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B GIO DC V O TO
(Gio trnh o to gio vin

trung hc h i hc,
Cao ng s phm)
NH XUT BN GIO DC
B GIO DC V O TO
HONG HUY SN
BI TP
I S
S CP
Gio trnh o to gio vin trung hc
h i hc, Cao ng s phm
( Ti bn ln th 10)
NH XUT BN GIO DC
512/GD-01/1536/358-00 M s: 7K300T1
1
LI NI U
Khi bin son ti liu i s s cp chng ti c gng a nhiu v d v thc
hnh gii ton nhm gip sinh vin c iu kin rn k nng thc hnh khi hc l thuyt.
Tuy nhin, qua thc t ging dy, chng ti thy rng khi gii cc bi tp trong sch, sinh
vin gp rt nhiu kh khn. Ngay c khi bit cch gii th vic trnh by li gii sao cho
cht ch v logic th cng cn cha t so vi yu cu. V th, gip sinh vin c mt b
ti liu hon chnh v i s s cp, chng ti tip tc bin son cun Bi tp i s s
cp ny phc v nhu cu hc tp v k c cng vic ging dy ca sinh vin sau khi ra
trng.
Ti liu Bi tp i s s cp gm c hai phn:
Phn I. Tm tt l thuyt v bi.
Phn II. Li gii v hng dn.
Mi phn gm su chng:
1. Chng I: Hm s;
2. Chng II: Phng trnh H phng trnh;
3. Chng III: Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh;
4. Chng IV: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t;
5. Chng V: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit;
6. Chng VI: Phng trnh lng gic.
Th t cc chng c trnh by theo ng th t cc chng mc trong ti liu
i s s cp. Ti liu c 170 bi tp vi khong gn 550 cu nh. Hu ht cc bi tp
trong ti liu Bi tp i s s cp c chng ti trnh by li gii tng i chi tit
nhm gip sinh vin nht l sinh vin cc lp h o to Lin thng Cao ng ln i hc
d dng trong vic cng c l thuyt v gii cc bi tp tng t. Mt s bi c trnh by
nhiu cch gii, mc ch gip sinh vin c cch tip cn v i n kt qu ca bi ton t
nhiu hng. So vi ti liu i s s cp th trong ti liu ny chng ti c cp nht
thm mt s lng rt ng k cc dng ton rt hay gp trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i
hc v Cao ng theo chng trnh mi ca mn Ton bc Ph thng Trung hc.
Mt li khuyn ca chng ti i vi sinh vin l khi gii cc bi tp trong ti liu
khng nn qu l thuc vo phn li gii c sn trong ti liu, m trc ht hy t mnh c
gng tm ti li gii, sau so snh bi gii ca mnh vi bi gii trong ti liu nhm rt ra
nhng kinh nghim trong gii ton. C nh vy cun ti liu ny mi thc s c ch khi
hc mn i s s cp.
Cui cng, chng ti rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp qu bu cho ni dung
cng nh hnh thc trnh by trong ti liu ca cc bn ng nghip trong B mn Ton v
Hi ng Khoa hc Khoa S phm cng nh cc bn sinh vin cun sch ny c th
c hon chnh tt hn.
Tc gi

2
MC LC
Trang
LI NI U 1
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG
TRONG TI LIU 3
PHN I: TM TT L THUYT V BI 4
Chng I. Hm s 4
A. Tm tt l thuyt 4
B. Bi tp 12
Chng II. Phng trnh H phng trnh 17
A. Tm tt l thuyt 17
B. Bi tp 24
Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh 31
A. Tm tt l thuyt 31
B. Bi tp 37
Chng IV. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh v t 43
A. Tm tt l thuyt 43
B. Bi tp 45
Chng V. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh m v lgarit 51
A. Tm tt l thuyt 51
B. Bi tp 55
Chng VI. Phng trnh lng gic 64
A. Tm tt l thuyt 64
B. Bi tp 71
PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN 76
Chng I. Hm s 76
Chng II. Phng trnh H phng trnh 98
Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh 151
Chng IV. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh v t 188
Chng V. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh m v lgarit 242
Chng VI. Phng trnh lng gic 312
TI LIU THAM KHO 361

3
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG TRONG TI LIU
: Tp hp cc s t nhin: { } 0;1; 2;... .
: Tp hp cc s nguyn: { } ...; 2; 1; 0;1; 2;... .
: Tp hp cc s hu t: / , , 0 .
a
a b b
b

`
)

: Tp hp cc s thc.
*
: Tp hp cc s thc khc khng.
:
+
Tp hp cc s thc dng.
1
:
n
Php ly tng t 1 n . n
{ } ... / ... : Tp hp.
:
f
T Tp (min) gi tr ca hm s . f
( ) :
x D
Max f x
Gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn tp . D
( ) :
x D
Min f x
Gi tr nh nht ca hm s f trn tp . D
: Thuc.
, : Tp con.
: Tp hp rng.
: Mi.
: Khc.
\: Hiu ca hai tp hp.
: Hp ca hai tp hp.
: Giao ca hai tp hp.
1
:
n
Php ly hp t 1 n . n
1
:
n
Php ly giao t 1 n . n
: Hoc (tuyn ca hai mnh ).
: Php ko theo, phng trnh h qu.
: Php tng ng (khi v ch khi), phng trnh tng ng.
pcm: Kt thc chng minh, iu phi chng minh.

4
PHN I. TM TT L THUYT V BI
CHNG I
HM S
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. KHI NIM HM S
1. nh ngha
Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp ty . Nu c mt quy tc f cho tng ng mi x X
vi mt v ch mt y Y th ta ni rng f l mt hm t X vo , Y k hiu
:
( )
f X Y
x y f x
=

Nu , X Y l cc tp hp s th f c gi l mt hm s. Trong chng ny chng ta ch
xt cc hm s thc ca cc bin s thc, ngha l ; . X Y
X c gi l tp xc nh (hay l min xc nh) ca hm s . f (Ngi ta hay dng k
hiu tp xc nh ca hm s l ). D
S thc x X c gi l bin s c lp (gi tt l bin s hay i s). S thc
( ) y f x Y = c gi l gi tr ca hm s f ti im . x Tp hp tt c cc gi tr ( ) f x
khi x ly mi s thc thuc tp hp X gi l tp gi tr (min gi tr) ca hm s f v
c k hiu l ,
f
T (nh vy ( ) { }
| ( )).
f
T f x x X f X = =
Hin nhin .
f
T Y Ch rng
f
T c th l mt tp hp con thc s ca Y hoc
bng tp . Y
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta cho hm s f di dng ( ) x f x hoc
( ) y f x = m khng nu r tp xc nh X v tp hp Y cha tp cc gi tr ca . f Khi
, ta hiu rng Y = v X l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho quy tc cho th
( ) f x tn ti.
2. th ca hm s
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh , D ta gi tp hp cc im ( ) ( )
; x f x vi
x D l th ca hm s ( ). y f x =
Vic biu din cc im ( ) ( )
; x f x thuc th ca hm s ( ) y f x = ln mt phng
ta Oxy gi l v th ca hm s.
Ch rng mt ng ( ) (ng cong hoc ng thng) trong mt phng ta
ch c th l th ca mt hm s no , nu n ct mt ng thng cng phng vi
trc Oy ti khng qu ti mt im.
3. Hm s n iu
5
3.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh l tp D, khong ( ) ; a b l
tp con ca D. Khi ta c
Hm s ( ) y f x = gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn khong ( ) ; a b , nu vi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ; , . x x a b x x f x f x < <
Hm s ( ) y f x = gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong ( ) ; a b , nu vi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ; , . x x a b x x f x f x < >
Mt hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; a b th ta ni hm s n iu
trn khong .
3.2. Tnh cht
3.3.1. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th
hm s ( ) y f x c = + (c l hng s) cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b .
3.3.2. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th
hm s ( ) y kf x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b nu 0 k > ; hm s
( ) y kf x = nghch bin (ng bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b nu 0. k <
3.3.3. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong
( ) ; a b th hm s ( ) ( ) y f x g x = + ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b .
3.3.4. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = khng m trn khong ( ) ; a b v cng
ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th hm s ( ) ( ) . y f x g x = ng bin (nghch
bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b .
Ch . th ca hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; a b ct ng thng
cng phng vi trc Ox nhiu nht ti mt im.
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin trn khong ( ) ; a b ; hm s ( ) y g x = nghch bin
trn khong ( ) ; . a b Khi trn khong ( ; ), a b th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v
( ) y g x = ct nhau khng qu ti mt im.
4. Hm s chn, hm s l
4.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh trn . D
Hm s f gi l hm s chn nu vi mi x D , ta c x D v ( ) ( ). f x f x =
Hm s f gi l hm s l nu vi mi x D , ta c x D v ( ) ( ). f x f x =
4.2. th ca hm s chn v hm s l
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh D l hm s chn v c th l ( ). G Vi
6
mi im ( )
0 0
; M x y thuc th ( ), G ta xt im i xng vi n qua trc tung l
( )
0 0
' ; . M x y
T nh ngha hm s chn, ta c
0
x D v ( ) ( )
0 0
. f x f x = Do
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
' . M G y f x y f x M G = =
iu chng t ( ) G c trc i xng l trc tung.
Nu f l hm s l th l lun tng t, ta cng c ( ) G c tm i xng l gc ta
. O
5. Hm s tun hon
5.1. nh ngha. Hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh D c gi l hm s tun
hon nu tn ti mt s dng T sao cho vi mi x D ta c
) i x T D + v ; x T D
( ) ( ) ) . ii f x T f x =
S nh nht (nu c) trong cc s T c cc tnh cht trn gi l chu k ca hm s tun
hon ( ). f x
Ch . Chng ta c mt s du hiu nhn bit mt hm s cho khng phi l mt hm
s tun hon, chng hn ta c hai du hiu sau.
+ Nu mt hm s c tp xc nh dng \ , D A = vi A l mt tp hp hu hn th hm
s khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.
+ Nu phng trnh ( ) f x k = c nghim, nhng s nghim l mt s hu hn, th hm s
( ) y f x = khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.
6. Hm s hp
6.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tp
1
D v ( ) y g x = xc
nh trn
2
D . Khi ta gi hm s hp ca hai hm s f v g k hiu g f c xc
nh ( )( ) ( ) y g f x g f x ( = =

xc nh trn tp ( ) { }
1 2
| . D x D f x D =
7. Hm s ngc
7.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s
( )
: f X Y
x y f x
=

nu vi mi gi tr ( ),
f
y T f X = c mt v ch mt x X sao cho ( ) , f x y = tc l
phng trnh ( ) f x y = vi n x c nghim duy nht, th bng cch cho tng ng vi mi
( ) y f X phn t duy nht , x X ta xc nh c hm s
7
( )
( )
: g f X X
y x g y
=

( x tha mn ( ) f x y = ).
Hm s g xc nh nh vy c gi l hm s ngc ca hm s . f
Theo thng l, ngi ta thng k hiu i s l x v hm s l . y Khi hm s ngc
ca hm s ( ) y f x = s c vit li l ( ). y g x =
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c hm s ngc, tm hm s ngc ca hm s ( ) y f x =
ta gii phng trnh ( ) f x y = n , x phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht ( ), x g y = i
k hiu theo cch vit thng thng ta c hm s ngc ( ). y g x =
Ch .
Ngi ta thng k hiu hm s ngc ca hm s ( ) y f x = l ( )
1
. y f x
=
T nh ngha ca hm s ngc, suy ra rng: Tp xc nh ca hm s ngc
( )
1
y f x
= l tp gi tr ca hm s ( ), y f x = tp gi tr ca hm s ngc l tp xc nh
ca hm s ( ). y f x =
D nhin hm s ( ) y f x = li l hm s ngc ca hm s ( )
1
. y f x
= V vy ta ni
hai hm s ( ) y f x = v ( )
1
y f x
= l hai hm s ngc nhau.

7.2. iu kin hm s c hm s ngc
7.2.1. nh l. Mi hm s ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn tp xc nh ca n
u c hm s ngc.
7.3. th ca hm s ngc
7.3.1. nh l. Trong h trc ta Cc vung gc , Oxy th ca hai hm
s ngc nhau ( ) y f x = v ( )
1
y f x
= i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht

. y x =
Ch .
T tnh cht ca th hm s ngc ta suy ra rng th ca hai hm s ngc nhau, nu
ct nhau th ct nhau trn ng thng . y x =
T ta c th p dng gii cc phng trnh dng ( ) ( )
1
f x f x
= bng cch a v
phng trnh ( ) f x x = hoc ( )
1
. f x x
=
II. MT S PHP BIN I TH
1. Trc i xng, tm i xng ca th
Chng ta bit th hm s chn nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng, th hm s l
nhn gc ta O lm tm i xng. Sau y chng ta a ra du hiu cho bit th ca
8
mt hm s c trc i xng, tm i xng. (Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt trc i
xng ca th hm s, cng phng vi trc tung).
1.1. nh l. th ca hm s ( ) y f x = nhn ng thng c phng trnh x =
lm trc i xng khi v ch khi ( ) ( ) 2 f x f x = vi mi . x D
Tht vy, mun cho ng thng c phng trnh x = l trc i xng ca th
( ) y f x = th t c v l nu im ( ) ; M x y thuc th th im ' M i xng vi im
M qua cng thuc th. y im ' M c ta ( ) 2 ; x y , nh vy vi mi
x D ta c ( ) ( ) 2 f x f x = .
1.2. nh l. th hm s ( ) y f x = nhn im ( ) ; I lm tm i xng khi v ch
khi ( ) ( ) 2 2 , . f x f x x D =
Ch . Trong nh l 1.1 cho 0 = v trong nh l 1.2 cho 0, = = ta c kt qu
+ th ca hm s chn nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
+ th hm s l nhn gc ta lm tm i xng.
Trong thc t mun chng minh th hm s ( ) y f x = nhn ng thng
0
x x = lm trc
i xng th ta c th lm nh sau:
Di h trc ta Oxy v h trc , IXY vi ( )
0
; 0 I x theo cng thc
0
x X x
y Y
= +

Lp hm s mi bng cch thay
0
; x X x y Y = + = vo hm s ( ); y f x =
Chng minh hm s mi ( ) Y g X = l hm s chn kt lun
0
x x = l trc i xng.
Tng t nh trn, mun chng minh ( )
0 0
, I x y l tm i xng ca th ( ) C ca hm s
( ) y f x = , ta di h trc ta Oxy sang h trc , IXY bng php t
0
0
x X x
y Y y
= +
= +

Sau chng minh hm s mi ( ) Y g X = l hm s l kt lun im ( )
0 0
; I x y l tm
i xng ca th.
2. Php i xng qua trc ta
2.1. nh l. th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y f x = i xng nhau qua trc
honh.
2.2. nh l. th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y f x = i xng nhau qua trc
tung.
3. Php tnh tin song song vi trc tung
9
3.1. nh l. th ca hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
, 0 y f x b y f x b b = + = > suy ra t th
( ) y f x = bng mt php tnh tin theo vect
( )
Oy Oy

mt on bng . b
4. Php tnh tin song song vi trc honh
4.1. nh l. th hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
, 0 y f x a y f x a a = + = > suy c t th
hm s ( ) y f x = bng php tnh tin theo vect
( )
Ox Ox

mt on bng . a
Ch .
Ngoi php tnh tin theo cc trc ta ngi ta cn a ra php tnh tin theo vect
0. v

T th hm s ( ), y f x = tnh tin theo vect ( ) ; v a b =
th c th hm s
( ) . y f x a b = +
5. th ca mt s hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i
5.1. th hm s ( ) y f x =
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
; 0
; 0
f x f x
y f x
f x f x

= =

<

Do th ca hm s ( ) y f x = gm
+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
5.2. th hm s
( )
y f x =
Thy ngay
( )
y f x = l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l . Oy Vi 0 x th
( ) ( ). y f x f x = = Vy th gm hai phn
+ Phn bn phi Oy ca th ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn trn qua . Oy
5.3. th hm s ( ) ( ) . y u x v x =
Ta c ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. ; 0
.
. ; < 0
u x v x u x
y u x v x
u x v x u x

= =

Do ta v th ( ) ( ) ( ) . y f x u x v x = = v t th ( ) ( ) . y u x v x = gm
+ Phn th ( ) y f x = trn min ( ) 0. u x
10
+ i xng phn th ( ) y f x = trn min ( ) 0 u x < qua trc honh.
5.4. T th hm s ( ) y f x = suy ra ng biu din ( ) ( ) , y f x =
Ta c nhn xt: Gi s im ( )
0 0
; x y thuc ( ) th ( )
0 0
; x y cng thuc ( ).
Vy, ( ) c trc i xng l . Ox Vi 0 y th ( ) ( ). y f x y f x = =
Do ( ) gm hai phn
+ Phn th t trc honh tr ln ca th ( ) y f x = .
+ i xng phn trn qua trc honh c phn cn li.
III. GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tp . D
a) S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn tp D nu
( )
( )
0 0
) : ;
) : .
i x D f x M
ii x D f x M

=

K hiu ( ).
x D
M Max f x
=
b) S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn tp D nu
( )
( )
0 0
) : ;
) : .
i x D f x m
ii x D f x m

=

K hiu ( ).
x D
m Min f x
=
2. Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2.1. Phng php min gi tr
Ni dung ca phng php ny nh sau.
+ Xem ( ) y f x = l phng trnh i vi n x v y l tham s;
+ Tm iu kin ca y phng trnh ( ) y f x = c nghim;
+ T iu kin trn, bin i a n dng . m y M Xt du = xy ra v kt lun
( ) ; ( ) . Minf x m Maxf x M = =
2.2. Phng php o hm
+ Kho st s bin thin ca hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ Da vo bng bin thin kt lun ( ); ( ). Maxf x Minf x
11
Ch . Trong trng hp tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn
on [ ; ], a b ta c th trnh by n gin nh sau.
Bc 1. Tm ( ) f x v tm cc im ti hn
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x ca ( ) f x trn on [ ; ]; a b
Bc 2. Tnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, ,..., , ,
n
f x f x f x f a f b ;
Bc 3. Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s trn, khi
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
; ;
; .
x a b x a b
M Max f x m Min f x

= =
(Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn on [ ; ], a b th gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
hm s trn on [ ; ] a b bao gi cng tn ti).
2.3. Phng php dng bt ng thc
Dng bt ng thc quen thuc chng minh ( ) f x M hoc ( ) . f x m
Phi ch ra tn ti
0 1
; x x D sao cho ( )
0
, f x M = ( )
1
. f x m = Khi
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
; ;
; .
x a b x a b
M Max f x m Min f x

= =
Cc bt ng thc quen thuc sau y thng c dng tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht ca hm s.
+ Bt ng thc Csi. (Augustin Louis Cauchy,1789 1857. Nh Ton hc Php).
Cho n s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a khng m. Th th
1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
... .
n
a a a = = =
+

Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski. (Victor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky, 1804 1889. Nh Ton
hc Nga).
Cho n cp s thc ( ; ),
i i
a b i = 1, 2,, n.
Th th
2
2 2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
a b a b
= = =
| | | || |
| | |
\ \ \

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho ,
i i
b ka = i = 1, 2,, n.
+ Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho , , , 1, 2,...,
i
a b a i n = l cc s thc. Th th
1 2 1 2
(*); (**); ... ...
n n
a b a b a b a b a a a a a a + + + + + + + + (***)
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi 0. ab Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi
v ch khi 0
i
a hoc 0, 1, 2,..., .
i
a i n =
2.4. Phng php ta vc t
12
Ta c cc bt ng thc v vc t nh sau
a b a b + +

. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi , a b
cng hng.
a b a b

cng hng.
. . a b a b

cng phng.
B. BI TP
I.1. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
2
2 1
.
4
x
y
x x
=
+ +

I.2. Cho hm s
2
1
.
x
y
x a
+
=
+
Tm cc gi tr 0 a > tp gi tr ca hm s cho cha
on [0;1].
I.3. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s
2
1
( 1)
y
x m x m
=
+ +

l hm s chn.
I.4. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tha ( ) ( ) ( ), , . f a b f a f b a b + = + Chng
minh rng
1) (0) 0; f =
2) ( ) y f x = l mt hm s l.
I.5. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn v l hm s l, tha (0) 0. f Chng minh
rng s nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l mt s chn.
I.6. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tha ( ) 0, f x x v

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ), , . f x x f x x f x f x x x + + =
Chng minh rng
1) (0) 1; f =
2) ( ) y f x = l mt hm s chn.
I.7. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y l hm s tun hon, tm chu k (nu c)
1) cos(2 3); y x = +
2)
2
sin . y x =
I.8. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y khng phi l mt hm s tun hon
1)
3 2
2 ; y x x = +
2) 1 y x = ;
13
3)
2
1
x
y
x
=
.
I.9. Chng minh hm s irichl
1,
( )
0, \
x
f x
x

=

l mt hm s tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
I.10. Cho cc hm s
1
( )
1
x
y f x
x
+
= =
v ( ) 2 1 y g x x = =
1) Xc nh hm s ( ( )); y f f x =
2) Xc nh hm s ( ( )). y f g x =
I.11. Cho hm s
1
1
( )
1
y f x
x
= =
. K hiu
1
( ) ( ( ))
n n
f x f f x
= , vi n

v 2. n Xc
nh hm s
100
( ). y f x =
I.12. Cho cc hm s
1
1 2 ,
2
( )
1
2 1,
2
x x
y f x
x x
<
= =

v
1, 1
( )
1 , 1.
x x
y g x
x x

= =

<

Xc nh cc hm s hp ( ( )), ( ( )). y f g x y g f x = =
I.13. Cho hm s ( ) 2 1 y f x x = = .
Tm hm s ngc
1
( ) y f x
= .
I.14. 1) Hy xc nh vc t ( ; ), v a b =
sao cho khi tnh tin th ca hm s

2
3
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

theo vc t v
ta c th ca hm s cho trong cc trng hp sau y

a)
2
7
;
2
x x
y
x

=
+

b)
2
7 9
;
5
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

c)
2
2 4
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=
+

2) T th ca hm s
2
3
,
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+
suy ra th ca cc hm s sau bng cc php
bin i no ?
14
a)
2
3
;
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

b)
2
5
;
2
x
y
x
+
=
+

I.15. T th ca hm s
1
y
x
= , bng cc php bin i th no nhn c th
ca hm s
3 7
?
2
x
y
x

I.16. Cho hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
.
1) Dng th (C) ca hm s cho;
2) T th (C) hy suy ra th ca cc hm s sau
a)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

b)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

c)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

d)
2
3 1
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=

I.17. Chng minh th ca hm s
2
5
4 3
y
x x
=
+

nhn ng thng 2 x = lm trc i xng.
4 3 2
4 3 2 y x x x x = + +
c ng mt trc i xng cng phng vi trc tung.
2
2
4 2
1
x x
y
x
+
=
+

khng c tm i xng.
I.20. Cho hm s
4 3 2
4 2 12 . y x ax x ax = +
15
Tm cc gi tr ca a th ca hm s cho c trc i xng cng phng vi trc
. Oy
I.21. Cho hm s
2 2 2
2
1
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=
+
c th l ( ).
m
C
Tm m trn ( )
m
C tn ti hai im i xng nhau qua gc to .
I.22. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1)
3 2
2.3 4.3 2.3
x x x
y = + trn on [1; 1];
2) cos3 15cos 8 y x x = + trn on [
3
;
3
2
];
3)
3 2
3 5 y x x = + trn on [0; 3].
I.23. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1)
2
3
2 1
x
y
x
=
trn on [
3
4
; 2];
2) (cos 1) sin , [0, 2 ]. y x x x = +
I.24. Gi s ( , ) x y l mt nghim ca h phng trnh
2 2
2
3.
x y a
x y x y
+ =
+ + =

Tm cc gi tr ca a biu thc
2 2
M x y x y = + t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht.
I.25. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4). y x x x x = + + + +
I.26. Cho 0, 0 x y > > tha mn
5
.
4
x y + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
4 1
.
4
A
x y
= +
I.27. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s 1 2 2 5 y x x x = + + + .
I.28. Cho hai s dng , x y thay i tha mn iu kin 4 x y + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
2 3
2
3 4 2
.
4
x y
A
x y
+ +
= +
I.29. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
( 3 4 5). T yz x zx y xy z
xyz
= + +
I.30. Xt cc s dng , , x y z tha mn iu kin 1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
.
x y z y z x z x y
P
yz zx xy
+ + +
= + +
16
I.31. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. abc = Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
.
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
A
b c c a a b
= + +
+ + + + + +

I.32. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 3. a b c + + Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
.
a b c
A
b c a
= + +
I.33. Cho cc s , , x y z dng thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
.
xy yz zx
S
z x y
= + +
I.34. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
1 1 1
.
1 1 1
a b c
A
a b c
+ + +
=

I.35. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
3. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( )
2 2 2
2
.
ab bc ca
M
ab bc ca
+ +
=
+ +

I.36. Cho cc s , , x y z thay i tha mn iu kin ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1. x y z + + = Tm
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
2 3 8 . A x y z = + +
I.37. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
2 2 2 2 2 2
. A a b b c c a = + + + + +
I.38. Cho cc s , x y thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2
1. x y + = Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
2
2
.
1 2 2
xy y
A
x xy
+
=
+ +

I.39. Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1 1 1
.
2 2 2
x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy
| | | |
| |
= + + + + +
| | |
\
\ \

17
I.40. Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. xyz = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
.
I.41. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2
sin
4
, ; .
2
sin 1 2cos
x
y x
x x
| |
|
(
\
=
(

+ +

CHNG II
PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CC KHI NIM C BN
1. Phng trnh
1.1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s ca n bin thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x l
1 2 1 2
( ; ;...; ), ( ; ;...; ).
n n
f x x x g x x x Ta gi b n
s thc
1 2
( ; ;...; )
n
n
x x x l mt im trong .
n
Khi cc hm s

1 2 1 2
( ; ;...; ), ( ; ;...; )
n n
f x x x g x x x
c xem l cc hm mt bin x trong .
n

Ta gi Phng trnh n x l mnh cha bin dng ( ) ( ) f x g x = (1)
trong , ( ) f x v ( ) g x l nhng biu thc cha x. Ta gi ( ) f x l v tri, ( ) g x l v phi
ca phng trnh (1). Nu coi f v g l hm ca n bin trong khng gian th (1) l
phng trnh ca n n
1 2
, ,..., .
n
x x x
Gi s f(x) c tp xc nh l D
1
, g(x) c tp xc nh l D
2
th
1 2
D D D = gi l tp
(min) xc nh ca phng trnh (1).
Nu
o
x D sao cho ( ) ( )
o o
f x g x = l mt mnh ng th
o
x c gi l mt
nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Gii phng trnh (1) l tm tt c cc nghim ca n, tp hp cc nghim ca phng
trnh k hiu l S.
Nu S = th ta ni phng trnh v nghim.
Ch . Trong mt phng trnh (mt hoc nhiu n), ngoi cc ch ng vai tr l cc n
s, cn c th c cc ch khc c xem nh nhng hng s v c gi l tham s. Gii
v bin lun phng trnh cha tham s, ngha l xt xem vi gi tr no ca tham s th
phng trnh v nghim, c nghim v tm cc nghim .
1.2. Phng trnh tng ng, phng trnh h qu
1.2.1. Phng trnh tng ng. Hai phng trnh c gi l tng ng vi
nhau khi chng c cng tp hp nghim.
18
Khi hai phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = ;
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = tng ng vi nhau ta dng k hiu

1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x g x = =
Ch . Nu theo nh ngha trn th hai phng trnh v nghim cng c coi l tng
ng vi nhau v c cng tp hp nghim l tp hp . V vy, cch vit sau cng coi
nh l ng, tuy nhin trong thc t t khi gp. Chng hn,
2
3 0 cos 3. x x + = =
S tng ng ca hai phng trnh c tnh cht phn x, i xng, bc cu.
1.2.2. Phng trnh h qu
Nu mi nghim ca ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = u l nghim ca phng trnh
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = th phng trnh
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = c gi l phng trnh h qu ca phng
trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = .
Ta dng k hiu
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x g x = =
1.2.3. Cc php bin i tng ng phng trnh
Qu trnh gii mt phng trnh l qu trnh bin i phng trnh i n mt
phng trnh n gin hn m ta bit cch gii. Nu php bin i khng lm thay i
tp xc nh ca phng trnh th phng trnh cho c bin i tng ng, cn nu
lm thay i tp xc nh ca phng trnh th c th tp hp nghim ca phng trnh
cho cng b thay i. Sau y ta xt mt s php bin i tng ng.
1.2.3.1. nh l. Cho phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = . Nu ( ) h x c ngha trong tp xc nh
ca phng trnh cho th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x h x g x h x = + = + (1)
H qu 1. C th chuyn cc hng t t v ny sang v kia ca phng trnh, nhng
phi i du ca n.
H qu 2. Mi phng trnh u c th a v dng m v phi bng khng.
Do vy, ta lun c th k hiu phng trnh l F(x) = 0.
Ch . iu kin h(x) c ngha trong tp xc nh ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) l iu kin
nhng khng cn. Ni khc i, nu c iu kin y th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x f x h x g x h x = + = +
l php bin i tng ng, cn nu khng c iu kin y th php bin i trn c th
tng ng hoc c th khng.
1.2.3.2. nh l. Cho phng trnh f(x) = g(x). Nu h(x) c ngha v khc khng trong
tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x h x g x h x = =
H qu. C th nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh vi mt s khc khng ty .
Ta cng c nhn xt v h(x) tng t nh nh l 1.2.3.1.
1.2.3.3. nh l. Nu nng hai v ca mt phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc l th ta
c mt phng trnh tng ng vi phng trnh cho.
19
Ch . Php bin i nng hai v ca phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc chn l php bin
i h qu, n ch l php bin i tng ng nu hai v ca phng trnh u khng m
trn tp xc nh.
[ ] [ ]
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ( ) 0, ( ) 0).
k k
f x g x f x g x f x g x = =
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho m rng ra
th tp hp nghim ca n cng c th m rng ra, khi c th xut hin nhng nghim,
ta gi l nghim ngoi lai (i vi phng trnh cho). Nhng nghim ngoi lai (nu
c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh sau khi bin i v thuc vo phn m rng ca tp
xc nh. Nu tp xc nh m rng ra nhng khng c nghim ngoi lai th phng trnh
cho v phng trnh bin i vn tng ng.
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho b thu hp li
th tp nghim ca n cng c th b thu hp li, mt s nghim no c th mt i.
Nhng nghim mt i (nu c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh cho nhng thuc
vo phn b thu hp ca tp xc nh. Nu tt c cc gi tr ca n s b mt i khi tp xc
nh b thu hp khng tha mn phng trnh cho, th phng trnh cho v phng
trnh bin i vn tng ng.
2. H phng trnh Tuyn phng trnh
2.1. nh ngha. Cho m phng trnh

1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
.....................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
=
=

(c th coi ( )
1 2
; ;...; ,
n
x x x x = khi cc ( ), ( ), 1, 2,...,
i i
f x g x i m = l nhng hm n bin).
Gi s m phng trnh cho c tp xc nh ln lt l
1 2
, ,...,
m
D D D .
Ta gi h m phng trnh k hiu l

(1)

1
m
i
i
D D
=
=
l tp xc nh ca h (1).
Mt gi tr a D ca bin x lm cho tng phng trnh ca h (1) u tr thnh ng
thc ng c gi l mt nghim ca h (1). K hiu
i
S l tp hp nghim ca phng
trnh th i ca h (1) th tp hp nghim ca h (1) l
1
m
i
i
S S
=
=
. Khi S = ta ni h v
nghim.
2.2. nh ngha. Ta cng gi tuyn ca m phng trnh k hiu l
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
....................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
20

1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
...................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
(2)
Tp xc nh ca tuyn phng trnh (2) cng l
1
m
i
i
D D
=
=
, vi
i
D l tp xc nh ca
phng trnh th i.
Nu c mt gi tr a D ca x lm cho mt phng trnh no ca tuyn phng
trnh (2) tr thnh ng thc ng th a c gi l mt nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2).
Tp hp nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2) l
1
m
i
i
S S
=
=
,
i
S l tp hp nghim ca phng
trnh th i ca tuyn phng trnh (2).
Khi nim tng ng ca h phng trnh, tuyn phng trnh cng tng t nh
phng trnh.
2.3. Cc nh l v h phng trnh tng ng
2.3.1. nh l. Nu
1 2 1 1 2
( ; ;...; ) 0 ( ;...; )
n n
F x x x x f x x = = th

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
; ;...; 0 ;...;
; ;...; 0 ( ;...; ; ;...; ) 0
........................... ..........................................
; ;...; 0 ( ;...; ; ;...; ) 0
n n
n n n
m n m n n
F x x x x f x x
F x x x F f x x x x
F x x x F f x x x x
= =

= =

= =

2.3.2. nh l

1 1
2 12 1 22 2
3 13 1 23 2 33 3
1 1 2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
........... ................................
0 ..... 0
m m m mm m
F F
F n F n F
F n F n F n F
F n F n F n F
= =

= + =

= + + =

= + + + =

2.4. nh l v tuyn phng trnh tng ng

1
2
1 2
0
0
. ... 0
.......
0
m
m
F
F
F F F
F
=

II. PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N
1. Phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc nht mt n l phng trnh
0, , , 0. ax b a b a + =
21
Phng trnh bc nht c mt nghim duy nht .
b
x
a
=
1.2. Gii v bin lun phng trnh dng 0 ax b + = (1)
0 a , phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht .
b
x
a
=
0, 0 a b = , phng trnh (1) v nghim.
0, 0 a b = = , phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
1.3. Mt s phng trnh qui v phng trnh bc nht mt n
l cc phng trnh dng: 0; ; .
ax b
ax b cx d ax b cx d
cx d
+
= + = + + = +
+

Khi gii phng trnh dng 0
ax b
cx d
+
=
+
ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc khng. gii
cc phng trnh ; , ax b cx d ax b cx d + = + + = + ta phi kh du gi tr tuyt i bng
nh ngha v tnh cht ca du gi tr tuyt i. Cho , A Bl cc biu thc cha bin, ta c

; 0
; 0
A A
A
A A

=

<

A B
A B
A B
=
=

0 B
A B A B
A B

= =

=

2. Phng trnh bc hai mt n
2.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc hai mt n l phng trnh c dng
2
0 ax bx c + + =
(1), vi a, b, c l cc tham s thc, 0 a .
Biu thc
2
4 b ac = c gi l bit thc ca phng trnh (1).
Xy ra ba trng hp sau:
i) Nu 0 < th phng trnh (1) v nghim;
ii) Nu 0 = th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp
1 2
;
2
b
x x
a
= =
iii) Nu 0 > th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
1,2
.
2
b
x
a

=
Ngoi ra, nu t '
2
b
b = th
2
' ' b ac = gi l bit thc thu gn ca phng trnh (1).
Ta cng c ba trng hp sau:
i) Nu ' 0 < th phng trnh (1) v nghim;
22
ii) Nu ' 0 = th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp l
1 2
'
;
b
x x
a
= =
iii) Nu ' 0 > th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l
1,2
' '
.
b
x
a

=
2.2. nh l Viet
Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = c nghim
1 2
, x x th

1 2
b
x x
a
+ = v
1 2
. .
c
x x
a
=
o li nu hai s x, y tha mn x + y = S v x.y = P th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai
2
0 X SX P + = (*) (iu kin (*) c nghim l
2
4 0). S P
T , ta c h qu sau:
2.2.1. Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia bng
.
c
a

2.2.2. Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia
bng .
c
a

3. Mt s phng trnh bc bn c th a v phng trnh bc hai mt n (qua php
t n ph)
3.1. Phng trnh trng phng:
4 2
0 ax bx c + + = , t
2
0 t x = , khi phng trnh
cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i vi bin . t
3.2. Phng trnh dng: ( )( )( )( ) x a x b x c x d k + + + + = , vi . a b c d + = +
t ( )( ), t x a x b = + + khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i
vi bin . t
3.3. Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( )
4 4
. x a x b c + + + = t ,
2
a b
t x
+
= + phng trnh c a
v phng trnh trng phng
4 2 2 4
2 12( ) 2( ) .
2 2
a b a b
t t c

+ + =
3.4. Phng trnh dng:
4 3 2
0, ( 0) ax bx cx bx a a + + + + = (Phng trnh bc bn hi
quy).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
x (v 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh), phng trnh tr thnh
2
2
1 1
0. a x b x c
x x
| | | |
+ + + + =
| |
\ \

t
1
, t x
x
= + 2, t ta c phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
23
2
2 0. at bt c a + + =
i vi phng trnh dng
4 3 2
0, ( 0) ax bx cx bx a a + + + = (Phng trnh bc bn phn
hi quy), ta cng c cch bin i nh trn vi php t
1
, t x
x
= , t khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
2
2 0. at bt c a + + + =
III. H PHNG TRNH
1. H gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai hai n
H phng trnh c dng
2 2
0
0
Ax By C
ax bxy cy dx ey f
+ + =
+ + + + + =

Phng php gii.
S dng phng php th: Rt x hoc y t phng trnh bc nht ri thay vo phng
trnh bc hai trong h, ta c mt phng trnh mt n. Gii phng trnh mt n ny, sau
tm n cn li.
2. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai
H phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi hai n , x y l h phng trnh c dng

