U
n
I I Z
R
U
A B
U
A B
= =
1 1
1
( ) ( l )
Hhu vy :
U
I
Z l
R
R
=
1
.
Trong do :
Z
1
: tong tro thu tu thun cua 1 km duong dy.
n
I
, n
U
: ty so bIcn doI cua BI va BU cung cp cho bao vc.
I
A
, I
B
: dong chay qua cuon so cp cua BI dat o pha A, B.
U
A
, U
B
: ap pha A, B taI cho noI bao vc (cho noI BU).
I : khoang cach tu cho dat bao vc dcn dIcm ngan mach
KhI y:
t f
U
I
f Z l
R
R
R
= = ( , ) ( . ,
1 R
)
Ban du dc don gIan, coI bao vc co thoI gIan Iam vIcc khong phu thuoc vao
goc
B
:
t = f (Z
1
.l) (6.1)
Hhu vy thoI gIan Iam vIcc t cua bao vc khong phu thuoc vao gIa tr| cua ap
va dong dua vao bao vc ma ch phu thuoc vao khoang cach tu cho noI bao vc dcn
dIcm hu hong.
ll. C TlNH THOl GlAN:
La quan hc gIua thoI gIan tac dong cua bao vc voI khoang cach hay tong tro
dcn cho hu hong.
HIcn nay thuong dung bao vc co dac tnh thoI gIan hnh bc thang (nhIcu
cp). So vung va so cp thoI gIan thuong 5 dc so do bao vc duoc don gIan (hnh
6.1).

44
Vung I co thoI gIan tac dong t
I

(t
I
xac d|nh boI thoI gIan khoI dong
cua cac roIc, ncu khong ycu cu chnh
d|nh khoI thoI gIan tac dong cua chong
sct ong). KhI xct dcn saI so cua bo
phn khoang cach, cung nhu do mot
so ycu to khac, vung I duoc chon
khoang B0% dcn B5% chIcu daI doan
duoc bao vc.
Vung II co thoI gIan tac dong t
II
,
thoI gIan t
II
cua tt ca cac bao vc dcu
bang nhau va dc dam bao chon Ioc t
II

phaI Ion hon mot bc t so voI thoI
gIan Iam vIcc cua bao vc chnh dat o
cac phn tu kc.

Hnh 6.1 : c tnh thi gian nhiu
cp cua bao v khoang cach
ChIcu daI cua vung II phaI co gIa tr| thc nao dc dam bao bao vc tac dong
chac chan voI thoI gIan t
II
khI ngan mach o cuoI doan duoc bao vc. KhI thoI gIan t
II

duoc chon thco cach nhu trcn th chIcu daI cua vung II b| gIoI han boI ycu cu
chon Ioc cua cac bao vc. Xct dcn cac saI so da ncu va tnh dcn chIcu daI cua
vung I, vung II chIcm khoang 50% dcn 40% chIcu daI doan kc.
Vung III co thoI gIan tac dong t
III
dung Iam du tru cho cac doan tIcp thco va
boc Iy toan bo nhung doan ny. ThoI gIan t
III
cua cac bao vc duoc chon thco
nguycn tac bc thang nguoc chIcu.
KhI ngan mach qua dIcn tro trung gIan r
qd
thoI gIan tac dong cua cac vung co
thc tang Icn. V du, ngan mach o vung I qua r
qd
, bao vc khoang cach co thc Iam
vIcc voI thoI gIan cua cp II hoac cp III (cac duong nct chm trcn hnh 6.1).
Sau dy xct mot v du cu thc vc dac tnh thoI gIan Iam vIcc hnh bc thang co
5 cp cua bao vc khoang cach (hnh 6.2).


Hnh 6.2 : Bao v khoang cach trong mang h co ngun cung cp t 2 pha
a) S mang c c bao v
b) c tnh thi gian nhiu cp


