Thc Phm Chc Nng

Bc s Nguyn c (Cu Chuyn Thy Lang)

Trong hn 20 nm va qua, dn chng cng nh gii khoa hc c thm mt ci nhn na v thc phm. Thc phm khng ch l duy tr s sng, m cn mang thm kh nng tng cng sc khe, gim thiu cc bnh mn tnh do mt cn bng dinh dng. T ny sinh ra s tm hiu v ch bin loi thc phm trong cc thnh phn cu to c tc dng tch cc vo nhng nhim v khc nhau ca c th. l Thc phm chc nng. Thc phm chc nng c qun chng d dng n nhn, c bit l vi nhng li gii thiu hp dn v ch li t nh sn xut. Thc phm c v nh p ng nhu cu t chm sc sc khe ca mi ngi. Tui th gia tng, qu v cao nin mun c cc phng thc trong tm tay gip cuc sng an bnh, khe mnh hn. Gii tr mun c tin dc phng trnh cc bnh mn tnh m cha ng mc phi. Ri li cn chi ph khm cha bnh qu cao, thi gian ngi ch qu lu, bo him sc khe nhiu kh, khin cho nhiu ngi tm ti cc phng tin sn c. Vy thc phm chc nng l g? C khc vi thc phm t nhin khng? Cng dng c nh li gii thiu? C cn thit v an ton cho c th khng? Sau y l kin ca mt s cc nh chuyn mn, hu trch. nh ngha Vo thp nin 1980, chnh ph Nht Bn ti tr mt chng trnh nghin cu s ch li ca thc phm i vi sc khe. Nm 1991, ch Thc Phm Chc Nng (Functional Food) c a ra vi ngha ban u l nhng thc phm ch bin (processed foods) cha cc hot cht c th gip mt vi chc nng c th hon thnh nhim v kh quan hn, ngoi cng dng dinh dng. Nht Bn c nhng tiu chun cho TPCN, gi l thc phm dnh ring cho s dng y t (Foods for Specified Health Uses), c b Y T cng nhn. Sau , nhiu quc gia khc cng bt u ti nhng sn phm vi tn mi m ny. Tuy nhin, cho ti nay, cha c mt nh ngha chnh thc cho nhm ch TPCN. Mi quc gia, mi t chc nghin cu c nh ngha v quy lut ring nhng ta ta nhau. Vin Y hc Hoa K a ra nh ngha: Thc phm chc nng l nhng thc phm cha cc cht c kh nng tt cho sc khe. Cc thc phm ny bao gm bt c thc phm ch bin hoc thnh phn no c th cung cp li ch cho sc khe ngoi gi tr dinh dinh dng c hu ca thc phm. Trong ti liu Functional Foods: Opportunities and Challenges ph bin vo nm 2003, c quan Nghin Cu Quc T Bt V Li v thc phm, nh ngha Thc phm chc nng l nhng thc phm v cc thnh phn thc phm c th cung cp ch li sc khe ngoi gi tr dinh dng cn bn. Cc thc phm ny bao gm thc phm thng dng, thc phm c b sung, tng cng hoc hon chnh hn (enhanced) v cc thc phm ph thm. Vi gii chc y t Canada: Thc phm chc nng c hnh dng bn ngoi tng t nh thc phm thng thng. Ngoi kh nng dinh dng c hu, cc thc phm ny phi c chng minh mt cch khoa hc l c th cung cp nhng ch li sinh hc v c kh nng gim thiu ri ro mc cc bnh mn tnh. Ti Vit Nam, thng t s 08/TT-BYT ngy 23-8-2004 ca B Y t quy nh: Thc phm chc nng l thc phm h tr cc chc nng ca cc b phn trong c th, c