2 2
2 2
' ' ' '
ax bxy cy d
a x b xy c y d
+ + =
+ + =

Phng php gii.
Xt xem 0 x = c tha h phng trnh hay khng;
Khi 0 x , t y kx =
+ Th y kx = vo h phng trnh, kh x ta c phng trnh bc hai theo k;
+ Gii phng trnh tm k, sau tm ( ; ). x y
3. H phng trnh i xng
3.1. H phng trnh i xng loi I
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n , x y l h phng trnh i xng
loi I, nu ta thay th x bi y v y bi x th mi phng trnh ca h khng thay i.
Phng php gii.
t , S x y P xy = + = a h phng trnh v h phng trnh n S v P.
Tm S, P, khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh:
2
0, X SX P + = ch phi c iu
kin
2
4 0 S P .
3.2. H phng trnh i xng loi II
24
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n x, y l h phng trnh i xng
loi II, nu tro i vai tr ca x, y cho nhau th phng trnh ny chuyn thnh phng
trnh kia.
Phng php gii.
Tr tng v cc phng trnh cho ta c phng trnh mi, a phng trnh ny
v phng trnh tch.
ng vi tng trng hp xy ra, kt hp vi mt trong hai phng trnh ca h c
mt h phng trnh con, gii h phng trnh con ny.
Tng hp nghim.
B. BI TP
II.1. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1)
2 2
4 3 ; m x m x m + = +
2)
2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 ( ) ( ) ; a b a a a b a b x + + = + + +
3)
2 2 2 2
2 ; a x ab b x a b + = + +
4)
2
( ) 4 5. a ax b ax b + = +
II.2 Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1)
2 1
1;
1
x m x m
x x
+ +
=

2)
2
| | 2 1;
| | 1
mx
m x m
x
= +

3)
2 1 1
2 1 .
1 1
mx m
x
x x
+
=

II.3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2 2
(5 1) (5 2) 0. m x m m x m + + =
II.4. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo hai tham s a v b

2 2 2
( ) ( 4 ) 2 ( ) 0. a b x a ab b x ab a b + + + + + =
II.5. Cho , , a b c l ba s khc nhau v khc 0. Chng minh rng
Nu cc phng trnh
2
0 x ax bc + + = v
2
0 x bx ca + + = c ng mt nghim chung th
nghim cn li ca chng tha mn phng trnh
2
0. x cx ab + + =
II.6. Cho phng trnh
2
2( 3) 4 0 mx m x m + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c ng mt nghim dng.
25
II.7. Cho phng trnh
4 2
( 1) 2( 3) 3 0 m x m x m + + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn v nghim.
II.8. Cho phng trnh
2 2
2 1 0 x x m x m + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim.
II.9. 1) Tm cc gi tr ca k phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit
2
( 1) 2 | | . x x k =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh
2 2
2 10 8 5 x x x x a + = + c bn nghim
phn bit.
II.10. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) ( x 1)( x + 5)( x 3)( x + 7) = 297;
2) ( x + 2)( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 6) = 36;
3) ( 2)( 2)( 4) 18. x x x x + + =
1)
4
x + ( x 1)
4
= 97;
2) ( x + 3)
4
+ ( x + 5)
4
= 16;
3)
4 4
( 2) ( 6) 2. x x + + + =
1) 6 x
4
35 x
3
+ 62 x
2
35 x + 6 = 0;
2)
4
x + x
3
4 x
2
+ x + 1 = 0;
3)
4
x

5 x
3
+ 10 x
2
10 x + 4 = 0;
4)
4 3 2
2 21 74 105 50 0 x x x x + + = ;
5)
4 3 2
2 5 5 2 0 x x x x + + + + = .
II.13. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
( 3)( 1)( 5)( 3) 40 . x x x x m + + =
II.14. Gii cc h phng trnh
26
1)
2 1 1
3 2 4;
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ =

2)
2 3 15
y
15;
y
x
xy
x
xy
+ =

3)
2
2
12
28;
x xy
y xy
=

4)
3 2 1
0;
x y x y
x y x y
+ + =
+ + =

5)
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4;
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

6)
2 2
6 2 0
8 0;
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + =

7)
2 2
13
3;
x y xy
x y xy
+ =
+ =

8)
2 2
8
( 1)( 1) 12;
x y x y
xy x y
+ + + =
+ + =

9)
2 2
4
( 1) ( 1) 2;
x y x y
x x y y y
+ + + =
+ + + + =

10)
2 2
4 4
( ) 78
97;
x y xy
x y
+ =
+ =

11)
3 3
2 2
7( )
2;
x y x y
x y x y
=
+ = + +

12)
4
4
2 3 10
2+ 3 4;
x y
x y
+ + =
+ =

13)
( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 6
2 2 3 0;
x y x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =

27
14)
2 2 2
1 7
1 13 ;
xy x y
x y xy y
+ + =
+ + =

15)
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 0
5
1 0.
x x y
x y
x
+ + =
+ + =

1)
2
2
3 4
3 4 ;
x xy y
y xy x
=

2)
2
2
1
7 0
1
7 0;
x y
x
y x
y
+ =
+ =

3)
2
2
1 2 1
1 2 1;
x y x
y x y
= +
= +

4)
3
1 1
2 1;
x y
x y
y x
= +

5)
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
2 6 6;
x x y x y x
x xy x
+ + = +
+ = +

6)
2 2
2
2 1 2 2 ;
xy x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + =

7)
4 3 2 2
3 2
1
1;
x x y x y
x y x xy
+ =
+ =

8)
3 2
3 2
3 2 6 15
2 2 9;
x x y x y
x x y x y
+ =
+ + + =

9)
2 2
2 2
3 4 1
3 2 9 8 3;
x y x y
x y x y
+ + =

10)
2
3 3
( ) 2
19;
x y y
x y
=

28
11)
3 3
2 2 3
1
2 2;
x y
x y xy y
+ =
+ + =

12)
3 3 2
2 2
.
x y x y
x y x y
=
+ =

1)
3
2;
x y x y
x y x y
+ = + +

2)
2 2
25
( ) 10;
x y xy
y x y
+ =
+ =

3)
2
3 3 4;
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

4)
2
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2;
x xy x y
xy x y x
+ + + =
+ + + =

5)
2 2 2 3 2
2 2
2 2
2 0;
x y x y y y
x y y
+ =
+ =

6)
2 1
2 1
2 2 3 1
2 2 3 1;
y
x
x x x
y y y
+ + = +
+ + = +

7)
2 2
3 2 16
2 4 33;
xy x y
x y x y
=
+ =

8)
3 2 3
2 3 6 4;
x y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ = + +

9)
1 9
( )(2 )
2
1 5
( )(2 ) ;
2
x y
xy
x y
xy
+ =
+ =

10)
2
3 2
2
2 2 ;
x xy
x xy y x
+ =
+ =

29
11)
7
1
78;
x y
y x xy
x xy y xy
+ = +
+ =

12)
1 1 3
( 1)( 1) 5;
x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =

13)
2
6 3
4.
x y y
x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

II.17. Chng minh rng vi a 0, h phng trnh
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
x y
y
a
y x
x
= +
= +

c nghim duy nht.
II.18. Cho h phng trnh
2 2
2
4
3 4
x xy y k
y xy
+ =

1) Gii h vi k = 1;
2) Chng minh rng h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi mi . k
II.19. Tm cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh sau c nghim
1 2
3 .
x y a
x y a
+ + + =
+ =

II.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim
4 0
3 ( 1) 1.
x y m
x x y
=
+ + =

II.21. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
2
2
x y y m
y x x m
= +
= +

30
2
2
5 4 0
3 16 0.
x x
x mx x
+
+ =


1
1 1.
x y m
y x
+ + =
+ + =


2 2
1
.
x xy y m
x y xy m
+ + = +
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh vi m = 2;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c t nht mt nghim ( ; ) x y tha mn
0; 0. x y > >
2 2
2 2
( 1) 1
1
m x y m
x my
+ + = +
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh khi 1; m=
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
2 2
2 2
2 2 0
( 2 2) 2
x my x m
m x x y m
+ + =
+ + = +

1) Gii h phng trnh khi 1; m=
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
2
( 2)(2 ) 9
4 .
x x x y
x x y m
+ + =
+ + =

Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim
1 2
2 1 .
x y m
x y m
+ + =
+ + =

Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim

31
CHNG III
BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. I CNG V BT NG THC
1. nh ngha
Cho hai s , a b K (K l trng s hu t hay trng s thc ). Ta ni a ln hn
b v k hiu a b > nu a b l mt s dng. Khi , ta cng ni b b hn a v k hiu
. b a <
Ta ni a ln hn hay bng b v vit l a b nu a b l mt s dng hay bng
khng. Khi , ta cng ni b b hn hay bng a v vit . b a
Gi s ( ), ( ) A x B x l hai biu thc ton hc vi tp xc nh chung l D ca bin s x
(hoc c th xem l hai biu thc ton hc ca cng n bin s
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x nu ta xem
1 2
( , ,..., ) ).
n
n
x x x x K =
Ta ni ( ) ( ) A x B x < hay ( ) ( ) B x A x >
( ( ) ( ) A x B x hay ( ) ( ) B x A x )
Nu ti mi gi tr ca bin s x D ta u c:
0 0
( ) ( ) A x B x < hay
0 0
( ) ( ) B x A x >
0 0
( ( ) ( ) A x B x hay
0 0
( ) ( )) B x A x l cc bt ng thc ng.
Ta gi ; a b > ; a b ( ) ( ); A x B x < ( ) ( ) A x B x l bt ng thc.
2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
Ta chng minh c d dng cc tnh cht sau y, trong , , ,... A B C l cc s hoc
cc biu thc ton hc ca cng mt s bin s xt trn cng mt trng s K .
2.1. A B B A < >
2.2. , A B B C A C > > >
2.3. A B A C B C > + > +
2.4.
A B
A C B D
C D
>
+ > +
>

2.5.
; 0
; 0
Am Bm m
A B
Am Bm m
> >
>

< <

2.6.
A B
A D B C
C D
>
>
>

32
2.7.
0
0
A B
AC BD
C D
> >
>
> >

2.8. 0
n n
A B A B > > >
*
( ) n
2.9. 0
n n
A B A B > > > { }
*
( \ 1 ) n
2.10. 0 A B > > hoc
1 1
0 . B A
B A
< < >
3. Mt s bt ng thc quan trng
Cc bt ng thc sau y thng c dng gii cc bi ton v bt ng thc.
3.1. Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho , , , 1, 2,...,
i
a b a i n = l cc s thc. Th th
(*); (**); a b a b a b a b + +
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
a a a a a a + + + + + + (***).
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi 0. ab
Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi v ch khi cc s 0
i
a hoc 0, 1, 2,..., .
i
a i n =
3.2. Bt ng thc Csi
Cho n s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a khng m. Th th
1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

1 2
... .
n
a a a = = =
3.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski
Cho n cp s thc ( ; ),
i i
a b i = 1, 2,, n.
Th th
2
2 2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
a b a b
= = =
| | | || |
| | |
\ \ \

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho ,
i i
b ka = i = 1, 2,, n.
4. Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc
4.1. Phng php qui v nh ngha
chng minh A B > (hoc A B ), ta chng minh 0 A B > ( hoc 0 A B ).
4.2. Phng php bin i tng ng
chng minh bt ng thc cho l ng, ta bin i bt ng thc cho tng
ng vi mt bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Khi ta c kt lun bt ng thc cho l
ng.
4.3. Phng php vn dng cc bt ng thc bit
33
T cc bt ng thc bit l ng ta suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.
4.4. Phng php s dng tam thc bc hai
4.5. Phng php chng minh qui np
4.6. Phng php vec t
Mt s kt qu sau c th suy ra t cc tnh cht ca cc php ton vc t.
Gi s
1 2 1 2
( ; ), ( ; ). a a a b b b = =
Ta c

2 2
1 2
a a a = +

1 1 2 2
( ; ) a b a b a b =

1 2
( ; ) ka ka ka =

1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +

. . .cos( , ) a b a b a b =

( )
2 2
0 a a =

a b a b + +

cng hng.
a b a b

cng hng.
. . a b a b

cng phng.
II. BT PHNG TRNH
1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s ( ), ( ), f x g x vi
n
x trong ( ), ( ) f x g x ln lt c min xc nh
l
1 2
, D D . Hai hm s ( ), ( ) f x g x c xt trong
1 2
. D D D =
Bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) (1) f x g x > l k hiu ca hm mnh Gi tr ti x ca hm s f
ln hn gi tr ti x ca hm s g .
Gii bt phng trnh l tm cc gi tr
0
x D sao cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x > l mt bt ng
thc ng. Gi tr
0
x c gi l mt nghim ca bt phng trnh (1).
Ch .
Nu 1 n= th ta c bt phng trnh mt n x trn .
Nu 1 n> th ta c th xem
1 2
( , ,..., ) .
n
n
x x x x =
Khi , ta c bt phng trnh n n
1 2
, ,..., .
n
x x x
Hon ton tng t nh trn ta nh ngha c khi nim cc bt phng trnh
( ) ( ); ( ) ( ); ( ) ( ) f x g x f x g x f x g x < .
34
Cc khi nim h bt phng trnh, tuyn bt phng trnh c nh ngha tng t
nh trng hp phng trnh.
2. S tng ng ca cc bt phng trnh
Khi nim bt phng trnh tng ng, bt phng trnh h qu cng c nh
ngha tng t nh i vi phng trnh. Sau y ta a ra mt s nh l v bt phng
trnh tng ng.
Ta k hiu cc v ca bt phng trnh bi , ,..., f g khng ghi tn cc n cho gn,
nhng c th hiu l mt n hoc cng n n.
2.1. nh l. . f g g f > <

2.2. nh l. . f g f h g h > + > +
( h c ngha trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh cho).
2.3. nh l.
>

>
>
<
<

0
0.
fh gh
h
f g
fh gh
h

2.4. nh l.
. 0 0.
f
f g
g
> >
Ch . Tuy nhin, i vi cc h bt phng trnh th cc nh l lm c s cho cc phng
php th v phng php kh trong l thuyt h phng trnh khng cn ng na.
Chng hn, cc h bt phng trnh
(I)
1
2
0
0
F
F
>
>
v (II)
1
1 2
0
0
F
F F
>
+ >

l khng tng ng.
Tht vy, (II) l h qu ca (I), song (I) li khng phi l h qu ca (II).
3. ng dng ca gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht vo vic gii phng trnh v bt
phng trnh
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh l , D gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c gi tr ln nht
v gi tr nh nht trn , D khi ta c:
Bt phng trnh ( ) f x c nghim x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Max f x

Bt phng trnh ( ) f x nghim ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi
35
( ) .
x D
Min f x

Bt phng trnh ( ) f x c nghim x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Min f x

Bt phng trnh ( ) f x nghim ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Max f x

Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn D th phng trnh ( ) f x = c nghim x D khi
v ch khi ( ) ( ).
x D x D
Min f x Max f x

III. BT PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N
1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n l bt phng trnh c dng
0 (1), ax b + > hoc 0; 0; 0 ( , , 0). ax b ax b ax b a b a + < + +
Cc trng hp nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht 0 (1) ax b + >
Nu 0, a > (1) c tp nghim l

= >
`
)
/ ;
b
S x x
a

Nu 0, a< (1) c tp nghim l

= <
`
)
/ .
b
S x x
a

1.2. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh 0 ax b + >
Nu 0 a> th (1)
b
x
a
> . Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l
| |
= +
|
\
; ;
b
S
a

Nu 0 a< th (1)
b
x
a
< .Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l
| |
=
|
\
; ;
b
S
a

Nu 0 a= th (1) tr thnh0 . x b > Do
(1) v nghim nu 0; b
(1) nghim ng vi mi x nu 0. b>
1.3. nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht ( ) ; 0 f x ax b a = +
t
=
0
b
x
a
l nghim ca ( ). f x Khi , ta c
i) ( ) f x cng du vi h s a khi
>
0
;
b
x
a

ii) ( ) f x tri du vi h s a khi
<
0
.
b
x
a

36
Kt qu ca nh l c tm tt trong bng sau
x
( ) f x ax b = +
+
b
a
0 tri du vi a cng du vi a

Ch .
1. S dng nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht ta c th gii c cc bt phng trnh
dng
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
< ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
> ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
.
Trong , ( ) P x v ( ) Q x l tch ca nhng nh thc bc nht.
2. gii cc bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i, ta kh du gi tr tuyt i bng
nh ngha v cc tnh cht sau

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
<
<

>

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
>
>
<

2 2
( ) ( ) [ ( )] [ ( )] f x g x f x g x > >

2 2
( ) ( ) [ ( )] [ ( )] . f x g x f x g x < <
2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
2.1. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai
2
( ) ; 0 f x ax bx c a = + +
nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai ( )
2
f x ax bx c = + +
+ Nu 0 < th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a vi mi ; x
+ Nu 0 = th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a vi mi ;
2
b
x
a

+ Nu 0 > th ( ) x f c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, , x x ( )
1 2
. x x <
Khi ( ) x f tri du vi h s a nu x nm trong khong
1 2
( ; ), x x ( ) x f cng du vi h
s a nu x nm ngoi on [ ]
1 2
; . x x
2.2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc hai n x l bt phng trnh c dng 0
2
> + + c bx ax
(hoc 0 ; 0 ; 0
2 2 2
+ + < + + + + c bx ax c bx ax c bx ax ). Vi , , a b c v 0. a
Cch gii.
37
gii bt phng trnh bc hai ta p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.
Ch . Cng nh trng hp bt phng trnh bc nht, ta cng gii c cc bt phng
trnh dng
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
> ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
< ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
;
( )
0.
( )
P x
Q x

Trong ( ) ( ) ; P x Q x l tch cc tam thc bc hai.
2.3. nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai th ch trong trng hp ( ) f x c nghim
1 2
, x x th
2 1
( )<0 v , af x x x x < < do ta c nh l o ca nh l v du ca tam thc
bc hai nh sau.
nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai
2
( ) , f x ax bx c = + + nu tn ti s thc sao cho ( ) <0 af
th ( ) f x c hai nghim phn bit
1 2 1 2
, ( ) x x x x v < nm trong khong
1 2
( ; ). x x
T nh l o v du ca tam thc ( ) f x ta c php so snh nghim ca ( ) f x vi mt s
nh sau.
+ Nu ( ) 0 f = th l nghim ca ( ); f x
+ Nu ( ) <0 th af nm gia hai nghim
1 2
, x x ca ( ); f x
+ Nu ( ) >0v ( ) af f x c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th nm ngoi on [ ]
1 2
; x x v hn na

1 2
x x < < nu ;
2
s
>

1 2
x x < < nu .
2
s
<
H qu. iu kin tam thc bc hai
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + c hai nghim, trong c mt
nghim nm trong khong ( ; ), cn nghim kia nm ngoi on [ ; ] l ( ). ( ) 0. f f <
B. BI TP
III.1. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi , , a b c ta c
a)
2 2
1 ; a b ab a b + + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
b) ( )
2 2
4 2 ; a b ab a b + + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
c)
2
2 2
2 .
4
a
b c ab ac bc + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
2) Cho , , x y z l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 . x xy y y yz z z zx x x y z + + + + + + + + + +
3) Cho , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
38
( )
( ) ( )( ) 3 1 1 1
9.
a b b c c a
a b c
a b c abc

| |
+ + + + +
|
\

4) Cho 0, 0. x y Chng minh rng
( )
2
2 2 .
2
x y
x y x y y x
+
+ + +
III.2. Chng minh rng
1)
1 1 1
2 , ( , , 0);
a b c
a b c
bc ca ab a b c
| |
+ + + >
|
\

2) 1 2, ( , , , 0).
a b c d
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a d a b
< + + + < >
+ + + + + + + +

3) 1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
, ( , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic).
III.3. 1) Chng minh rng

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( )( 1) 4 ( , 0);
) ( )( )( ) 8 ( , , 0);
) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 6 .
a a b ab ab a b
b a b b c c a abc a b c
c a b b c c a abc
+ + >
+ + + >
+ + + + +

2) Cho 0, 0, 0. a b c > > > Chng minh rng
2 2 2
.
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +

III.4. 1) Cho , , , u v x y tha
2 2 2 2
1 u v x y + = + = . Chng minh rng
a) 1; ux vy +
b) ( ) ( ) 2 u x y v x y + + .
2) Cho 0, 0, 0 x y z > > > v 1. xyz = Chng minh rng
2 2 2
3
.
2
x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +
Khi no ng thc xy ra?
3) Cho 0, 0, 0 a b c > > > v 1. a b c + + = Chng minh rng
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
30.
a b c ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
III.5. 1) Cho
2 2 2 2
1 a b c d + + + = . Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) (2 1) , . x ax b x cx d x x + + + + + +
2) Cho , , a b c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin . ab bc ca abc + + = Chng
minh rng
39
( )
2
1 1 1 3
.
2 3 2 3 3 2
1 2 3
a b c a b c a b c
+ + <
+ + + + + +
+ +

III.6. 1) Chng minh
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 25
(sin ) (cos ) .
sin cos 2
x x
x x
+ + + Khi no ng thc xy
ra?
2) Cho , 0 x y > v tha
2 2
1. x y + = Chng minh rng
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1 4 3 2. x y
y x
| |
| |
+ + + + + +
| |
\
\
III.7. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi ; 0, , , ,
2
x x x k x k k
+ ta lun c

2 2
2 2 2
1 tan cot
1 1 1 .
x x
x x x
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
2) Cho , , a b c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin . ab bc ca abc + + =
Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3.
b a c b a c
ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
3) Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha 1. x y z + + Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82. x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
4) Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha 1. xyz = Chng minh rng
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3.
x y y z z x
xy yz zx
+ + + + + +
+ +
III.8. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi , x y th

2 2 2
(1 sin ) 2 (sin cos ) 1 os 0 x y x y y c y + + + + + > .
2) Cho 0. a b > Chng minh rng
1 1
2 2 .
2 2
b a
a b
a b
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

3) Chng minh: 2sin tan 3 0 x x x + > , vi 0 .
2
x

< <
4) Chng minh:
3
sin ,
6
x
x x x < < vi mi 0. x >
40
III.9. 1) Cho , , a b c l cc s khng m. Chng minh rng

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 . a b c a b c a b c a b c abc + + + + +
2) Cho , , , a b c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
3
.
2 2 2 4
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +

3) Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng , , x y z tha mn ( ) 3 , x x y z yz + + =
ta c ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 5 . x y x z x y x z y z x z + + + + + + + +
III.10. 1) Cho , a b l cc s dng, n. Chng minh rng
1
(1 ) (1 ) 2 .
n n n
a b
b a
+
+ + +
2) Cho 0, 0, a b
*
. n Chng minh rng
.
2 2
n
n n
a b a b + + | |

|
\

III.11. Cho , , , a b c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
1)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
;
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
+ +
+ + + + + +

2)
2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
.
III.12. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

2
2
2
2 5
1) 1 0;
| 3|
2
2) 1 ;
| 2 |
3) 3;
5 6 |
x
x
x
x
x
x x
+ >
+

2
2
2 3| |
4) 1;
1
| 2 |
5) 2;
| 4 | 3
6) 1.
| 5|
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
+
+
+

III.13. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
41
1)
3 2 3 2
2 1 2
;
2
x x
x x x x

>
+

2)
4 3 2
2
3 2
0;
30
x x x
x x
+
>

3)
3 2
2
3 3
0;
2
x x x
x x
+

4)
4 2
2
4 3
0;
8 15
x x
x x
+
+

5)
2 3
1 2 2 3
;
1 1 1
x
x x x x
+
+ <
+ + +

6)
2 2
2
15
( 1) ;
1
x x
x x
+ +
+ +

7)
3 2
2 5 2 0; x x x + + >
8)
3
2 3 0. x x + +
III.14. Gii v bin lun cc bt phng trnh sau theo tham s m
1) ( m 3) x
2
2m x + m 6 0;
2) ( m 4) x
2
2( m 2) x + m 1 0;
3) m x
2
2( m 3) x + m 4 < 0.
III.15. Cho tam thc bc hai
2
( ) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 f x m x m x m = + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m
1) Bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x < v nghim;
2) Bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x c nghim.
III.16. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc bt phng trnh sau c tp hp nghim l

2
2
2
2
3 5
1) 1 6;
2 1
1
2) 2.
1
x mx
x x
x mx
x
+
<
+
+ +
<
+

III.17. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau y c cc nghim
1 2
, x x tha iu
kin c ch ra
42

2 2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2 2
1) (2 3) 0; 3 ;
2) 2( 1) 5 0; 2;
3) ( 1) ( 5) 1 0; 1 .
x m x m x x
mx m x m x x
m x m x m x x
+ + = < <
+ + = < <
+ = < <

III.18. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 1 vi cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
(3 ) 2(2 5) 2 5 0. m x m x m + =
III.19. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
1 2
, x x tha iu kin c
ch ra

2
1 2
2
1 2
1) 2( 1) 5 0; 0 2;
2) ( 2) 2 2 3 0; 6 4 .
mx m x m x x
m x mx m x x
+ + + = < < <
+ = < < <

III.20. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 0 v s 2 i vi nghim ca phng trnh
2
2( 1) 3 0. mx m x m + =
III.21. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
2
2 (2 1) 1 0 x m x m + + =
c mt nghim nm trong khong ( 1;3), cn nghim kia nh hn 1.
III.22. Cho phng trnh
2
( 1) 2 5 0 m x mx m + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
1) C hai nghim u ln hn 2;
2) C t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
III.23. Cho
2
( ) 2( 1) 5 f x mx m x m = + + .
Tm cc gi tr ca m ( ) 0, 1. f x x > <
III.24. Cho
2
( ) 2 (3 1) (3 9) f x x m x m = + + .
Tm cc gi tr ca m [ ] ( ) 0, 2;1 . f x x
III.25. Cho
2 2
( ) ( 2) 3( 6) 1 f x m x m x m = .
Tm cc gi tr ca m ( ) ( ) 0, 1, 0 f x x < .
III.26. Cho bt phng trnh
2
( 2)( 4)( 6 10) . x x x x m + + + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi . x
43
2
2 os 3 os +1 0. c x mc x +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi [0; ]. x
2
2
1 1
(2 3)( ) 2( 2) 0. x m x m
x x
+ + + + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 0. x
3 2
(2 1) 3( 4) 12 0. x m x m x m + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 1. x >
( 1)( 1)( 3)( 5) . x x x x m + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 1. x >
( 2)( 2)( 4) 2 . x x x x m + + <
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim 0. x >
III.32. Chng minh rng phng trnh
( )
2
4 4 1 1
x
x + = c ng ba nghim phn bit.
CHNG IV.
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
Ta gi phng trnh v t, mi phng trnh c cha n di du cn hay ni khc i
l phng trnh dng ( ) 0, f x = trong ( ) f x l mt hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l. (Cc nh l sau lm c s cho vic gii phng trnh v t).
1.2.1. nh l. [ ]
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
= =
1.2.2. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
= =
1.2.3. nh l.
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k
f x g x f x g x
+ +
= =
1.2.4. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) [ ( )]
k
k
g x
f x g x
f x g x

=

=

44
1.2.5. nh l.
2 2
( ) 0 ( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x

=

=

(Vi k l s t nhin khc 0).
2. Cc phng php gii phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ln ly tha
2.2. Phng php t n ph
2.3. Phng php lng gic ha
Trong mt s trng hp, nu chng ta t n ph bi cc hm s lng gic, th vic gii
quyt bi ton tr nn d dng hn. Kin thc cn nh nh sau.
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l , 0 k x k k > hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
k x th t sin , [ ; ];
2 2
x k t t

= hoc t cos , [0; ]. x k t t =
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l , 0 x k k > hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
x k th t
3
; [0; ) [ ; );
cos 2 2
k
x t
t

= hoc t , [ ; 0) (0; ].
sin 2 2
k
x t
t

=
+ Nu trong phng trnh, n x nhn mi gi tr thuc hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
x k +
th t tan , ; .
2 2
x k t t
| |
=
|
\

Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp, cng c th t
2 2
cos ; sin ,... x t x t = =
2.4. Mt s phng php khc
II. BT PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
Bt phng trnh v t l mt bt phng trnh c cha n di du cn thc. Ni khc
i l mt bt phng trnh c dng ( ) 0, f x > (hoc ( ) 0, ( ) 0, ( ) 0 f x f x f x < ), trong
( ) f x l hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l
1.2.1. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
.
1.2.2. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
.
1.2.3. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
k
k
g x
f x
f x g x
g x
f x g x

45
1.2.4. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x
f x g x g x
f x g x

2. Cc phng php gii bt phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ly tha
B. BI TP
IV.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1)
2
(16 ) 3 0; x x =
2)
2
(9 ) 2 0; x x =
3)
2
4 2 2; x x x + =
4)
2
1 4 1; x x x + =
5) 2 1 3 2 ; x x x + + =
6) 1 4 13 3 12; x x x + + + = +
7)
2 2
( 3) 10 12; x x x x + =
8) 4 1 1 2 . x x x + =
1)
2 2
3 15 2 5 1 2; x x x x + + + + =
2)
2 2
3 3 3 6 3; x x x x + + + =
3) 2 5 ( 2)(5 ) 4; x x x x + + + + =
4)
2
4 4 2 12 2 16; x x x x + + = +
5)
2
2
1 1 ;
3
x x x x + = +
6)
2
1 1 24 ; x x x + + =
7) 11 11 4; x x x x + + + + =
8)
3 3 3 3
35 ( 35 ) 30; x x x x + =
9)
3 3
2 3 3 2; x x + =
46
10)
2 2 2 3
3 3
2 (1 ) 3 1 (1 ) 0; x x x + + + =
11)
3
2 6 1 2 0; x x + + =
12)
2
3 1 3 8 3; x x x + = +
13)
2
3 1 1. x x x x + + = + +
1)
2 2 4
15 15 2; x x x x + + =
2)
4
2 2;
2 3
x
x
+ =
+

3)
6
9 5 3 ;
3
x x
x
= +

4)
2 2
4 1 3
;
x
x x x x x x
=
+ + +

5)
2 2
2 1 2 1 2; x x x x + + + + =
6)
2 2 2
(2 6 10) 3 11 33 8 0. x x x x x x + + + + =
7)
2
2 4 3 2 2 3 2 0; x x x x x + + + =
8)
3
2 3 2 3 6 5 8 0; x x + =
9)
( )
4 4 4
1 32 1 ; x x x x + = +
10)
3
2 1 1; x x =
11)
3
9 2 1; x x =
12)
3 2 2
2 1 4 4. x x + =
1)
3
2 1 2 1 ;
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + =
2) 2 2 2 1 1 4; x x x + + + + =
3)
2
2
2( 2 4)
2 2 3 2 4;
2
x x
x x x
x
+
= + + +
+

4)
2 3
2( 3 2) 3 8; x x x + = +
5)
3 2 3 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) x x x x + = ;
47
6) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 ; x x x x
(
+ + = +
(

7)
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 0; x x x x + =
8)
2 2 2
2
2
1 ( 1)
1 ;
2 2 (1 )
x x
x
x x x
+ +
+ + =

9)
( )
2
2 1
2 1 3 2 .
2
x
x x
+ + =
IV.5. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1)
2
( 1) 2 0; x x x
2)
2 2
( 1) 2 0; x x x
3)
2
2 5 ; x x x <
4)
2
3 2 3 0; x x x + >
5) 3 2 2 4 0; x x x + + + + >
6)
2 2
3 5 7 3 5 2 1; x x x x + + + + >
7) 9 1 4; x x x x + + + + +
8) 5 1 1 2 4; x x x >
9)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 9 7; x x x x x x + + + + + + +
10)
2 2 2
2 2 3 4 5; x x x x x x + + + +
11)
2
1 1 4
3.
x
x

<
1)
2 2
2 4 3 4 5; x x x x + +
2)
5 1
5 2 4;
2 2
x x
x x
+ + +
3) ( )( ) 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 ; x x x x x + + + + >
4)
3 2
3 1 2 0; x x x x + + + + >
5)
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 181 14 ; x x x x x + + + + <
6)
2
2( 2) 2 2 ; x x x x + +
48
7)
2
2( 2) 2(2 1) 2 2 1; x x x x + + > + +
8)
2 2
4 ( 4) 2 4; x x x x x + + +
9)
2 2
1 2 2 ; x x x x +
10) ( 1) 2 1 3( 1); x x x
11)
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 6 0; x x x + >
12) 2 1 5 4 ; x x x
13)
3 2 2
2 2 . x x x x x x x + < +
1)
16 2
41 3;
x x
+
2)
2 2
(2 12 2 ); x x x x +
3)
2
4 0;
x
x
x
+
4)
2
2
13 40
0;
19 78
x x
x x
+

5) 1 0; x x <
6)
2
2( 16) 7
3 ;
3 3
x
x
x x
+ >

7)
2
4 4 4 2 8 0; x x x x x + + + >
8)
2
2
1 3
1 ;
1
1
x
x
x
+ >

9)
3
1 1; x x > +
10)
2
2
3 5.
4
x
x
x
+ >

IV.8. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
5 2 6 4 6 2 x x x x m + = .
IV.9. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
1)
2 2
4 4 ; x x x x m + + =
49
2)
2
1 4 1
4 4( 2 ) . x x m
x x x
+ + = + +
IV.10. Cho phng trnh
2 2 2 3
5
( ) 4 2 0.
3
x m x m + + + =
Chng minh rng phng trnh c nghim vi mi m > 0.
2
1 4 5 4 2 0. x x x x x m + + + + + + + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim khng m.
IV.12. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
( )( ) 5 7 5 7 2 1. x x m x x m + + + + = +
IV.13. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
2 4
3 1 1 2 1 x m x x + + = .
IV.14. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh
2 2 2
( 2 2 1) 2 6 2 2 m x x x x x x + + + + +
c nghim thuc on [0; 2].
IV.15. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
4 4 4
4 4 6 x x m x x m + + + + + =
c hai nghim.
IV.16. Chng minh rng vi mi 1, m> phng trnh sau lun lun c hai nghim phn
bit
2
2 3 ( 1)( 3). x x m x = +
3
( 1) 1. x mx m + = +
Chng minh rng phng trnh lun lun c mt nghim duy nht vi mi . m
2
(4 )(6 ) 2 x x x x m + +
nghim ng vi mi [ ] 4; 6 . x
50
3 1 mx x m +
c nghim.
IV.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
2
2 2 1. x mx x + + = +
IV.21. Cho bt phng trnh
2
( 1)( 3) 4 5 x x m x x + + + +
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi 1; m=
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi [ 2; 2 3]. x +
2
(3 )(7 ) 4 . x x x x m + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi [ 3; 7]. x
4 2 16 4 . x x m +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.
2
1 . x m x
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.
2
12 3 . x x m
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.
2
2 7 . m x x m + < +
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi
1
;
2
m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi . x
2
2 1 . x mx x >
Tm cc gi tr ca m tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho cha on
1
[ ;1].
4

IV.28. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
( )
2 2 4 4
2 2 4 2 2 4 m x x x x + + =
51
c nghim thc.
( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 x x m x x +
c nghim.
IV.30. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
4 4
2 2 2 6 2 6 . x x x x m + + + =
IV.31. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh sau c nghim 1 x <
( )
2 2
1 1. x mx x m x + > +
IV.32. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
( )
2 2
4 4. x mx x m x + = +
CHNG V
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. NHC LI LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Cho a l mt s dng khc 1 v b l mt s dng. S thc sao
cho a b
= c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

a
b tc l
log .
a
b a b
= =
Ch .
Khi vit log
a
b th phi hiu l 0, 1; 0. a a b > >
Trng hp c s 10 a = th logarit c s 10 ca s dng b ta vit l lgb v c l
logarit thp phn ca . b
Vi a e = th logarit c s e ca s dng b ta vit l lnb v c l logarit t nhin ca
, b hay logarit Npe ca . b (S e l gii hn
1
lim(1 )
x
x
x
+
+ xp x bng 2, 718281828...).
T nh ngha ta c mt s kt qu sau.
log 1 0 , log 1;
a a
a = =
log
b
a
a b =

log
a
b
a b =
2. Cc tnh cht ca logarit
2.1. nh l.
) log ( ) log log ;1 0; , 0
) log log log ;1 0; , 0
a a a
a a a
i bc b c a b c
b
ii b c a b c
c
= + > >
| |
= > >
|
\

52
) log log ;1 0; 0; .
a a
iii b b a b
= > >
Ch . Trong iii) nu
*
2 , k k = th
2
log 2 log ;1 0; 0.
k
a a
b k b a b = >
H qu
1
) log log ;1 0; 0
1
) log log ;1 0; 0; , 2.
a a
n
a a
i b a b
b
ii b b a b n n
n
| |
= > >
|
\
= > >

2.2. nh l
log
log
log
a
b
a
c
c
b
= hay log .log log ;1 0;1 0; 0.
a b a
b c c a b c = > > >
H qu
1
) log
log
a
b
i b
a
= hay log .log 1;1 0;1 0.
a b
b a a b = > > .
1
) log log ;1 0; 0; 0.
a
a
ii c c a c
= > >

iii)
log log
;1 0; , 0.
b b
c a
a c b a c = > >
II. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m l phng trnh, bt phng trnh m
n s c mt s m ca ly tha.
Trong mt s trng hp ta xt thm n s c mt c c s ca ly tha, khi ta
phi xt hai trng hp: c s 1 a > v 0 1. a < <
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh m
2.1. Phng php logarit ha
Cc dng c bn

( ) ( )
0
1
( ) ( )
f x g x
a
a a a
f x g x
>
= =

=

( )
( ) log , 1 0; 0.
f x
a
a b f x b a b = = > >
2.2. Phng php t n s ph
2.3. Phng php s dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s
S dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s gii phng trnh l cch gii kh quen
thuc. Ta c ba hng p dng nh sau.
1. Bin i phng trnh v dng
53
( ) f x k = (1)
vi k l hng s.
Nu hm s ( ) f x ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ; ) a b th phng trnh (1) c
nhiu nht mt nghim trn khong ( ; ). a b Do nu tm c
0
x thuc khong ( ; ) a b sao
cho
0
( ) f x k = th
0
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
( ) ( ) (2) f x g x =
Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ; ), a b nhng hm s
( ) y g x = nghch bin (ng bin) cng trn khong th phng trnh (2) c nhiu nht
mt nghim trn khong ( ; ). a b Do , nu tm c
0
x thuc khong ( ; ) a b sao cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x = th
0
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
( ) ( ) (3) f u f v =
Xt hm s ( ), y f x = nu hm s ny n iu trn khong ( ; ) a b th khi phng
trnh (3) tng ng vi ; , ( ; ). u v u v a b =
3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh m
3.1. Phng php logarit ha
Cc dng c bn

( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
0 1
( ) ( )
f x g x
a
f x g x
a a
a
f x g x
>

<
<
< <
>

.