45
KhI xay ra ngan mach o dIcm H, cac bao vc 5 va 4 cua duong dy hu hong
BC o gn dIcm ngan mach nht (co khoang cach I
5
va I
4
) sc tac dong voI thoI gIan
bc nht t
I
. Cac bao vc 1 va 6 cung khoI dong nhung chung o xa dIcm ngan mach
hon (I
1
> I
5
va I
6
> I
4
) ncn chung ch co thc tac dong nhu Ia mot bao vc du tru trong
truong hop doan BC khong duoc cat ra boI cac bao vc 5 va 4.
Cac bao vc 2 va 5 cung cach dIcm ngan mach mot khoang I
5
va I
4
(gIong nhu
bao vc 5 va 4), muon chung khong tac dong th cac bao vc nay cung nhu tt ca
cac bao vc khac phaI co tnh d|nh huong, bao vc ch tac dong khI huong cong
sut ngan mach dI tu thanh gop vc pha duong dy duoc bao vc. Tnh d|nh huong
tac dong cua bao vc duoc dam bao nho bo phn d|nh huong cong sut rIcng bIct
hoac Ia nho mot bo phn chung vua xac d|nh khoang cach dcn dIcm ngan mach
vua xac d|nh huong cua dong cong sut ngan mach.
lll. SO BAO V KHOANG CACH:
Trong truong hop chung, bao vc khoang cach co cac bo phn chnh nhu sau:
* Bo phn khoI dong: co nhIcm vu :
- KhoI dong bao vc vao thoI dIcm phat sInh hu hong.
- Kct hop voI cac bo phn khac Iam bc bao vc cuoI cung.
Bo phn khoI dong thuong duoc thuc hIcn nho roIc dong cuc daI hoac roIc
tong tro cuc tIcu.
* Bo phn khoang cach : do khoang cach tu cho noI bao vc dcn dIcm hu
hong, thuc hIcn bang roIc tong tro.
* Bo phn tao thoI gIan: tao thoI gIan Iam vIcc tuong ung voI khoang cach
dcn dIcm hu hong, duoc thuc hIcn bang mot so roIc thoI gIan khI bao vc co dac
tnh thoI gIan nhIcu cp.
* Bo phn d|nh huong cong sut: dc ngan ngua bao vc tac dong khI huong
cong sut ngan mach tu duong dy duoc bao vc dI vao thanh gop cua tram, duoc
thuc hIcn bang roIc d|nh huong cong sut rIcng bIct hoac kct hop trong bo phn
khoI dong va khoang cach, ncu cac bo phn nay thuc hIcn bang roIc tong tro co
huong.
Trcn hnh 6.5 Ia so do nguycn I mot pha cua bao vc khoang cach co dac
tnh thoI gIan nhIcu cp, co bo phn khoI dong dong dIcn, khong co cac phn tu
nao thuc hIcn chung nhIcm vu cua mot so bo phn.
Bo phn khoI dong dung roIc dong 5BI, bo phn d|nh huong cong sut -
4BW, bo phn khoang cach - cp I: 5BZ, cp II: 6BZ, va bo phn tao thoI gIan - cp
I: BBGT, cp II: 10BT, cp III: 7BT.
KhI ngan mach trong vung bao vc, 5BI va 4BW sc khoI dong va khcp tIcp
dIcm cua chung, cuc (+) cua nguon thao tac duoc dua dcn tIcp dIcm cua 5BZ, 6BZ
va dcn cuon dy cua 7BT.
Hcu ngan mach xay ra trong pham vI vung I, cac roIc 5BZ, BBGT sc khoI
dong va qua roIc 9Th sc dua xung dI cat 1NC voI thoI gIan t
I
. Hcu xay ra hu hong
o xa hon trong vung II, roIc 5BZ khong khoI dong, cac roIc 6BZ va 10BT tao thoI
gIan t
II
cua cp thu II sc khoI dong va cho xung dI cat 1NC qua roIc 11Th. KhI
ngan mach xa hon nua trong vung III, cac roIc 5BZ va 6BZ sc khong khoI dong,
1NC b| cat voI thoI gIan t
III
tao ncn boI 7BT qua 12Th. Hhu vy, trong so do dang
xct bo phn khoang cach khong kIcm soat vung III va khI ngan mach trong vung
do bao vc (thco hnh 6.5) sc Iam vIcc nhu Ia mot bao vc dong cuc daI co huong.

46



Hnh 6.3 : S nguyn l 1 pha cua bao v khoang cach

lV. TNG TRO TRN CAC CUC CUA B PHN KHOANG CACH:
Dc thun tIcn cho tnh toan va phn tch su Iam vIcc cua cac bo phn
khoang cach, nguoI ta dua ra khaI nIcm vc tong tro trcn cac cuc roIc.
Tong tro gIa tuong nay trong truong hop chung khong co y nghia vt I, no
chnh Ia ty so gIua ap U
B
va dong I
B
dua vao roIc. Thuc tc, khaI nIcm nay duoc ap
dung rong raI do khI chon dung U
B
& I
B
(v du, ap du cua nhanh ngan mach va
dong gy ncn ap du do) th tong tro gIa tuong trcn cac cuc cua roIc sc ty Ic voI
khoang cach tu thanh gop cua tram co dat bao vc dcn dIcm ngan mach trcn
duong dy.
Tuong tu nhu quan hc vt I
dac trung boI tam gIac dIcn ap
roI, nguoI ta phn ra (hnh 6.4)
tong tro gIa tuong Z
B
= U
B
JI
B
,
dIcn tro gIa tuong tac dung r
B
=
U
B
JI
B
cos
B
va phan khang x
B

=U
B
JI
B
sIn
B
. Tuy thuoc vao vIcc
thuc hIcn bo phn khoang cach
ma nguoI ta dung mot trong cac
daI Iuong gIa tuong noI trcn.