tc dng dinh dng to cho c th tnh trng thoi mi, tng sc khng v gim bt nguy c bnh Gii chc y t Hn quc coi thc phm chc nng l cc thc phm cha cc cht dinh dng v cc cht khc di dng c c, c tc dng nui sng hoc sinh hc vi mc ch ph thm cho thc phm t nhin. iu cn lu l trong cc nh ngha nu trn, khng c nh ngha no ni ti cng dng cha tr bnh ca thc phm chc nng. iu kin tr thnh thc phm chc nng Theo quy nh chung, mt thc phm chc nng phi hi cc iu kin nh sau: -Cc thnh phn ca thc phm phi c kh nng c tc dng tt i vi cc chc nng sinh ha hc ca c th, tng cng sc khe cho ngi tiu th, ngoi gi tr dinh dng c hu. -Cc kh nng ny phi c chng minh bng cc th nghim khoa hc. -Sn phm phi c y cc thnh phn nu ra trn bao b. -Phi c chng minh rng cc thnh phn cho thm vo sn phm an ton v khng gy ra cc tng tc c hi -V khng l dc phm nn khng c gii thiu l c th cha bnh, m ch c tc dng phng trnh, tng cng sc khe, nng cao i sng. -Phi gii thiu bng nhng t ng r rng, d hiu, khng c tnh cch gy hiu lm, la di. Ti Hoa K, thc phm chc nng c c quan Thc Dc Phm (Food and Drug Administration) kim sot v phm cht v s an ton. Nh sn xut phi c FDA cng nhn l thc phm chc nng vi cc dn chng khoa hc v ch li ca sn phm. Cc iu- cho-l-ng hoc khng- nh, qu-quyt (Claims) ca nh sn xut c xt theo cc tiu chun sau y a. C mt ng khoa hc ng k (significant scientific agreement) i vi qu quyt ca nh sn xut. b. Mc d c mt vi bng chng khoa hc h tr nhng bng chng khng c tnh cch kt lun. c. C vi chng c khoa hc gin tip nhc ti qu quyt ny. Tuy nhin FDA kt lun l dn chng rt gii hn (limited) v khng c tnh cch kt lun d. Rt t nghin cu khoa hc cp ti iu m nh sn xut qu quyt. FDA kt lun rng c rt t bng chng khoa hc h tr cho li yu cu. Mi y nht, thng 1 nm 2007, FDA gi mt hng dn ti cc nh sn xut thc phm, trong FDA nhn mnh hai im: -Qu quyt sc khe (Health claims) m t mi lin h gia mt cht (thc phm hoc thnh phn thc phm) vi mt bnh hoc mt tnh trng sc khe. Qu quyt ca thc phm gii hn s gim ri ro bnh ch khng c qu quyt cha lnh bnh, gim bnh, iu tr hoc phng trnh bnh. Cc qu quyt ny dnh cho dc phm. -Cc qu quyt ca thc phm chc nng (Functional Food Claims) ch trnh by nh hng ca thc phm i vi cu trc v nhim v cc b phn c th. Chng hn thc phm tng cng calci gip duy tr xng lnh mnh v gim ri ro long xng; thc phm c cht x gip i tin u n v c th gim ri ro vi loi ung th v bnh tim; folic acid c th gim ri ro khuyt tt ct ty sng; cht m u nnh c th gim ri ro bnh tim Ti Hoa K, gii sn xut thc phm chc nng lin tc tranh lun vi c quan ny v