( )
1
( ) log
( 0)
0 1
( ) log
a
f x
a
a
f x b
a b b
a
f x b
>

<
< >
< <
>

.

( ) f x
a b > (1). (0 1) a <
i) Nu 0 b th (1) ( ) f x c ngha.
ii) Nu 0 b > th:
+ Trng hp 1: 1. a > Khi (1) ( ) log
a
f x b >
+ Trng hp 2: 0 1. a < < Khi (1) ( ) log
a
f x b <
54
C hai hng p dng nh sau:
1. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
( ) (1) f x k > ( k l hng s)
Nu hm s ( ) f x n iu trn khong ( ; ) a b (gi s ng bin).
Khi ta c nhn xt: Gi s
0
x thuc ( ; ) a b l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0, f x = th
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) (1) x x f x f x k = v nghim.
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k > > = (1) nghim ng.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l
0
. x x >
2. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
( ) ( ) (2) f u f v <
Xt hm s ( ), y f x = gi s hm s ng bin trn khong ( ; ) a b , khi
( ) ( ) ; , ( , ). f u f v u v u v a b < <
III. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh logarit l phng trnh, bt phng trnh
c n cha trong biu thc di du logarit.
Trong mt s trng hp c xt c n cha c s ca logarit, khi ta phi xt hai
trng hp ca c s: 1 a > v 0 1. a < <
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh logarit
2.1. Phng php m ha
Cc dng c bn

0, 1
log ( )
( )
a
b
a a
f x b
f x a
>
=

=

0, 1
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) 0, ( ( ) 0)
( ) ( )
a a
a a
f x g x f x g x
f x g x
>
= > >

3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh logarit
3.1. Phng php m ha
Cc dng c bn
55

1 0 1
log ( )
0 ( ) ( )
a
b b
a a
f x b
f x a f x a
> < <

<

< < >

1
( )
log ( )
0 1
0 ( )
b
a
b
a
f x a
f x b
a
f x a
>
>
>

< <

< <

1 0 1
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 ( ) 0
a a
a a
f x g x f x g x f x g x
g x f x
> < <

> > <

> >

B. BI TP
V.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1)
1
4 10.2 24;
x x
=
2)
2 2
4.2 6 18.3 ;
x x x
=
3)
2
3 3
log log
3 =162;
x x
x +
4)
2
log ( 2 1)
1
1
5
3
log ( 1)
9 5 ;
x
x
+
+
=
5)
2 2
5 1 5
4 12.2 8 0;
x x x x
+ =

2 2
1 2
6) 9 10.3 1 0;
x x x x + +
+ =
7) 3.4 (3 10).2 3 0;
x x
x x + + =
8)
2
(2 3) 2(1 2 ) 0;
x x
x x + + =
9)
3 1
4.3 3 1 9
x x x +
= .
10)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1;
x x x x x x + + + + +
+ = +
11)
sin
4
tan .
x
e x
| |
|
\
=
V.2. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1)
2 x
4 2.5 10 0;
x x
>
2)
2
9 3 3 9;
x x x +
>
56
3)
4 2 4
2;
1
x
x
x
+

4)
1 1
15.2 1 2 1 2 ;
x x x + +
+ +
5)
2
2 2
(log ) log
2 4;
x x
x +
6) (
1 3
3 1
10 3) ( 10 3) 0;
x x
x x
+
+
+
7)
2 2 2
2 1 2
4 .2 3.2 .2 8 12;
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + > + +
8)
1 1
8 2 4 2 5;
x x x + +
+ + >
9)
2
2
1
9.
3
x
x
+
| |
>
|
\

V.3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2
6 4 3 2
2 2 (4 ) 3 6.
m x x m
m x m
+ +
= +
V.4. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
4 4 (2 2 1).
x x x x
m

+ = + +
V.5. Gii cc h phng trnh
1)
3 2 3
4 128
5 1;
x y
x y
+

=

2)
9
log ( 4 )
2 2
8 1
4 7.2 8;
x y
x y x y

3)
3 2
1
2 5 4
4 2
;
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
+
=
+
=
+

4)
2 2
log ( ) log 3
2 2
9 3 2( )
3 3 6;
xy
xy
x y x y
= +
+ = + +

5)
2
2
2
2
( )2 1
9( ) 6 ;
y x
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

6)
2 2
3 3 ( )( 8)
8;
x y
y x xy
x y
= +
+ =

57
7)
3 3
3 3 ;
x
y
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

8)
2 1 2
2 2
2 3.2 2
2 3 2 2;
x x
x
y
y y
+

9)
3 3
log ( ) log 2
2 2
4 2 ( )
3 3 12;
xy
xy
x y x y
= +
+ =

10)
2 2
2
2 4 2
2 4 2 3;
x y
x y x y +
+ =
+ + =

11)
2 2
1 1
2
2 2 ln
3 2 3 ;
x y
y
x
y y x

+ + = +

12)
1
2 2 2;
x y
x y + =

13)
3 1 2 3
2
2 2 3.2
3 1 1;
x y x y
x xy x
+ +
+ =
+ + = +

14)
2 2 2 2
1
3 2 17
2.3 3.2 8.
x y
x y
+ +
+
+ =
+ =

V.6. Gii cc phng trnh
1)
( )
3
log 3 8 2 ;
x
x =
2)
1
log 3 2;
x
=
3)
( )
2
log 9 2
1;
3
x
x

4)
8
4 2
2
1 1
log ( 3) log ( 8) log (4 );
2 4
x x x + + =

( )
2 2
1
5) log 4 15.2 27 2log 0;
4.2 3
x x
x
+ + + =

6)
( ) ( )
7 7
log 2 1 log 2 7 1;
x x
+ =

( )
2 4 2
1
7) 2 log 1 log log 0;
4
x x + + =
58
( ) ( )
3 1
3
8) 2log 4 3 log 2 3 2; x x + + =
9)
2
3 1 1
2 2
log log 3log 5 2; x x
| |
+ =
|
\

( ) ( )
2
2
3
1 8
2
2
10) log 2 2log 4 log 8;
11) log 1 log 3 log 1 0;
x x
x
x x x
+ =
+ =

12)
( ) ( )
3 3
log 9 9 log 28 2.3 ;
x x
x + = +
13) 16log
3
2
3
27
3log 0;
x
x
x x =
14)
2 3
2 4 4
log 2 log 16 log ; x x x + =
15)
1
2 2
log (2 1) .log (2 2) 6;
x x+
( + + =

16)
2
2 4
2 2 2
3
4
1
log (2 ) 2 ;
log (2 2 )
x
x x
x

17) ( x +1)
2
3 3
log 4 log 16 0; x x x + =
18)
3
3 2 3 2
3 1
log .log log log ;
2 3
x
x x
x
| |
= +
|
\

19)
2
4
2 3 4
2
1
log (9 16 ) 2 ;
log (3 4 )
x
x
x
= +

20)
1
2 2 1
2
1
log (4 4) .log (4 1) log ;
8
x x +
( + + =

21)
2 2
2 2 2
9
log (2 ) .log (16 ) log ;
2
x x x ( =

22)
2
lg 1 3lg 1 lg 1 ; x x x + + =
23) lg(1 2 ) lg5 lg6;
x
x x + + = +
24)
2
2 1
log 1 2 ;
x
x
x
x
= +
25)
2
3 1
2
3
1
log ( 3 2 2) 2;
5
x x
x x
+
| |
+ + + =
|
\

26)
3 2
log ( 2) log ( 1); x x + = +
59
27)
2
3
1;
2 1 log
x
x
=
+ +

28)
2 2
2 3
2 2 3
log ( 2 2) log ( 2 3); x x x x
+
+
=
29)
3
2 lg 1 lg 1; x x =
30)
2 2
2 2
3 log ( 4 5) 2 5 log ( 4 5) 6; x x x x + + + + =
31)
2
2 2
log log 1 1. x x + + =
V.7. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1)
1 1 2
2 4
log 2log ( 1) log 6 0; x x + +
2)
3
log log (9 72) 1;
x
x
(

3)
2
2 3
log 1;
x
x
+
<
4)
2
2
9
1
log ( 2 6) ;
2
x
x x + +
5)
2 1
1 1
2 2
log (4 4) log (2 3.2 );
x x x +
+
6)
2 2
3 3
log 2( 10 24) log ( 9);
x x
x x x

( +

7)
2
3
9
1 1
;
log ( 1)
2log 6 9
x
x x
<
+
+ +

8)
2
2
2
(log ) 3
2;
log 3
x
x
+
>
+

9)
1
2 1
2
log (2 1) .log (2 2) 2;
x x+
( >

10)
4 2
18 2
log (18 2 ) .log 1;
8
x
x

(

11)
4 1
4
3 1 3
log (3 1) .log ;
16 4
x
x

(

12)
2
log ( 9 1) 1;
x
x x
13)
2 4
1 2 16
2
log 4log 2(4 log ); x x x + <
14)
3
log 2 log 2 ;
x x
x x
60
15)
2
lg 3lg 3
1;
lg 1
x x
x
+
<

16)
2 3
1 1
2 3
log ( 3) log ( 3)
0;
1
x x
x
+ +
>
+

17)
3 5
5
3
(2 log ) log
log log ;
3 log
x
x x x
x
x
+ <
18)
2
2
1
2
4
0;
log ( 1)
x
x
<

19)
3
log 2 log (2 ) ;
x x
x x
20)
2 3
log log ( 1) 2; x x + + <
21)
2 3
log 1 log 9 1; x x + + + >
V.8. Gii cc h phng trnh
1)
4 2
2 2
log log 0
2 8;
x y
x y
=

2)
2 2
3 1
3
1
4
2
log ( 2 ) log ( 2 ) 1;
x y y
x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

3)
3
3 2 972
log ( ) 2;
x y
x y
=

4)
9 3
2 .8 2 2
1 1 1
log log (9 );
2 2
x y
y
x
+ =

5)
4 2
2 2
log log 0
5 4 0;
x y
x y
=
+ =

6)
2
1
2 2
2log 3 15
3 .log 2log 3 ;
y
y y
x
x x
+
=
= +

7)
2 4 1
2
4 2
log log 2log 4
log log 5;
x x
x y
+ =
+ =

61
8)
2
2log
log ( ) log
4 3;
y
x y
x
xy x
y y
=
= +

9)
1 4
4
2 2
1
log ( ) log 1
25;
y x
y
x y
+ =

10)
2 2
2
4 2
log ( ) 5
2log log 4;
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

11)
log log
2 2 3;
y x
x y
xy y
+ =

12)
3 2
3 2
log ( 2 3 5 ) 3
log ( 2 3 5 ) 3;
x
y
x x x y
y y y x
+ =
+ =

13)
4 2
4 3 0
log log 0;
x y
x y
+ =

14)
4
7
log log
6
16;
x
x y
xy

15)
2 2
2 4
log 2log 3
16;
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

16)
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
3log (9 ) log 3;
x y
x y
+ =

17)
2 2
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
12 20 0;
x y x y
x xy y
+ + =
+ =

18
8 8
log log
4 4
4
log log 1;
y x
x y
x y
+ =

19)
2 3
2 3
log 3 1 log
log 3 1 log ;
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

62
20)
lg lg
lg4 lg3
3 4
(4 ) (3 ) ;
x y
x y
=

21)
( )
3
2
log 3
2 12 .3 81 ;
x
x y
y y y
+ =
+ =

22)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
log 1 log
3 81;
x xy y
x y xy
+
+ = +

23)
9
1
log
1
4
2
3 ;
3
y
x
x
y
| |
=

24)
( )
3
3 4
1 1 3
log 1;
y
x
x
x
y x

+ =
+ =

25)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 4
2
4 4 4
log log 2 1 log 3
log 1 log 4 2 2 4 log 1.
x y x x y
x
xy y y x
y
+ + = +
+ + + =

V.9. Cho phng trnh
2 2
3 3
log log 1 2 1 0 (1) x x m + + =
1) Gii phng trnh khi m = 2;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc on
3
[1; 3 ] .
V.10. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh:
2
2 1
2
4(log ) log 0 x x m + =
c nghim thuc khong (0;1).
V.11. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh:
2 2
1 1
25 ( 2)5 2 1 0
t t
a a

+ + + = c nghim.
V.12. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh

2
3 3
2log log 0 x x a + = c bn nghim phn bit.
V.13. Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca 0 a > h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy
nht
63
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
.
x y
e e x y
y x a
= + +

V.14. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim.
2 2
2
2 4
2 4 2
x y
x y x y
m
m
+
+ =
+ + =

V.15. Cho h phng trnh
1
2 2 1
2 1 1
1 2 2
x
x x
y y m
y m
+
+ +
= + + +
+ = +

1) Gii h phng trnh khi 0; m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim;
3) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.
2 2
2 2
2 4 3
x y
y x
x mx y m
=

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c ng hai nghim.
3 3
3 3
x
y
x m y
y m x
+ = +
+ = +

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh v nghim.
V.18. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy nht
2 2
2 2
17
log log .
x y
x y m
+ =
+ =

V.19. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim( ; ); 1, 4. x y x y > <
2 4
2
0
log log .
y
x y
x
m x
y
=

V.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c ng bn nghim
64
2 2
2 2 2
4 .4 8.2
3 log log log ( ).
x y xy
x y x y m
=
+ + = + +

2
2lg 3
3lg 1
x y m
x y
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh vi 1; m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim( ; ); 1. x y x
2 2
lg lg 1
lg .
x y
x
m
y
+ =

2 2
2 3 1
2 3 .
x y
x y
m
+ =
+ =

Tm nghim .
V.24. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim
2 2
2
2 4 2
2 4 2 1 .
x y
x y x y
m
+
+ =
+ =

V.25. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c ba nghim phn bit
( )
2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2 16
2 2 2 2 2 2 .
x y
x y x y x y
m m
+ =
+ =
+ + + + =

2 2 2
3 2
2
3 2
log log 4
log 2log 10
x y m
x y
+ =
+ =

CHNG VI.
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CC CNG THC BIN I LNG GIC
Ta quy c cc biu thc trong cc cng thc sau u c ngha.
1. Cng thc cng
1) cos( ) cos cos sin sin a b a b a b + =
65
2) cos( ) cos cos sin sin a b a b a b = +
3) sin( ) sin cos cos sin
4)sin( ) sin cos cos sin
tan tan
5) tan( )
1 tan tan
tan tan
6) tan( ) .
1 tan tan
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
+ = +
=
+
+ =
=
+

2. Cng thc nhn
2.1. Cng thc nhn i
2 2
2
1) cos 2 cos sin
2)sin 2 2sin cos
2tan
3) tan 2 .
1 tan
a a a
a a a
a
a
a
=
=
=

2.1.1. Cng thc h bc
2
2
1 cos 2
1) cos
2
1 cos 2
2)sin .
2
a
a
a
a
+
=
=

2.1.2. Cng thc tnh theo cos 2a
2
2
2
1
1) cos (1 cos 2 )
2
1
2) sin (1 cos 2 )
2
1 cos 2
3) tan .
1 cos 2
a a
a a
a
a
a
= +
=
=
+

2.1.3. Cng thc tnh theo tan
2
a
t =
2
2
1
1) cos
1
t
a
t
=
+

2
2
2
2)sin
1
2
3) tan .
1
t
a
t
t
a
t
=
+
=

2.2. Cng thc nhn ba
3
3
1) cos3 4cos 3cos
2)sin3 3sin 4sin
a a a
a a a
=
=

66
3
2
3tan tan
3) tan3 .
1 3tan
a a
a
a

3. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
1
1) cos cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
2)sin sin [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
3) sin cos [sin( ) sin( )].
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +

4. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
1) cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
2) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
3) sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
4)sin sin 2cos sin .
2 2
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=

Mt s cng thc quen thuc
1) cos sin 2 cos( )
4
a a a

+ =
2) cos sin 2 sin( )
4
a a a

+ = +
3) cos sin 2 cos( )
4
4) cos sin 2 sin( )
4
a a a
a a a
= +
=

4 4 2 2
5) cos sin 1 2sin cos a a a a + =
6 6 2 2
6) cos sin 1 3sin cos . a a a a + =
II. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
1. Phng trnh sin x a = (1)
Nu 1 a > th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Nu 1 a th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
Gi l s o ca gc sao cho sin a =
67
Ta c ( ) 1 sin sin x = ( )
2
, .
2
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng radian).
Hay ( ) ( )
0
0 0
.360
1 , .
180 .360
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
( ) sin 1 2 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
( ) sin 1 2 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
( ) sin 0 , . x x k k = =
2. Phng trnh cos x a = (2)
Nu 1 a > th phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Nu 1 a th phng trnh (2) c nghim.
Gi l s o gc sao cho cos a =
Ta c ( ) 2 cos cos x =
( )
2
, .
2
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

Hay ( ) ( )
0
0
.360
2 , .
.360
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
( ) cos 1 2 , . x x k k = =
( ) cos 1 2 , . x x k k = = +
( ) cos 0 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
3. Phng trnh ( ) tan 3 x a =
68
(3) xc nh vi mi ( ) , .
2
x k k
+
Gi l s o gc sao cho tan , a = th
( ) 3 tan tan x =
( ) , . x k k = +
Hay (3) ( )
0
.180 , . x k k = +
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng ( ) tan tan * u v =
Th iu kin l
2
u k
+ , ( ) , .
2
v k k
+
Khi (*) ( ) , . u v k k = +
4. Phng trnh ( ) cot 4 x a =
(4) xc nh vi mi ( ) , x k k .
Gi l s o gc sao cho cot , a = th
( ) 4 cot cot x =
( ) , . x k k = +
Hay (4) ( )
0
.180 , . x k k = +
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng ( ) cot cot ** u v =
th iu kin l u k , ( ) , , v k k khi (**) ( ) , . u v k k = +
III. MT S PHNG TRNH LNG GIC THNG GP
1. Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic
Cch gii.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic ta bin i ngay v
phng trnh lng gic c bn.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic ta t n ph,
sau gii phng trnh theo n ph.
Ch . Nu t cos t x = hay sin t x = th iu kin 1. t
2. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x
69
Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh c dng
sin cos (1), , , a x b x c a b c + =
Cch gii.
Cch 1. Chia hai v ca (1) cho
2 2
, a b + ta c
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos 2
a b c
x x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ + +

t
2 2 2 2
cos , sin
a b
a b a b
= =
+ +

Khi (2) tr thnh
2 2
cos sin sin cos
c
x x
a b
+ =
+

Hay ( ) ( )
2 2
sin 3
c
x
a b
+ =
+

(3) c nghim
2 2 2
2 2
1
c
a b c
a b
+
+

Cch 2. Chia hai v ca (1) cho a ri t tan
b
a
=
Ta c sin tan cos
c
x x
a
+ =
( ) sin cos sin cos cos *
c
x x
a
+ =
( ) sin cos
c
x
a
+ =
y l phng trnh xt trong 1.
Ch rng (*) c nghim khi v ch khi cos 1.
c
x
a

3. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sin x v cos x
l phng trnh dng
( )
2 2
sin sin cos cos 0 2 , , , a x b x x c x a b c + + =
Cch gii.
Xt
2
x k
= + xem c phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh khng.

Xt ,
2
x k
+ khi
2
cos 0, x chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
cos 0 x ta c

2
tan tan 0 a x b x c + + = .
70
y l phng trnh bc hai i vi tan x ta bit cch gii.
Ch .
Nu phng trnh vi v phi khc 0

2 2
sin sin cos cos a x b x x c x d + + =
Ta vit phng trnh dng

( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos cos sin a x b x x c x d x x + + = +
ri chuyn v phi sang v tri.
Cng c th gii phng trnh (2) bng cch bin i v phng trnh bc nht i vi
sin 2x v cos 2 , x nh cc cng thc
2
1 cos 2
cos ;
2
x
x
+
=
2
1 cos 2
sin ;
2
x
x

=
1
sin cos sin 2 .
2
x x x =
i vi phng trnh thun nht bc ba i vi sin x v cos x

3 2 2 3
cos cos sin sin cos sin 0 a x b x x c x x d x + + + =
Ta cng bin i a v phng trnh bc ba i vi tan . x
4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x
Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh dng
( ) ( ) sin cos sin cos 0 3 , , , a x x b x x c a b c + + + =
Cch gii. t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
Khi
2
1 2sin cos t x x = +
Suy ra
2
1
sin cos .
2
t
x x

= Thay vo phng trnh (3) ta c
( )
2
1
0
2
b t
at c
+ + = hay ( )
2
2 2 0. bt at c b + + = (*)
Gii phng trnh (*) tm t v chn nghim tha 2. t
Ch . Phng php gii trnh by trn cng c th p dng cho phng trnh
( ) sin cos sin cos 0 a x x b x x c + =
bng cch t sin cos 2 sin ;
4
t x x x
| |
= =
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
71
Khi
2
1
sin cos .
2
t
x x

=
IV. CC PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC
C nhiu phng trnh lng gic m gii chng, ta cn s dng cc php bin i
lng gic a v cc phng trnh xt trn.
1. S dng cng thc h bc, gc nhn i, gc nhn ba
2. Dng phn thc
Ch . Khi gii cc phng trnh c cha n di mu, ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc
khng.
3. Dng cha tan x v cot x
Ch . i vi cc phng trnh cha tan x v cot , x ta phi t iu kin cho tan x v
cot x xc nh.
4. Mt s phng trnh gii bng phng php c bit
Ngoi cc phng php c bn gii phng trnh lng gic nu cc mc trn,
chng ta cn c mt s cch gii c bit, s dng cc kt qu sau:

2 2
0
0
0
A
A B
B
=
+ =

=

A m
A m
B m
B m
A B

=

=

=

1
1
1
1
1 1
A A
A A
B B
B B
A B A B

=

=

+ = +

B. BI TP
VI.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1) 3 sin x cos x = 2;
2) cos x + 2cos2 x = 1;
3) cos4 x + 2cos
2
x = 0;
4)
2
2cos x + 4cos x = 3sin
2
; x
5) cos x sin x + 3sin2 x 1 = 0;
6) 2sin2 x 3 3 (sin x + cos x ) + 3 3 = 0;
7) sin2 x + 2 sin( x
4
) = 1;
8) sin
2
x + 2sin x coss x 2cos
2
x =
1
2
;
9) cos x + sin x =
cos2
;
1 sin 2
x
x

10) sin
3
x cos
3
x = 1 + sin x cos . x
72
1) 2cos
2
x 1 = sin3 x ;
2)
1 tan
1 tan
x
x
+
= (sin x + cos x )
2
;
3) 1 + tan2 x =
2
1 sin 2
cos 2
x
x
;
4) tan3 x tan x = sin2 x ;
5) (sin x sin2 x )(sin x + sin2 x ) = sin
2
3 x ;
6) sin x + sin3 x + 4cos
3
x = 0;
7) sin2 x = 1 + 2 cos x + cos2 x ;
8) 2cos
6
x + sin
4
x + cos2 x = 0;
9)
2 2 2 2
2cos 3 cos cos 3 sin 1 0 x x x x + = .
1) sin x + cot
2
x
= 2;
2) sin2 x + cos2 x + tan x = 2;
3)
( )
2
2
3 1 tan
cos 4 + 2 = 0;
1+ tan
x
x
x

4)
tan 1
cot 2 0, (0 );
tan 1
x
x x
x
+ = < <
+

5)
3
2
1 3
tan 1 3cot( ) 3, ( );
cos 2 2
x x x
x

+ = < <
6) cos
3
x sin x sin
3
x cos x =
2
8
;
7) sin
2
3 x cos
2
4 x = sin
2
5 x cos
2
6 x ;
8) cos3 x 4cos2 x + 3cos x 4 = 0, x [0,14];
9) sin
4
x + sin
4
(
2 8
x
+ ) + cos
4
x =
1
2
sin
2
2 x ;
10)
1
2cos 2 8cos 7
cos
x x
x
+ = .
1)
cos3 sin3
5 sin cos 2 3, (0; 2 );
1 2sin 2
x x
x x x
x
+ | |
+ = +
|
+
\

73
2) sin 2 .cos tan3 .sin( ) cos 2 .sin
6
x x x x x x
= + ;
3)
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin 2
1 tan 2
x
x x x
x
= +
+
;
4)
2
sin 4 sin 2 sin9 sin3 cos x x x x x + = ;
5)
2 4
cos sin cos 2 2cos (sin cos ) 1 x x x x x x + = + ;
6) 3 cos 4 sin 4 2cos3 0 x x x + = ;
7)
2 2
4cos 2cos 2 1 cos 4 x x x = + ;
8)
2 2
2sin ( ) 2sin tan
4
x x x
= ;
9) cos3 2cos 2 1 2sin sin 2 x x x x + = ;
10) (2sin 1)(2cos sin ) sin 2 cos ; x x x x x + =
11) 3 cos5 2sin 3 cos 2 sin 0; x x x x =
12)
( )
3
sin cos sin 2 3 cos3 2 cos 4 sin . x x x x x x + + = +
1)
2
4
4
(2 sin 2 ) sin 3
tan 1
cos
x x
x
x
+ = ;
2)
4 4
sin cos 1
5sin 2 2
x x
x
+
= cot
1
2
8sin 2
x
x
;
3) 1 sin cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + + + + = ;
4)
2 2
1
2cos sin cos( ) sin(3 ) 0
4 4 2
x x x x

+ = ;
5) cot sin (1 tan tan ) 4
2
x
x x x + + = ;
6)
6 6
2(cos sin ) sin cos
0
2 2sin
x x x x
x
+
=
;
7) cos3 cos 2 cos 1 0 x x x + = ;
8) 13 18tan 6tan 3; x x =
9)
4 4
cos sin cos sin ; x x x x = +
10)
13 14
cos sin 1. x x + =
1)
2
tan cot 4cos 2 ; x x x = +
74
2)
2
sin 2 sin ;
4 4 2
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

3)
( ) ( )
2
3 2cos cos 2 3 2cos sin 0; x x x x + + =
4) ( )
2
1 2cos3 sin sin 2 2sin 2 ;
4
x x x x
| |
+ + = +
|
\

5)
2 2
1 sin sin cos sin 2cos ;
2 2 4 2
x x x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

6)
2 2
1
cos ( ) sin ( ) 2sin ;
3 6 4
x x x

+ + + =
7)
sin3 4cos 3
6
0;
sin3 1
x x
x
| |

|
\
=

8)
3 3
2 3 2
cos3 cos sin3 sin ;
8
x x x x
+
=
9)
2
4sin3 sin 4cos 3 cos cos 2 1 0;
4 4 4
x x x x x
| | | | | |
+ + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

10) sin3 3cos3 cos 2 3sin 2 sin 3 cos ; x x x x x x + + = +
11) ( ) ( )
2
sin 1 tan 3sin cos sin 3; x x x x x + = +
12)
sin 2 cos 2
tan cot ;
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
+ =
13)
1 1 7
4sin ;
3 sin 4
sin
2
x
x
x
| |
+ =
|
| |
\
|
\

14)
3 3 2 2
sin 3 cos sin cos 3sin cos ; x x x x x x =
15) ( ) 2sin 1 cos 2 sin 2 1 2cos ; x x x x + + = +
16)
( )
( )( )
1 2sin cos
3.
1 2sin 1 sin
x x
x x
=
+

1)
11 5 7 3
cos sin 2 sin
4 2 4 2 2 2
x x x | | | | | |
+ = +
| | |
\ \ \
;
2) ( )
2 sin
4
1 sin 2 1 tan ;
cos
x
x x
x
| |
|
\
+ = +
75
3) ( )
3 3
sin cos cos 2 2cos sin x x x x x + = ;
4)
2 2
2sin 2sin tan
4
x x x
| |
=
|
\
;
5)
2 2
1 1
cos sin
4 3 2 2
x x
+ = ;
6)
1
3sin cos
cos
x
x
+ = ;
7)
2 2
3tan 4tan 4cot 3cot 2 0; x x x x + + + + =
8)
2 2
sin tan cos cot sin 2 1 tan cot ; x x x x x x x + = + +
9)
( )
4 4 2
sin 2 cos 2 1 cos 4 sin6 x x x x + = + ;
10)
( ) ( )
2
3 2cos cos 2 sin 3 2cos 0; x x x x + + =
11) tan tan sin3 sin sin 2 ;
6 6
x x x x x
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \

12) ( )( ) 1 tan 1 sin 2 1 tan ; x x x + = +
13)
sin 2 cos 2
tan cot ;
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
=
14)
5 3
sin cos 2 cos ;
2 4 2 4 2
x x x | | | |
=
| |
\ \

15)
( )
2
2cos 2 3sin cos 1 3 sin 3 cos . x x x x x + + = +
VI.8. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m cc phng trnh cho sau y c nghim
1)
2 2
tan cot (tan cot ) 2 0; x x m x x m + + + + =
2) (sin cos ) sin 2 1 0; m x x x m + + + =
3) 4(cos sin ) sin 2 . x x x m + =
VI.9. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c nghim tha
2 2
x

< <
( )
2
cos 2 cos 4 1 0. x m x m + =
VI.10. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo tham s m
2 2
sin 2sin cos 2cos . x x x x m + =
VI.11. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh:
2
cos 2 2sin 2 2 0 m x x m + = c
nghim trong khong 0; .
4
| |
|
\

76
PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN
CHNG I. HM S
I.1. Gi s
0
y ,
f
T khi
0 2
2 1
4
x
y
x x
=
+ +
(1) c nghim i vi . x
(1)
( )
2
0
4 2 1 y x x x + + =
( )
2
0 0 0
2 4 1 0 y x y x y + + + = (2)
Xt cc trng hp sau:
+ Xt
0
0. y =
Khi , ( ) 2 2 1 0 x + =
1
2
x = . Vy,
0
0 .
f
y T =
+ Xt
0
0. y Khi , (2) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
2
0 0 0
2 4 4 1 0 y y y = +
2
0 0
15 8 4 0 y y +
0
4 2 19 4 2 19
15 15
y
+

Vy, tp gi tr ca hm s l
4 2 19 4 2 19
; .
15 15
f
T
(
+
=
(

I.2. Hm s cho c tp xc nh . D =
Gi s
0 f
y T , khi ( )
0 2
1
1
x
y
x a
+
=
+
c nghim i vi . x
( ) ( )
2
0
1 1 y x a x + = +
2
0 0
1 0 y x x ay + = (2)
Xt cc trng hp sau
+
0
0. y = (2)
0
1 0 .
f
x y T = =
+
0
0. y khi , (2) c nghim x khi v ch khi ( )
0 0
1 4 1 0 ay y =
2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
4 4 1 0 .
2 2
a a
ay y y
a a
+ + +
+ +
Nh vy tp gi tr ca hm s cha on[ ] 0;1 khi v ch khi 0 a > v h iu kin sau
1 1
0
5
2
0 .
4
1 1
1
2
a
a
a
a
a
<
+ +

77
I.3. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l { } \ ;1 . D m = Tp xc nh D l tp i xng khi
v ch khi 1. m = Vi 1 m = th hm s tr thnh
2
1
.
1
y
x
=
Hm s ny l mt hm s
chn. Vy, khi 1 m = th hm s cho l hm s chn.
I.4. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l: D = .
1) , a D ta c ( ) (0 ) (0) ( ) f a f a f f a = + = + (0) ( ) ( ) f f a f a = (0) 0. f =
Vy, (0) 0 f = (pcm).
2) Theo gi thit hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l
tp i xng. Mt khc ta li c: 0 (0) ( ) ( ) ( ) f f a a f a f a = = + = + ( ) ( ). f a f a =
Vy, f l hm s l.
I.5. Trng hp phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v nghim th s nghim ca phng trnh bng 0.
Gi s phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim. Gi
0
x l mt nghim ca phng trnh
( ) 0, f x = ta c ( )
0
0 f x = v
0
0. x V ( ) y f x = l hm s l nn ( ) ( )
0 0
. f x f x =
Suy ra ( )
0
0 f x = v do
0
x cng l mt nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0. f x = T y
ta c nu
0
x l mt nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = th
0
x cng l mt nghim ca
phng trnh ( ) 0. f x = Nh vy, s nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l mt s chn.
I.6. a) Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 (1), , f x x f x x f x f x x x + + = .
Thay
1 2
0 x x = = vo 2 v ca (1) ta c
( ) ( )
2
2 0 2 0 f f ( =

( ) 0 0 f = ( ) 0 1 f = . Nhng theo bi ra ta c ( ) f x 0 , x do
( ) 0 1 f = .
b) Hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l tp i xng.
Thay
1 2
0; x x x = = vo ( ) 1 ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 f x f x f x + =
( ) ( ). f x f x = x .
Vy, ( ) f x l mt hm s chn.
I.7. 1) y = ( ) cos 2 3 . x + Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l . D =
Hm s ( ) ( ) cos 2 3 y f x x = = + l hm s tun hon v c T = 2 sao cho
78
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 .
2 cos 2 2 3 cos 2 3 4 cos 2 3
x x
x f x x x x f x

( ( = + = + = + =

i
i

Chu k ca hm s l
0
T = . Gi s cn c 0 l < < sao cho

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
cos 2 3 cos 2 3 (1),
f x l f x x
x l x x
+ =
( + + = +

Chn x =
3
2
ta c (1) cos 2 1 l = , vi 0 , l < < (V l).
Vy, chu k ca hm s l
0
T = .
2)
2
sin . y x = Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l . D =
Hm s ( )
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
x
y f x x

= = = l hm tun hon v c 2 T = sao cho
2 x x i
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 cos 2 2 1 cos 2 4
1 cos 2
2
2 2 2
x x
x
x f x f x

(

= = = = i
Chu k ca hm s l
0
T = .
Gi s cn c 0 l < < sao cho
( ) ( )
( )
( )
,
1 cos 2
1 cos 2
,
2 2
cos 2 cos 2 (1),
f x l f x x
x l
x
x
x l x x
+ =
( +

=
( + =

Chn x = ta c (1) cos 2 1, l = vi 0 l < < (V l)
Vy, chu k ca hm s l
0
T = .
I.8. 1)
3 2
( ) 2 . y f x x x = = + Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l . D = ta c
3 2
0
( ) 2 0
2.
x
f x x x
x
=
= + =

Gi s ( ) f x l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho
( ) ( ), . f x T f x x D + = Chn 0, x = ta c (0 ) (0) 0 0 f T f T + = = > l nghim ca
phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
2) ( ) 1 y f x x = = . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l [1; ). D = +
( ) 0 1. f x x = = Gi s ( ) f x l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho
( ) ( ), . f x T f x x D + = Chn 1, x = ta c (1 ) (1) 0 1 1 f T f T + = = + > l nghim ca
phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
79
2
3) ( ) .
1
x
y f x
x
= =
Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l { } \ 1;1 . D =
Gi s ( ) f x l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho
x D . x T D Do { } \ 1;1 D = nn1 (1 ) 1 T D T T D D + + (V l).
Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
I.9. Tp xc nh ca hm s irichl l . D = Vi 0, T T > ta u c
x T nu , x \ x T nu \ x .
Suy ra
1 , .
( )
0 , \ .
x
f x T
x

=

Nh vy, ( ) ( ), . f x T f x x = Suy ra hm s ) f x ( l hm s tun hon. Tuy nhin
trong tp cc s hu t dng khng c s dng b nht, v vy hm s irichl l hm s
tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
I.10. 1) Ta c: ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 2
1
1
x
f x
x
x
y f f x x
x
f x
x
+
+
+
= = = = =
+

Vy, ( ) ( )
. y f f x x = =
2) Ta c: ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 1 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1
g x
x x x
y f g x
g x x x x
+
+
= = = = =

Vy, ( ) ( )
.
1
x
y f g x
x
= =

I.11. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 3 2
4 3 1
1 1 1 1 1
,
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
.
1
x x
f x f f x f x f f x x
x
x x
x x x
f x f f x f x
x

= = = = = = = =
= = =

Nh vy, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 4 7 1 3
... , .
k
f x f x f x f x k
+
= = = =
Do ( ) ( )
100 1
1
.
1
f x f x
x
= =

I.12. Ta c
( ) ( )
1
1 2 ,
2
, 2 1 .
1
2 1,
2
x x
y f x f x x
x x
<
= = =

80

( )
1, 1
1 , 1
1
x x
y g x
x x
x

= =

<
=

Vy, [ ] [ ] ( ) 2 1 1 , ( ) 2 1 1. f g x x g f x x = =
I.13. Hm s ( ) 2 1 y f x x = = xc nh trn na khong ( ] ;1 .
Trn tp xc nh ( ] ;1 phng trnh 2 1 y x = c nghim duy nht i vi n x l
( )
2
2
1 2 4 3. x y y y = = +
Vy, hm s ngc cn tm l
1 2
( ) 4 3, ( ; 2]. y f x x x x
= = +
I.14. 1) a) Ta c
2 2
7 3
2 ( ) 2
2 2
x x x x
y f x
x x
+
= = =
+ +