Hnh 6.4 : th vect ap va dong a
vao cac cc cua b phn khoang cach
Cac bo phn khoang cach va khoI dong Iuon Iuon dung cac roIc thu cp ma
ap va dong dua dcn chung thong qua cac may bIcn doI do Iuong. LIcn hc gIua
tong tro so va thu cp, v du doI voI roIc tong tro, nhu sau :
Z
U
I
n
n
U
I
n
n
Z
R
R
R
I
U
R
R
I
U
R
T
T
T
S
S
S
= = = . (6.2)
KhI n
I
= n
U
th Z Z
R
T
R
S
=
.
Dc don gIan, coI tong tro thu cp bang tong tro so
cp, tuc Ia coI cac hc so bIcn doI n
I
va n
U
bang nhau (coI n
I
= n
U
= 1).

47
V. SU DUNG MT PHNG PHUC TNG TRO PHN TlCH SU lAM VlC
CUA ROlE TNG TRO :

Hnh 6.5 : Biu din trong mt phng phc tng tr
a) tng tr u cc rle b) ng dy c bao v

VIcc nghIcn cuu su Iam vIcc cua roIc tong tro noI vao mot dIcn ap va mot
dong dIcn duoc tIcn hanh rt tIcn IoI trong mat phang phuc tong tro Z
B
=
(U
B
JI
B
).c
]B
(hnh 6.5a). Goc
B
duoc tnh tu truc (+) thco huong nguoc chIcu kIm
dong ho, Iuc do vcctor I
B
xcm nhu Ia gan chat trcn truc (+). Hnh chIcu cua vcctor
Z
B
Icn truc ] Ia thanh phn phan khang x
B
= Z
B
sIn
B
va Icn truc (+) Ia thanh phn
tac dung r
B
= Z
B
cos
B
.
Duong dy BC duoc bao vc co tong tro mang tnh cam, bIcu dIcn trong phn
tu thu 1 bang so phuc Z
IBC
=Z
1
.I
BC
.c
]
l
. BoIc tong tro dang xct dat o du duong dy
BC vc pha tram B duoc xcm nhu nam o goc toa do (hnh 6.5 b). Duong dy CD co
tong tro Z
ICD
=Z
1
.I
CD
.c
]
l
nam o phn tu thu 1 trcn duong kco daI cua so phuc Z
IBC
,con duong dy AB co tong tro Z
IAB
=Z
1
.I
AB
.c
]
l
nam o phn tu thu 5 trcn duong kco
daI vc pha nguoc IaI.
Vung I cua bao vc duong dy BC duoc dac trung boI tong tro 0,B5 Z
IBC
, khI
khong co nhung ycu to Iam saI Icch nhIcu dcn su Iam vIcc cua bao vc th roIc
tong tro cn co dac tnh khoI dong boc Iy so phuc 0,B5 Z
IBC
nhu vung gach chco
trcn hnh 6.5b. Thuc tc dc dam bao su Iam vIcc chac chan cua bao vc, vung khoI
dong cua roIc tong tro duoc mo rong dang kc (tt nhIcn v| tr xac d|nh dIcm cuoI
cua vung bao vc th khong thc mo rong).
Dac tnh khoI dong Z
KD
= f(
B
) bIcu dIcn trong mat phang phuc Ia duong cong
boc Iy vung khoI dong. Thco dang dac tnh khoI dong nguoI ta phn ra mot so
IoaI roIc tong tro sau :
V.1. Role Ing Iro v huong:
Z
K
= k = const (6.3)
Dac tnh cua roIc Ia vong tron co tm o goc toa do (hnh 6.6 a). Tr| so tong
tro khoI dong cua roIc nay khong phu thuoc goc
B
gIua U
B
va I
B
.
V.2. Role Ing Iro co huong co dc Inh vong Iron:
Z
K
= kcos(
R
+ ) (6.4)
Dac tnh cua roIc Ia vong tron dI qua goc toa do (hnh 6.6 b). BoIc sc co do
nhay Ion nht dac trung bang Z
KDmax
= k khI = -
B
. Thuong chon = -
I
do vy

48
khI xay ra ngan mach truc tIcp trcn duong dy, tuong ung voI
B
=
I
, bao vc sc co
do nhay Ion nht.
BoIc d|nh huong cong sut duoc xcm nhu Ia roIc tong tro co huong co dac
tnh vong tron voI ban knh bang vo cung (hnh 6.6c). Dac tnh nhu vy Ia duong
thang qua goc toa do va tao voI truc (+) mot goc (90
o

- ).
Hhuoc dIcm cua roIc tong tro co huong va roIc d|nh huong cong sut Ia ton
taI vung chct khong nhung khI ngan mach ba pha ma ca khI ngan mach haI pha.
Hguycn do Ia dc roIc tong tro Iam vIcc dung va dc nhn duoc Z
B
ty Ic voI khoang
cach dcn cho ngan mach, nguoI ta dua vao roIc dong cac pha hu hong va ap du
cua cac nhanh hu hong, ncu ngan mach truc tIcp o gn cho dat bao vc th ap dua
vao roIc co thc tIcn dcn 0.