iu m h cho l ng gii thiu trn nhn thc phm. Thay v ni sn phm cha c bnh th h lch: sn phm c th thay i chc nng v cu trc cc c quan trong c th, tr hon s ha gi hoc duy tr mc cholesterol bnh thng, ci thin tm trng, cht bo v sc khe, Tng cng s th gin Bn Anh quc, lut php i hi l mi gii thiu trn nhn hiu thc phm phi ng v khng c tnh cch gy hiu nhm (misleading). Lin Hip u chu cng c quy lut bo m l mi d kin ghi trn bao b thc phm u r rng, chnh xc v c chng minh dn chng d la chn thc phm, nc ung v bo v sc khe mi ngi. Vic kim sot cht ch nh vy nhm mc ch bo v ngi tiu th khi b thi min vi cc gii thiu tt p, khng phn bit c thc h, d b nhm ln. Xin a ra trng hp mt sn phm ti Vit Nam c Cc An Ton V Sinh Thc Phm cho php vi xc nh: To cn b l 1 loi to bin c nhiu vi cht dinh dng nn dng tt cho nhng ngi suy nhc c th do dinh dng khng cn i. Ngoi ra, cung cp mt lung cht x t nhin cao gip n nh hot ng ca b my tiu ha, c bit l i trng Nhng nh sn xut li gii thiu: To c ch b sung dng cht cho c th, chng long xng, to bn, tr, li tiu. Ngn nga chng huyt khi, gim cholesterol, phng chng ung th d dy, i trng, tr bu c, trng nhc, xm da, lc mu, thi c, vim gan B, gim bo. c bit i vi ngi bo ph, i tho ng, huyt p, tim mch. Cc An ton thc phm yu cu nh sn xut thu hi sn phm. p dng thc t Thc ra, 500 nm trc Thin Cha, danh y Hi Lp Hippocrate bit r vai tr ca thc phm i vi bnh v vit: Hy dng thc phm nh dc phm. T lu, cc quan st dch t thy rng, th dn vi b lc chu Phi dng nhiu thc phm c cht x t b ung th trc trng; dn Eskimo rt t b bnh tim v n nhiu c; ngi Nht sng qu hng n nhiu u nnh t b nhi mu c tim hn l khi chuyn c sang M, tiu th nhiu tht ng vt Trong khi th khoa hc thc nghim cng chng minh l cc thc phm t nhin m chng ta thng n u c tc dng tt ln cc chc nng ca c th. Nh l ht yn mch (Oats) c cht x b-glucan lm gim cholesterol, LDL gim ri ro bnh ng mch tim; c chua vi lycopene gim ri ro ung th nhip tuyn; ti vi ha cht Allium savitum c tc dng phng trnh ung th, tiu dit vi khun, gim cao huyt p, cao cholesterol; nc tri cy cranberry rt tt gim nhim trng tiu tin; c c omega-3 gim ri ro bnh tim v ung th; sa chua c nhiu vi sinh vt rt tt cho cc chc nng ca rut Nh vy c nn hoc cn dng thm thc phm chc nng hay khng. Marion Nestle, Trng B mn Dinh Dng v Nghin Cu Thc phm ti i hc New York c kin: iu e ngi ca ti l thc phm chc nng s ngn cn (distract) dn chng dng thc phm lnh mnh v khuyn khch cc nh sn xut a ra th trng nhng sn phm v tch s, ch c mt vi cht dinh dng m ni l thc phm tt lnh. Rau v tri cy c y nhng cht gip ngn nga ung th v bnh tim. V s an ton, xin trch dn li ni ca Steven DeFelice, Ch tch Qu Ti tr Canh tn Y hc (Foundation of Innovation in Medicine) ti Cranford, New Jersy: Chn mi chn phn trm thc phm chc nng cha c th nghim lm sng v a ra cc khng nh m khng c s h tr ca d kin lm sng.

Hoc nh nhn xt ca Bruce Silverglade, Gim c Php l ca Trung tm Khoa hc v Li ch Cng cng (Center for Science in the Public Interest): Ngi ta vn ni rng dc tho an ton v c dng c nhiu trm nm. Mt s dc tho c th an ton. Nhng khng c th nghim, khng ai c th bit mt dc tho no c th gy ra ung th, suy thn hoc tn thng khc, d l cht c dng t lu. Chnh cc nh sn xut cng nhn l hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi TPCN khng ng nh qung co, s khuyn mi khng thc th, sn phm khng c b ch. Kt lun Thc phm chc nng ang trn ngp th trng ti mi quc gia vi nhng li qung co d lung lc lng ngi v ch li cho sc khe. Dng hay khng l ty s suy lun v nhu cu ca mi c nhn. Ch nn nh rng thc phm t nhin cha tt c cc cht dinh dng cn cho cc chc nng ca c th. V thc phm gi l chc nng khng phi l phng thuc bch bnh tiu tn, vn bnh tiu tr gii ta cc cc thi quen xu. y cng ch l thc n thng c ch bin, thm bt vi ha cht khc nhau. Hn na, khng c thc phm xu tt m c cch s dng ng hoc sai. Sai v dng qu t hoc qu nhiu. Nh Paracelsus vo th k 15 c nhn xt: Mi cht u c mm c hi. S dng vi s lng thch hp phn bit mt cht c vi liu thuc tr bnh M n ung ng cng cha , cn cn c np sng lnh mnh, vn ng u n, th gin tm hn. Thc phm chc nng cn cn nhiu nghin cu khoa hc chng minh cng dng phng nga, cha tr bnh tt. Cng nh cn s trong sng lng tm ca nh sn xut khng a ra th trng nhng sn phm ho nhong b ngoi m ni dung ngho nn, i khi c hi. Hoc cc nh phn phi phng i li gii thiu sn phm qu mc so vi tc dng thc s ca chng. Nh kin sau y ca Barbara Gollman, Hi Thc Phm-Dinh Dng Hoa K (American Dietetic Association): Tiu th qu nhiu, cc cht s gy hi cho sc khe. Nu khng thu lm c iu m ta tng l c th ch tn tin v ch. V liu C c lun lun xanh hn pha bn kia ni hay khng!! Bc s Nguyn c
Texas-Hoa K