T th hm s
2
3
( )
2
x x
y f x
x
+
= =
+
suy ra th
2
7
2
x x
y
x

=
+
bng php tnh tin
theo vc t (0; 2). v =

b) Ta c
2 2
7 9 ( 3) ( 3) 3
( 3)
5 ( 3) 2
x x x x
y f x
x x
+ + + + +
= = = +
+ + +

T th hm s
2
3
( )
2
x x
y f x
x
+
= =
+
suy ra th
2
7 9
5
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+
bng php tnh tin
theo ( 3; 0). v =

c) T th hm s
2
3
( )
2
x x
y f x
x
+
= =
+
tnh tin theo vect ( ; ) v a b =
c th
2
2 4
3
x x
y
x
+
=
+
khi v ch khi
[ ] ( )
2 2
2 2
3 2 3 2 2
2
2 4 ( ) ( ) 3
, 3
3 ( ) 2
( 2 4) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )(1 ) 3 2 3 , 3
(4 ) 2 4 8 (4 2 ) ( 7 5 )
3( 2 3), 3
x x x a x a
b x
x x a
x x x a x a x a b b x x
x a x ax a x b a x a a ab b x
a a ab b x
+ +
= +
+ +
( + + = + + + +

+ + = + + + +
+ +

2
2
4 4 2
1
2 ( 7 5 )
1
4 8 3( 2 3)
a b a
a
a a a ab b
b
a a a ab b
= +
=
= +

=
= +

Vy, tnh tin th hm s
2
3
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+
theo vect ( 1; 1) v =
c th hm s
81
2
2 4
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=
+

2) a) Ta c
2 2
3 3
( )
2 2
x x x x
y f x
x x
| | + +
= = =
|
+ +
\

T th hm s
2
3
( )
2
x x
y f x
x
+
= =
+
suy ra th hm s
2
3
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+
bng php i
xng qua trc honh.
b) Ta c
2 2
5 3
1 ( ) 1
2 2
x x x
y f x
x x
| | + +
= = + = +
|
+ +
\

Do c th hm s
2
5
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
ta thc hin hai bc
+ Bc 1: i xng th hm s ( ) y f x = qua trc honh ta c th
1
( ) C ca hm s
( ). y f x =
+ Bc 2: Tnh tin
1
( ) C theo vect (0;1) v =
ta c th hm s
2
5
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
.
I.15. Ta c
3 7 1
3 .
2 2
x
y
x x
= =

Do ta thc hin lin tip cc bc bin i sau:
+ Tnh tin th ca hm s
1
y
x
= theo vc t (2; 0) v =
th c th hm s
1
.
2
y
x
=

+ i xng th hm s
1
2
y
x
=
qua trc honh ta c th hm s

1
.
2
y
x
=

+ Tnh tin th ca hm s
1
2
y
x
=
theo vc t (0;3) u =
ta c th hm s
3 7
.
2
x
y
x

I.16. 1)
2
3 1
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=

Kho st v v th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=

dnh cho bn c. th (C) ca hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
nh sau
82
x
y
5
4 2
1
O

2) a)
2
2
2
3 1
; ( ) 0
3 1
3
( )
3
3 1
; ( ) 0
3
x x
f x
x x
x
y f x
x
x x
f x
x
+
+
= = =

<

Do th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
gm hai phn:
+ i xng ca phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
th ca hm s ( ) y f x = nh sau
x
y
5
4 2
1
O

b)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

Ta c:
2
2
2
3 1
; 3
3 1
3
3
3 1
; 3
3
x x
x
x x
x
y
x
x x
x
x
+
>
+
=

<

83
Do th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
gm hai phn:
+ Phn th ( ) y f x = trn min 3; x >
+ i xng ca phn th ( ) y f x = trn min 3 x < qua trc honh.
th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
nh sau
x
y
5
4
2
-1
O

2
3 1
) ;
3
x x
c y
x
+
=
Do hm s ( ) y f x = l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l trc

. Oy Vi 0 x th
( ) ( ). y f x f x = =
th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
gm hai phn:
+ Phn bn phi trc tung ca th hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng ca phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha bn phi trc tung qua trc tung.
th hm s
( )
y f x = nh sau
-2 -4
x
y
5
4 2
1
O

84
d) Ta c
2 2
2
2 2
3 1 3 1
; 0
3 3
3 1
3
3 1 3 1
; 0
3 3
x x x x
x x
x x
y
x
x x x x
x x
+ +

+

= =

+ +
<

Do th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
gm hai phn:
+ i xng ca phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
th hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
nh sau
-2 -4
x
y
5
4 2
1
O

I.17. t
2 x X
y Y
= +

Hm s cho tr thnh
( ) ( )
2 2
5 5
.
1
2 4 2 3
Y
X
X X
= =
+ + +
Hm s
2
5
1
Y
X
=
l hm s chn.
Vy, ng thng 2 x = l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.
I.18. ng thng
0
x x = l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
4 3 2
4 3 2
0 0 0 0
4 3 2 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
4 3 2 4 3 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 ,
2 4 2 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 ,
4 2 1 3 8 8 1 2 16 24 6 1
16 32 12 4 4 3 3 2 ,
f x x f x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
=
+ + = + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + = + + +

85
( )
( )( )
( )( )
0
0
2
0 0
0 0
2
0
3 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 4 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2 1 1
1 0
8 8 1 1
1
1 16 8 2 0
16 24 6 1 1
1 4 4 1 0 16 32 12 4 0
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x
=
+ =
= =
+ + =
=

+ + =
+ + =

+ + = + + =

Vy, th hm s
4 3 2
4 3 2 y x x x x = + + c duy nht mt trc i xng cng phng vi
trc tung l 1. x =
I.19. Ta c ( )
2
2 2
4 2 4 3
1 1
1 1
x x x
y
x x
+
= = +
+ +

Gi s ( )
0 0
, I x y l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.
Di h trc to Oxy v h trc to mi IXY vi ( )
0 0
, I x y bi php t
0
0
x X x
y Y y
= +
= +

Thay vo ( ) 1 ta c
( )
( )
2
4 3
( ) 1
1
o
o
o
X x
Y g X y
X x
+
= = +
+ +

Nu th ( ) C nhn ( ) ;
o o
I x y lm tm i xng th hm s ( ) Y g X = phi l hm s l
tc l
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
0
4 3 4 3
1 1
1 1
o o
o o
o
X x X x
y y
X x X x
+ + +
+ = +
+ + + +
ng vi mi . X
Cho X th ( ) tng ng vi: 2 2 1
o o
y y = = . Vi 1
o
y = ( ) tr thnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
4 3 4 3
; .
1 1
o o
o o
X x X x
X
X x X x
+ + +
=
+ + + +
t
o
X x = th ( ) tr thnh
2
2
8 3
3 12 8 6 0.
4 1
o
o o
o
x
x x
x
+
= + =
+
Phng trnh ny v nghim.
Vy, ( ) ;
o o
I x y khng phi l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.
I.20. Gi s x m = l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.
t
x X m
y Y
= +

Khi ta c hm s
4 3 2
( ) ( ) 4 ( ) 2( ) 12( ) Y f X X m a X m X m X m a = = + + + + +
4 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3
2 2
4 6 4 4 ( 3 3 )
2( 2 ) 12 ( )
X X m X m Xm m a X X m Xm m
X m mX a X m
= + + + + + + + +
+ + +

86
4 3 2 2 3 2
4 3 2
(4 4 ) (6 12 2) (4 12 4 12 )
4 2 12 (2)
X m a X m am X m am m a X
m am m am
= + + + + + +
+ +

ng thng x m = l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi hm s
( ) Y f X = phi l hm s chn, iu ny tng ng vi
3 2
4 4 0
4 12 4 12 0
m a
m am m a
+ =
+ =

3 2
3 2
0
3 3 0
( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 3 0
m a
m am m a
m a
a a a a a
+ =

+ =

+ =

3 3 3
2
0
0
1 3 3 0 2 2 0
1
1
m a
m a
m a m a a
a
a a a a a a a
a
a
=
=

= = =
=

= + + = =

=

=

Vy, vi
0
1
1
a
a
a
=
th th hm s c trc i xng cng phng . Oy

I.21. Gi s trn th ( )
m
C c hai im ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; M x y N x y i xng nhau qua gc ta
, khi ta c
2 1
2 1
x x
y y
=

Nh vy ta c

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 1 (1)
1(*)
x m x m x m x m x m x m x m x m
x x x x
m x m
x
+ + + + + +
= =
+ + +

Trn th ( )
m
C c hai im ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; M x y N x y i xng nhau qua gc ta khi v
ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha iu kin (*), iu ny tng ng
vi
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 0 2
2 1
2
2
1 1. 1
2 1
m
m
m m
m
m m
m
>
>
>

I.22. 1)
3 2
( ) 2.3 4.3 2.3
x x x
y f x = = + trn on [ ] 1;1 .
87
t 3 0.
x
t = > Khi hm s cho tr thnh
3 2
( ) 2 4 2 . y f t t t t = = +
Vi [ 1;1] x th
1
[ ;3].
3
t
Ly o hm theo bin t ta c
2
6 8 2 y t t = +
1
0
1
3
t
y
t
=

Ta c ( ) ( )
1 8
1 0; ; 3 24.
3 27
f f f
| |
= = =
|
\

Vy, ( )
[ ] 1;1
24
x
Maxf x

= v ( )
[ ] 1;1
0.
x
Min f x

=
2) ( ) os3 15cos 8 y f x c x x = = + trn on
3
; .
3 2
(
(

( )
3 3
os3 15cos 8 4cos 3cos 15cos 8 4cos 18cos 8 y f x c x x x x x x x = = + = + = +
t cos . t x =
Khi hm s ( )
3
4cos 18cos 8 y f x x x = = + tr thnh
( )
3
4 18 8. y f t t t = = + Vi
3
;
3 2
x
(
(

th
1
[ 1; ].
2
t
Ly o hm theo bin t ta c:
( )
( )
2
12 18
3
2
0
3
2
f t t
t
f t
t
=
. C hai gi tr ny khng thuc

1
[ 1; ].
2

( )
1 1
; 1 22.
2 2
f f
| |
= =
|
\

Vy, ( )
3
;
3 2
22
x
Maxf x
(
(

= v ( )
3
;
2 2
1
.
2
x
Min f x
(
(

=
3) ( )
3 2
3 5 y f x x x = = + trn on [ ] 0;3 . Xt hm s
3 2
3 5. y x x = + Ta c
2
3 6 y x x =
88
( )
0 5
0 3 2 0
2 1
x y
y x x
x y
= =
= =
= =

Ti 3 5. x y = = V trn on [ ] 0;3 hm s
3 2
3 5 y x x = + ly gi tr dng, do
( )
[ ] 0;3
5
x
Maxf x
= v ( )
[ ] 0;3
1.
x
Minf x
=
I.23. 1) ( )
2
3
.
2 1
x
y f x
x
= =
Tp xc nh ca hm s
2
3
( )
2 1
x
y f x
x
= =
l
1
\ .
2
D

=
`
)

Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
3
2 1
'
3 2 1 2 1
x
y
x x x
=

, ' 0 1. y x = =
im ti hn ca hm s thuc on
3
; 2
4
(
(

l 1 x = . Ta c
( ) 1 1 f = ;
3
3 9
4 2
f
| |
=
|
\
; ( )
3
36
2
3
f = . Vy, ( )
3
3
;2
4
36
;
3
x
Max f x
(
(

=
3
;2
4
( ) 1.
x
Min f x
(
(

=
2) ( ) ( ) cos 1 sin y f x x x = = + , [ ] 0; 2 x .
Tp xc nh ca hm s l [ ] 0; 2 D =
Ta c ( )
1
cos 1 sin sin 2 sin
2
y x x x x = + = +
cos 2 cos y x x = +
2
2cos 1 cos , x x = + ' 0 y =
2
2cos cos 1 0 x x + =
cos 1
1
cos
2
x
x
=

. Vi [ ] cos 1 0; 2 x x = =
. Vi
[ ]
[ ]
0; 2
1
3
cos
5 2
0; 2
3
x
x
x

( ) 0 0 f = ;
3 3
;
3 4
f
| |
=
|
\
( ) 0; f = ( ) 2 0; f =
5 3 3
.
3 4
f
| |
=
|
\

Vy,
[ ]
( )
0;2
3 3
;
4
x
Max f x

= ( )
[ ] 0;2
3 3
.
4
x
Minf x

=
I.24. Gi s ( ) , x y l mt nghim ca h phng trnh
89
( )
2 2
2
1
3
x y a
x y xy
+ =
+ + =

Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
4 1 3 3
x y a x y a
x y a
I
xy a a x y xy xy x y
+ = + = + =

= + + = = +

Khi ; x y tha phng trnh ( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 1 0 X a X a a + + =
Phng trnh ( ) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
2
2 2
0 2 4 4 1 0 3 12 0 0 4. a a a a a a + +
Xt ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 2 M x y xy x y xy = + = +
Th ( ) I vo ( ) 2 ta c ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 3 4 1 2 8 1. M a a a a a = + = + +
Khi vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2
M x y xy = + tr thnh
vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2
2 8 1 N a a = + + trn on [ ] 0; 4 .
Xt ( )
2
2 8 1 f a a a = + + ( ) ' 4 8, f a a = + ( ) ' 0 4 8 0 2. f a a a = + = =
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 9; 0 1; 4 1. f f f = = =
Vy, khi
0
4
a
a
=
th M t gi tr nh nht v khi 2 a = th M t gi tr ln nht.

I.25. Tp xc nh ca hm s l . D =
( )( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 4 2 3
5 4 5 6 5 4 5 4 2
y x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
( ( = + + + + = + + + +

= + + + + = + + + + +

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
5 4 2 5 4 1 1
5 5 1 1, .
x x x x
x x x
= + + + + + +
= + +

Du " " = xy ra khi v ch khi
2
5 5 5 5
5 5 0 .
2 2
x x x x

+ + = = =
Vy, 1. Miny =
I.26. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiascopki ta c
2
2 2
5 1 1 1
1 . .
4 4 4
x y
x y
| |
| | | |
= + = +
|
| |
|
\ \
\
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
. .
16 4
x y x y
x y x y
(
| |
| | | |
(
(
+ + = + + |
| |
( |
(
\ \
\

90
25 5 1 4 1
.
16 4 4 4 x y
| |
+
|
\
(Do
5
4
x y + = )
4 1
5 5.
4
A
x y
+
1
1
1
1
4
4
5
4
x
x
x
y
y y
x y
=

=

=

+ =

Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l 5. MinA =
I.27. Xt ba vect ( 1; 0), ( 2; 0), w (5 2 ; 0) u x v x x = + = =

Khi w (4; 0). u v + + =

Ta c bt ng thc
2
w w 1 2 5 2 4 0 4. u v u v x x x + + + + + + + + =

Du ng thc xy ra khi ba vect , , w u v

cng hng, khi v ch khi
5
2 .
2
x
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca hm s cho l 4. Miny =
I.28.
2 2
3 1 2 1 1 1
2 .
4 4 8 8 2
y y x y
A x y x
x y x y
| | +
= + + + = + + + + +
|
\

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng
1
4
x v
1
x
ta c
( )
1 1 1 1
2 . 1 1
4 4
x x
x x
+ = .
Tng t, ta cng p dng bt ng thc Csi cho ba s dng
2
1
; ;
8 8
y y
y
ta c
( )
3
2 2
1 1 3
3 . . 2 .
8 8 8 8 4
y y y y
y y
+ + =
Ta li c ( ) 4 2 3 .
2
x y
x y
+
+
T (1), (2), (3), ta suy ra
3 9
1 2. 2 .
4 2
A + + =
91
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
2
1
4
2
1
2 8
4
x
x
x
y
y y
x y
=
=

=
+ =

Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l
9
.
2
MinA =
I.29. iu kin 3, 4, 5. x y z
Biu thc c vit li
4 3 5 y x z
T
x y z

= + +
p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi hai s khng m ( 3);3 x ta c
3 3
3. 3 ( 3).3
2 2
3 1
.
2 3
x x
x x
x
x
+
= =

Lp lun tng t nh trn, ta cng c
4 1 1
4 2 4
5 1
2 5
y
y
z
z

Nh vy, ta c
1 1 1
.
4 2 3 2 5
T + +
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
3 3
6
4 4
8
5 5
10.
3, 4, 5
x
x
y
y
z
z
x y z
=
=
=

=

=

=

Vy,
1 1 1
.
4 2 3 2 5
MaxT = + +
I.30. Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
(*).
x x y y z z
P
y z z x x y
= + + + + + Ta nhn thy
2 2
, , . x y xy xy x y +
Do ( )
3 3
, , 0 x y xy x y x y + + > hay
2 2
, , 0.
x y
x y x y
y x
+ + >
Tng t ta cng c
92
2 2
2 2
, , 0
, , 0.
y z
y z y z
z y
z x
z x z x
x z
+ + >
+ + >

Cng theo tng v ba bt ng thc va nhn c trn v kt hp vi (*) ta c
2( ) 2, , , 0 P x y z x y z + + = > v 1. x y z + + = Hn na ta c 2 P = khi
1
.
3
x y z = = =
Vy, 2. MinP =
I.31.
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
A
b c c a a b
= + +
+ + + + + +

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c
( )( ) ( )( )
3 3
3
1 1 1 1 3
3 . . (1)
1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8 4
a b c a b c a
b c b c
+ + + +
+ + =
+ + + +

Tng t ta cng c
( )( )
3
1 1 3
(2)
1 1 8 8 4
b c a b
c a
+ +
+ +
+ +

( )( )
3
1 1 3
(3)
1 1 8 8 4
c a b c
a b
+ +
+ +
+ +

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
3
3 3 3 3
.
4 2 2 2 4
a b c abc
A A
+ +
+ =
ng thc xy ra khi 1. a b c = = = Vy,
3
.
4
MinA =
I.32. .
a b c
A
b c a
= + +
Ta c
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
.
a b c a b c c a
A
b c a c a b
= + + + + +
2 2
4
4 . . . 4 (1)
a a b a b a a b a b
c c a
b b c c c c
+ + + =
Tng t ta cng c
2
4 (2)
b b c b c
a b
c a a
+ + +
93
2
4 (3)
c c a c a
b c
a b b
+ + +
( )
2
3 9 3. A a b c A + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi 1. a b c = = = Vy, 3. MinA =
I.33.
xy yz zx
S
z x y
= + +
Ta c
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
x y y z z x
S x y z
z x y
= + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 . 2 (1)
x y y z x y y z
y
z x z x
+ =
Tng t ta cng c
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 (2)
y z z x
z
x y
+
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 (3)
x y z x
x
z y
+
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y y z z x
x y z
z x y
+ + + +
Suy ra
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 3 3 3.
x y y z z x
S x y z x y z S
z x y
= + + + + + + + =
ng thc xy ra khi
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
, , 0
3
.
3
x y z
x y z
x y y z z x
z x y
>
= = =
= =

Vy, 3. MinS =
I.34.
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
1 1 1
.
1 1 1
a b c
A
a b c
+ + +
=

Theo gi thit
1 0
1 1 0
1 0
a b c
a b c b a c
c a b
= + >
+ + = = + >
= + >

94
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 2 1 1 (1) a b c b c + = +
Tng t ta cng c
( )( )
( )( )
1 2 1 1 (2)
1 2 1 1 (3)
b a c
c a b
+
+

Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )( )
1 1 1
1 1 1 8 1 1 1 8
1 1 1
a b c
a b c a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + +

Suy ra 8. A
ng thc xy ra khi
1
.
3
a b c = = =
Vy, 8. MinA =
I.35.
( )
2 2 2
2
.
ab bc ca
M
ab bc ca
+ +
=
+ +

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski i vi hai b s
( ) ( )
; ; , ; ; a b c b a c b a c
Ta c

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
(1)
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
ab bc ca
M
a b c a b c ab bc ca
+ + + + + +
+ +
=
+ + + + + +

Cng theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski th
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
3 9 3(2) a b c a b c a b c + + + + = + +
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
1
.
3
M
ng thc xy ra khi 1. a b c = = =
Vy,
1
.
3
MinM =
I.36. 2 3 8 A x y z = + +
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 3 8 1 1 2 2 3 1 A x y z x y z = + + = + +
( ) ( ) 1; 2;3 , 1; 2; 1 x y z
95
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 8 14 1 2 1 14 A x y z x y z = + + + + =
ng thc xy ra khi
2 3 8 14
1 2 1 2 3 8 14
1 2 3 1 4 9 14
x y z
x y z x y z
+ + =
+ +
= = = =
+ +

H phng trnh trn c nghim chng hn
14
1
14
14
2
7
3 14
1
14
x
y
z
= +
= +
= +
. Vy, 14. MaxA =

I.37.
2 2 2 2 2 2
A a b b c c a = + + + + +
( ) ( ) 1;1 , ; a b
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1
1. 1. 2 (1)
2
a b a b a b a b + + + +
Tng t ta cng c
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1
(2)
2
1
(3)
2
b c b c
c a c a
+ +
+ +

( )
2
2.
2
A a b c + + =
ng thc xy ra khi
1
.
3
a b c = = =
Vy, 2. MinA =
I.38.
2
2
.
1 2 2
xy y
A
x xy
+
=
+ +

Do
2 2
1 x y + = nn ta t
sin
, [0; 2 ].
cos
x
y

96
Khi
2
2
sin cos cos
.
1 2sin 2sin cos
A

+
=
+ +

Ta c ( )
2
2 2
1 2 2 2 , x xy x y x + + = + + (Do
2 2
1 x y + = ). Suy ra A xc nh vi mi , x y tha
2 2
1 x y + = .
( )
2
2
sin cos cos sin 2 cos 2 1
(1)
1 2sin 2sin cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 2
A

+ + +
= =
+ + +

( ) ( ) (1) 2 1 sin 2 2 1 cos 2 1 4 (2) A A A + =
(2) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1 1 4
8 8 1 0
2 6 2 6
.
4 4
2 6 2 6
, .
4 4
A A A
A A
A
MaxA MinA
+ +

+

+
= =

I.39.
1 1 1
.
2 2 2
x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy
| | | |
| |
= + + + + +
| | |
\
\ \

Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
P
xyz
+ +
= + + + .
Do
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y y z z x
x y z xy yz zx
+ + +
+ + = + + + +
Nn
2 2 2
1 1 1
.
2 2 2
x y z
P
x y z
| | | | | |
+ + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

Xt hm s
2
1
( ) , 0.
2
t
f t t
t
= + >
Lp bng bin thin ca hm ( ) f t ta suy ra
3
( ) , 0.
2
f t t > Suy ra
9
.
2
P
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 1. x y z = = =
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca P l
9
.
2

I.40.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
+ + +
= + +
+ + +

Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 ; 2 ; 2 . x y z x x y z x y y z x y z z + + +
97
Suy ra
2 2 2
.
2 2 2
y y x x z z
P
+ +
+ + +

t 2 ; 2 ; 2 a x x y y b y y z z c z z x x = + = + = +
4 2 4 2 4 2
; ;
9 9 9
c a b a b c b c a
x x y y z z
+ + +
= = =
Do
3 3
2 4 2 4 2 4 2
9
2 2
4 6 4.3 . . 3 . . 6 2.
9 9
c a b a b c b c a
P
b c a
c a b a b c c a b a b c
b c a b c a b c a b c a
+ + + | |
+ +
|
\
| |
( | | | |
= + + + + + + =
|
| | (
|
\ \
\

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 1. x y z = = =
Vy, 2. MinP =
I.41.
2
sin
4
, ; .
2
sin 1 2cos
x
y x
x x
| |
|
(
\
=
(

+ +

Ta c
2
2 sin cos
. , ; .
2 2
sin 1 2cos
x x
y x
x x
(
=
(

+ +

Xt trng hp :
2
x

= Ta c
2
.
4
y =
Xt trng hp ( ; ] :
2
x

Ta c
2
2 tan 1
. .
2
tan tan 3
x
y
x x
=
+

t tan , t x = vi ( ; ]
2
x

th ( ; 0]. t
Hm s tr thnh

2
2 1
( ) . , ( ; 0].
2
3
t
y f t t
t t
= =
+

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3 1 1
2 3
( ) .
2
3
t
t t t
t
f t
t t
| |
+
|
+
\
=
+ ( )
2
2 2
2 3 1
. .
2
3 3
t t
t t t
+ +
=
+ +

( ) 0 1. f t t = =
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t ta kt lun c
; ;
2 2
2 2
, .
3 4
x x
Maxy Miny

( (

( (

= =
98
CHNG II. PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
II.1. 1)
2 2
4 3 m x m x m + = + (1)
(1)
( )
2 2
1 4 3 m x m m = + (*)
+
2
1
1 0
1
m
m
m
=
=

. 1, m = phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 0 x = phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
. 1, m = phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 8 x = phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+
2
1
1 0
1
m
m
m

phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht.

2
2
4 3 3
.
1 1
m m m
x
m m
+
= =
+

Kt lun:
+ Nu 1 m = th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
+ Nu 1 m = th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ Nu
1
1
m
m

th phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht

3
.
1
m
x
m
=
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2) 2 2 1
(1) 2 2 2 2
* .
a b a a a b a b x
a ab b a a ab a b x
a b x a b
+ + = + + +
+ + + = + + +
+ = +

+ Nu
2 2
0
0
0
a
a b
b
=
+ =

=
th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 0 x = suy ra phng trnh (1)

c nghim ty .
+ Nu
2 2
0
0
0
a
a b
b

+
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

2 2
2 2
1.
a b
x
a b
+
= =
+

Kt lun:
+ Vi
0
0
a
b
=
th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

+ Vi
0
0
a
b

th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht 1. x =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
3) 2 1
*
a x ab b x a b
a b x a b
+ = + +
=

99
+
2 2
0 a b =
a b
a b
=

a b = th (*) tr thnh 0 0 x = suy ra phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
a b = th (*) tr thnh
2
0 4 . x b = Nu 0 b = th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty . Nu
0 b th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+
2 2
0
a b
a b
a b

phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

( )
2
2 2
.
a b
a b
x
a b a b

= =
+

Kt lun:
+ Nu a b = th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
+ Nu
0
a b
b
=
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

+ Nu
a b
a b

th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

a b
x
a b
=
+

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
4) 4 5 1
4 5
4 5 *
a ax b ax b
a x ab ax b
a a x b ab
+ = +
+ = +
=

+
2
0
4 0
4
a
a a
a
=
=

Vi 0 a = th phng trnh (*) tr thnh
2
0 5. x b =
Nu
2
5
5 0
5
b
b
b

Nu
2
5
5 0
5
b
b
b
=
=
=

Vi 4 a = th phng trnh (*) tr thnh
2
0 4 5 x b b =
Nu
2
1
4 5 0
5
b
b b
b


Nu
2
1
4 5 0
5
b
b b
b
=
=

+
2
0
4 0
4
a
a a
a

th phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht

2
2
4 5
.
4
b b
x
a a

=

Kt lun:
100
+ Nu
4
0
1
5
5
a
a
b
b
b
=
=


+ Nu
0
4
5 1
5
5
a
a
b b
b
b
=
=
= =

=
=

+ Nu
0
4
a
a

phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht

2
2
4 5
.
4
b b
x
a a

=

II. 2. 1) ( )
2 1
1 1
1
x m x m
x x
+ +
=

iu kin:
0
1
x
x

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1
2 1
3 1 0
1
.
3
x m x x m x x x
x mx x x mx m x x x
x m
m
x
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ =
=

1
3
m
x

= l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 1 khi v ch khi
1
0
1
3
.
1 2
1
3
m
m
m m

Kt lun: + Nu
1
2
m
m

th phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim duy nht

1
.
3
m
x

=
+ Nu
2
1
m
m
=
th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

2) ( )
2
2 1 1
1
mx
m x m
x
= +

iu kin:
1
1
x
x

+ Xt trng hp
0
1
x
x

th phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh

101
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
2 1
1
1 2 1 1
1 2 1(*)
mx
mx m
x
mx mx x m x
m x m
= +
= +
+ = +

Nu 1 m = th (*) v nghim. Nu 1 m th (*)
2 1
.
1
m
x
m
+
=
+

2 1
1
m
x
m
+
=
+
l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 1 khi v ch khi
2 1
1 1 0
1 1
1
2 2
2 1
0 0. 1
1
m
m m m m
m
m
m m
m
+

< <
+

+

+

Vy, vi
1
1
2
0
m m
m
<
th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim.

+ Xt trng hp
0
1
x
x
<
th phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh

2
2 1
1
mx
mx m
x
+ = +

( ) ( )( )
( )
2
1 2 1 1
1 2 1(**)
mx mx x m x
m x m
+ = +
+ =

Nu 1 m = th (**) v nghim. Nu 1 m th (**)
2 1
.
1
m
x
m

=
+

2 1
1
m
x
m

=
+
2 1
0 0 1
1
1 1
2 1 1 1 .
0
2 2
1
m
m m
m
m m m m m
m

+

< > < >

<

+

Kt lun:
+ Nu
0
1
1
2
m
m m

<
th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim

1
2 1
,
1
m
x
m
+
=
+

2
2 1
.
1
m
x
m

=
+

(Trng hp
1
2
m = th hai nghim ny bng nhau v bng 0)
102
+ Nu
1
1
2
0
m
m
<
th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

3) ( )
2 1 1
2 1 1
1 1
mx m
x
x x
+
=

iu kin 1. x >
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2 1 1
2 2 (*)
mx x m
m x m
= +
=

Nu 1 m = th (*) v nghim.
Nu 1 m th (*) .
2( 1)
m
x
m
=

2( 1)
m
x
m
=

2
1 0 1 2.
2( 1) 2( 1)
m m
m
m m
> > < <

Kt lun: Khi 1 2 m < < th phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim duy nht .
2( 1)
m
x
m
=

Khi
1
2
m
m

phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

II.3.
2 2
(5 1) (5 2) 0 m x m m x m + + = (1)
+ Xt
2
0 0, m m = = (1) tr thnh 2 0 = (1) v nghim.
+ Xt
2
0 0 m m th (1) l phng trnh bc hai.
( ) ( )
2
2
5 1 4 5 2 m m m m ( = + + +

4 3 2
25 30 9 m m m = + +
2 2
(5 3) 0, . m m m = +
+ 0 =
2 2
(5 3) 0 m m + =
2
2
0
(5 3) 0
m
m
=

+ =
0
3
5
m
m
=
, kt hp vi gi thit 0, m ta
c
3
5
m

= , th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp
1 2
5
3
x x = = .
+ 0 >
2 2
(5 3) 0 m m + >
0
3
5
m
m

th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit

103
1 2
5 2 1 m
x x
m m
+
= = .
Kt lun:
+ 0, m= phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+
3
,
5
m

= phng trnh (1) c nghim kp
1 2
5
.
3
x x = =
+
0
3
5
m
m

, phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l

1 2
5 2 1
; .
m
x x
m m
+
= =
II.4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 2 0 1 a b x a ab b x ab a b + + + + + =
+ Xt 0 , a b a b + = = phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
2
2 0. b x =
0 b = : Phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim ty .
0 b : Phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim duy nht 0. x =
+ Xt 0 , a b a b + ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
4 8 a ab b ab a b a b = + + + = +
Phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim phn bit
1
2ab
x
a b
=
+
;
2
. x a b = +
Kt lun:
Nu 0 a b = = th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim ty .
Nu 0 a b = th phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim duy nht 0. x =
Nu a b th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim phn bit
1
2ab
x
a b
=
+
;
2
. x a b = +
II.5. Gi s
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh
2
0(1). x ax bc + + =
1 3
, x x l nghim ca
phng trnh
2
0.(2) x bx ca + + = (
1
x l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2)).
Ta chng minh
2 3
, x x tha mn phng trnh
2
0(3). x cx ab + + =
Theo nh l Viet ta c
1 2
1 2
(*)
x x a
x x bc
+ =
v
1 3
1 3
(**)
x x b
x x ca
+ =

Do
1
x l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) nn ta c

104
2 2
1 1 1 1
1
1
( ) ( )
x ax bc x bx ca
a b x c a b
x c
+ + = + +
=
=

(Do , , a b c khc nhau i mt v khc 0).
Thay
1
x c = vo (*) v (**) ta c
2
3
x b a c
x a b c
= =
= =

Thay gi tr
2
x b a c = = vo v tri phng trnh ( ) 3 ta c
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
2 0
a c c a c ab a ac c ac c a a c
a ac c ac c a ac
+ + = + + +
= + + =

2
x l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 3 .
Thay gi tr
3
x a b c = = vo v tri phng trnh ( ) 3 ta c
2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 0
b c c b c ab b c c b c b c b
b bc c bc c b bc
+ + = + +
= + + =

3
x l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 3 .
Vy,
2 3
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh
2
0. x cx ab + + = (pcm)
II.6.
2
2( 3) 4 0 mx m x m + = (1)
+ Xt 0, m= (1) tr thnh
2
6 4 0 0
3
x x m = = = tha bi.
+ Xt 0, m phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng trong cc trng hp sau
Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim kp dng:
iu kin l
( )
9 2 0
9
.
2 3
2
0
m
m
m
S
m
= =
=

= >

Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim dng v mt nghim bng 0:
iu kin l
( )
4
0
4.
2 3
0
m
P
m
m
m
S
m

= =
= >

Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim tri du:
iu kin l
4
0 0 4.
m
P m
m
= < < <

105
Vy, vi
9
0 4
2
m m = th phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng.
II.7. ( ) ( ) ( )
4 2
1 2 3 3 0 1 m x m x m + + + =
t
2
0 X x =
Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 3 0 2 m X m X m + + + =
+ Nu 1 0 1 m m = = khi ( ) 2 tr thnh 1 1. X x = =
Nh vy 1 m = khng tha yu cu bi.
+ Xt 1 m khi ( ) 2 l phng trnh bc II.
( ) 1 v nghim khi v ch khi (2) hoc v nghim hoc c hai nghim u m
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
3
3 1 3 0
2
3 1 3 0
3 3
2 2
2 3
0
1 3 3
1
3 1
3
0
1
m m m
m
m m m
m m
m
S
m m m
m
m m
m
P
m
= + <
>

= +

>

= <
< > <

< >
+

= >

Vy, vi
3
3
2
m m < > th ( ) 1 v nghim.
II.8.
2 2
2 1 0 x x m x m + = (1)
Ta c ( )
2
2
(1) 1 1 1 0. x m x m + =
t 1 0 X x = ta c phng trnh
2 2
1 0(2) X mX m + =
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim khng m. Ta gii
bi ton ngc tc l tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) v nghim. Phng trnh
(1) v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) hoc l v nghim hoc c hai nghim u
m. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
2
2
2
2 3 2 3
3 3
4 3 0
2 3 2 3
1
2 3 2 3
4 3 0
3 3
(*)
3 3
2 3
1 0
2 3
1 1
1 3
0 3
0
m m
m
m
m m
m
m
P m m
m m
m
S m
m

< >
= <

< < >

=

= > >
< >
<

= <
<

Nh vy, phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi m tha iu kin (*).
106
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m l
2 3
1 .
3
m
II.9. )( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 1 x x k =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1 2
2 1 2 2
(1)
2 1 2 2
1 2
x x k
x x x k
x x k x
x k x
= + =

+ = =

2
2
2
2 2
2
4 1 1 1
2
4 1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1
2 2 2
x x
k x x
x x k
x k x
k x
+
= = +
+ =

+ = +
= = +

V cc ng Parabol ( )
2
1
1 1
: 2 ,
2 2
P y x x = + ( )
2
2
1 1
:
2 2
P y x = + v y k = trn cng mt
h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (1) chnh bng s giao im ca ng thng
y k = vi cc Parabol
1 2
( ), ( ). P P
Cc Parabol
1 2
( ), ( ) P P v ng thng y k = c v hnh sau
y
x
y = k
3
2
2
1
1
O

Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh ( ) 1 c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi
1 3
1 1 .
2 2
k k < < < <
) ( )
2 2
2 2 10 8 5 2 x x x x a + = +
2 2
(2) 2 10 8 5 x x x x a + + = . Xt hm s
( ) f x =
2
2 2
2
5 8; 1 4
2 10 8 5
3 15 8;1 4
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
+ < >
+ + =

+

V cc ng Parabol ( )
2
1
: 5 8, 1 4, P y x x x x = + < > ( )
2
2
: 3 15 8,1 4 P y x x x = +
v y a = trn cng mt h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (2) chnh bng s giao
im ca ng thng y a = vi cc Parabol
1 2
( ), ( ). P P
107
Cc Parabol
1 2
( ), ( ) P P v ng thng y a = c v hnh sau
y = a
y
x
43
4
4
5
2
4 1 O

Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh ( ) 2 c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi
43
4 .
4
a < <
II.10. 1) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) 1 5 3 7 297 1 x x x x + + = .
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
(1) 1 5 3 7 297
4 5 4 21 297
x x x x
x x x x
( ( + + =

+ + =

t ( )
2
2
4 5 2 9 9 t x x x = + = +
Khi phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
2
16 297
16 297 0
27
11
t t
t t
t
t
=
=
=

Ta nhn 27 t = v ta c phng trnh
2 2
4
4 5 27 4 32 0
8.
x
x x x x
x
=
+ = + =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l 4 x = 8 x = .
2) ( )( )( )( ) ( ) 2 3 1 6 36 1 x x x x + + + =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2 2
(1) 2 1 6 3 36
3 2 3 18 36
x x x x
x x x x
( ( + + + =