Hnh 6.6 : c tnh khi ng cua rle tng tr trong mt phng phc
a) v hng b) co hng c) nh hng cng sut
d) hn hp e) kt hp rle tng tr co hng va hn hp
f ) phan khang
V.5. Role hn hop {Iac dung - phan khang):
Z k
K
R
=
+
1
cos( )
(6.5)
Dac tnh cua roIc Ia cac duong thang cach goc toa do mot khoang bang k
(duong 1 va 2 - hnh 6.6d ). Duong 1 ung voI gIa tr| nam trong khoang (- , -J2),
duong 2 - trong khoang (0 , J2). Goc do nhay bc nht cua roIc Ia
B
= - . Dac
tnh cua roIc cat cac truc (+) va (+]) mot khoang tuong ung bang
k
va
k
cos sin

BoIc IoaI nay thuong khong su dung doc Ip dc Iam bo phn do khoang
cach. Co thc dung no cho bao vc duong dy daI taI nang dc cat bot mot phn
vung khoI dong, v du nhu cat bot mot phn vung khoI dong cua roIc tong tro co
huong (hnh 6.6 c).

49
V.4. Role Ing Iro phan khang:
X
K
= k = const (6.6)
Dac tnh cua roIc Ia duong thang song song voI truc (+) (hnh 6.6 f). Dy Ia
truong hop rIcng cua roIc hon hop khI = - J2.
BoIc tong tro co thc Ia cuc daI hoac cuc tIcu. LoaI roIc tong tro cuc tIcu thch
hop hon dc Iam bo phn khoI dong va khoang cach.
Chc do Iam vIcc cua duong dy duoc bao vc co thc dac trung bang tong tro
phuc Z
B
trcn du cuc roIc tong tro. So phuc Z
B
nay duoc bIcu dIcn o mot v| tr xac
d|nh trcn mat phang phuc tong tro. V vy phn tch su Iam vIcc cua roIc tong tro
noI vao mot ap va mot dong co thc thuc hIcn bang phuong phap do th| khI so
sanh vung co chua Z
B
voI vung khoI dong cua bao vc.
Vl. SO Nl ROlE TNG TRO VAO AP DY VA HlU DONG PHA :
To hop cac dong va ap o du cuc cua 5 roIc tong tro noI thco so do hnh 6.9
duoc dua ra trong bang 6.1
KhI H
(5)
taI dIcm H (hnh 6.10) cach cho dat bao vc mot khoang I, ta co :
I
R
(3)
= 3 3
3 3 3
1
3
3
3
1
I U I Z l Z
U
I
Z l
R R
R
R
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
, . . . , = = . =
R
=

Trong do: Z
1
- tong tro thu tu thun cua 1 Km duong dy quy vc pha thu cp
cua cac may bIcn doI do Iuong thco (6.2).
KhI H
(2)
, v du B va C, ch co roIc 2BZ nhn dIcn ap cua nhanh ngan mach Ia
Iam vIcc dung. DoI voI no :
I I U U I Z l Z Z l Z
R R bc R 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 2
2
1
3
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , = = = =


Hnh 6.9 : S ni rle tng tr vao ap dy va hiu dong pha
a) khi cac BI ni b) khi dung BI trung gian khng bao hoa

Bang 6.1
Rle I
R
.
U
R
.

1RZ I I
a b
. .
U
ab
.

2RZ I I
b c
. .
U
bc
.

3RZ I I
c a
. .
U
ca
.




50
Dua vao du cuc cac roIc 1BZ va
5BZ Ia dong dIcn I
(2)
va dIcn ap Ion
hon U
bc
(2)
. V vy, tong tro trcn cac cuc
cua roIc 1BZ va 5BZ tang Icn va bao
vc sc khong tac dong nhm.
KhI ngan mach 2 pha cham dt
(v du B va C) trong mang co dong
cham dt Ion, cung ch co 2BZ Iam
vIcc dung. DoI voI no:


Hnh 6.10 : Ngn mach trn
ng dy
c bao v

U U U
R
b c
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
=
trong do :
U I Z l I Z
U I Z l I Z
b b
L
c
M
c c
L
b
M
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
. . . .
. . . .
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= +
= +
l
l
KhI thay Z
L
- Z
N
= Z
1
, ta co :
Z
U
I
I I
I I
Z l Z l Z
R
R
R
b c
b c
R 2
1 1 2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
3 ( , )
( , )
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
.
( , )
( )
= =

= =
Hhu vy, so do dang xct dam bao tong tro Z
B
gIong nhau doI voI tt ca cac
dang ngan mach nhIcu pha o mot dIcm. So do noI roIc vao hIcu dong pha con
duoc thuc hIcn qua may bIcn dong trung gIan khong bao hoa co 2 cuon so (hnh
6.9b).
Hhuoc dIcm chu ycu cua so do Ia phaI dung 5 roIc tong tro ch dc chong
ngan mach nhIcu pha o mot dIcm. Dc khac phuc, nguoI ta dung ch 1 roIc tong tro
va thIct b| tu dong chuycn mach ap va dong doI voI cac dang ngan mach khac
nhau.
Vll. SO Nl ROlE TNG TRO VAO AP PHA VA DONG PHA CO BU
THANH PHN THU TU KHNG - SO BU DONG :
To hop cac dong va ap o du cuc ba roIc tong tro cho trong bang 6.2. KhI H
(1)

cham dt, v du pha A, taI dIcm H cua duong dy (hnh 6.10), ch co roIc 1BZ
(hnh 6.11) noI vao ap cua nhanh ngan mach U
a
Ia tac dong dung. VoI:
U U U U a
. . . .
= + + 1 2 0
l

Ap cua mot thu tu bt ky duoc xac d|nh bang tong cua ap o dIcm ngan mach
H va ap roI trcn chIcu daI I, vdu:
U U I Z N
. . .
0 0 0
0
= +
V vy: U U I Z l U I Z l U I Z l a N N N
. . . . . . .
= + + + + + 1 1
1
2 2
2
0 0
0
Tong v do Ia ap taI dIcm hu hong. DoI voI duong
dy th Z
U U U U N N N N
. . . .
= + + = 1 2 0 0
1
= Z
2
. Do vy :

51
U I Z l I Z l I Z l
I Z l I Z l I Z l I Z l I Z l
I Z l I Z Z l
a
a
. . . .
. . . . .
. .
( )
( ) .
= + +
= + + +
= +
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0 1



Hnh 6.11 : S ni rle tng tr vao ap pha va dong pha
co bu thanh phn dong in th t khng

Bang 6.2
Rle I
R
U
R
1RZ I k I
a
. .
. +
0
U
a
.

2RZ I k I
b
. .
. +
0
U
b
.

3RZ I k I
c
. .
. +
0
U
c
.

Hcu chon hc so bu k
Z Z
Z
.
. .
.
=
0 1
1
th tong tro trcn cac cuc cua roIc 1BZ sc Ia:
Z
U
I kI
I
Z Z
Z
I
I kI
Z l Z l
R
a
a
a
a
1
1
0
0 1
1
0
0
1 1
( )
.
. . .
.
. .
.
.
. . .
. =
+
=
+

+
=
Tong tro trcn cac cuc cua roIc tong tro 2BZ , 5BZ cua cac pha khong hu
hong tang Icn, v vy bao vc sc khong tac dong nhm.
Goc tong tro Z
0
va Z
1
Ia khong nhu nhau, do vy trong truong hop tong quat
hc so k Ia mot so phuc. Dc thun tIcn, nguoI ta bo qua su khac bIct cua goc tong
tro Z
1
, Z
0
va

chon k = (Z
0
-Z
1
)JZ
1
hay k =(x
0
-x
1
)Jx
1
. Truong hop nay tuong ung voI so
do hnh 6.11, roIc tong tro duoc cung cp bang dong dIcn qua BI trung gIan khong
bao hoa. V du : Iy Z
0
5,5Z
1
(doI voI duong dy trcn khong co dy chong sct), ta
sc co k = 2,5. Dc tao ncn Iuc tu hoa tong ty Ic voI I
p
+ kI
0
, quan hc cua so vong W
p

va W
0
cua haI cuon so co dong I
p
va 5I
0
cn phaI tuong ung voI bIcu thuc :

52
W
p
: W
0
= 1 : kJ5 1 : 0,B5.
So do co thc tac dong dung khong nhung khI ngan mach mot pha ma ca khI
ngan mach haI pha cham dt va khI cham dt kcp o cac phn tu co I
0
0 trong
mang co dong cham dt bc.
Dc kct Iun, cn Iuu y rang khI IoaI tru su bu dong khoI so do da xct trcn, tuc
Ia I
B
Ia dong pha th : Z
B
= Z
1
.I + (I
0
JI
B
).(Z
0
- Z
1
).I . Luc do tong tro Z
B
phu thuoc
khong nhung vao khoang cach I ma con vao ty so I
0
JI
p
. Ty so nay co thc thay doI
trong pham vI rong khI thay doI chc do Iam vIcc cua hc thong. Chnh dIcu do Iam
cho han chc kha nang ung dung cua so do.