+ + + =

t
2
3 2. t x x = + +

108
( )
2
20 36
20 36 0
2
18
t t
t t
t
t
=
+ =
=

Vi 2 t = th ta c phng trnh
2
2
3 2 2
3 0
0
3
x x
x x
x
x
+ + =
+ =
=

Vi 18 t = th ta c phng trnh
2
2
3 2 18
3 16 0
3 73
2
3 73
2
x x
x x
x
x
+ + =
+ =
+
=

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l
3 73
0, 3, .
2
x x x

= = =
3) ( )( )( ) ( ) 2 2 4 18 1 x x x x + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
(1) 2 2 4 18
2 2 8 18
x x x x
x x x x
( ( + + =

+ + =

t ( )
2
2
2 1 1 1 t x x x = + = +
( )
2
4 34
8 18 8 18 0
4 34
t
t t t t
t
= +
= =
=

Ta nhn 4 34 t = + v ta c phng trnh
( )
2
2
2 4 34
1 5 34
1 5 34
1 5 34
x x
x
x
x
+ = +
+ = +
= + +
= +

109
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l 1 5 34 x = + .
II.11. 1) ( ) ( )
4
4
1 97 1 x x + =
t
1 1
.
2 2
t x x t = = + Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh
4 4
4 2
1 1
97
2 2
1
2 3 97
8
t t
t t
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
+ + =

4 2
16 24 775 0 t t + =
2
2
25
4
31
4
t
t

Ta nhn
2
25
.
4
t =
Vi
2
5
25
2
5 4
2
t
t
t

Khi
5
2
t = th
1 5
3.
2 2
x x = =
Khi
5
2
t = th
1 5
2.
2 2
x x = =
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 3, 2. x x = =
2) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
3 5 16 1 x x + + + =
t 4 4. t x x t = + = Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh
( ) ( )
4 4
4 2
4 2
4 2
2
2
1 1 16
2 12 2 16
2 12 14 0
6 7 0
1 1
1
7
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
= =

=
=

Khi 1 t = th 4 1 3. x x + = =
110
Khi 1 t = th 4 1 5. x x + = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l 3; 5. x x = =
3) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
2 6 2 1 x x + + + =
t 4 4. t x x t = + = Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh
( ) ( )
4 4
4 2
4 2
2 2 2
2 48 32 2
24 15 0
t t
t t
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

2
2
12 129
12 129
t
t
=

= +
(Loi)
Vy, phng trnh cho v nghim.
II.12. 1)
4 3 2
6 35 62 35 6 0 x x x x + + = (1)
Do 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
0, x ta c phng trnh tng ng
2
2
1 1
6( ) 35( ) 62 0 x x
x x
+ + + = (2)
t
1
, t x
x
= + iu kin: 2 t
2 2
2
1
2 x t
x
+ =
Khi , phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2
6( 2) 35 62 0 t t + =
2
6 35 50 0
10
3
5
2
t t
t
t
+ =

Vi
10
3
t = ta c phng trnh
2
1 10 10
1 0
3 3
x x x
x
+ = + = (Do 0 x )
2
3 10 3 0 x x + =
111
3
1
3
x
x
=

Vi
5
2
t =
2
1 5 5
1 0
2 2
x x x
x
+ = + = (Do 0 x )
2
1
2
x
x
=

Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim
1 1
3; ; 2; .
3 2
x x x x = = = =
2)
4 3 2
4 1 0 x x x x + + + = (1)
Do 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
2
2
1 1
4 0 x x
x x
+ + + =
2
2
1 1
( ) ( ) 4 0 x x
x x
+ + + =
t
1
, t x
x
= + iu kin: 2 t
2 2
2
1
2 x t
x
+ =
Khi phng trnh tr thnh
2
6 0
2
3
t t
t
t
+ =
=

1 2
1, 2 x x = =
Vi 2 t =
2
1
2 2 1 0 1 x x x x
x
+ = + = =
Vi 3 t =
2
1
3 3 1 0 x x x
x
+ = + + =
112
3 5
2
3 5
2
x
x
+
=

Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim l
3 5 3 5
1; ; .
2 2
x x x
+
= = =
3)
4 3 2
5 10 10 4 0 x x x x + + = (1)
Ta c
4 3 2
4 3 2 3
3 2
3 2
3 2
2
(1) 5 10 10 4 0
( ) 10( ) 4( 1) 0
( 1) 10 ( 1) 4( 1)( 1) 0
( 1)( 10 4 4 4) 0
( 1)( 4 6 4) 0
( 1)( 2)( 2 2) 0
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + =
+ =
+ + + =
+ =
+ =
+ =

2
1
2
2 2 0
1
2
x
x
x x
x
x
=
+ =

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 1; 2. x x = =
4)
4 3 2
2 21 74 105 50 0 x x x x + + =
Do 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
2
2
25 5
2( ) 21( ) 74 0 x x
x x
+ + + =
t
5
; t x
x
= + iu kin: 2 5 t
2 2
2
25
10 x t
x
+ =
2
6
2 21 54 0
9
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

113
Vi 6 t =
1
5
6
5.
x
x
x x
=
+ =

Vi
9
2
t =
2
5 9
5
2 .
2
x
x
x x
=
+ =

Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
5
1; 2; 5; .
2
x x x x = = = =
5)
4 3 2
2 5 5 2 0 x x x x + + + + =
Ta thy 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho
2
2
2
1 1
2( ) 5( ) 1 0 x x
x x
+ + + + =
t
1
, t x
x
= + iu kin: 2 t
2 2
2
1
2 x t
x
+ =
2
2
2( 2) 5 1 0
2 5 3 0
3
1
2
t t
t t
t
t
+ + =
+ =
=

Vi
1
2
t = (Loi)
Vi 3 t =
2
1
3 3 1 0
3 5
2
3 5
2
x x x
x
x
x
+ = + + =
+
=

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
3 5 3 5
; .
2 2
x x
+
= =
II.13. ( )( )( )( ) 3 1 5 3 40 x x x x m + + = (1)
t ( )( ) ( )
2
3 1 2 3 t x x x x = + = + ( )( )
2
12 2 15 3 5 t x x x x = + = +
114
Khi (1) tr thnh ( )
2
12 40 12 40 t t m t t m = =
Xt hm s ( )
2
2 3 t f x x x = = +
( ) 2 2 0 1 f x x x = + = =
Bng bin thin

Xt hm s ( )
2
12 40 g t t t =
( ) 2 12 0 6 g t t t = = =
Bng bin thin

Ta c nhn xt:
4, t = phng trnh (*) c mt nghim . x
4, t < phng trnh (*) v nghim . x
4, t > phng trnh (*) c hai nghim x phn bit.
Vy, ta c s nghim ca phng trnh cho nh sau
24, m + = (1) c ba nghim phn bit.
24 76, m m + > = (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
76 24, m + < < (1) c bn nghim phn bit.
76, m + < (1) v nghim.
II.14. 1)
( )
( )
2 1 1 1
3 2 4 2
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ =

iu kin:
1
(*) 2
y
x
x y
+ | |

|
\

Vi iu kin (*) th h phng trnh cho c bin i v
115
2 1 1
3
2
2
x y x y
y x
+ + + =

( )
1 1
3 2 1 2
2 2
3
2 (3)
2
x x
y x
+ =

( )
1 1 1 1
2 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 2 2
x x x x + = + = +
2
0
2
2 8 0
x
x
x x

=
+ =

Th 2 x = vo phng trnh (3) ta c 1. y = Cp gi tr (2; 1) tha iu kin (*) nn
l nghim ca h phng trnh cho.
2) ( )
2 3 15
1
15
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
+ =

iu kin: 0 y
(1)
2
2
2 3 15
15
xy x y
xy x y
=

+ =
2
2
2 3 15
4 0
xy x y
xy x
=
( )
2
2
2 3 15
4 0
xy x y
x y
=
2
2 3 15
0
2
2
xy x y
x
y
y
=

Vi 0 x = th 0 y = (Loi)
Vi 2 y = th 6 x =
Vi 2 y = th 6 x =
Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (6;2) v ( 6; 2).
Ch . C th t ,
x
u xy v
y
= = . Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h phng
trnh bc nht i vi hai n , . u v
3)
2
2
12
28
x xy
y xy
=
(1)
Vi 0 x = thay vo (1), ta c
2
0 12
28 y
=
(V l).
116
Vi 0 x , ta c (1)
12 12
( ) 12
( ) 28
( ) 28 12 28
x x y y x y x
x x
y y x
y y x y x

= = =

=

= =

2 2
7 12 18
10 36
3 5
7
7 7
3
3 3
x x x x
x
y x
y x y x

+ = = =

=

= =

3 10 3 10
3 10 3 10
5 5
5 5
7
7 10 7 10
3
5 5
x x
x x
y x
y y

= =
= =

=
= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
3 10 7 10 3 10 7 10
; , ; .
5 5 5 5
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

4)
3 2 1
0;
x y x y
x y x y
+ + =
+ + =

iu kin:
0
3 2 0
x y
x y
+
t 0, 3 2 0. u x y v x y = + = + H phng trnh cho tr

thnh
2 2 2
1
1 1
1
2 2 5 0 3 5 2 0
6
v u
u v v u
u u u u v u u
= +
= = +

= = + = + + =

Ta chn 2; 3. u v = = Ta c
2 4 1
3 2 9 3
3 2 3
x y x y x
x y y
x y
+ = + = =

+ = =
+ =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;3).
5)
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =
(1)
iu kin:
0
0
x
y

(*)
117
(1)
2
2 2
2
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) 8
4 ( ) ( ) 8
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) 4
4 ( )
x y
y y
x y
y y
x y
x y
x y
x y
(
+ + + =
+ + + =
(

+ + + =
+ = +

2
1 1
1
2( ) 8( ) 8 0
2
1 1
1
4 ( )
2
y y
y
y y
y
x y
x
x y
x

+ + + =
+ =

+ = +
+ =

2
2
2 1 0 1
1
2 1 0
x x x
y
y y
+ = =

=
+ =
tho iu kin (*).

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;1).
6)
2 2
6 2 0
8 0
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + =

Ta c 8 0 x y + + = 8 x y = thay vo phng trnh
2 2
6 2 0 x y x y + + + = ta c
( ) ( )
2
2
8 6 8 2 0 y y y y + + + =
2 2
64 16 48 6 2 0 y y y y y + + + + =
2
6 8 0 y y + + =
2 4 y y = = .
Vi 2 6 y x = =
Vi 4 4 y x = =
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) ( ) 6; 2 , 4; 4 .
7)
2 2
13
3
x y xy
x y xy
+ =
+ =
( ) I
iu kin: 0 xy
( )
( )
2
3 13
3
x y xy
I
x y xy
+ =

+ =

t u = x y + , 0 v xy = .
Khi ta c
118
( )
( )
( )
2 2
3 13 1
3 2
u v
I
u v
=

( ) 2 3 u v = + thay vo ( ) 1 ta c ( )
2
2
3 3 13. v v + =
2
3 2 0. v v + =
1
2
v
v
=
(Nhn)
Vi 1 4. v u = = T y ta c h
4
2 3 2 3
1
2 3 2 3
x y
x x
xy
y y
+ = = = +

=
= + =

Vi 2 5 v u = = . T y ta c h
5
4 1
1 4 2
x y
x x
y y xy
+ = = =

= = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1; 4 , 4;1 , 2 3; 2 3 , 2 3; 2 3 + + .
8)
( )( )
2 2
8
1 1 12
x y x y
xy x y
+ + + =
+ + =

H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
( )
2
2 8
1 12
x y x y xy
xy xy x y
+ + + =
+ + + =
(I)
t ; , S x y P xy = + = iu kin:
2
4 0 S P .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 8 1
1 12 2
S S P
P P S
+ =

+ + =

( )
2
8
1 (3)
2
S S
P
+
=
Th (3) vo (2) ta c
2 2
8 8
1 12
2 2
S S S S
S
| | + +
+ + =
|
\

4 3 2
4 11 30 0 S S S S + =
( )
3 2
4 11 30 0 S S S S + =
119
0
3
2
5
S
S
S
S
=

Th ln lt cc gi tr ca S vo (3) ta c
0 3 2 5
4 2 3 6
S S S S
P P P P
= = = =

= = = =

(Tho iu kin
2
4 0 S P )

0 0 2 2
4 4 2 2
S x y x x
P xy y y
= + = = =

= = = =

3 3 1 2
2 2 2 1
S x y x x
P xy y y
= + = = =

= = = =

2 2 1 3
3 3 3 1
S x y x x
P xy y y
= + = = =

= = = =

5 5 3 2
6 6 2 3
S x y x x
P xy y y
= + = = =

= = = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c tm nghim l (2; 2), ( 2;2), (1;2), (2;1), (1; 3),
( 3;1), ( 3; 2),( 2; 3).
Ch . C th t ( 1); ( 1). u x x v y y = + = + Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h
8
12
u v
uv
+ =

9)
( ) ( )
2 2
4
1 1 2
x y x y
x x y y y
+ + + =
+ + + + =
( ) I
( )
2
2 2
2 4
( )
2
x y x y xy
I
x xy x y y
+ + + =

+ + + + =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 4
2
2 2
x y x y xy
x y x y xy
xy x y x y xy
+ + + =
+ + + =

= + + + =

t ; , S x y P xy = + = iu kin
2
4 0 S P .
Ta c h phng trnh
2
2
2
S S P
P
+ =

120
2
0
2
S S
P
+ =
0
1
2
S
S
P
=

0 1
2 2
S S
P P
= =

= =

(Tho iu kin
2
4 0 S P )
0 0
2 2
S x y
P xy
= + =
+

= =

2 2
2 2
x x
y y

= =

= =

1 1
2 2
S x y
P xy
= + =
+

= =

1 2
2 1
x x
y y
= =

= =

( )
2; 2 ,
( )
2; 2 , ( ) 1; 2 , ( ) 2;1 .
10)
2 2
4 4
( ) 78
97
x y xy
x y
+ =
+ =

Ta c
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 78 ( ) 78
( )
97 ( ) 2 97
x y xy x y xy
I
x y x y x y
+ = + =

+ = + =

T phng trnh th nht ca h cho ta suy ra . 0. x y > t
2 2
, , u x y v xy = + = iu kin
0, 0. u v > > Ta c
( )
2 2
2 2
4 2 2
2
78
78
78
78
169
78 2 97
97 12168 0 2 97 0
72
v
v
u uv v u
I u
u
u v
u u u
u u
=
=

= =

=
= | |

= =
|

= \

78
13
13
v
u
u
u
=

Ta nhn
2 2
2 2
13 13
( )
6
36
u x y
II
v
x y
= + =

=
=

T ( ) II ta c
2 2
, x y l hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
2
9
13 36 0
4
X
X X
X
=
+ =

Vy ta c
121
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2 9 4
2 2 4 9
3 3
x x
y y x x
x x y y
y y
= =

= = = =

= = = =

= =

Vy, h cho c tm nghim l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3; 2 , 3; 2 , 3; 2 , 3; 2 , 2;3 , 2; 3 , 2;3 , 2; 3 .
11)
3 3
2 2
7( )
2
x y x y
x y x y
=
+ = + +

Ta c

3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
7( ) ( )( 7) 0
2 ( ) 2 0
x y x y x y x xy y
x y x y x y x y
= + + =

+ = + + + + =

2 2
2 2
2 2
( )
( ) 2 0
7 0
( )
( ) 2 0
x y
I
x y x y
x xy y
II
x y x y
=
+ + =

+ + =
+ + =

Gii ( ) I
2
1 5
2
1 5
2
( )
1 0
1 5
2
1 5
2
x
y
x y
I
x x
x
y
+
=

=

=

Gii ( ) II
2
2
2
( ) 7 0
( )
( ) 2 ( ) 2 0
( ) 5 0
( ) 2 ( ) 2 0
x y xy
II
x y xy x y
xy x y
x y xy x y
+ =

+ + =
+ + =

+ + =

t
2
, , ( 4 ) S x y P xy S P = + =
Nh vy ta c
122
2
3
2 5
( )
12 0 4
9
S
P P S
II
S S S
P
=

= =

+ = =

Ta nhn
3
2
S
P
=
suy ra , x y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai

2
1
3 2 0
2
X
X X
X
=
+ =

Vy ta c
1 2
2 1
x x
y y
= =

= =

H phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1; 2 , 2;1 , ; , ; .
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \

12)
4
4
2 3 10
2 3 4.
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + =
(I)
iu kin:
2
3.
x
y

t
4
4
2
3.
u x
v y
= +
(Vi 0, 0 u v ). (*)

2
2
2
3.
u x
v y
= +

H phng trnh (I) tr thnh
2 2
4
10
u v
u v
+ =
+ =

2
4 ( ) 2 10
3 4
u v u v uv
uv u v
+ = + =

= + =

1
3
u
v
=

3
1.
u
v
=

1
3
u
v
=
+
4
4
2 1 2 1 1
3 81 84
3 3
x x x
y y
y
+ = + = =

= =
=
(Nhn).
3
1
u
v
=
+
4
4
2 3 2 81 79
3 1 4.
3 1
x x x
y y
y
+ = + = =

= =
=
(Nhn).
123
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 1;84), (79; 4).
13)
( )( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 6
( )
2 2 3 0
x y x y
I
x y x y
+ =
+ =

Ta c
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 6
( )
1 1 5
x y x y
I
x y
+ =

+ =

t
1
1
X x
Y y
=
, h phng trnh cho tr thnh

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
6
6
5 2 5
XY X Y
XY X Y
X Y X Y XY
+ =
+ =

+ = + =

t
2
; 4 0
S X Y
S P
P XY
= +

, ta c h
2
2 3
6
6
. 6 2
12 3 2 5
5 5 12 0
P
S P P P
S
S
S S P
S S S
S
= = =

= =

= =

Nh vy ta c
3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2
X Y X X x x x x
XY Y Y y y y y
+ = = = = = = =

= = = = = = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) ( ) 2;3 , 3; 2 .
14)
2 2 2
1 7
1 13
xy x y
x y xy y
+ + =
+ + =

0: y = H phng trnh cho v nghim.
0: y H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2
1
7
1
13
x
x
y y
x
x
y y
+ + =
+ + =
. t
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
; 2 2 .
x x
a x b a x x a b
y y y y y
= + = = + + + =
Ta c h phng trnh theo n mi
2 2
7 7 7
4 5 13 20 0
a b a b a b
a a a b a a
+ = + = + =

= = = + =

124
2
2
1
4
4 3 0
1
4
3
1
3
3
3
5 1
5 12 0
3 5
( )
12
1.
12
12
x
y
x x
x
a
x
x
y
b y y
a
x x
x x
VN y b
x
y
y
x
y
+ =

+ =
=

=

=
=

= =

= + + =
= + =

=

=
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( )
1
1; , 3;1 .
3
| |
|
\

15)
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 0
5
1 0
x x y
x y
x
+ + =
+ + =
. iu kin: 0. x H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 3 0
1 3 0
5
1 5
x x y
x x y
x y x x y x
x
+ + =
+ + =

+ + = + + =

. t ( ). t x x y = + Ta c h phng trnh
( )
2
2 2
3
3 3 2 1
2 1 2. 5 2 5
t x
t x t x x x
tx t t t x t x tx
+ = + = + = = =

= = = + = + =

Nh vy, ta c
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1
3
1.
2 1
2
x
x x y x x y x
y y x x
=
+ = + = =

= = = =

(Tha iu kin)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( )
3
2; , 1;1 .
2
| |
|
\

II.15. 1)
2
2
3 4
3 4
x xy y
y xy x
=
(1)
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2
4 0 4
(1)
3 4 3 4
x y x y x y x y
y xy x y xy x
+ + = =

= =

2 2
2 2
0
3 4 2 0 0
2 4 4
2.
3 4 4 4 0
x y x y
x
y xy x x x y
x y x y x
y
y xy x x x
= = =

= + = =

= = =

=
= + + =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) ( ) 0; 0 , 2; 2 .
125
2)
2
2
1
7 0
1
7 0
x y
x
y x
y
+ =
+ =
(1)
iu kin: 0, 0. x y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2 2
3
3 2
7 0 7 1 0
(1)
7 1 0
7 1 0
1
2
4 3 0(*)
1 8 1
.
7 1 0
2
x y x xy y xy x x y
y xy
y xy
x y
x
x y
x y x y
x
y
y xy
(
+ + + = + =

+ =
+ =
=
=
=

+ + + =

=

=
+ =

(Do 0, 0 x y nn (*) v nghim)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l
1 1
; .
2 2
| |
|
\

3)
2
2
1 2 1
1 2 1
x y x
y x y
= +
= +
( ) 1
iu kin:
1
1
x
y

( ) 1
2
2
2 1 1
2 1 1
x x y
y y x
+ =

+ =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 1
1 1 2
x y
y x

( ) ( )
4
2 1 1 y x =
( )
4
1 1 y x + =
Th gi tr x va tm c vo ( ) 1 ta c:
( )
8
1 1 y y = ( ) a
t: ( ) 1 0 t y t =
( )
16
a t t =
( )
15
1 0 t t =
15
0
1
t
t
=
0
1
t
t
=
1
2
y
y
=

126
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) 1;1 v ( ) 2; 2 .
Ch . C th gii bng cch khc nh sau:
Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ).(*)
x y y x x y x x x y y y
f x f y
= + + = +
=

Xt hm s
2
( ) 2 1, [1; ). f t t t t t = + + Hm s ny ng bin trn tp xc nh, do
ta c (*) . x y = T tm c nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) 1;1 , ( ) 2; 2 .
4)
( )
( )
3
1 1
1
2 1 2
x y
x y
y x
= +

iu kin:
0
0
x
y

Ta c
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1 0
1
x y
x y
x y
xy
y x
y
x
=
| |
+ =
|
\
=

+ Th y x = vo phng trnh ( ) 2 ta c
( )
( )( )
( )
3
2
2
2 2 0
1 2 0
1 2 0,
x x
x x x
x v x x x
+ =
+ + =
= + + >

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l (1;1).
+ Th
1
y
x
= vo phng trnh ( ) 2 ta c
( )
4
2 2 0 x x + + = ( ) 3
Xt hm s
4 3
3 3
1 1
( ) 2 4 1 0 ; ( ) 0.
4 4
y f x x x y x x f = = + + = + = = < Lp bng
bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x ta kt lun c th ca hm s khng ct trc honh.
Suy ra phng trnh ( ) 3 v nghim.
127
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).
5)
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
2 6 6
x x y x y x
x xy x
+ + = +
+ = +
(I)
Xt 0, x = khi h phng trnh tr thnh
0 9
0 6
=
(V nghim)
Xt 0 x , khi h phng trnh (I) tng ng vi
2 2
2
( ) 2 9 (1)
6 6
(2)
2
x x y x
x x
y
x
+ = +
+ +
=

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
6 6
2 9
2
6 6
2 9
2
( 6 6) 4(2 9)
( 3) 3 8( 3) 12 (3)
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x x
| | + +
+ = +
|
\
| | + +
= +
|
\
+ + = +
( + = + +

t 3, t x = + khi (3) tr thnh
( )
2
2
4 2
3
3 8 12
6 9 8 12
( 1) ( 3) 0
1 0 1
3 0 3
t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
= +
+ = +
+ =
+ = =

= =

Vi 3 t = ta c 3 3 0 x x = + = (Loi)
Vi 1 t = ta c 1 3 4 x x = + = (Nhn), thay 4 x = vo (2) ta c
2
( 4) 6( 4) 6 17
2( 4) 4
y
+ +
= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim l
17
4; .
4
| |
|
\

6)
2 2
2
( )
2 1 2 2
xy x y x y
I
x y y x x y
+ + =

128
iu kin:
1
0
x
y

(*)
( ) I
2
( )( )
2 1 2 2
xy x y y x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + + = +

( 1) ( 1) ( )( )
2 1 2 2
( 1)( ) ( )( )
2 1 2 2
( )(2 1) 0
2 1 2 2
0
2 1
2 1 2 2
x y y y x y x y
x y y x x y
y x y x y x y
x y y x x y
x y y x
x y y x x y
x y
x y
x y y x x y
+ + + = +
+ + = +
+ + =
+ =
= +

Do iu kin (*) nn ta loi trng hp 0. x y + = Nh vy ta ch c trng hp
2 1
2 1 2 2
y x
x y y x x y
+ =

2 1
(2 1) 2 2 2(2 1) 2
2 1
2 ( 1) 2( 1)
2 1
( 1)( 2 2) 0
2 1
( 1 0)
2 2 0
y x
y y y y y y
y x
y y y
y x
y y
y x
y
y
+ =

+ = +
+ =

+ = +
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ >

5
2
x
y
=
(Nhn)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l (5; 2) .
4 3 2 2
3 2
1
7) ( )
1
x x y x y
I
x y x xy
+ =
+ =

Ta c
( )
( )
2
2 3
3 2
1
( )
1
x xy x y
I
x y x xy
+ =

129
t
2
3
,
u x xy
v x y
=
khi ta c h phng trnh

( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 3
1
1 2 0
2
1 1
1
1 2
0 3
1
1 1
0 1 0 0
u
u v u u
u
v u v u
v u
u u
v v
xy x
u x xy
v x x x y
=
+ = + =
=

= =

=
= =

= =

=
= =
+

= = =

1 1
0 0
x x
y y
= =

= =

+
( )
2
2
2 2 3
2
2 2
3 2 3 0 3
xy x
u x xy
v x x x y
= +
= =

= + + = =

(H phng trnh v nghim)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;0); ( 1;0).
8)
3 2
3 2
3 2 6 15
2 2 9
x x y x y
x x y x y
+ =
+ + + =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 3 2 15
2 2 9
2 3 15 1
2 9 2
x x y x
x x y x
x x y
x x y
+ + =
+ + + =
+ =

+ + =

V 0 x y + = khng tha phng trnh ( ) 2 , nn chia ( ) 1 cho ( ) 2 theo v ta c
3 5
3
3 9 5 5
2 .
x y
x y
x y x y
y x

=
+
=
=

Thay 2 y x = vo ( ) 2 ta c
( )( )
2
3
2 2 9
2 3 0
1 2.
x x x
x x
x y
+ + =
+ =
= =

130
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) 1; 2 .
9) ( )
2 2
2 2
3 4 1
3 2 9 8 3
x y x y
I
x y x y
+ + =

Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
3 4 1
( ) 2
3 3 2 4 3
x x y y
I
x x y y
+ + =

+ =

t
2
2
3
4
u x x
v y y
=
= +
ta c h phng trnh
2
2
3 13 3 13
1 1 3 1
2 2
3 2 3 0
4 0
0 4
u v u x x
x x
u v v
y y
y y
+
+ = = = = =

= =
+ =

= =

3 13 3 13 3 13 3 13
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 4 , ; 4 .
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ +

| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

10)
( )
2
3 3
2
19
x y y
x y
( ) I
Ta c ( ) I
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
2
19(*)
x y y
x y x xy y
+ + =

Ta nhn xt rng ( ; ) / x y x y = khng l nghim ca h phng trnh cho, do chia
theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c
( )
2 2
2
19
x y y
x xy y
=
+ +

2 2 2
2 2
2
19 19 2 2 2
2 17 21 0
2 17 21 0
7
3
2
xy y x xy y
x xy y
x x
y y
x
y
x
y
= + +
+ =
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

+ 7 7
x
x y
y
= = kt hp vi ( ) * ta c h phng trnh
131
3
3 3 3
3
7
7 7
18
1 19 18 1
18
x
x y x y
x y y
y
= =

= =

=

+
3 3
2 2
x
x y
y
= = kt hp vi ( ) * ta cng c h phng trnh
3 3
3
3
2
2
19
x y x
y
x y
= =

=

3 3
7 1
; ,
18 18
| |
|
\
( ) 3; 2 .
11)
3 3
2 2 3
1
( )
2 2
x y
I
x y xy y
+ =
+ + =

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1
( )
2 2
2
1
2
2
2 2 2 0 2 0
2
x y x xy y x y x xy y
I
y x xy y
y x y
x xy y
x xy y xy y
y x y
x xy y xy y x y x y
x y
x y

+ + = + + =

+ + =
+ =

+
= + = +
+
+ = =
=

+ Trng hp , x y = ta c nghim ca h phng trnh l
3 3
4 4
; .
2 2
| |
|
|
\

+ Trng hp 2 , x y = thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h phng trnh cho ta c
( )
3
3 3
3
1
2 1 9 1 .
9
x x x x + = = = Nghim ca h phng trnh l
3 3
9 2 9
; .
3 3
| |
|
|
\

3 3
4 4
; ,
2 2
| |
|
|
\
3 3
9 2 9
; .
3 3
| |
|
|
\

12)
3 3 2
2 2
( )
x y x y
I
x y x y
=
+ =

Khi h phng trnh ( ) I tr thnh
( )
( )
2
3
2
1 0
0
1
1 0
y y
y y y
y
y y
y y
= = =

=
=
+ =

132
Nh vy, nghim ca h l ( ) ( ) 0; 0 , 0; 1 .
+ Xt trng hp 0 x
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh th hai ca h ( ) I vi x ta c h phng trnh tng
ng
3 3 2
3 2 2
x y x y
x xy x xy
=
+ =

Sau khi tr tng v ca hai phng trnh v bin i tip ta c
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
3 2 2 3 2 3 2
0
x y x y x y x y x y x y
x xy x xy y xy y xy y xy y xy
= = =

+ = + = + + =

( ) ( )( )
3 3 2
3 3 2
2
1 0 1 1 0
x y x y
x y x y
y y xy x y y x y
= =

+ + = + + =

0, y = suy ra 1, x = do ta c nghim ( ) 1;0 .
1, y = suy ra 1, x = do ta c nghim ( ) 1; 1 .
1 , y x = ta c phng trnh ( )
3
3 2 3 2
1 1 2 0 1, ( 0). x x x x x x x x x = + + = =
Ta c nghim ( ) 1;0 .
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( ) ( ) 0; 0 , 0; 1 , ( ) 1;0 , ( ) 1; 1 .
II.16. 1)
3
( ).
2
x y x y
I
x y x y
+ = + +
Ta c

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
6 6
2 3
3
2
2
2
2
0, 0
0, 0
( ) 0
2 0
2
0, 0
1 0
2
3
0, 0 0, 0
1
2
1
1 1
2 2
2
x y x y
x y x y
I x y x y x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y
x y x y x y x y
x
x
x y x y
y
y
x y x y
+
+

= =

+ + =

+ = + +
( =
+ =
+ +
=
=
= =

=

=
+ = + =

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
3 1
(1;1), ( ; ).
2 2

133
2)
2 2
25
( ) 10
x y xy
y x y
+ =
+ =
( ) I
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
25 10 25 0
10 10
15 15
15
10 15 10 0 15
15
10
15 15
10
10
15 10 0
xy x y y x y
I
xy y xy y
x x
x
xy y y y x
x
xy y
x x
xy y
xy y
y y
= + + =

= =

= =
=
= + = =

=
= = =
=
=
=

15 15
15 15
15 55 15 55
15 55 15 55
2 2
2 2
15 15
15 55 15 55
15 55 15 55
2 2
.
2 2
x x
x x
y y
y y
x x
y y
y y

= =

= =

+ +
= =

+ +

= =

= =

= =

= =


15 55 15 55 15 55 15 55
15; ; 15; ; 15; ; 15; .
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ +

| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

3)
2(*)
3 3 4
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

iu kin:
0
0 0
3 0 0
3 0
x
y x
x y
y

Bnh phng hai v ca cc phng trnh ca h ta c
( )( )
( )( )
2 4
3 3 2 3 3 16
2 4
2 3 3 10
x y xy
x y x y
x y xy
x y x y
+ + =
+ + + + + + =
+ + =

+ + + + =

Tr v theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h trn ta c
134
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 9 6
x y xy
x y xy
x y xy xy
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + = + +

( )
( )
2
3 9 9 6
2 0
0
xy x y xy xy
x y xy
x y
x y
+ + + = + +
+ =
=
=

Thay x y = vo ( ) ta c
2 2 1 1. x x x = = = (Tha iu kin)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( ) 1;1 .
4)
2
2 2 2
3 3 3
( )
2 2 2
x xy x y
I
xy x y x
+ + + =
+ + + =

Ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 1 1 3
( )
2 1 1 2
x x y x
I
x x y x
+ + + =

+ + + =

( )( )
( )( )
2
1 3 3 (1)
1 2 2 (2)
x x y
x x y
+ + =

+ + =

Ta thy v tri ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) khc 0 nn chia v theo v ca cc phng
trnh ca h ta c
2
3 3
2 2
x y
y x
+
=
+

( ) ( )
2
2 3 3 2 x y y x + = +
2
6 2 6 3 x y x y + = +
2
3 2 0 y y =
( ) 3 2 0 y y =
0
2
3
y
y
=

+ Vi 0 y = , thay vo (1) ta c
( ) 1 1 x x + =
135
2
1 0 x x + =
1 5
2
1 5
2
x
x
+
=

+ Vi
2
3
y = , thay vo (1) ta c
( )
2
1 3 3
3
x x
| |
+ + =
|
\

2
2 2
3 3 3
3 3
x x x + + + =
2
9 11 7 0 x x + =
11 373
18
11 373
18
x
x
+
=

1 5
; 0
2
| |
+
|
|
\
,
1 5
; 0
2
| |

|
|
\
,
11 373 2
;
18 3
| |
+
|
|
\
,
11 373 2
;
18 3
| |

|
|
\
.
)
2 2 2 3 2
2 2
2 2
5
2 0
x y x y y y
x y y
+ =
+ =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 3 2
2 2
4 3 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 3 4 4 0
2
1 2 0
x y y
y y y y y y y y
x y y
y y y y
x y y
y y
= +

+ + + =
= +

+ + =
= +

+ =

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
0
2
2
1
1 0
1
0
2
2 0
2
x
x y y
x y y
y
y
y
x
y
y
y
=
= +
= +
+ = =

=

=
=

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) 0; 1 v ( ) 0; 2 .
136
6)
2 1
2 1
2 2 3 1
( )
2 2 3 1
y
x
x x x
I
y y y
+ + = +
+ + = +

Ta c
2 1
2 1
1 2 2 3
( )
1 2 2 3
y
x
x x x
I
y y y
+ + =

+ + =

t
1
1
u x
v y
=
th h ( ) I tr thnh
( )
2
2
1 3 (1)
1 3 (2)
v
u
u u
II
v v
+ + =
+ + =

Ly ( ) 1 tr ( ) 2 theo v ta c
2 2
2 2
1 1 3 3
1 3 1 3
( ) ( ) (3)
v u
u v
u v u v
u u v v
f u f v
+ + + =
+ + + = + + +
=

Xt hm s
2
( ) 1 3
t
f t t t = + + +
2
( ) 1 3 ln3
1
t
t
f t
t
= + +
+

Ta c
2
2
1 1
1
t
t t
t
+
+

( ) 0, . f t t
Do , hm s ( ) f t lun lun tng trn ton b .
V vy, ( ) 3 . u v =
Thay u v = vo ( ) 1 ta c
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 3
1 1 3 1
1 3 1
3 1 1(*)
u
u
u
u
u u
u u u u u u
u u
u u
+ + =
+ + + = +
= +
+ =

Xt hm s
( )
2
( ) 3 1
u
g u u u = + xc nh trn .
137
( )
2
2
( ) 3 ln3 1 3 1
1
u u
u
g u u u
u
| |
= + +
|
+
\
( )
2
2
1
3 1 ln3
1
u
u u
u
| |
= +
|
+
\

Ta c
2
1 0 u u +
Do
2
1
1
1 u
+
m ln3 1 > nn
2
1
ln3 0.
1 u

+

Vy, ( ) 0. g u
Suy ra hm s ( ) g u lun lun ng bin trn . Do ( ) nu c nghim th c mt
nghim duy nht.
Ta thy 0 u = tha( ) , nh vy 0. u v = = T ta c 1. x y = =
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht ( ) 1;1 .
7)
2 2
3 2 16
( )
2 4 33
xy x y
I
x y x y
=
+ =

Ta c
2 2
2 6 4 32 (1)
( )
2 4 33 (2)
xy x y
I
x y x y
=

+ =

Cng tng v ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 8 8 65
8 65 0
13
5
x xy y x y
x y x y
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =

13 13 x y x y + = = . Thay 13 x y = vo (1), ta c
( ) ( )
2
13 3 13 2 16
14 55 0
y y y y
y y
=
+ =

Phng trnh trn v nghim.
5 5 x y x y + = = . Thay 5 x y = vo (1), ta c
( ) ( )
2
5 5 3 2 16
4 1 0
2 3
2 3
y y y y
y y
y
y
=
+ + =
=

= +

Vi 2 3 y = th 3 3 x = + .
Vi 2 3 y = + th 3 3 x = .
138
( )
3 3 ; 2 3 , +
( )
3 3; 2 3 . +
8)
3 2 3
2 3 6 4
x y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ = + +

t
3
2
u x
v y
= +
0, 0 u v
Khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2
2
3
3
3
( ) 3 3
3
2
u v
u v uv
u v
u v uv
u v
uv
+ =
+ = +
+ =

+ = +
+ =
1
2
u
v
=

2
1
u
v
=

Vi 1, 2 u v = = , ta c
3 1 4
2
2 2
x x
y
y
= =

=
+ =

Vi 2, 1 u v = = , ta c
3 2 7
1
2 1
x x
y
y
= =

=
+ =

Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (4; 2), (7; 1).
9)
( )
( )
1 9
2
2
( )
1 5
2
2
x y
xy
I
x y
xy
| |
+ =
|
\
| |
+ =
|
\
(1)
iu kin:
0
0
x
y