Vlll. SO SU DUNG MT ROlE TNG TRO CO CHUYN MACH O MACH
lN AP TAC NG KHl NGN MACH NHlU PHA :
So do duoc thuc hIcn nho roIc tong tro 1BZ noI vao hIcu dong haI pha (thco
hnh 6.12, ) va dIcn ap ty Ic hoac bang ap du cua nhanh ngan mach khI
ngan mach gIua cac pha. Cac bo phn khoI dong dong 2BI va 5BI noI vao dong
pha Iam nhIcm vu xac d|nh dang ngan mach va tu chuycn mach dIcn ap.
I I I R a
. . .
= c
KhI H
(5)
hay , roIc 2BI va 5BI khoI dong dua ap U N
AC
( ) 2
ac
dcn roIc 1BZ. V vy:
Z
I Z l
I
Z l
Z
I Z l
I
Z l
R
Rac
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
.
.
3
3
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
2
= =
= =

KhI N dua dcn 1BZ Ia dong 1 pha, tuong ung Ia . N
AB BC
( ) ( )
,
2 2
I I a c
. .
,
Dc Z
B
co duoc gIa tr| ty Ic voI khoang cach I, ap dua dcn roIc phaI gIam 2 In
nho dIcn tro phu (hnh 6.12a) hoac bIcn ap tu ngu (hnh 6.12b). So do hnh
6.12b cn thIct doI voI nhung roIc tong tro Iam vIcc thco ca gIa tr| va goc Icch pha
gIua U
B
va I
B
(v du roIc tong tro co huong, hnh 6.6b).

Hnh 6.12 : S ni mt rle tng tr co chuyn mach mach in ap
tac ng khi ngn mach gia cac pha.
a. dung in tr phu b. dung bin ap t ngu

53
Hhu vy, khI ta co: N
AB
( ) 2
Z
U
I
I Z l
I
Z l
Rab
ab
a
a
a
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
,
,
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0 5
0 5
2
= = =
Hhu vy, co thc dam bao Z
B
nhu nhau doI voI tt ca nhung dang ngan mach
gIua cac pha. Tuy nhIcn , khI hoac th dong phu taI qua pha khong hu
hong (tuong ung Ia dong pha C hoac A) sc anh huong dcn su Iam vIcc cua roIc.
N
AB
( ) 2
N
BC
( ) 2
Tr| so Z
B
cung co thc saI Icch do bo phn khoI dong Iam vIcc khong dung
(ch co mot roIc BI khoI dong) trong truong hop dong ngan mach gn voI dong
khoI dong cua chung. Luc do, tong tro Z
B
co thc gIam nhIcu do dua toI roIc tong
tro mot dIcn ap gIam thp (truong hop gIoI han gIam haI In).
Uu dIcm cua so do Ia tuong doI don gIan va ch dung mot roIc tong tro. Tuy
nhIcn, xct dcn nhung nhuoc dIcm ncu trcn va nhIcu nhuoc dIcm khac, so do ch
han chc ap dung, chang han nhu, cho bao vc chong ngan mach nhIcu pha duong
dy cut.
lX. CAC YU T ANH HUONG N SU lAM VlC
CUA BAO V KHOANG CACH:
IX.1. Anh huongcua din Iro qua d dn dn su lam vic cua b
phn khoang cach :
Anh huong cua dIcn tro qua do r
qd
dcn su Iam vIcc cua bo phn khoang cach
duoc xct doI voI mang ho co nguon cp tu haI pha (hnh 6.15)
O du cuc roIc tong tro dat o duong dy AB vc pha tram A (v du, noI voI ap
dy va hIcu dong pha) khI H
(2)
qua r
qd
o du duong dy BC sc co tong tro bang :

Z
U
I
I Z l I r
I
Z l
I
I
r
Z l
I
I
r e
RA
d
d
NAB
AB
N
q
NAB
AB
N
NAB
q
AB
N
NAB
q
j
= =
+
= +
= +
.
.
. .
.
.
.
1
1
1

(6.13)
trong do: - goc Icch pha gIua dong I
H
o dIcm hu hong va dong I
HAB.




Hnh 6.13 : Anh hng cua
in tr qua n s lam
vic cua rle tng tr.
a) s mang
.

54
Tuong tu doI voI roIc tong tro noI vao duong dy BC vc pha tram C khI hu
hong o cung dIcm do :
Z Z l
I
I
r Z l
I
I
r e
RC BC
N
NBC
q BC
N
NBC
q
j
= + = +
1 1
.
.


- goc Icch pha gIua dong I
H
va dong I
HBC
trong duong dy BC, ncu duong va I
H

vuot truoc I
HBC
, th goc sc m v I
H
chm sau I
HAB
.
Tong tro o du cuc roIc cua duong dy BC dat vc pha tram B, du khoang
cach tu no dcn dIcm ngan mach bang 0, vn co mot gIa tr| huu han:
Z
I
I
r
RB
N
NAB
q
=
.
.

Cac bIcu thuc noI trcn cho thy dIcn tro qua do r
qd
trong truong hop chung
Iam saI Icch su Iam vIcc cua cac roIc tong tro, tong tro Z
B
o du cuc cua chung
sc khong con ty Ic voI khoang cach I dcn dIcm hu hong.
Tong tro o du cuc roIc tang Icn do r
qd
Iam cho dIcm ngan mach nhu Ia IuI
xa hon va bao vc co thc tac dong voI thoI gIan Ion hon cua cp sau, v du cp II
thay v cp I. Hhu vy, do anh huong cua r
qd
bao vc khoang cach sc co thc tac
dong chm hon nhung vn khong mt tnh chon Ioc.
IX.2. Anh huong cua Iram Irung gian:
Trcn hnh 6.17a Ia mot phn cua mang dIcn, xct ngan mach xay ra o doan
BD cach thanh gop B mot khoang I. Oua cac doan AB va CB co dong I
AB
va I
CB
.
Dong ngan mach trcn doan hu hong BD Ia:
I I I BD AB CB
. . .
= +
KhI ngan mach nhIcu pha, tong tro o du cuc roIc tong tro dat vc pha tram A
cua duong dy AB Ia :
Z
I Z l I Z l
I
Z l
I
I
Z l
Z l
K
Z l
RA
AB
AB
BD
AB
AB
BD
AB
AB
I
=
+
= +
= +
. .
.
.
.
.
. . . .
. .
. . .
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
.
D
(6.14)
trong do: K I I I AB B
. . .
/ =
Hhu vy, tong tro o du cuc roIc A duoc xac d|nh khong nhung bang v| tr
cua dIcm hu hong, ma con bang hc so phn bo dong, hc so nay dac trung cho
phn dong cua doan hu hong dI qua doan khong hu hong.
Trong tnh toan thuc tc, thuong bo qua goc Icch pha gIua cac dong va coI K
I

Ia so thuc. Luc y, ncu K
I
<1 th tong tro Z
BA
sc tang Icn, nghia Ia roIc taI tram A sc
do duoc mot tong tro Ion hon tong tro thuc tc va bao vc sc khong tac dong nhm.
Tuy nhIcn ncu K
I
>1, v du khI duong dy don noI voI haI duong dy song song
(hnh 6.17b), bao vc A co thc tac dong nhm, dc dam bao tac dong chon Ioc cua
bao vc A trong truong hop nay, tong tro khoI dong cua roIc tong tro cp II cn
duoc tnh chon co xct dcn su gIam thp cua Z
BA
do anh huong cua tram trung
gIan.

55

Hnh 6.17 : Anh hng cua h s phn b dong K n
I
s lam vic cua rle tng tr t tai tram A.
a) K
I
< 1 b) K
I
> 1

IX.5. Anh huong cua I ni dy may bin ap:
KhI gIua cho noI bao vc va dIcm ngan mach co thcm cac may bIcn ap co to
noI dy YJY (hay may bIcn ap tu ngu), roIc tong tro sc Iam vIcc dung, ch khac Ia
gIa tr| Z
B
o du cuc roIc Ia tong cua tong tro cac doan duong dy va cac may bIcn
ap tuong ung.
Vn dc dang quan tm o dy Ia truong hop cac may bIcn ap co to noI dy
YJ hoac JY, chung sc co anh huong Ion dcn su Iam vIcc cua cac roIc tong tro
khI xay ra ngan mach haI pha.

Hnh 6.18 : Anh hng cua may bin ap co t ni dy Y/
n s lam vic cua rle tng tr.
KhI ngan mach gIua cac pha A va C sau may bIcn ap noI YJ -11 (hnh 6.1B),
ta co thc tnh duoc tong tro o du cuc cac roIc noI vao dong va ap gIua cac pha
dat trcn duong dy vc pha nguon cung cp nhu sau :
Z
Rab
= (dong cac pha A,B bang nhau, I
ab
= 0)
Z
Rbc
= Z
1
l + Z
B
- j
3
3
2 1
( ) Z Z l Z
H B
+ +
Z
Rca
= Z
1
l + Z
B
+ j
3
3
2 1
( ) Z Z l Z
H B
+ +
trong do :Z
2H
- tong tro thu tu ng|ch cua nguon cung cp
Z
B
- tong tro cua may bIcn ap
Z
1
I - tong tro duong dy (coI Z
1
= Z
2
).
Cac bIcu thuc trcn cho thy, roIc tong tro cua bao vc duong dy co Z
B
tang
Icn (so voI Z
1
I + Z
B
) va bao vc sc khong tac dong nhm.