Ta c
( )
( )
1 1 9
2 2 1
2
( )
1 1 5
2 2 2
2
x y
x y
I
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

139
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
2
2 1
4 7 4 7 2 0 2
4
x x x x x
x
= = = =
Thay 2 x = vo (1), ta c
1
2 1 0 y
y
=
2
1
2 1 0 1 .
2
y y y y = = =
Thay
1
4
x = vo (1), ta c
1
2 1 0 y
y
=
2
1
2 1 0 1 .
2
y y y y = = =
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( )
1 1 1 1
2;1 , 2; , ;1 , ; .
2 4 4 2
| | | | | |

| | |
\ \ \

10)
2
3 2
2
( )
2 2
x xy
I
x xy y x
+ =
+ =

Cch 1. Ta c nhn xt rng 0 x = khng tha h phng trnh, do nhn hai v ca
phng trnh th nht ca h ( ) I vi x ta c
3 2
3 2
2
2 2
x x y x
x xy y x
+ =
+ =

Tr tng v ca hai h phng trnh cho nhau ta c phng trnh
( )( )
2 2
2 2 0 2 1 0. x y xy y x x y xy + = =
Trng hp 2 , x y = ta c cc nghim
2 3 3 2 3 3
; , ; .
3 3 3 3
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

Trng hp 1, xy = ta c cc nghim ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 1; 1 .
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 1; 1 ,
2 3 3 2 3 3
; , ; .
3 3 3 3
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

Cch 2.
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 (1)
( )
1 2 1 (2)
x xy
I
x x y xy
=

Th (1) vo (2) ta c ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
1 2 1 1 2 0
1
x y
x xy y xy xy x y
xy
=
= =

+ Thay 2 x y = vo (1) ta c
2 2 2
3
1
3
4 1 1 2
3
3
3
y
y y y
y
= =

T ta c nghim l
2 3 3 2 3 3
; , ; .
3 3 3 3
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

140
+ Thay 1 xy = vo (1) ta c
2
1
1 0
1
x
x
x
=
=

T ta c nghim ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 1; 1 .
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 1; 1 ,
2 3 3 2 3 3
; , ; .
3 3 3 3
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

11)
7
1
( )
78
x y
y x xy I
x xy y xy
+ = +
+ =

iu kin: 0. xy > Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
7
( )
. 78
x y xy
I
x y xy
+ + =

+ =

Suy ra , x y xy + l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
2
13
13 13
7 78 0
6 36 6
9 4
4 9.
x y
X x y
X X
X xy xy
x x
y y
+ = = + =
=

= = =

= =

= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) ( ) 9; 4 , 4;9 .
12)
1 1 3 (1)
( 1)( 1) 5 (2)
x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =

iu kin: 1, 1. x y H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2 ( 1)( 1) 1 9 2 ( 1)( 1) 11
( 1)( 1) 5 ( 1)( 1) 5
11
11
( 1)( 1)
( 1)( 1)
2
2
11
2 11 10 5
2
11
11
1
1
2
3 21
x x y y x y x y
x y x y x y x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y x y x y
x y
xy x y
xy x y
x y

+ + = + + =

+ = + =

+
+
=
=

+ + + = + =
+
+ + =
+ + =

+ =
( )
2
7
10 2 5 6 2
7 5 2
7
x y
x y
xy x x xy
x y y y
x y
+
+ =
= = = =

+ = = =
+ =

141
Cc gi tr ca , x y u tha iu kin.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) 2;5 , ( ) 5; 2
13)
2
6 3
4.
x y y
x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

iu kin:
2
6 0
0
0
x y
x y
x y
+

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 0 3
6 6 9 9
2 16 8
3
3
5
9 5
4
5 4 4
y y
x y y y x y
x y x y x y x x y
y
y
x
x y x
y
x y y

+

+ = + + =

+ + + = + =

=
= =

=

= = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( ) 5; 4 .
II.17.
2
2
2
2
2
( )
2
a
x y
y
I
a
y x
x
= +
= +

T cc phng trnh ca h ( ) I ta suy ra iu kin ca n l
0
0
x
y
>
>

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
( )
2
x y y a
I
xy x a
= +

= +

( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 0
x y y a
x y xy x y
= +

+ + =

Do
0
0
x
y
>
>
ta suy ra 2xy x y + + >0

Vy, ta c h
2 2 2
2x y y a
x y
= +
3 2 2
2x x a
x y
=

Xt hm s ( )
3 2
2 , y f x x x = =
2
' 6 2 , y x x =
2
' 0 6 2 0 y x x = =
0
1
3
x
x
=

142
Ta c
1 2 1 1
3 27 9 27
f
| |
= =
|
\

Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x v da vo bng bin thin ta c ng thng
2
y a =
ct th ( ) f x ti mt im duy nht c honh 0. x > Vy, h phng trnh cho c
mt nghim duy nht vi mi 0. a
II.18.
2 2
2
4
( )
3 4
x xy y k
I
y xy
+ =

1) Thay 1 k = vo h ( ) I ta c
2 2
2
4 1
3 4
x xy y
y xy
+ =
(2).
Vi 0, x = thay vo h (2) ta c
2
2
1
4
y
y
=
(V l).
Vi 0, x ta c (2)
2 2
2
3 1
3 4
x xy y xy
y xy
+ =
2
2
4 3
4 1
y xy
x xy
= +

+ =

2
2
4 3
3
y xy
x
y
x
= +

+
=
4 2
2
2 7 9 0 (*)
3
=
x x
x
y
x
+ =

Gii (*) ta c 1 1. x x = =
Vi 1, x = th vo
2
3 x
y
x
+
= ta c 4. y =
Vi 1, x = th vo
2
3 x
y
x
+
= ta c 4. y =
Vy, khi 1 k = th h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1; 4), ( 1; 4).
2) Cch 1.
Vi 0, y = thay vo (1) ta c
2
0 4
x k =
(V l).
Vi 0, y ta c (1)
2
2 2
4
3
4
y
x
y
x xy y k

=
+ =
( )
4 2
2
2 40 9 16 0 (3)
4
3
y k y
y
x
y
=

143
Phng trnh trng phng
4 2
2 (40 9 ) 16 0 y k y = (3) c cc h s , a c tri du nn
chc chn c nghim 0 y vi mi . k
Vy, h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi mi gi tr ca k .
Cch 2. T h phng trnh ta c 0. y t , x ty = ta c h
( )
( )
2 2
2
4 1
1 3 4
t t y k
t y
+ =

Suy ra
2
4 1
.
1 3 4
t t k
t
+
=
Xt hm s ( ) f t =
2
4 1
1 3
t t
t
+
,
( )
2
2
3 2 1 1
( ) 0,
3
1 3
t t
f t t
t
+
= <

hm s ( ) f t lun lun nghch bin, do ng thng
4
k
y = lun ct th ( ) y f t = ti
hai im phn bit c honh
1 2
, t t tha
1 2
1
3
t t < < . Khi vi
1
t t = ta c
2 1
1
1 1
2 2
(1 3 ) 4 .
1 3 1 3
t
y t y x
t t
= = =

(pcm)
II.19.
1 2
( )
3
x y a
I
x y a
+ + + =
+ =

Nu 0 a th h phng trnh cho v nghim nn ta ch xt 0. a > Ta c
1 3
( )
1 2 3 3
x y a
I
x y a
+ + + =

+ + + = +
( ) I
t
1 0
2 0
u x
v y
= +
= +

Khi ta c h phng trnh theo bin , u v
2 2
3 3
u v a
u v a
+ =
+ = +
2 2
( ) 2 2 3 3 0(*)
v a u
f u u au a a
=

= + =

H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim 0 u tha
0. v a u = Gi s
1 2
, u u l hai nghim ca phng trnh (*), th t phng trnh (*) theo
nh l Viet ta c
1 2
, u u a + = nh vy nu
1
u l nghim ca phng trnh (*) th nghim
2
u chnh l v v ngc li. T h phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng
trnh (*) c hai nghim
1 2
, u u u khng m.
iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
144
2 2
2
2( 3 3) 0
2 (0) 3 3 0
0
2
a a a
f a a
a
3 15 3 15
3 21 3 21
2 2
0
a
a a
a
3 21
3 15
2
a
+
+
II. 20.
( )
4 0
3 1 1
x y m
x x y
=
+ + =
( ) I
Cch 1.
Ta c
( )
2
2 2 2
4 4 4
( )
( 1) 3 1 (4 1) 3 1
4 3 1
4 4
1 1
3 3
4 9 6 1 ( ) 5 7 1 0(*)
y x m y x m y x m
I
x y x x x m x
x mx x x
y x m y x m
x x
x mx x x x f x x m x
= = =

+ = + =
+ =

= =

+ = + = + + =

H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt nghim
1
.
3
x iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
1 2
1
7
5. 0
3
3
1
7 2 5 7 2 5 0
3
7 1 1
5. 0
3 3 3
11
1
3
2 3
7
3
7 2 5.
7
7 2 5
3
f
m
x x
m m
m x x f
S
m
m
m
m
| |

|

\
| |

> < >
<
>
<

Vy, khi 7 2 5 m th h phng trnh cho c nghim.
Cch 2.
4 4
( )
( 1) 3 1 (4 1) 3 1
y x m y x m
I
x y x x x m x
= =

+ = + =

145
2
2 2
4
4
1
3
4 3 1
4 9 6 1
y x m
y x m
x
x mx x x
x mx x x x
=
=

+ =

+ = +

2 2
4 4 4
1 1 1
3 3 3
1
5 7 1 5 7 1
( ) 5 7
y x m y x m y x m
x x x
x x mx x x
f x x m
m
x
x
= = =

+ = +
= + =
=

Xt hm s
2
2 2
1 1 5 1 1
( ) 5 7 , ( ) 5 , ( ) 0 .
5
x
f x x f x f x x
x x x
= + = = = =
1 1
3 5
x = < (Loi)
Ta c
1 7 1
; 7 5.
3 3 5
f f
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ \
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x trn
1
[ ; ),
3
+
ta c min gi tr [2 5 7; ).
f
T = + T cc gi tr cn tm ca m phi tha
2 5 7 7 2 5. m m
II.21.
2
2
x y y m
y x x m
= +
= +

Ta c nhn xt rng nu ( )
0 0
; x y l mt nghim ca h phng trnh cho th ( )
0 0
; y x
cng l nghim ca h, do h c nghim duy nht th
0 0
x y = . Khi ta c
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 0(*) x x x m x x m = + + =
Do
0
x duy nht nn phng trnh (*) phi c nghim duy nht. iu ny xy ra khi v ch
khi 1 0 1. m m = = =
Vi 1, m = h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
2
1
1
x y y
y x x
= +
= +

Cng theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
1 1 1 1 0
1
x
x y y y x x x y
y
=
+ = + + + + =

=

1 x y = = tha h phng trnh nn l nghim v l nghim duy nht ca h. Vy, khi 1 m =
th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
146
II.22.
2
2
5 4 0
( )
3 16 0
x x
I
x mx x
+
+ =

Ta c
2
1 4
( )
3 16 0
x
I
x mx x

+ =

t , t x = vi 1 4 x th 1 2. t Khi ta c
4
4 3
3
1 2
1 2
3 16
3 16 0
t
t
t
t mt m
t

+
+ = =

Xt hm s
4
3
4
4
3 16
( ) , 1 2
3 48
( ) 0, [1; 2]
t
y f t t
t
t
f t t
t
+
= =
=

Vy hm s ( ) f t nghch bin trn [1; 2]
(1) 19, (2) 8. f f = =
Vy 1 2 t th 8 ( ) 19 f t
Vy, cc gi tr ca m cn tm l 8 19. m
II.23.
1
1 1
x y m
y x
+ + =
+ + =

iu kin: 0, 0 x y
Vi 0, 0 x y ta c 1 1. y x + + Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi 0. x y = = T
1. m = Vi 1 m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim. Vy, 1 m = l gi tr cn tm.
II.24.
2 2
1
( )
x xy y m
I
x y xy m
+ + = +
+ =

t
S x y
P xy
= +
vi
2
4 0. S P
Khi ( ) I tr thnh
1 S P m
SP m
+ = +
1
1
P m P
S S m
= =

= =

Suy ra ( ) ; x y l nghim ca phng trnh
( )
2
0 X X m a + = hoc ( )
2
1 0 X mX b + =
147
1) Vi 2 m =
( )
2
2 0 a X X + = (Phng trnh v nghim)
( )
2
1
2 1 0 1
1
x
b X X X
y
=
+ = =

=

Vy, vi 2 m = h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( ) 1;1 .
2) H phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim( ) ; x y tha mn 0; 0 x y > > khi v ch khi
phng trnh( ) a hoc phng trnh( ) b c hai nghim dng.
+ Phng trnh ( ) a c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi
1 2
1 2
1 4 0
1
1 1
0 0 . 4
1 4
0
0
m
m
X X m
m
X X m
=

+ = > <

>
= >

+ Phng trnh ( ) b c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi
2
1 2
1 2
4 0
2 2
0 2.
0
1 0
m
m m
X X m m
m
X X
=

+ = >

>
= >

Vy, vi
1
2 0
4
m m < th h phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim ( ) ; x y
tha 0; 0. x y > >
II.25.
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
( )
1
m x y m
I
x my
+ + = +
+ =

1) Khi 1 m = h ( ) I tr thnh
2 2
2 2
1 2
1
x y
x y
+ + =
+ =
2 2
2 2
1
1
x y
x y
+ =

+ =
2 2
1. x y + =
Vy, tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( ) I ng vi 1 m = l ( ) { }
2 2
; / 1 x y x y + = (Tp
hp nhng cp ( ; ) x y l ta ca nhng im nm trn ng trn n v).
2)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
m x y m
x my
+ + = +
+ =

T phng trnh ( )
2 2
2 1 x my =
Th vo phng trnh ( ) 1 ta c
( )
2 2
2 1 m my y m + = +
2 2 2
2 1 m m y y m + = +
148
( )
2 2
1 1 m y m = (3)
Xt
2
1 0 m = 1 1. m m = =
Vi 1, m = h phng trnh ( ) I c v s nghim. Tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( ) I
l ( ) { }
2 2
; / 1 . x y x y + = Vi 1, m = (3) tr thnh
2
0 2 y = phng trnh (3) v nghim
t h phng trnh ( ) I v nghim.
Xt
2
1 0 m 1 m
(3)
2
2
1
1
m
y
m
. H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi

2
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
1 1
1 . 0
1
0 1
1
m
m
y
m
m
m
m m
x m
m
m
m

>
=
>

=

Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l 1. m >
Ch . Chng ta c th gii cch khc nh sau
t
2 2
0, 0. X x Y y = = Khi ta c h phng trnh
1
( )
1
mX Y
II
X mY
+ =
+ =

2
1 1 1 1
1, 1, 1.
1 1 1 1
X Y
m m
D m D m D m
m m
= = = = = =
+
1
0
1
m
D
m
=
=

1 m = . H phng trnh ( ) II c v s nghim nn h phng trnh ( ) I c v s nghim.
1. m = H phng trnh ( ) II v nghim nn h phng trnh ( ) I v nghim.
+ 0 1. D m
H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( ) II c nghim
( ; ) / 0, 0. X Y X Y > >
1
0
1
1.
1
0
1
X
Y
D
X
D m
m
D
Y
D m
= = >
+
>
= = >
+

Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l 1. m >
149
II. 26.
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 0
( )
2 2 2
x my x m
I
m x x y m
+ + =
+ + = +

1) Khi 1 m = th h phng trnh cho tr thnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 3 0
2 3 0
2 2 1 2 3 0
2 3 0 1 1 0.
x y x
x y x
x x y x y x
x y x x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

+ + = + + + =
+ + + = + + + =

Vy, h phng trnh trn v nghim.
2) Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
x x m y
I
y m x x
x m y
m x y
+ + = +

+ = + +
+ + =

+ + =

t
( )
2
2
1 , 0
1, 1
u x u
v y v
= +
= +

Khi ta c h phng trnh bc nht i vi hai n , u v
1
( )
1
u mv
II
mu v
=

Ta c
2
1 1 1
1, 1 , 1
1 1 1 1 1
u v
m m m
D m D m D m
m

= = = = + = = +

+ Nu
1
0
1
m
D
m
=
=

Vi 1 m = th theo Cu 1) h phng trnh v nghim.
Vi 1 m = th ( ) I tr thnh
1
,
1
u v
u v
=
h phng trnh v nghim.

+ Nu 0 1 D m th
u
v
D
u
D
D
v
D
2
2
1
1
1
1
m
u
m
m
v
m
+
=

1
.
1
u v
m
= =

150
H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( ) II c nghim
( ; ), u v 0, 1. u v Ta phi c
1
1 1 2.
1
m
m
<
Vy, khi 1 2 m < th h phng trnh cho c nghim.

II.27.
2
( 2)(2 ) 9
( )
4
x x x y
I
x x y m
+ + =
+ + =
. Ta c
2
2
( 2 )(2 ) 9
( )
( 2 ) (2 )
x x x y
I
x x x y m
+ + =

+ + + =

t
2
2 1
.
2
u x x
v x y
= +
= +
Khi ta c h phng trnh theo n , u v :

9 uv
u v m
=
+ =

Theo nh l Viet th , u v l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
( ) 9 0. f X X mX = + = (*)
Nh vy h phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt
nghim ln hn hoc bng 1.
Yu cu ca bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c hai nghim
1 2
, X X tha
2
1 2
1 2
( 1) 0 10 0
10
1 0 36 0 6 6 10
( 1) 0 10 0 10 1 6
2
1 1
2 2
f m
m
X X m m m m
f m m X X m
S m m
+

> + > > <

>

< <

Vy, cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 10 6. m m
II.28.
1 2
.
2 1
x y m
x y m
+ + =
+ + =
iu kin:
2
2
0
x
y
m

Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c
1 2 1 2(*). x x y y + = + Xt hm s ( ) 1 2, 2. f t t t t = + Ta c
1 1 2 1
( ) 0, 2.
2 1 2 2 2 1 2
t t
f t t
t t t t
+
= = < >
+ +

Do , hm s ( ) f t nghch bin trn [2; ). + V vy, ( ) . x y =
Vi , x y = ta c 1 2 . x x m + + = Xt hm s ( ) 1 2 h x x x = + +
'
1 1
( ) 0, 2
2 1 2 2
h x x
x x
= + > >
+
hm s ( ) h x ng bin trn [2; ). +
Ta c (2) 3, lim ( ) ,
x
h h x
+
= = + suy ra min gi tr
h
T ca hm s ( ) h x trn [2; ) + l
[ 3; ). + T gi tr ca tham s m cn tm phi tha 3 3. m m
151
CHNG III. BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH
III.1. 1) a)
2 2
1 a b ab a b + + + + (1)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1
(1) 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2 1 2 1 0
2
1
1 1 0
2
a b a b
ab a b
a ab b a a b b
a b a b
+ + + + +
(
+ + + + +

(
+ +

(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
0
1 0 1.
1 0
a b
a a b
b
=
= = =

b) ( )
2 2
4 2 (2) a b ab a b + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(2) 2 2 2 2 0
2 2 2 2
1
2 4 4 4 4 0
2
1
2 2 0.
2
a b a b
ab a b
a ab b a a b b
a b a b
+ + + + +
(
+ + + + +

(
+ +

(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
0
2 0 2.
2 0
a b
a a b
b
=
= = =

c)
2
2 2
2 (3)
4
a
b c ab ac bc + + +
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
(3) 2 0
4
2 0
4 2
0.
2
a
a b c c bc b
a b c
a
b c
a
b c
+ +
+
| |
+
|
\

(pcm).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi ( ) 0 2 .
2
a
b c a b c + = =
2) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 . x xy y y yz z z zx x x y z + + + + + + + + + +
Ta c
( )
2 2
2 2
3
3 (1)
2 2 2
x y
x y x y
x xy y
+
+ | | | |
+ + = +
| |
\ \

152
Tng t

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 3
(2), (3)
2 2
y z z x
y yz z z zx x
+ +
+ + + +
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 . x xy y y yz z z zx x x y z + + + + + + + + + + (pcm)
3) ( )
( )( )( ) 3
1 1 1
9.
a b b c c a
a b c
a b c abc

| |
+ + + + +
|
\
(1)
Ta c (1) tng ng vi
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
3
2 2 2 0
3 0.(*)
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
b a c b a c abc
c a b a b c b c a a b b c c a

| | | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
+ + +

Ta s dng kt qu: ( )( )
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 x y z xyz x y z x y z xy yz zx + + = + + + +
Vi
3 3 3
0 3 . x y z x y z xyz + + = + + = Vi ; ; . x a b y b c z c a = = =
(*) c vit li ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0. a b c a b b c a b c c a b c a + + + + + (**)
Do , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn (**) ng. Vy, ta c iu phi chng
minh.
4) ( )
2
2 2 .
2
x y
x y x y y x
+
+ + +
Ta c
2
1 1
0 0(1)
2 4
x x x
| |
+
|
\

Tng t

1
0(2)
4
y y +
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2) theo v ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 1
0 (3)
2 2
x y
x y x y x y x y x y
+
+ + + + + + +
M 2 x y xy + , nn (3) ( )
2
2 2
2
x y
x y x y y x
+
+ + + . (pcm)
III.2. 1)
1 1 1
2 (1)
a b c
bc ca ab a b c
| |
+ + +
|
\

V , , 0 a b c > nn (1) tng ng vi
153
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 0
0
a b c bc ac ab
a b c bc ac ab
a b c
+ + +
+ + +
+

Bt ng cui lun ng nn bt ng thc (1) ng.
2) 1 2
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a a b d
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +

+ Trc ht ta chng minh 1(*)
a b c d
+ + + >
+ + + + + + + +

V 0 d > nn (1)
a a
a b c a b c d
>
+ + + + +

Tng t, v , , 0 a b c > ta cng c
(2)
b b
b c d a b c d
>
+ + + + +

(3)
c c
c d a a b c d
>
+ + + + +

(4)
d d
a b d a b c d
>
+ + + + +

T (1), (2), (3), (4) 1
a b c d a b c d
a b c b c d c d a a b d a b c d
+ + +
+ + + > =
+ + + + + + + + + + +
(pcm).
+ Ta chng minh 2(**)
a b c d
+ + + <
+ + + + + + + +

Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau
, , 0 x y z > v y x > ta u c (*)
x x z
y y z
+
<
+

Tht vy
(*) ( ) ( ) x y z y x z + < +
( ) 0 y x z > lun ng v ( ) 0 y x y x > >
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
Vi b ba s , ( ), a a b c d + + ta c (1)
a a d
a b c a b c d
+
<
+ + + + +

Tng t ta cng c
154

(2)
(3)
(4)
b b a
b c d a b c d
c c b
c d a a b c d
d d c
a b d a b c d
+
<
+ + + + +
+
<
+ + + + +
+
<
+ + + + +

T (1), (2), (3), (4)
2( )
2
a b c d a b c d
a b c b c d c d a a b d a b c d
+ + +
+ + + < =
+ + + + + + + + + + +

(pcm).
Vy, ta c 1 2.
a b c d
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +

Ch . C th chng minh bt ng thc (**) n gin hn nh sau
Ta c

,
,
a a b b
a b c a c b c d b d
c c d d
c d a c a d a b d b
< <
+ + + + + +
< <
+ + + + + +

1 1 2.
a b c d a c b d
a b c b c d c d a d a b c a b d
+ +
+ + + < + = + =
+ + + + + + + + + +

3) Ta c

2
(1)
2
(2)
2
(3)
a a a
a b c b c a b c
b b b
a b c a c a b c
c c c
a b c a b a b c
< <
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + +

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.3. 1) a) ( )( 1) 4 ( , 0); a b ab ab a b + + >
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng , , a b ta c 2 a b ab + (1).
Tng t, p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng ,1, ab ta c
1 2 .1 ab ab ab + = (2).
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1) v (2) v theo v ta c
( )( 1) 2 .2 4 a b ab ab ab ab + + = (pcm).
b) ( )( )( ) 8 ( , , 0) a b b c c a abc a b c + + + >
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng , , a b ta c 2 a b ab + (1) .
155
Tng t, ta c cc bt ng thc 2 b c bc + (2), 2 c a ca + (3) .
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c
2 2 2
( )( )( ) 8 8 a b b c c a a b c abc + + + = (pcm).
c)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 6 a b b c c a abc + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 a a b b b c c c a abc + + + + +
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho su s dng
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , a a b b b c c c a ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6
6 . . . . .
6 . .
a a b b b c c c a a a b b b c c c a
a a b b b c c c a a b c
+ + + + +
+ + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 a a b b b c c c a abc + + + + + (pcm).
2) Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
2 2
2 . (1)
4 4
a b c a b c
a
b c b c
+ +
+ =
+ +

Tng t
2
2
(2)
4
(3)
4
b c a
b
c a
c a b
c
a b
+
+
+
+
+
+

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.4. 1) a) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( ) ; u x v ( ) ; v y ta c
( )( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 ux vy u v x y ux vy + + + + (pcm).
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( ) ( ) ; , ; u v x y x y + ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 u x y v x y u v x y x y x y
(
+ + + + + +

(pcm).
2)
2 2 2
3
(1)
2
x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +

t
2 2 2
.
x y z
A
y z z x x y
= + +
+ + +

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
( )
; ; , ; ;
x y z
y z z x x y
y z z x x y
| |
+ + +
|
|
+ + +
\

Ta c
156
( ) ( )
2
3
3 3
. .
2 2 2
x y z y z z x x y A
x y z
A xyz
+ + + + + + +
+ +
=

Vy, (1) ng. Ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 1. x y z = = =
3)
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
30.
a b c ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
(1)
t
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
. A
a b c ab bc ca
= + + +
+ +

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
; ; ;
;3 ;3 ;3
ab bc ca
a b c
a b c ab bc ca
| |
|
+ +
\
+ +

Ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
1 3 3 3 9 9 9
100 7 (*)
a b c ab bc ca A
a b c ab bc ca A
+ + + + + + + +
(
+ + + + +

M ( )
2 1 1
3 3
ab bc ca a b c + + + + = .
Do 30. A (pcm)
1
.
3
a b c = = =
III.5. 1) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s
( ) ( ) ; ; , ; ;1 x a b x x
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax 1 x b x a b x x + + + + + + (1)
Tng t ta cng c
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x cx d x c d x x + + + + + + (2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x ax b x cx d x a b x c d x x + + + + + + + + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 x ax b x cx d x x x x + + + + + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 . x ax b x cx d x + + + + + +
157
2) T gi thit
1 1 1
1. abc ab bc ca
a b c
= + + + + =
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s
( )
1 1 1
; 2 ; 3 , ; ; a b c
a b c
| |
|
\

Ta c

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
1 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 .
2 3
1 2 3
a b c
a b c
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| |
| |
+ + + + + +
| |
\
\
| |
= + + + + = + +
|
+ +
\
+ +

i vai tr ca , , a b c v cng cc bt ng thc ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.6. 1)
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 25
(sin ) (cos )
sin cos 2
x x
x x
+ + +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s
( ) 1;1 , (
2
2
1
sin
sin
x
x
+ ;
2
2
1
cos )
cos
x
x
+ ta c
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 (sin ) cos 1. sin 1. cos
sin cos sin cos
x x x x
x x x x
(
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + +
(
| | | |
\ \ \ \ (

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 sin cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos
x x x x
x x x x
(
| | | | | |
+ + + + + +
(
| | |
\ \ \
(

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 (sin ) (cos ) (1 )
sin cos sin cos
x x
x x x x
(
+ + + + +
(

2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 4
2 sin cos 1
sin cos sin 2
x x
x x x
(
| | | | | |
+ + + +
(
| | |
\ \ \
(

(*)
Mt khc do
2
sin 2 1 x
2
4
1 1 4
sin 2x
+ +
2
2
2
4
1 (1 4)
sin 2x
| |
+ +
|
\

Khi (*) tng ng vi
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 sin cos 1 4
sin cos
x x
x x
(
| | | |
+ + + +
(
| |
\ \
(

= 25
158
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 25
sin cos
sin cos 2
x x
x x
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

Vy
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 25
sin cos .
sin cos 2
x x
x x
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

Du ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
sin cos
sin cos
sin 2 1
1 1
sin cos
sin cos
sin 2 1
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
+ = +
+ = +

H ny c nghim, chng hn , .
4
x k k
= +
2) Ta c v tri ca bt ng thc cho bng
1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2
x y
A x y
x y y x x y
| | | | | |
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| | | |
\
\ \ \

2 2
2 2
4
1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 1
2; 2; 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2.
2
x y
A x y
x y y x x y
x y
x y
x y y x
x y x y xy
x y
| | | | | |
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| | | |
\
\ \ \
+ + +
| |
+ = =
|
+
\

Do 4 3 2. A +
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
2
.
2
x y = =
III.7. 1)
2 2
2 2 2
1 tan cot
1 1 1 (1).
x x
x x x
| || |
+ + +
| |
\ \

Ta c
2 2
1 tan .cot
1 1
x x
x x
+ = +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s
tan cot
;1 , ;1 .
x x
x x
| | | |
| |
\ \
Ta c
159

2 2
2 2
2 2 2
tan cot tan cot
. 1.1 1 1
1 tan cot
1 1 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
( (
| | | |
+ + +
( (
| |
\ \
( (

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

Vy,
2 2
2 2 2
1 tan cot
1 1 1
x x
x x x
| || |
+ + +
| |
\ \
(pcm).
iu kin ng thc xy ra
tan cot
tan cot
, .
4
x x
x x
x x
x k k
=
=
= +

2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 (1).
b a c b a c
ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
Ta c
1 1 1
1. ab bc ca abc
a b c
+ + = + + =
(1) tng ng vi
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
3.
b a c b a c
+ + + + +
t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
; ; , ; ; , ; ; . u v w
b a a c b b a c c
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ \ \

Khi
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
; ; u v w
b c a a b c a b c
| |
+ + = + + + + + +
|
\

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3.
u v w
b a c b a c
u v w
b c a a b c a b c a b c
+ + = + + + + +
| | | | | | | |
+ + = + + + + + + + + = + + =
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Mt khc ta lun c tnh cht , u v w u v w + + + +

t suy ra iu phi chng minh.
. ; 0
. ; 0 3.
u k v k
v mw m a b c
ab bc ca abc
= >
= > = = =
+ + =

3)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82. x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
160
Gi
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
S x y z
x y z
= + + + + +
Cch 1.
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s ( )
1
1;9 , ; x
x
| |
|
\

Ta c
2 2
2 2
9 1 1
1 81 82 (1) x x x
x x x
+ + + = +
Tng t

2
2
2
2
9 1
82 (2)
9 1
82 (3)
y y
y y
z z
z z
+ +
+ +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
. 82 9 81 9 80
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 81 .9 80 54 . 80
1
54 3 .3 80 162 80 82
82.
S x y z x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
xyz
xyz
S
| | | |
+ + + + + = + + + + + + +
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ + + + = + + + +
| |
\ \
= =

Cch 2.
Trong mt phng , Oxy ta xt cc vc t
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
;
1 1
;
1 1
;
a x a x
x x
b y b y
y y
c z c z
z z
| |
= = +
|
\
| |
= = +
|
\
| |
= = +
|
\

( )
2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
; a b c x y z a b c x y z
x y z x y z
| | | |
+ + = + + + + + + = + + + + +
| |
\ \

Ta c a b c a b c + + + +

161
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
S x y z x y z
x y z x y z
| |
= + + + + + + + + + +
|
\

p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi ba s dng
1 1 1
, ,
x y z
ta c
( )
( )
2
2
3
1 1 1 3 3 9 81
3
S x y z
x y z
x y z x y z xyz x y z
+ + = + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +

t ( )
2
, 0 1. t x y z t = + + < Ta c
81
. S t
t
+
Xt hm s
2
2 2
81 81 81
( ) , (0;1]; ( ) 1 0, (0;1].
t
f t t t f t t
t t t
= + = = <
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t trn (0;1] ta c ( ) 82 82. f t S (pcm)
4) Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha 1. xyz = Ta chng minh
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3.
x y y z z x
xy yz zx
+ + + + + +
+ +
t
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
.
x y y z z x
A
xy yz zx
+ + + + + +
= + +
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
3 3 3 3 3
3 1 3
(1)
x y x y
xy xy xy
+ +
=
Tng t

3 3
3 3
1 3
(2)
1 3
(3)
y z
yz yz
z x
zx zx
+ +
+ +

3
3 3 3 1
3 3 3 3. A
xyz xy yz zx
+ + = (pcm)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 1. x y z = = =
III.8. 1)
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 sin 2 sin cos 1 cos x y x y y y + + + + + > 0 (1)
(1) tng ng vi ( ) ( )
2 2
sin 1 cos x y y x + + + > 0
162
Nh vy ta lun c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 sin 2 sin cos 1 cos sin 1 cos , . x y x y y y x y y x x y + + + + + = + + + 0,
Ta chng minh du = khng xy ra.
Tht vy, gi s du = xy ra. Khi
( )
( )
sin 1 0 1
cos 0 2
x y
y x
+ =
+ =

Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c ( ) sin cos 1 0 x y y x + =
Phng trnh ( ) c nghim y khi v ch khi
( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 0 x x x x x x + + +
Ly (1) cng vi (2) theo v ta c sin cos 1 0 ( ) x y y x + + + =
Phng trnh (**) c nghim y khi v ch khi ( )
2
2
1 1 2 0 0. x x x x + +
Suy ra 0, x = thay 0 x = vo (1) ta c 1 0 = (V l ). Suy ra du '' '' = khng th xy ra.
Vy,
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 sin 2 sin cos 1 cos , . x y x y y y x y + + + + + > 0,
2) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ln 1 4 ln 1 4
1 4 1 4
a b
b a
a b
a b
+ +
+ +
Xt hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
ln 1 4 4 ln 4 1 4 ln 1 4
( ) , 0 ( ) 0
1 4
x x x x x
x
f x x f x
x x
+ + +
= > = <
+

Suy ra hm s ( ) f x nghch bin trn khong (0; ). + Do ( ) f x nghch bin trn khong
(0; ) + v 0 a b > nn ( ) ( ) f a f b t ta c iu phi chng minh.
3) Xt hm s ( ) 2sin tan 3 . f x x x x = +
Ta c
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
cos 1 2cos cos 1
1
( ) 2cos 3
cos cos
cos 1 2cos 1
0, 0;
cos 2
x x x
f x x
x x
x x
x
x

= + =
+
| |
= >
|
\

Suy ra hm s ( ) 2sin tan 3 f x x x x = + ng bin trn khong 0; .
2
| |
|
\

Do ( ) (0) 0, 0; .
2
f x f x
| |
> =
|
\
(pcm)
163
4) Xt hm s ( ) sin , 0. f x x x x = > Ta c ( ) 1 cos 0 ( ) f x x f x = ng bin trn
khong ( ) 0; . + T ( ) (0) 0 f x f > = hay sin , 0(1). x x x < >
Xt hm s
3
( ) sin , 0.
6
x
g x x x x = + >
Ta c
2
( ) cos 1, ( ) sin 0
2
x
g x x g x x x = + = > ( ) g x ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; . +
Suy ra ( ) (0) 0. g x g > = T y ta c ( ) g x ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; . + V vy
( ) (0) 0 g x g > = hay
3
sin (2).
6
x
x x < T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.9. 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 1 a b c a b a c b c a b c abc + + + + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s 0. a b c
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3
2 2 2
3
3 0
3 0
2 2 2 0
2
a b c a b a c b c a b c abc
a b a c a b a b c b c a c b c abc
a b a c a b a b c b c a c b c abc
a a b a c a b b a abc b a b b c abc c a c b c
a a b c ab a b c b a b c ac b c c b
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
0
2 0
2 0
0.
c
a ab b a b c ac c b c
a ab b a b c c a c b c
a b a b c c a c b c

+ + +
+ + +
+ +

Vy, bt ng thc ( ) 1 lun ng vi mi , , a b c khng m.
2) t v tri ca bt ng thc cho l A v ta t
( ) 2 ; 2 ; 2 4 . x a b c y b c a z c a b x y z a b c = + + = + + = + + + + = + + Khi ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 3 3
4.
9 9 6 3
x y z y z x z x y
A
x y z
x y z x z y
y x x z y z
+ + +
= + +
( | | | |
| |
= + + + + + =
( | | |
\
\ \

3
.
4
A (pcm).
3) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 5 (1) x y x z x y x z y z x z + + + + + + + +
t , , . a x y b x z c y z = + = + = + iu kin ( ) 3 x x y z yz + + = tr thnh
2 2 2
. c a b ab = +
164
Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi
3 3 2
3 5 (2) a b abc c + + . Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 1
3
4 4
2 (3).
c a b ab a b ab a b a b a b
a b c
= + = + + + = +
+

( )( )
( )
( )
2 2 3
2 3
2
(2) 3 5
3 5
3 5 (4)
a b a b ab ab c
a b c abc c
a b c ab c
+ + +
+ +
+ +

Mt khc t (3) cho ta ( )
2
2 a b c c + v ( )
2
2
3
3 3 .
4
ab a b c + T y suy ra (4) ng.
Vy, bt ng thc (1) ng. Du ng thc xy ra khi . a b c x y z = = = =
III.10. 1)
1
1 1 2
n n
n
a b
b a
+
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
(1)
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng 1
n
a
b
| |
+
|
\
v 1
n
b
a
| |
+
|
\

Ta c 1 1 2 1 1
n n n n
a b a b
b a b a
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

2 2
1 1 2 1 1
n n
n n
a b a b
b a b a
(
| | | | | | | |
(
+ + + + +
| | | |
(
\ \ \ \