56
IX.4. Anh huong cua sai s BI va BU:
SaI so cua BI Ia do mach tu BI b| bao hoa, Iam gIam dong thu cp so voI gIa
tr| xac d|nh thco ty so bIcn doI d|nh muc. DIcu do Iam gIam chIcu daI vung bao
vc. V vy, BI duoc kIcm tra thco duong cong saI so 10% doI voI gIa tr| cuc daI cua
dong dIcn khI ngan mach o cuoI vung bao vc thu nht.
SaI so vc ap duoc quyct d|nh boI do chnh xac cua ban thn BU cung nhu do
ap roI trcn cac dy noI. Thuong dung cac BU co cong sut kha Ion, saI so cua
chung nam trong pham vI cho phcp. Tuy nhIcn, ncu tu BU dcn cho dat bao vc co
khoang cach Ion th thuong phaI dung ca c dy dn phu tIct dIcn Ion dc gIam ton
tht dIcn ap trong chung.
X. ANH GlA VA lANH VUC UNG DUNG CUA BAO V KHOANG CACH :
X.1. Tnh chon loc :
Thco nguycn tac tac dong cua mnh, bao vc dam bao cat chon Ioc hu hong
trong cac mang co hnh dang bt ky voI so nguon cung cp tuy y.
X.2. Tac dng nhanh :
Tac dong khong thoI gIan ch duoc thuc hIcn doI voI cp I cua bao vc, bao
boc khong qua B5% chIcu daI phn tu duoc bao vc. KhI tnh dcn tac dong cua cac
bao vc vc haI pha cua duong dy, sc co khong t hon 50% chIcu daI cua duong
dy ma khI hu hong xay ra trong do duoc cat vc mot trong haI pha voI thoI gIan
cua cp II (thuong Ia vao khoang 0,5 scc). ThoI gIan cat ngan mach kco daI nhu
vy, du Ia ngan mach o xa thanh gop cua tram, doI khI Ia khong cho phcp. Dc
danh gIa kha nang cho phcp cat ngan mach voI thoI gIan Iam vIcc cua cp II, co
thc su dung tIcu chun dIcn ap du U
du
trcn thanh gop cua tram. Cat voI thoI gIan
cp II duoc coI Ia cho phcp, ncu trong tnh trang cat khong dong thoI ngan mach
5 pha (hnh 6.27) o du vung II cua bao vc co :
U Z l I
d
U
N
( ) ( )
, . . . . , .
3
1
3
0 85 3 0 6 =
m

X.5. D nhay :
Do nhay cua bao vc truoc hct duoc xac d|nh boI cac bo phn khoI dong cua
no. Trong da so truong hop, do nhay doI voI ngan mach trcn doan duoc bao vc Ia
dam bao duoc. Tuy nhIcn, do nhay cua bao vc khI Iam nhIcm vu du tru cho cac
hu hong o doan kc co thc khong dat ycu cu.

Hnh 6.27 : iu kin tnh toan kim tra in ap d
khi co ngn mach trong mang in



57
X.4. Tnh dam bao :
Hgay ca nhung so do bao vc hIcn daI dcu bao gom mot so Iuong dang kc cac
bo phn phuc tap cn thIct cho vIcc khoI dong nham dc bao vc Iam vIcc dung
dan. DIcu do sc Iam phuc tap su vn hanh cac bao vc va co thc Iam mt kha nang
Iam vIcc dung dan cua bao vc.

Nac du co mot so nhuoc dIcm da phn tch o trcn, nguycn tac khoang cach
vn duoc su dung rong raI trong thuc tc dc thuc hIcn cac bao vc chong ngan
mach nhIcu pha. DIcu nay duoc gIaI thch Ia do ch co su dung nguycn tac nay moI
co thc thuc hIcn duoc cac bao vc cat chon Ioc cac doan duong dy va thanh gop
cua cac tram kc khI ngan mach nhIcu pha trong cac mang co hnh dang bt ky.
Bao vc khoang cach cung duoc dung Iam du tru khI su dung cac bao vc doc (nhu
bao vc so Icch doc, bao vc tn so cao) Iam nhIcm vu bao vc chnh tac dong
khong thoI gIan trcn toan bo chIcu daI cua phn tu duoc bao vc.