2
1 1 2 1 1
n
n n
a b a b
b a b a
( | | | | | || |
+ + + + +
| | | | (
\ \ \ \

2
1 1 2 1
n
n n
a b a b ab
b a b a ba
| | | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( )
2
1
2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 .
n
n n
n
n
a b a b
b a b a
+
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

Du " " = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 1
.
, ( , 0)
n
n
a b
b a
a b
a b
a b
b a
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \
=
= >

Vy, (1) lun ng.
2) (1)
2 2
n
n n
a b a b + + | |

|
\

165
Ta chng minh bng quy np
Vi 1: n = Ta c .
2 2
a b a b + +
Vy, (1) ng vi 1. n =
Gi s (1) ng vi
*
, , n k k = tc l ,
2 2
k
k k
a b a b + + | |

|
\
ta chng minh (1) ng vi
1, n k = + ngha l phi chng minh
1
1 1
.
2 2
k
k k
a b a b
+
+ +
+ + | |

|
\

Tht vy:
( )( )
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
. .
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 4
.
2 4 2
k k
k k
k k k k k k k k k k
k k
k k k k
a b a b a b a b a b
a ab a b b a b ab a b a b
a b a b
a b a b
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + | | | |
=
| |
\ \
+ + + + +
= +

+ +

(do ( )( )
0
k k
a b a b ). Vy, ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.11. 1)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
+ +
+ + + + + +
(*)
Ta c
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
3 3
0
1 1
1
a b a b ab ab a b a b ab ab a b
a b ab a b a b abc ab a b c
a b abc ab a b c
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +

Tng t
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
3 3
1 1
2
1 1
3
b c abc bc a b c
c a abc ca a b c
+ + + +
+ + + +

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 2 , 3 ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
.
a b abc b c abc c a abc ab a b c bc a b c ca a b c
a b c
a b c ab bc ca a b c abc abc
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + | | | |
+ + = =
| |
+ + + +
\ \

Vy, bt ng thc (*) ng.
2)
2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c a c a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
(**)
166
Cch 1. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
.
2 2
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
b c a c a b
a b c a b c
b c a c a b a b c
b c a c a b b c a c a b
a b c a b c a b c
b c a c a b a b c
| |
+ + = + + + + +
|
+ + +
\
| | | |
+ + + + + + + = + + + +
| |
+ + + + + +
\ \
+ + + +
+ + =
+ + + + +

Cch 2.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
4 4
2
4 4
2
4 4
a b c a b c
a
b c b c
b a c b a c
b
a c a c
c a b c a b
c
a b a b
+ +
+ =
+ +
+ +
+ =
+ +
+ +
+ =
+ +

Cng v theo v ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
2 2
a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c
b c a c a b b c a c a b
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

Vy, bt ng thc (**) ng.
III.12. 1) ( )
2 5
1 0 1
3
x
x
+ >
. Ta c (1) tng ng vi
3 3
3
2 5 3 8
8 1 0 0
3 3 2
3 3
3
2 3 3. 3 3
3
2 5 2
2 3 1 0 0
3 3
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
> >
>

+ > >

< > > >

< < < <

<

< < + > >

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
3
2.
x
x

>

2) ( )
2
2
2
1 1 . x
x
Ta c( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
x
x
x
x

167
4 2
2
4 2
2
2
2
0
2
0
0 1
0
1 1.
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
+
<

0
1 1.
x
x

3) ( )
2
2
3 1 .
5 6
x
x x
+
Ta c
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 3 16 20
3 0
2
5 6 5 6
(1) 3
2 5 6
3 14 16
3
0
5 6
5 6
10
3 3
3
8 10
8 .
3
3 3
3
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+

+ +

+
+
+
+
<

<

Vy, ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
3
8 10
.
3 3
x
x

4) ( )
2 3
1 1
1
x
x
+
. Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2 3
1
1
(*)
2 3
1
1
x
x
x
x

+
.
Vi 0 x th h ( ) * tr thnh
3
1
2 3 3 2
2 1 0
1 3
1 1
. 1
2 3 1 4 4 2
1 0
1
1 1
4
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
<

+ +
<

+ +

Vi 1 0 x < th h ( ) * tr thnh
168

1
2 3 3 4
1 0
3
3 1
1 1
.
4
2 3 1 2 4 2
1 0
1
1 1 1
2
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
<
+ +

+ +

+ +

+ + <

3 1 1 3
.
4 2 4 2
x x
5) ( )
2
2
x x
x
+
1 . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 0 0
2 2 2
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 0 0
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x

+

< < <

2
0 1
0 1
0 1.
2
1
0
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

<
<
<
<

<

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 1. x <
6)
2
2
4 3
1.
5
x x
x x
+
+

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
4 3 5 (1). x x x x + +
Ta c bng xt du

+ Vi 0 4 5 x x < < ( ) , bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
2 2
4 3 5 3 2 0 x x x x x + +
2
3
x , tha ( )
+ Vi 0 4 x < ( ), bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
2 2 2
4 3 5 2 5 2 0 x x x x x x + + + +
1
2
2
x , tha ( )
169
+ Vi 5 x ( ), bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
2 2
8
4 3 5 5 8 0 .
5
x x x x x x + + +
Kt hp vi ( ) ta c x .
Hp cc trng hp xt, ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
; ; 2 .
3 2
| ( (

( (
\

III.13.
)
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
3 2 3 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 2 2 1 2
1 0
2 1 2
2 2 1 2 1
0
1 2
5 5
0
1 2
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x

> >
+ +
+
>
+
+
>
+

5 3 5
2
1 0
5 3 5
0
2
2
x
x
x
x

<
< <
< <
>

)
( )
4 3 2
2
2 2
2
3 2
2 0
30
3 2
0
30
5
1 2
6
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
+
>

+
>

<
< <
>

)
3 2
2
3 3
3 0
2
x x x
x x
+

( )( )
2
2
1 2 3
0
2
x x x
x x

1 0
1 2
3
x
x
x
<
<

170
)
( )( )
4 2
2
2 2
2
4 3
4 0
8 15
1 3
0
8 15
3 1
1 3
3 5
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
+
+

+
< <

)
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2
3
2
3
1 2 2 3
5
1 1 1
1 2 2 3
0
1 1 1
1 2 1 2 3
0
1
0
1
1
0 1
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
+
+ <
+ + +
+
+ <
+ + +
+ + + +
<
+
<
+
<
< <

) ( )
2
2
2
15
6 1
1
x x
x x
+ +
+ +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2
4 3 2
2
3 2
2
2
2
15
2 2 1
1
2 4 5 3 14
0
1
1 2 6 11 16
0
1
1 2 2 2 2
0
1
2 1.
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
+ +
+ +
+ + +

+ +
+ + +

+ +
+ + +

+ +

)
3 2
7 2 5 2 0 x x x + + >
( )( )
2
1 2 3 2 0 x x x + >
1
2
2
1
x
x
< <
>

1
2 1.
2
x x < < >
171
)
( )( )
3
2
8 2 3 0
1 2 2 3 0
1.
x x
x x x
x
+ +
+ +

III.14. ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3 2 6 0 f x m x mx m = + ( ) 1
+ Xt 3 m =
( )
1
1 6 3 0 .
2
x x
+ Xt 3 m
( )( )
2 2 2
3 6 9 18 9 18 m m m m m m m = = + =
Bng xt du h s a v bit s

i) 2, m < khi
0
0
a <
<

Suy ra ( ) 0 f x < , . x
Nh vy, bt phng trnh ( ) 1 nghim ng vi mi . x
ii) 2, m = khi
0
0
a <
nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 1 l mi . x

iii) 2 3, m < < khi
0
0.
a <
>

Suy ra ( ) f x c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
9 18 9 18
;
3 3
m m m m
x x
m m
+
= =

Trng hp ny 0 a < nn
2 1.
x x <
Nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 1 l
2 1
x x x x
iv) 3, m > khi
0
0
a >
>
,
1 2
. x x <
1 2
. x x x
Kt lun:
172
. 3: m = Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1
.
2
x
. 2: m Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l . x
. 2 3: m < < Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
. x x x x
. 3: m > Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 2
. x x x
(Vi
1 2
9 18 9 18
;
3 3
m m m m
x x
m m
+
= =

).
) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4 2 2 1 0 f x m x m x m = + ( ) 2
+ Xt 4 m =
( )
3
2 4 3 0 .
4
x x +
+ Xt 4, m ( ) ( )( )
2
2 4 1 m m m =
2 2
4 4 5 4 m m m m m = + + =

i) 0, m < khi
0
0
a <
<

Suy ra ( ) 0, . f x x <
Nh vy bt phng trnh ( ) 2 v nghim.
ii) 0 m = , khi
0
0
a <
, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 2 l

1
2
x = .
iii) 0 4, m < < khi
0
0
a <
>

1 2
2 2
;
4 4
m m m m
x x
m m
+
= =

Trng hp ny 0 a < nn
1 2
. x x >
2 1
. x x x
iv) 4 m > , khi
0
,
0
a >
>
1 2
x x <
173
1 2
x x x x .
Kt lun:
.
3
4: .
4
m x =
. 0 m< : Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
. 0: m = Bt phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht
1
2
x =
. 0 4: m < < Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
. x x x
. 4: m > Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 2
. x x x x
(Vi
1 2
2 2
;
4 4
m m m m
x x
m m
+
= =

).
) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 3 4 0 f x mx m x m = + < ( ) 3
+ Xt 0 m =
( ) 3
2
6 4 0 .
3
x x < <
+ Xt 0, m ( ) ( )
2
3 4 m m m =
2 2
6 9 4 9 2 . m m m m m = + + =

i) 0, m < khi
0
0
a <
>

1
2
3 9 2
3 9 2
m m
x
m
m m
x
m

=
+
=

Trng hp ny 0 a < nn
1 2
x x > .
Nghim ca ( ) 3 l
2 1
x x x x < > .
ii)
9
0
2
m < < , khi
0
,
0
a >
>

1 2
x x < .
174
Nghim ca ( ) 3 l
1 2
. x x x < <
iii)
9
2
m = , khi
0
0
a >

Suy ra ( ) 0, . f x x
Nh vy ( ) 3 v nghim.
iv)
9
2
m > , khi
0
0
a >
<

Suy ra ( ) 0, . f x x >
Nh vy ( ) 3 v nghim .
Kt lun:
. 0: m = Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2
.
3
x <
. 0: m < Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
x x x x < >
.
9
0 :
2
m < < Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 2
. x x x < <
.
9
:
2
m Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
(Vi
1 2
3 9 2 3 9 2
;
m m m m
x x
m m
+
= = )
III.15.
2
( ) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 3. f x m x m x m = + +
a) Ta c ( ) 0 f x < tng ng vi
2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 0 m x m x m + + < (1)
Xt cc trng hp
1 0 1 m m + = =
(1)
3
4 6 0 .
2
x x < <
Nh vy, khi 1 m = th bt phng trnh (1) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh l
3
.
2
x < Suy ra 1 m = khng tha bi.
1 0 1. m m + Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi
2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 0, m x m x m x + +
175
2 2 2
1 0 1
( 1) ( 1)(3 3) 0 2 1 3 3 0
a m m
m m m m m m
= + > >

= + + +

2
1 1
1.
2 1 2 2 4 0
m m
m
m m m m
> >

+

Vy, vi 1 m th bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x < v nghim.
b) Ta c ( ) 0 f x tng ng
2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 0 m x m x m + + (2)
Xt cc trng hp
1 0 1 m m + = = khi
3
(2) 4 6 0 .
2
x x
Nh vy, khi 1 m = th bt phng trnh (2) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh
l
3
.
2
x Suy ra 1 m = tha bi.
1 0 1. m m + Khi (2) l bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh (2) c
nghim khi v ch khi
2 2
2 2
1 0 1
0
0 ( 1) ( 1)(3 3) 0 2 2 4 0
0
( 1) ( 1)(3 3) 0 2 2 4 0
1
1
2. 2 1
2 1
2 1
m m
a
m m m m m
m m m m m
m
m
m m m
m
m
+ > > >

< + < + <

+ +

>
>
< >

Vy, khi 2 m th bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x c nghim.
Ch . Ta cng c th gii Cu b) nh sau:
Trc ht ta gii bi ton ngc, tc l tm tham s m bt phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Khi cc gi tr m cn li trn trc s l cc gi tr cn tm bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x
c nghim.
Bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x v nghim khi v ch khi ( ) 0, . f x x < iu ny c tha
khi v ch khi
0
0
a <
<

2
1 0 1
2.
2 1 2 2 4 0
m m
m
m m m m
+ < <
<

< > + <

T cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 2. m
III.16. 1) Ta c tam thc bc hai
2
2 1 0, . x x x + >
176
Do bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 3 5
3 5 6 2 1
x x x mx
x mx x x
+ +
+ < +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 0 1
9 6 1 0 2
x m x
x m x
+

+ + >

Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi ( ) 1 v ( ) 2 u c tp hp
nghim l . iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1 16 0
3 5
0 5.
0 12
6 36 0
m
m
m
m
m
<

< <
= <

Vy, vi 0 5 m < th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .
2) V
2
1 0, x x + > nn bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3 3 0 1
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 2 2 1 0 2
x mx
x x mx
x mx x
x mx x x mx
+ + > < + +

+ + < +

+ + < + + >

Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi cc bt phng trnh ( ) 1 v
( ) 2 u c tp hp nghim l . iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
2
1
2
2
36 0 6 6
2 2.
2 2
4 0
m m
m
m
m
= < < <
< <

< <
= <

Vy, vi 2 2 m < < th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .
III.17. 1) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 0 1 x m x m + + =
t ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 f x x m x m = + +
Phng trnh( ) 1 c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
3 x x < < khi v ch khi
( )
( )
2
2
3 0
9 3 2 3 0
6 0
0 6.
af
m m
m m
m
<
+ + <
<
< <

Vy, 0 6 m < < tha yu cu bi ton.
2) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 5 0 2 mx m x m + + =
t ( ) ( )
2
2 1 5 f x mx m x m = + +
Phng trnh( ) 2 c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
2 x x < < khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau c
tha

177
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1 5 0
0
2 0 9 9 0
1
2 0
2 0
2
m m m
af m m
S m
m
> >

> >

<
<

( )
1
3 1 0
3
9 9 0 0 1
1
3 1
0
0
3
m
m
m m m m
m
m m
m

>
+ >

> < >

+
< >
<

1
0 1.
3
m m
< < >

Vy,
1
0 1
3
m m
< < > tha yu cu bi ton.

3) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 5 1 0 3 m x m x m + =
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 5 1 f x m x m x m = +
Phng trnh ( ) 3 c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
1 x x < < khi v ch khi
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
5 4 1 0
0
1 0 1 3 7 0
5
1 0 1 0
2 2 1
m m
af m m
S m
m

>
>

> >

+ > + >

( )( )
( )
2
7
3
3
3 2 21 0
7
1 3 7 0 1 3 1.
3
3 7
7
0
1
2 1
3
m
m m
m m m m m
m
m m
m
< <
+ >

> < > < <

>
< >

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 3 1. m < <
III.18. ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2 5 2 5 0 1 m x m x m + =
+ Xt 3, m = phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
1
2 1 0 .
2
x x = =
Vy, khi 3 m = th phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim
1
1.
2
x = <
+ Xt 3, m t ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2 5 2 5. f x m x m x m = +
( ) ( )( )
2
2
( )
2 5 3 2 5 2 9 10.
f x
m m m m m = + = +
( ) ( )( )
2
1 3 7 18 7 40 54 af m m m m = + = +

2 5 3 8
1 1 .
2 3 3
S m m
m m

= =

178
( )
( )
18
1 0 3.
7
5
0 2 .
2
8
1 0 .
2 3
f x
af m m
m m
S
m
= = =
= = =
= =

Lp bng xt du chung
( )
, (1), 1
2
f x
S
af v da vo nh l o du tam thc bc hai ta
c kt qu nh sau:
+ Nu
2
5 18
2 7
3
m
m
m
<
< <
>
th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim

1 2
1. x x < <
+ Nu
18 8
7 3
8
3
3
m
m
< <
< <
, th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim

1 2
1 . x x < <
+ Nu
5
2
2
m < < , th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.
+ Nu 2 m = , th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim kp 1 1. x = <
+ Nu
5
2
m = , th phng trnh( ) 1 c nghim kp 0 1. x = <
+ Nu
18
7
m = , th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim
1 2 1 2
1
, 1 1.
3
x x x x = = < =
+ Nu
8
3
m = , th phng trnh( ) 1 c hai nghim
1 2 1 2
1 2, 1 2 1 . x x x x = = + < <
+ Nu 3 m = , th phng trnh( ) 1 c nghim
1
1.
2
x = <
III.19. 1) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 5 0 1 mx m x m + + + =
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
0 2 x x < < < khi v ch khi
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 0 0 0
2 0 4 4 1 5 0
m m af
af m m m m
+ < <

( > + + + >

2 2
2 2
5 0 5 0 5 0
5 1.
1 0
0 0
m m m m m
m
m m
m m m m
+ < + < < <
< <

< >
+ > + >

Vy, vi 5 1 m < < th phng trnh cho tha mn iu kin bi.
179
2) ( )
2
2 2 2 3 0 m x mx m + = (2)
Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
6 4 x x < < < khi v ch khi
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 36 2 12 2 3 0 4 0
6 0
2 16 2 8 2 3 0
m m m m af
af
m m m m
( + + > <

> ( + <

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 50 75 0 2 50 75 0
7
2 .
2 2 10 35 0 2 10 35 0
m m m m
m
m m m m
> >

< <

< <

Vy, vi
7
2
2
m < < th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
III.20.
2
2( 1) 3 0 mx m m + = (1)
t
2
( ) 2( 1) 3 f x mx m x m = +
+ Khi 0 m = (1) tr thnh
3
2 3 0
2
x x = = . Ta c:
3
0 2
2
< <
+ Khi 0 m , ta c
2
( 1) ( 3) m m m =
2 2
2 1 3 1. m m m m m = + + = +
(0) ( 3). af m m =
[ ]
1
0 .
2
(2) 4 ( 1) 3 ( 1).
1 ( 1)
2 2 .
2
s m
m
af m m m m m m
s m m
m m
=
= + = +
+
= =

Vi 1 m = , (1) tr thnh
2
4 4 0 2. x x x + = =
2
1 2
2 0 2 2 x x x = = =
2
1 2
4
3 4 0 0 .
3
x x x x = = =
Lp bng xt du chung
( )
, (0), (2), 0, 2
2 2
f x
S S
af af v da vo nh l o du tam
thc bc hai ta c kt qu nh sau:
+ Nu 1, m < th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ Nu 1, m = th
1 2
0 2. x x < = =
+ Nu 1 0, m < < th
1 2
0 2 . x x < < <
+ Nu 0, m = th
3
0 2.
2
x < = <
+ Nu 0 1, m < < th
1 2
0 2. x x < < <
180
+ Nu 1, m = th
1 2
2 0 2 2. x x = < < = <
+ Nu 1 3, m < < th
1 2
0 2. x x < < <
+ Nu 3, m = th
1 2
4
0 2.
3
x x = < = <
+ Nu 3, m > th
1 2
0 2. x x < < <
III. 21.
2
2 (2 1) 1 0 x m x m + + = (1). Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim nm trong
khong( ) 1;3 nghim kia nh hn 1 , ngha l
1 2
1 3. x x < < <
t
2
( ) 2 (2 1) 1. f x x m x m = + +
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
( ) [ ]
[ ]
2 2 (2 1) 1 0
2 1 0
2 18 3(2 1) 1 0 2 (3) 0
2 0 2
7 14 0 2
2.
m m
f
m m f
m m
m m
m
+ <
<

+ + > >

+ < >

+ > >

>

III.22. ( )
2
1 2 5 0 m x mx m + + = (1)
1) Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim u ln hn 2 khi v ch khi

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
1 5 0
0
2 0 1 4 1 4 5 0
2
2 2
2 2 1
5
4 5 0
4
5
1 1 0 1 1 1 .
4
1 2
2
0
1
m m m
af m m m m
S
m
m
m
m
m m m m m
m
m
m

( > + + >

> >

+ > < > <

< <
+

>

Vy, khi
5
1
4
m < th phng trnh c hai nghim u ln hn 2.
2) + Xt 1 0 1. m m = =
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 6 0 x + = 3 2. x = > Nh vy, 1 m = tha bi.
+ Xt 1 0 1. m m
Khi phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2 nm trong cc trng hp: Hoc
l c hai nghim u ln hn 2, hoc ch c mt nghim ln hn 2. iu ny c tha khi
v ch khi
181
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
0 2
2 0
2 2 0 2 0
4
2, 2
2 0
2
x x
f
x x af af
S
x x S
<
=

< < > <

>
= >

>

+ Trng hp th nht xt Cu 1), gi tr ca tham s m l
5
1 .
4
m <
+ Trng hp ch c mt nghim ln hn 2, ta gii h iu kin
( ) ( ) 1 1 0
1 1
1 0
1 1.
2
4 0
1
m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
+ <
< <
+ =
< <

>

Kt hp cc trng hp xt ta c
5
1 .
4
m <
Vy, khi
5
1
4
m < th phng trnh trn c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
III.23. ( ) ( )
2
2 1 5 f x mx m x m = + + . K hiu ( ;1), D S = l tp hp nghim ca bt
phng trnh ( ) 0. f x > Ta bit ( ) 0 f x > ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi . D S
+ Xt 0. m = Khi ( ) 0 f x > khi v ch khi 2 5 0 x + >
5
2
x < . Nh vy tp hp
nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > l
5
( ; ).
2
S = R rng . D S Vy, 0 m = tha
yu cu bi ton.
+ Xt 0. m Ta c
( ) ( )
2
1 5 m m m = + +
2 2
2 1 5 m m m m = + + +
2
2 3 1. m m = + Tp hp nghim ca bt
phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > ty thuc vo du ca h s a v bit s ca ( ). f x
Lp bng xt du chung h s a v bit s ca ( ). f x Ta xt cc trng hp sau
0. m < Khi
0
0 a
>
<
, tp nghim S ca bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > l khong

1 2
( ; ) x x ,
vi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca ( ), f x do bi ton khng tha.

1
0 1.
2
m m < < > Khi
0
0
a >
>
, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > l

1
2
x x
x x
<
>

Do ( ) 0 f x > ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi
182
1 2
1 x x <
( ) 3 2 0 (1) 0 3
0 3
0 . 2
1
2 1 0
0
0
2
m m af
m
m
S
m
m

<

>
>

>

Kt hp vi iu
kin ang xt ta c
1 3
0 1 .
2 2
m m < < <

1
1.
2
m < < Khi
0
0
a >
<
, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > l , S = do

bi ton tha.

1
2
1
m
m
, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x > ln lt l

{ } { } \ 3 , \ 2 . S S = = Suy ra bi ton c tha.
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l
3
0 .
2
m
III.24. ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 1 3 9 f x x m x m = + +
Ta c tam thc bc hai ( ) f x c h s 2 0 a = > nn ( ) [ ] 0, 2;1 f x x khi v ch khi
( )
( )
1
2 0
3 1 0
4 1
3
.
6 8 0 4 3 3 1 0
3
m
f
m
m
m
f
m

Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l
4 1
3 3
m .
III.25. ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 6 1 f x m x m x m =
+ Nu 2 0 2, m m = = th ( )
1
0 12 3 0 .
4
f x x x < < < Suy ra 2 m = tha yu cu
bi ton.
+ Nu 2 0 2 m m (*). Khi tam thc bc hai ( ) f x c h s 0, a > v vy yu cu
bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
( )
( )
1 0
0 0
f
f

( ) ( )
2
2 3 6 1 0
1 0
m m m
m

2
4 4 3 18 1 0
1 0
m m m m
m
+ +

183
2
2 15 0
1
m m
m

3 5
1
m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt (*) ta c
1 5
2
m
m

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 5. m
III.26.
2
( 2)( 4)( 6 10) (1) x x x x m + + + +
Xt hm s
2 2 2
( ) ( 2)( 4)( 6 10) ( 6 8)( 6 10). f x x x x x x x x x = + + + + = + + + +
(1) ng vi mi x khi v ch khi ( )
x
m Min f x
.
Ta c
2 3
( ) (2 6)(2 12 18) 4( 3) f x x x x x = + + + = + .
( ) 0 3. f x x = =
Bng bin thin

Nh vy ( ) 1.
x
Min f x

Vy, 1 m l gi tr cn tm.
Ch . C th t n s ph ( )
2
2
6 8 3 1 1 t x x x = + + = + . Khi ta c hm s
( )
2
( ) 2 2 , 1. f t t t t t t = + = + Nh vy, (1) ng vi mi x khi v ch khi
2
2 t t m +
ng vi mi 1 t , khi v ch khi
2
[ 1; )
( 2 ) .
t
Min t t m
+
+
( ) 2 2, ( ) 0 1. f t t f t t = + = = Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t ta tm c
2
[ 1; )
( 2 ) 1.
t
Min t t
+
+ = Vy, 1 m l gi tr cn tm.
III.27.
2
2cos 3 cos 1 0 x m x + + (1)
t [ ] cos , [0; ] 1;1 . t x x t = Bt phng trnh
2
2cos 3 cos 1 0 x m x + + (1) tr
thnh
2
2 3 1 0 t mt + + (2). Khi (1) nghim ng vi [ ] 0; x khi v ch khi (2)
nghim ng vi [ 1;1]. t
+ Xt 0 t = . Khi (2) 1 0 (2) ng vi mi . m
+ Xt [ 1;0). t Khi
(2)
2
2 1
.
3
t
m
t

184
Xt hm s
2
2 1
( ) , [ 1; 0)
3
t
f t t
t

=
2
2
1
[ 1; 0)
6 3 2
( ) , ( ) 0
1 9
[ 1; 0)
2
t
t
f t f t
t
t
+
= =

Ta c ( 1) 1, f =
1 2 2
3 2
f
| |
=
|
\
,
0
lim ( ) .
t
f t
= +
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn min [ 1; 0), t ta c
2 2
.
3
m
+ Xt (0;1]. t Khi
(2)
2
2 1
.
3
t
m
t

Ta tm c
2 2
.
3
m

p s ca bi ton l nhng gi tr ca tham s m tha ng thi ba trng hp trn tc
l
2 2 2 2
.
3 3
m

Ch . C th gii bi ton trn theo phng php nh trnh by Bi III.23.
III.28. ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
2 3 2 2 0 x m x m
x x
| |
+ + + + + + >
|
\
(1)
(1) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2 3 2 1 0. x m x m
x x
| | | |
+ + + + + + >
| |
\ \

t
1
t x
x
= + , iu kin: 2. t
Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh ( ) ( )
2
2 3 2 1 0 t m t m + + + + > (2)
t ( ) ( )
2
( ) 2 3 2 1 y f t t m t m = = + + + + .
(1) nghim ng vi 0 x khi v ch khi (2) nghim ng vi mi t tha 2 t
Do ( ) f t c ( )
2
2 1 0 m = + .
Nn (2) nghim ng vi mi t tha 2 t khi v ch khi
185
0
1 2
0
2 3
2 2
2
0
2 2
m
t
t t
=
< = <
>
< < <

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 1 0
2
7 1
4 2 3 4
2 2
2 1 0
1
1. (2) 0
2
1. ( 2) 0
4 2 2 3 2 1 0
2 3
4 2 2 3 2 1 0
2 2
2
4 2 3 4
m
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
m m
m
m m
m
=

+ =

< <
< <

+

>

>
+ + + + >

+ + + >
< <

< <

1
2
1
2
6 12 0
2 0
7 1
2 2
1
2
1
2
2 0.
2
0
7 1
2 2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

+ >
>
< <
< <
>
<
< <

Vy, vi 2 0 m < < th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi 0. x
III. 29. ( ) ( )
3 2
2 1 3 4 12 0 x m x m x m + + + > (1)
Ta c ( ) 1 ( )( )
2
1 2 12 0 x x mx m + + > .
V 1 x > nn ( ) 1
2
2 12 0(2). x mx m + + > t
2
( ) 2 12. f x x mx m = + +
(1) ng vi mi 1 x > khi v ch khi
2
2 12 0(2) x mx m + + > ng vi mi 1 x >
186
2
2
0
12 0
0 12 0
3 4
(1) 0 13 0 4.
3
1
1
2
m m
m m
m
af m m
m
S m
<
<

< <

<

Vy, gi tr mcn tm l 4. m <
III.30. ( 1)( 1)( 3)( 5) . x x x x m + + + >
Ta c ( 1)( 1)( 3)( 5) x x x x m + + + >
[ ][ ] ( 1)( 5) ( 1)( 3) x x x x m + + + >
2 2
( 4 5)( 4 3) x x x x m + + + > (1).
t
2 2
4 5 4 3 8, t x x x x t = + + + = + ta c (1)
2
( 8) 8 t t m t t m + > + > .
Ta c
2
4 5 t x x = + 2 4 0 2 t x x = + = = .

Vi 1 x > th 8, t > do (1) ng 1 x > (2) ng 8 t > .
Xt
2
( ) 8 , f t t t = + ta c 2 8 0 2 8 0 4 y t t t = + = + = = .
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c (2) ng
( 8; )
8 ( )
t
t Minf t m
+
> > 16 m < .
Vy, 16 m< th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi mi 1 x > .
III.31. ( )( )( ) ( ) 2 2 4 2 1 x x x x m + + <
( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 2 2 8 2 x x x x m + + <
t
2
2 . t x x = + Khi ta c (1) tr thnh
2
8 2 t t m < (2).
187
Xt ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 t x x x t x x = + = +
( ) 0 1. t x x = =
Ta c bng bin thin

Nh vy, vi 0 x > th 0. t >
Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim 0 x > khi v ch khi bt phng trnh (2) c nghim 0. t >
iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
2
(0; )
2 ( 8 ).
t
m Min t t
+
>
t ( ) ( )
2
8 2 8. g t t t g t t = = Cho ( ) 0 4. g t t = =
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c 2 16 8. m m > >
Vy, gi tr cn tm l 8. m >
III.32.
( )
2
4 4 1 1.
x
x + = Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
2
4 4 1 1 0.
x
x + =
Xt hm s ( ) f x =
( )
2
4 4 1 1
x
x + vi . x
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 ln 4 4 1 8 .4 4 ln 4 4 1 8
x x x
f x x x x x
(
= + + = + +

( ) 0 f x =
( )
2
ln 4 4 1 8 0 x x + + =
( )
2
4ln 4 8 ln 4 0 x x + + = (*)
Phng trnh (*) c bit thc 0 > nn c ng hai nghim phn bit.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x v t bng bin thin ta suy ra phng trnh ( ) f x = 0
c khng qu ba nghim phn bit.
Mt khc ( )
1
0, 0 0,
2
f f
| |
= =
|
\
( ) ( )
37 17 27
3 . 2 1 1 0.
64 16 1024
f f
| || |
= = <
| |
\ \

Do phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c ng ba nghim phn bit ( )
1 2 3
1
0, , 3; 2 .
2
x x x = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c ng ba nghim phn bit.
188
CHNG IV. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T
IV.1. )( ) ( )
2
1 16 3 0 1 x x =
iu kin: ( ) 3 0 3. x x
( )
2
2
16 0
1
3 0
16
3
4
4
3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=

So vi iu kin ( ) , phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 4 x = v 3. x =
) ( ) ( )
2
2 9 2 0 2 x x =
iu kin: ( ) 2 0 2 x x
( )
2
2
9 0
2
2 0
3
9
3
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=

=

So vi iu kin ( ) , phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 3 x = v 2. x =
) ( )
2
3 4 2 2 3 . x x x + = Ta c
( )
2 2 2
2
2 0 2
3 3. 0
4 2 4 4 2 6 0
3
x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x

= =

+ = + =

=

Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l 3. x =
) ( )
2
4 1 4 1 4 x x x + =
Ta c
( )
2 2 2
1
1 1
4 3. 0
1 4 2 1 2 6 0
3
x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x

= =

+ = + =

=

189
) ( ) 5 2 1 3 2 5 x x x + + =
iu kin: ( )
1
2 1 0
2
3 0 3 3
0 0
x
x
x x x
x x

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
5 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 4
2 2 1 3 2
x x x x x
x x x
+ + + + =
+ = +

( )
2 2
4 2 5 3 4 4 x x x x = + + (Do 3 x nn 2 0) x + >
2
7 24 16 0
4
4
7
x x
x
x
=
=

So vi iu kin ( ) , ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l 4. x =
) ( ) 6 1 4 13 3 12 6 x x x + + + = +
iu kin: ( )
1
1 0
13
4 13 0 1
4
3 12 0
4
x
x
x x x
x
x

+

+

+

( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
6 1 4 13 2 1 4 13 3 12
2 1 4 13 2 2 1 4 13 1(**)
x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + + + + = +
+ + = + + =

iu kin ca phng trnh (**) l 1 x . Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 1. x =
1 x = tha phng trnh (**).
)( ) ( )
2 2
7 3 10 12 7 x x x x + =
iu kin: ( )
2
10 0 10 10. x x
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
7 3 10 3 4
3 10 4 0
3 0
10 4 0
x x x x
x x x
x
x x
+ = +
(
+ =

+ =

=

190
2
2 2
3
10 4
3
4 0
10 8 16
x
x x
x
x
x x x
=
= +

3
4
3.
1
3
x
x
x
x
x
=

=

) ( ) 8 4 1 1 2 8 x x x + =
iu kin: ( )
4 0 4
1
1 0 1 4
2
1 2 0 1
2
x x
x x x
x
x

Ta c
( )( )
( ) ( )
4 1 1 2
4 1 2 1
4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x
+ =
+ = +
+ = + +
+ =

2 2
2
2 1 0
4 4 1 1 3 2
1
2
7 0
1
2 0
0
7
7
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
+

+ + = +

=
=
=

IV.2. 1) ( )
2 2
3 15 2 5 1 2 1 x x x x + + + + =
191
t
2
5 1, 0 t x x t = + + ( )
( ) 1 tr thnh
2
3 2 5 0 t t + =
5
1
3
t t = =
So vi iu kin ( ) ta nhn 1, t = khi ta c
2 2
0
5 1 1 5 0
5.
x
t x x x x
x
=
= + + = + =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 0 5. x x = =
2) ( )
2 2
3 3 3 6 3 1 x x x x + + + =
t
2
3 3 t x x = +
( ) 1 tr thnh 3 3 t t + + = ( ) 2
iu kin: 0 t
Khi ( ) 2 tng ng vi
( )
( )
( )
2
3 2 3 9
3 3
3 0
3 9 6
3 3
9 9 1
t t t t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t
t t
+ + + + =
+ =

+ = +

= =

1 t = .
Vi 1, t = ta c
2 2
3 3 1 3 2 0 1 2. x x x x x x + = + = = =
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1; 2. x x = =
3) ( )( ) ( ) 2 5 2 5 4 . x x x x + + + + = iu kin: 2 5. x
t 2 5 , 0 t x x t = + +
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 5 2 2 5
7 2 2 5
t x x x x
t x x
= + + + +
= +

( ) tr thnh
192
2
2 2
3
7
4 2 7 8 2 15 0
5 2
t
t
t t t t t
t
=
+ = + = + =

V 0 t nn ta nhn 3, t = khi ta c
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 5 3
2 5 2 2 5 9
2 5 1
3 10 1
3 9 0
x t
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ =
+ + =
=

3 3 5 3 3 5
2 2
x x
+
= = (Tha iu kin)
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l
3 3 5 3 3 5
; .
2 2
x x
+
= =
4) ( )
2
4 4 2 12 2 16 x x x x + + = +
iu kin: 4 x
t 4 4, 0 t x x t = + +
2 2
2 2 16 t x x = +
( ) tr thnh
2
12 t t =
2
12 0
3 4
t t
t t
=
= =

V 0 t nn nhn 4, t = ta c
2
2
2 2
4 4 4
4 4 2 16 16
16 8
8 0
16 64 16
8 8
16 80 5
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x x
+ + =
+ + + =
=

= +

= =

5 x = (Tha iu kin).
193
5)
2
2
1 1 (1)
3
x x x x + = +
t ,
1
u x
v x
iu kin: , 0. u v
Phng trnh (1) c chuyn thnh h
( )
2
2
2 2
2
1 2 1 1 2 1
3
2
2
1
2 1
1 3
3
3
0
( )
3
1
0
2
3
2
1
( ) 2
3
2
u v u v uv uv uv
uv u v
u v uv
u v uv
uv
I
u v
uv uv
uv
u v uv
II
u v
| |
+ = + = + =
|

\

+ = +
+ = +

+ = +

+ =
= =

+ = +
+ =

+ Trng hp ( ) I ta c
0
1 1 0
1
1
1 0
x
x x
x
x
x
= =

=
=

+ Trng hp ( ) II (V nghim).
Ch . C th t n ph nh trnh by Bi IV.2. 3).
6) ( )
2
1 1 24 1 x x x + + =
Ta c ( )
2
1 1 24 1 x x x + =
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
1 0 1
1 24 2 1 24 2
1
1
2 0
24 2
24 4 4
2 2
7
4 28 7
x x
x x x x x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x

+ = + =

=

= +

=

= =


194
7) ( ) 11 11 4 1 x x x x + + + + =
iu kin: ( )
11 0
11 0
11 0
x
x x
x x
+
+ +

( )
2
2
2 2
1 11 11 2 11 16
11 8
8 0
11 16 64
8 8
5
15 75 5
x x x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
+ + + + + =
=

= +

=

= =

So vi iu kin ( ) ta nhn 5. x =
8)
( )
( )
3 3 3 3
35 35 30 1 x x x x + =
t
3 3
35
u x
v x
=

( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
3 3
30
35
uv u v
u v
+ =
+ =

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
30 30
3 35 125
30 5 2 3
6 3 2
5
u v uv u v uv
u v u v uv u v
u v uv u v u u
uv v v
u v
+ = + =

+ + = + =

+ = + = = =

= = =
+ =

Vi
3
3 3
3
3 3
2 35 8
35 2
x
x u
v x
x
= = =

= =
=
3
3
3
27
x
x
x
=
=

Vi
3
3 3
2
2 2
3 35 27
35 3
x
x u
v x
x
= = =

= =
=
3
2
2
8
x
x
x
=
=

9) ( )
3 3
2 3 3 2 1 x x + =
( )
3
3
2
1 3 2
3
x
x
+
=
195
Hm s
3
2
3
x
y
+
= lun ng bin trn nn c
hm s ngc l
3
3 2 y x = . V vy, honh giao im ca hai th
3
2
3
x
y
+
= v
3
3 2 y x = cng chnh l honh giao im ca hai th y x = v
( )
3
1
2
3
y x = + .
Do phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3
2
3
x
x
+
=
3
3 2 0
2 1
x x
x x
+ =
= =

10) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 2
3 3
2 1 3 1 1 0 1 x x x + + + =
V 1 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca ( ) 1 cho ( )
2
3
1 x + ta
c phng trnh tng ng
( )
2
3 3
1 1
2 3 0
1 1
x x
x x
| |
+ + =
|
+ +
\

t
3
1
,
1
x
t
x
=
+
khi ( ) tr thnh
2
2 3 0 t t + + =
3
3
1 1
1 1
1
9 1 1
2 1 7
1
8
2
1
1
x x
t
x x
x
t x
x
x
x

= =

= + +
=

=
=

+
+

Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l
9
.
7
x =
11)
3
2 6 1 2 0(1) x x + + =
t
3 3 3
1 1 1 . t x t x x t = = = Phng trnh (1) tr thnh

( )
3 3
3
2 1 6 2 0 2 6 4 0
1
3 2 0
2
t t t t
t
t t
t
+ + = =
=
=

+ Vi
3
1 1 1 2. t x x = = =
196
+ Vi
3
2 1 2 1 8 7. t x x x = = = =
12)
2
3 1 3 8 3(1) x x x + = +
iu kin: 1. x Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2
3 1 3 8 3 0. x x x + + =
Xt hm s
2
( ) 3 1 3 8 3, 1. f x x x x x = + +
( )
3
3
( ) 6 8
2 1
3
( ) 6 0, 1
4 1
f x x
x
f x x
x
= +
+
= < >
+

Suy ra hm s li trn [ 1; ). + Vy, phng trnh (1) nu c nghim s khng qu hai
nghim, ta c (0) (3) 0. f f = = Do phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 0; 3. x x = =
Ch . Chng ta c th gii bi ton ny bng phng php bin i tng ng, c th:
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
2
2
4 3 2 2
2
2
3 8 3 0
3 8 3 0
(1)
9 48 82 57 0 9 1 3 8 3
3 8 3 0
0
3. 3 9 21 19 0
x x
x x
x x x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x
+
+

+ = + = +

+
=

= + =

13)
2
3 1 1(1) x x x x + + = + +
iu kin: 0. x Phng trnh (1) vit li di dng
2
3 1 1 0. x x x x + + =
Xt hm s
2
( ) 3 1 1, 0. f x x x x x x = + +
( )
3 3
1 3
( ) 2 1
2 2 3 1
1 9
( ) 2 0, 0.
4
4 3 1
f x x
x x
f x x
x
x
= +
+
= < >
+

Lp lun ging Bi IV.3.12) ta cng c phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0; 1. x x = =
Ch . Nu s dng phng php bin i tng ng s nhn c phng trnh bc 8,
khi cho d nhm c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = th chng ta vn phi thc hin tip vic
gii phng trnh bc 6 v iu ny kh c th i n kt qu.
IV.3. 1)
2 2 4
15 15 2 (1). x x x x + + =
iu kin: 0 x
197
t
( ) ( )
2 2
4
15 , 0 . t x x t = + Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
2
2
2 0
1
2
t t
t t
t
t
=
=
=

Ta loi 1 0 t = < .
Vi 2 t = th
2 2
4
( 15) 2 x x + =
( )
2
2 2 4 2
2
1
15 16 15 16 0
16
x
x x x x
x
=
+ = + =

=

Ta loi
2
16 0. x = <
Vi
2
1
1
1.
x
x
x
=
=

So vi iu kin 0 x , ta nhn 1. x =
2)
4
2 2 (2).
2 3
x
x
+ =
+

iu kin: 2 0 2 x x .
t 2 , ( 0). t x t = Khi phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2 2
1
4
2 3 2 2 0 2 0
2 3
t
t t t t t t
t t
=
+ = + = + =
= +

Ta loi 2 0 t = < .
Vi 1 t = th
2 1 2 1 1. x x x = = =
So vi iu kin 2 x , ta nhn 1. x =
3) ( )
6
9 5 3 3
3
x x
x
= +

iu kin:
9
9 5 0
9
(*) 5
3 0 5
3
x x
x
x
x

>

<

Vi iu kin (*) ta c phng trnh (3) tng ng vi
198
( )( )
2
2
9 5 3 9
5 24 27 9
2 3 27 0
3
9
2
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
=
+ =
=
=

So vi iu kin
9
,
5
x ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l 3 x = .
4)
2 2
4 1 3
(4)
x
x x x x x x
=
+ + +

iu kin:
2
2
0
0
0
x x x
x x x
x
+ +

2 2
2
2
(4) 4( ) 3
3 5 3
5 3 3
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
+ + =
+ =
+ = +

2 2
2
3 3 0
9 18 9 25 25
1
16 7 9 0
1
1
9
16
1
9
16
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
+

+ + = +

+ =

So vi iu kin, ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
9
1, .
16
x x = =
5)
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 x x x x + + + + = .(5)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
5 1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 4
x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + = + + =
+ + + + = + + =

199
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1.
1 1
x
x x x x x
x x

+ = =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1 1. x
6)
2 2 2
(2 6 10) 3 11 33 8 0. x x x x x x + + + + =
t
2
3 0 t x x = + , khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
3 2
2 11 10 8 0. t t t + + = Phng trnh ny c ba nghim
1
2; 4;
2
t t t = = = . Ta ch nhn
2; 4. t t = =
Vi 2, t = ta c
2 2
1
3 2 3 4 0
4
x
x x x x
x
=
+ = + =

Vi 4, t = ta c
2 2
3 73
2
3 4 3 16 0
3 73
2
x
x x x x
x
+ = + =
+
=

T phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
3 73
; 1; 4.
2
x x x

= = =
7)
2
2 4 3 2 2 3 2 0 x x x x x + + + = (1). Ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2
2
1 2 ( 2) 3 2 2 3 2 0
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0
2 3 2 2 0
9
2 3 0 2 2 0 2.
2
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x
+ + + =
+ + + = + =
+ =
= + = = =

9
, 2.
2
x x = =
8)
3
2 3 2 3 6 5 8 0. x x + = (1)
t
3
3 3
2
3 2 3 2 .
3
t
t x t x x
+
= = =
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh

3 3
3
3 3
2 18 5 10
2 3 6 5. 8 0 2 3 8 0
3 3
8 5
2 3 8 0 2 24 15 8 0 24 15 8 2
3
t t
t t
t
t t t t t
+
+ = + =
+ = + = =

200
( )( )
3 2 3 2
2
8 2 0 4
24 15 64 32 4 15 4 32 40 0
4
4
2 15 26 20 0 2.
t t
t t t t t t
t
t
t t t t

= + + + =

+ + = =

Vi 2 t = ta c
3
3 2 2 3 2 8 2. x x x = = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l 2. x =
9)
( )
4 4 4
1 32 1 x x x x + = +
iu kin: 0. x
Nhn xt rng 0 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho nn chia hai v ca phng
trnh cho
4
0 x x ta c
4 4
4 4
4 4
1 1
32
1 1 1
32 .
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
+ +
=
+ +
=

t
4 4
4 4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1.
x
t t t
x x x x
+
= = + = + =
Ta c phng trnh
( )
4 5
1 32 32 2. t t t t t = = =
Suy ra
4
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 16 15 .
15
x
x x x
+ = + = = = Tha iu kin (*).
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l
1
.
15
x =
10)
3
2 1 1(1) x x =
t
2
1 0
u x
v x
, suy ra
3 2
1. u v + =
Khi phng trnh (1) c chuyn thnh h
( )
3 2
2
3 2 3
1
1
1
1 2 0 1 1 0
1
0 0 1 2
1 1 0 3
2
v u
v u
u v
u v u u u u u
v u
u u u u
u v v v
u
= = + =

+ = + = + =

= = = =

= = = =

=

201
3 3 3
2 0 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 0 1 3
2 1 10.
x x x
x x x
x x x

= = =

= = =

= = =

Ch . C th t n ph
3
2 t x = nh trnh by Bi IV.3. 8).
11)
3
9 2 1 x x = . Trnh by tng t nh Bi IV.3. 8).
Phng trnh c ba nghim l 1; 10; 17. x x x = = =
12)
3 2 2
2 1 4 4(1) x x + =
Gii tng t nh Bi IV.3. 8). Phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht 0. x =
IV.4. ) ( )
3
1 2 1 2 1 1
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + =
t 1 0 t x =
( )
2
2 2
4
1 1 2 1 2
2
t
t t t t
+
+ + + + = ( ) ( )
2
2 2 4
1 1
2
t
t t
+
+ + =
2
4
1 1
2
t
t t
+
+ + =
2
2
1
4
1 1
2
1
4
1 1
2
t
t
t t
t
t
t t

+ + =

<
+
+ + =

2
2
1
4
2
2
1
4
2
2
t
t
t
t
t

<
+
=

2
2
1
4 4 0
1
0
t
t t
t
t

+ =
<

2
0
t
t
=

Vi 2 1 2 t x = = 1 4 x = 5. x =
Vi 0 1 0 t x = = 1 0 x = 1. x =
Vy, phng trnh c hai nghim l
5
1.
x
x
=

) ( ) 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 x x x + + + + =
t 1 0 t x = +
( )
2
2 2 1 2 4 t t t + + = ( )
2
2 1 4 t t + = ( ) 2 1 4 t t + = 2 4 2 t t + = =
1 2 1 4 3 x x x + = + = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l 3 x = .
202
)
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 4
3 2 2 3 2 4 1
2
x x
x x x
x
+
= + + +
+

iu kin:
2
2 0
2
2 4 0
x
x
x x
+ >
>

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 4 2 x x x x x x + = + + + +
t
2
2 4 0
2 0
u x x
v x
= +
= +

Phng trnh tr thnh
2 2
2 2 3 u v uv = +
2 2
2 3 2 0 u uv v =
2
.
2
u v
v
u
=

Ta ch nhn trng hp 2 . u v =
Vi 2 u v = ta c
2
2 4 2 2 x x x + = +
( )
2 2
3 13
2 4 4 2 6 4 0
3 13
x
x x x x x
x
=
+ = + =
= +

3 13
3 13.
x
x
= +

Ch . C th bin i (1) tng ng vi
( )
2
2
2 2 4
2 4
2 3.
2 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+
= +
+ +
.
t
2
2 4
0
2
x x
t
x
+
= >
+
,
Ta c phng trnh
2
1
2 3 2 0 2
2
t t t t = = = . Ta ch nhn trng hp 2. t = T y
ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
3 13
3 13.
x
x
= +

4)
2 3
2( 3 2) 3 8 x x x + = + .
Ta c
2 3
2( 3 2) 3 8 x x x + = +
2 2
2( 3 2) 3 ( 2)( 2 4) x x x x x + = + +
2 2
2( 3 2) 3 ( 2)( 3 2 2) x x x x x x + = + + + + .
t
2
3 2 t x x = + ta c phng trnh tr thnh [ ] 2 3 ( 2) ( 2) t x t x = + + + (1).
203
iu kin: 0. t
(1)
2 2
4 9 ( 2) ( 2) t x t x ( = + + +

2 2
4 9( 2) 9( 2) 0 t x t x + + =
3
( 2)
4
3( 2)
t x
t x

= +
= +
.
Vi
2 2
3 3
( 2) 3 2 ( 2) 4 9 14 0
4 4
t x x x x x x
= + + = + + = (V nghim).
Vi
2
3( 2) 3 2 3( 2) t x x x x = + + = +
2
6 4 0 x x =
3 13
3 13
x
x
=

= +

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim 3 13 3 13. x x = = +
5)
3 2 3 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) x x x x + = .
iu kin: 1 1 x .
Ta c
3 2 3 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) x x x x + =
2 2 2
( 1 )(1 1 ) 2. 1 x x x x x x + = (1).
t
2
1 , t x x = + 1 1 x
2
2
1
1
2
t
x x
= .
Ta c
2
2
1 0 1 0
1
x
t x x
x
= = =
2
2
x = .
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c 1 2 t (*).
Vi
2
1 , 1 2 t x x t = + th (1) tr thnh
2 2
1 1
(1 ) 2
2 2
t t
t

= (2). Ta c
(2)
2 2
2 ( 1) 2( 1) t t t t =
3 2
2 3 2 0 t t t + =
204
2
( 2)( 2 2 1) 0 t t t + + =
2
2 1
2 1
t
t
t
= +
, kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c
2 2 1 t t = = + .
Vi
2
2 1 2 t x x = + =
2 2
2 0
1 2 2 2
x
x x x

= +
2
2
2 2 2 1 0
x
x x

+ =
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
.
Vi
2
2 1 1 2 1 t x x = + + = +
2 2
1 2
2 2(1 2) (1 2) 1 0
x
x x

+ =

1 2
1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1
2
2
1 2 2 2 1
2
x
x
x
x

=
=
.
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim
2 1 2 2 2 1
2 2
x x

= = .
Ch . Ta c th gii bng phng php lng gic ha bng cch t
sin , [ ; ].
2 2
x t t

= (Do iu kin 1 1 x )
Khi phng trnh c a v
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
3 3
3
sin 1 sin sin 2 1 sin
sin cos 2 sin cos
sin cos 3 sin cos sin cos 2 sin cos
sin cos 2(*)
sin cos 1 2(**)
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t t t t t
t t
t t
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ =

+ =

205
Gii trng hp (*) ta c
2
.
2
x =
Gii trng hp (**) ta c
1 2 2 2 1
.
2
x

=
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim
2 1 2 2 2 1
2 2
x x

= = .
6)
2 3 3 2
1 1 (1 ) (1 ) 2 1 x x x x
(
+ + = +

.
iu kin: 1 1 x (*).
Ta c:
2 3 3 2
1 1 (1 ) (1 ) 2 1 x x x x
(
+ + = +

2 2 2
1 1 ( 1 1 )(2 1 ) (2 1 ) 0 x x x x x
(
+ + + + =

2 2
1 1 .( 1 1 ) 1 (2 1 ) 0 x x x x
(
+ + + =
(

2
2
2 1 0 ( )

1 1 .( 1 1 ) 1 (2)
x VN
x x x
+ =
+ + =

Gii (2):
2
1 1 ( 1 1 ) 1 x x x + + = .
t 1 1 , 2 2 t x x t = + (**).
2
2
1 1
2
t
x = , ta c
(2)
2
1 1 . 1
2
t
t + =
2
2
0
4
1
2
t
t
t
>

4 2
0
4 2 0
t
t t
>

+ =

206
0
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
t
t
t
t
t
>
= +
= +

2 2
2 2
t
t
= +
, kt hp vi iu kin (**) ta c: 2 2 t = .
Vi 2 2 1 1 2 2 t x x = + =
2
2 2
1 1 1 0
1 1 0
1
2
1
1 2 2 1 2 2
2
2
x x x
x x
x
x x
> + <
+ >

=
= =

1 0
1
1 1
2
2 2
x
x
x x
<
= =
tho iu kin (*).

Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim
1
2
x = .
Ch . Chng ta c th gii bng phng php lng gic ha nh sau:
Do iu kin 1 1 x nn t cos , [0; ]. x t t = Khi ta c phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
1 sin 1 cos 1 cos 2 sin 2 sin
1 sin 1 cos 1 cos 1
1 cos 1 cos 0
1 cos 1 cos 0
1
1 sin 2 2sin 1 1 sin
2
1 cos 1 cos 0
1 cos 1 cos 0
1
2 2
cos
cos cos
2
2 2
t t t t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t
t
t t
+ + + = +
+ + =
+

+ = =

+
+

=
= =

2 2
cos .
2 2
t x

= =
7)
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 0. x x x x + = ( ) 1
iu kin: 1 1. x
207
t cos x t = , [0; ]. t
( ) 1
2 2
1 cos 2cos 1 cos 2cos 1 0 t t t t + =
2 sin 2cos sin cos 2 0
2
t
t t t =
2 sin sin2t cos2t = 0
2
t
(v [0; ] sin 0, sin 0
2
t
t t )
2 sin 2 cos 2 0
2 4
t
t
| |
=
|
\

sin cos(2 )
2 4
t
t

=
sin sin( 2 )
2 2 4
t
t

= +

3
sin sin 2
2 4
t
t
| |
=
|
\

3
2 2
2 4
2 2
2 4
t
t k
t
t k
= +
= + +

5 3
2
2 4
3
2
2 4
t
k
k
= +

( )
3 4
10 5
, .
4
6 3
k
t
k
k
t

= +

Do [0; ] t nn ta nhn
3
.
10
t

=
Hay
3
cos
10
x

= l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
8)
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
2 2 1
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+ + =

iu kin:
0
1
x
x

208
t tan . x t = Khi iu kin ca t l
;
2 2
0
4
t
t
t

| |

|
\

( ) 1
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
tan 1
tan 1
tan 1 .
2tan 2tan 1 tan
t
t
t
t t t
+
+
+ + =

( )
( )
2 4 2
2 2
1 1 1
cos 2cos tan 2cos tan 1 tan
1 1 1
cos 2sin cos 2sin cos cos sin
t t t t t t
t t t t t t t
+ =
+ =

( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 2
2
2sin cos sin cos sin 1
2sin 1 2sin 2sin 0
2sin sin sin 0
sin 2sin sin 1 0
0
sin 0
sin 1 .
2
1
sin
2
6
t t t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
t
t t
t
t
+ =
=
+ =
+ =

= =

=
=

So snh iu kin ca t ban u ta thy ch c gi tr
6
t

= tha.
Vy, vi
6
t

= ta c
1
tan .
6 3
x x
= =
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l
1
.
3
x =
IV.5. 1) ( )
2
1 2 0 x x x (1). Ta c
2
2
2 0
(1)
2 0
1 0
x x
x x
x
>

1 2
1 2
1
x x
x x
x
= =
< >

1
2
x
x
=

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 x hoc 1 x = .
209
2)
( )
2 2
1 2 0 x x x (1). Ta c
2
2
2
1 2 2 0
1
(1) 1 1
1 0
2
1 2
2 0
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
= = =

< >
>

1
2
x
x

.
3)
2
2 5 x x x < (1). Ta c
( )
2
2
2
5 0
(1) 2 0
2 5
x
x x
x x x
>
<
2
5
0 2
2 12 25 0
x
x
x x
<
+ >
0 2 x .
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 2 x .
4)
2
3 2 3 0 x x x + > (1). Ta c
2
(1) 3 2 3 x x x + > +
( )
2
2
2
3 0
3 2 0
3 0
3 2 3
x
x x
x
x x x
+ <
+ > +

3
1 2
3
9 7 0
x
x x
x
x
<

+ <

3
3
7
9
x
x
x
<
<

7
9
x <
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l
7
9
x < .
5) 3 2 2 4 0 x x x + + + + > (1)
iu kin: 2 x (*)
(1) 3 2 2 4 x x x + + + > +
2 5 2 ( 3)( 2) 2 4
1
( 3)( 2) (2)
2
x x x x
x x
+ + + + > +
+ + >

Bt phng trnh (2) lun ng. Kt hp vi (*) ta c 2 x l nghim ca (1).
6)
2 2
3 5 7 3 5 2 1 x x x x + + + + > (1)
t
2
3 5 2 0(*) t x x = + +
(1) tr thnh
2
5 1 . t t + > + (2)
210
Do 0 t nn 1 0. t + > V vy bnh phng hai v ca (2) ta c
2 2
5 1 2 2 t t t t + > + + < . Nh vy ta c
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
3 5 2 0
0 2 3 5 2 2
2 1 3
.
3 5 2 4
3 3 1
2
3
x
x
x x
x
t x x
x
x x
x

<
+ +

< + + <

<
+ + <
< <

2 1
2 1
.
3 3
x
x
<
<

7) 9 1 4 x x x x + + + + + (1)
iu kin:
0 0
9 0 9
0.
1 0 1
4 0 4
x x
x x
x
x x
x x

+

+

+

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
(1) 2 9 2 9 2 5 2 5 4 2 9 5 4
4 4 9 9 5 4 9 (*)
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

Ta c bt phng trnh (*) ng vi mi 0 x .
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 x .
8) 5 1 1 2 4 x x x > . (1)
iu kin:
1
5 1 0
5
1 0 1 2
2 4 0 2
x
x
x x x
x x

Vi 2 x
(1) 5 1 2 4 1 x x x > +

2 2 2
2
5 1 2 4 1 2 (2 4)( 1) (2 4)( 2) 2, ( 2)
(2 4)( 1) ( 2) 4 4 2 6 4
10 0 0 10.
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
> + + < +
< + + + > +
< < <

Kt hp vi iu kin 2 x ta c 2 10 x < . Vy, 2 10 x < l nghim ca bt cho.
9)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 9 7 x x x x x x + + + + + + + (1)
211
iu kin:
2
2
2
3 2 0
6 5 0
2 9 7 0.
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
+ +
2
1
5 5
1 1
7
2
1
x
x
x x
x x
x
x

(*)
Vi iu kin bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2 2
2 2
2 9 7 2 ( 1)( 2). ( 1)( 5) 2 9 7
( 1) ( 2)( 5) 0 ( 1) ( 2)( 5) 0
1
2
5.
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x
x
x
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + =
=

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 1 x = , 5 x = l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
10)
2 2 2
2 2 3 4 5. x x x x x x + + + +
iu kin:
2
2
2
2 0
2 1
5
2 3 0 3 1
1.
5 1
4 5 0
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
+

Ta c
2 2 2
2 2 3 4 5. x x x x x x + + + +
2 2 2 2
2 3 5 2 ( 2)( 2 3) 4 5. x x x x x x x x + + + + +
2
( 1) 2 ( 1) ( 2)( 3) 0 x x x x x + + + .
Vi 5 x ta c
2
( 1) 2 ( 1) ( 2)( 3) 0
( 1) 2( 1) ( 2)( 3) 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + +
+ +

( 1)( 2 ( 2)( 3) ) 0 x x x x + + (*)
Nhn xt: Vi 5 x suy ra 1 0 x < v 2 ( 2)( 3) 0 x x x + + < . Suy ra (*) v nghim.
Vi 1 x suy ra 1 0 x
Ta c
2
( 1) 2 ( 1) ( 2)( 3) 0 x x x x x + + +
212
( 1) 2( 1) ( 2)( 3) 0 x x x x x + + +
( 1)( 2 ( 2)( 3) ) 0 ( 1)( 2 ( 2)( 3)) 0. x x x x x x x x + + + + + + =
1. x = (Do 2 ( 2)( 3) 0, 1 x x x x + + + > )
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l 1. x =
11)
2
1 1 4
3(1)
x
x

<
iu kin:
2
1
1 1 0
1 4 0
2
2 2
1 0
0 0
2
x
x x
x
x x
<

<

+ Xt trng hp
1
0.
2
x <
( )
2
2
2
2
1 3 0
(1) 1 4 1 3
1 4 1 3
1
0. 3
13 6 0
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
>
<

<
<
<
>

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l
1
0.
2
x <
+ Xt trng hp
1
0 .
2
x <
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1 3 0
1 4 0
(1) 1 4 1 3
1 3 0
1 4 1 3
1
3
1 1
1 1
1
3 2
2 2 0 .
1 2
1 0
3
3
13 6 0
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
<

>
>
>

<
<

<
<

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l
1
0 .
2
x <
213
Vy, nghim bt phng trnh cho l
1 1
0 0 .
2 2
x x < <
Ch . Chng ta c th nhn hai v ca bt phng trnh cho vi biu thc lin hp ca
2
1 1 4 . x Khi (1) tng ng vi
( )( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
1 1 4 1 1 4
3 1 1 4
4 3 1 1 4 .
x x
x
x
x x
+
< +
< +

n y bi ton c a v dng c bn.
IV.6. 1)
2 2
2 4 3 4 5 x x x x + + (1)
iu kin: 1 3 x x (*)
(1)
2 2
2 4 3 4 5 0 x x x x + + +
( )
( )
2
2
1 4 3 1 0 2 x x + + +
Ta thy vi mi x tha (*) th (2) lun lun ng.
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l 1 3 x x .
2) ( )
5 1
5 2 4 1
2 2
x x
x x
+ + +
iu kin: 0. x >
(1)
2
1 1
5 2 1 0
2 2
x x
x x
(
| | | |
+ + + (
| |
\ \ (

.
t
1 1
2 . 2.
2 2
t x x
x x
= + =
Khi , (1) tr thnh
2
1
2 5 2 0 2
2
t t t t + . Ta ch nhn 2. t
( )
2
2
1
2 2 2 1 4 2 1 16
2
3 2 2
2
4 12 1 0
3 2 2
2
t x x x x x
x
x
x x
x
+ + +
.
3 2 2 3 2 2
0; ;
2 2
x
| ( |
+
+
| (
|
\
.
214
3) ( )( ) ( ) 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 1 x x x x x + + + + >
iu kin: 1 x
(1)
( )
( )
2
1 3 1 3 6 0 2 x x x x + + + + + >
t 1 3 0 t x x = + + >
(2) tr thnh ( )
2
6 0 2 3 3 t t t t + > > <
Do 0 t > nn t (3) ta nhn 2 t > 1 3 2 x x + + >
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 x x x x x x x x x + + + > + + + > + + >
Bt phng trnh trn ng vi mi 1. x >
Vy, 1 x > l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
4) ( )
3 2
3 1 2 0 1 x x x x + + + + >
t 1 t x x = +
Xt hm s ( ) 1 y f x x x = = +
3 2 2 2 3
0 ;
3 9 2 1
x
y x y
x
+
= = = =
+

Bng bin thin

T bng bin thin ta suy ra
2 3
, 1
9
t x
(1) Tr thnh
2
2
3 2 0
1
t
t t
t
<
+ + >
>

Kt hp vi iu kin ca t ta c
2 3
.
9
t
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1. x
5) ( )
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 181 14 1 x x x x x + + + + <
iu kin:
6
7
x .
215
t 7 7 7 6 0 t x x = + + >
( )( )
2 2 2
14 1 2 7 7 7 6 1 14 2 49 7 42 t x x x t x x x = + + + = + +
(1)
2 2
13
1 181 0 182 0
14
t
t t t t
t
<
+ < + <

>

Do 0 0 13. t t > < <
Nh vy ta c
2
6
7
7 7 7 6 13
14 1 2 49 7 42 169
x
x x
x x x
+ + <

+ + + <

( )
2
2
2
6
6
7
7
7 84 0
49 7 42 7 84
49 7 42 7 84
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
+ >

+ < +
+ < +

6
12 6
6. 7
7
6
x
x
x
<
<

6
;6
7
x
|

.
6) ( )
2
2( 2) 2 2 1 x x x x + +
in kin: 0. x
t 2, u x v x = =
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
0
0
1 2 2
2 0 2 2
u v
u v
u v u v
u v uv u v u v
+ +
+ +

+ + +

( )
2
0
0 0 2 0 0
0
0
u v
u v u v u u
u v u v u v u v
u v
+
+ +

= = = =

( )
2
2
2
2 0 2 2
4.
1 4 5 4 0 2 2
x
x x x
x
x x x x x x x x

=

= = + = = =

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 4. x =
7) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1. x x x x + + > + +
216
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
1
2
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
x
x x x x
x
x x x x x x
+ + > + +
+ + > + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0
x
x
x
x x x x x x

+ + + > + >

1
.
2
x
8) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 2 4 1 x x x x x + + +
Xt 4. x = (1) ng. Do 4 x = l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt ( )
2 2
2 2
0
0
4. 1 2 4 2 4 0 2
2
2 4
x
x
x x x x x x x
x
x x x

> + +

Suy ra 2 x l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt ( )
2
4. 1 2 4 x x x x < +
Bt phng trnh ng vi mi 4. x < Do , 4 x < l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 4. x x

Ch . C th t
2
2 4 3. t x x = + Khi (1) c a v dng
( )
2
4 4 0(2). x t x t Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc hai theo bin , x ta c
( )
2
4 t = + do v tri ca (2) c cc nghim l 4; . x x t = =
Nh vy, (2) c vit li l ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
4 0 4 2 4 0. x x t x x x x + + +
n y vic gii bt phng trnh khng c g kh.
9) ( )
2 2
1 2 2 1 x x x x +

t
2
2 0, t x x = + (1) tr thnh
( )( )
2 2
2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0(2). t x xt t xt x t x t + Do
2
2 0, t x x = +

Nn (2) tng ng vi
217
2
2 1 0 2 2 1 0 t x x x x +
( )
2 2
2 2
2
1
1
2
2
2 2 1 2 0 2 0 0.
3 2 1 0
2 2 1
x
x
x x x x x x x x
x x
x x x
+ + +

+ +
+ +

Vy, 0 x l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
10) ( ) ( )( ) 1 2 1 3 1 1 x x x
Xt 1, x = (1) ng suy ra 1 x = l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt ( )
1
2 1 0
1, 1 2 1 3 2
2 1 9
5
x x
x x
x
x

>

Suy ra 1 5 x < l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt ( ) 1, 1 2 1 3 2 1 9 5, x x x x < trng hp ny b loi.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1 5. x
11)
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 6 0 x x x + >
t
2
1 0 t x = , ta c bt phng trnh
2 3 2 2
( 1) 6 0 6 0 ( 2)( 3) 0 2 t t t t t t t t t t + > + > + + > > .
Nh vy ta c
2 2
5
1 2 1 4
5
x
x x
x
<
> >
>

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 5 5. x x < >
12) 2 1 5 4 . x x x
t
2
2
1
2 1 0 2 1 .
2
t
t x t x x
+
= = = Ta c bt phng trnh
( )( )( )
2 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
5 4. 10 4 4
2 2
4 6 0 2 3 1 0
t t
t t t t
t t t t t t
| | | | + +
+
| |
\ \
+ + + +

1 0, ( 0)
1.
t t
t

218
Nh vy ta c
1
1
2 1 1 1. 2
2
1
x
x x
x

1
1.
2
x
13)
3 2 2
2 2 (1) x x x x x x x + < +
iu kin:
2
3 2
2 0
2 0 2.
0
x x
x x x
x

2 2
(1) 2 2 x x x x x x x x + < +
t
2
2 u x x
v x
, iu kin , 0. u v Ta c bt phng trnh

( )( )
2 3 2 3 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 0
( )
0 2 0 2
1 0
1 0 1
( )
0
2 0 2
uv v v u uv v v u v u v
x x
v
I
u v x x x x x x
v
x x
II
u v
x x x x x x
+ < + + < <

< <
<

> > >

>
> >

<
< <

Do 2 x nn ( ) I v nghim.
Ta gii ( ) II
2 2
2
1 1
1.
2
2
x x
x
x x x
x x x
> >
>

<
<

Kt hp vi iu kin 2 x th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2. x
IV.7. 1)
16 2
41 3
x x
+ (1)
2
2
3 0
41 16
0
(1)
2
3 0
41 16 2
3
x
x
x
x
x
x x

+

| |

+
|

\

2
2
0
3
16
0
41
2
0
3
(41 16) 9 12 4
x
x x
x x
x x x x

<

<
>

= + +

2
2
0
3
2
0
3
8 7 1 0
x
x x
x x

<
>

219
2
0
3
2
0
3
1
1
8
x
x x
x x

<
>

2
0
3
2
1
3
x
x x

<

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 1. x x <
2)
2 2
(2 12 2 ) x x x x + (1)
iu kin:
2
12 2 0 1 13 1 13 x x x +
Xt 0. x = Bt phng trnh (1) ng nn 0 x = l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt 0 1 13 x < +
2
2
0 1 13
2 12 2
0 1 13
12 2 2
x
x x x
x
x x x
< +
< +

2 2
2
2 1 13
12 2 4 4
2 1 13
4 0
2 1 13
1 17 1 17
2 2
1 17
1 13
2
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
+
+

Xt 1 13 0. x <
2
2
1 13 0
2 12 2
1 13 0
12 2 2
1 13 0.
x
x x x
x
x x x
x
<
<
<

220
1 17
1 13 0 1 13.
2
x x
+
+
3)
2
4 0
x
x
x
+ (1). Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2 2 2
2
2 2
0 0
0
4 1 0 4 1 4 0
0 0 0
4 1
4 1 0 4 1
0
2 2 0 2
3 2
0
3 0 0
3 3
x x
x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
> >
>

+

< < <

>

<

< <

3 2
0
x
x

4)
2
2
13 40
0
19 78
x x
x x
+

(1)
iu kin:
2
19 78 0 x x > 6 13 x < < (*). Khi
2
(1) 13 40 0
5 8.
x x
x
+

So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 6 8. x <
5) 1 0 x x < (1)
Bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2
2
0
0
0
0
1 1
1 5 1 5
1 0
0 0 2 2
1 0
1 0
1 0
1
1 5
1 5 0
1 .
2
2
1 0
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x

> > +
+ < < <

< <
<

<
+
+ >

+
+ <
<
<

1 5
1 .
2
x
+
<
221
6)
( )
2
2 16
7
3
3 3
x
x
x x
+ >

(1)
iu kin:
2
4 4 16 0
4(*)
3 3 0
x x x
x
x x

> >

( ) ( )
2 2
(1) 2 16 3 7 2 16 10 x x x x + > >
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
10 0
10
2 16 0
4 4
10 10 0
20 132 0
2 16 100 20
10
10
10
10 232 10 232 10
10 232 10 232
10 232
10 232
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
<
>
+ >
> +

>
>
< + <

< > +

<

> +

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 10 232. x > +
7)
2
4 4 4 2 8 0(1) x x x x x + + + >
iu kin: 0. x (1) tng ng vi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 4 4 2 8 0 4 4 2 4 0
4 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2
4
4 4 .
3
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
+ + + > + + + >
+ + > + > + >
+ > <

4
0 .
3
x <
8)
2
2
1 3
1 .
1
1
x
x
x
+ >

iu kin: 1. x <
2 2
2
2
1 3
1
1
1
x x x
x
x
+
+ >
2
2
2
3
2 0
1
1
x x
x
x
+ >

(1).
222
t
2
1
x
t
x
=
, khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

2
3 2 0 t t + >
1
2.
t
t
<
>

a) Vi 1 t < th
2
1
x
x
<1
2
1 x x < (2).
Nu 1 0 x < th bt phng trnh (2) ng.
Nu 0 1 x < < th bt phng trnh (2)
2 2
1 x x <
1
0 .
2
x < <
Tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh (2) l
1
1
1; .
2
S
| |
=
|
\

b) Vi 2 t > th
2
1
x
x
> 2, do iu kin 1, x < nn ta c bt phng trnh
2
2 1 x x > (3).
Bt phng trnh (3)
2 2
0
4(1 )
x
x x
>
>

2 5
.
5
x >
Kt hp vi iu kin 1 x < ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh (3) l
2
2 5
;1 .
5
S
| |
=
|
|
\

Tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l S =
1 2
S S =
1
1;
2
| |

|
\
2 5
;1 .
5
| |
|
|
\

9)
3
1 1(1) x x > +
Cch 1. Ta nhn thy rng 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca (1) nn iu kin ca n l
0. x > Vi iu kin 0 x > th hai v ca bt phng trnh (1) u dng nn bnh phng
hai v ca bt phng trnh ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0. x x x x x x x x > + > + + >
t
3
1 1, ( 0) t x x = > > ta c

3 2
3
3
2 0 ( 1)( 2) 0 ( 2) 0, ( 1 0)
2 1 2 9
1 0 0 1.
1 1 0
t t t t t t t t t
t x x
t x
x
> + > > + >
> > >

< < < <
< <

Cch 2. t
3 3 3
1 1 1. t x t x x t = = = + Ta c bt phng trnh
3
1 1 (2) t t + > + . Ta cng nhn thy rng 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca (1) nn iu
kin ca n l 0, x > do 1 0. t + >
223
Bnh phng hai v ca (2) ta c
( )( )
3 2 3 2
1 2 1 2 0 1 2 0. t t t t t t t t t + > + + > + >
n y tip tc gii nh Cch 1 ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
10)
2
2
3 5(1)
4
x
x
x
+ >

iu kin:
2
2
x
x
<
>

Trng hp 1: 2 x < . Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Trng hp 2: 2 x > . Bnh phng hai v ca (1) ta c bt phng trnh tng ng
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
4 2
2
2
2 4 4
45 45
4
4 4
4 4
4
45
4
4
4
45 0.
4
4
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
| |
+ > + + >
|

\
+
+ >

+ >

t
2
2
0.
4
x
t
x
= >

Ta c bt phng trnh
2
9
4 45 0
5
t
t t
t
<
+ >
>

Do 0 t > nn ta chn
2 4
4 2
2
2
2
2
5 5 25 25 100 0
4
4
20 2 5 2 5
5
5 5
x x
t x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
> > > + >
> < >

< < <

Kt hp vi iu kin 2 x > ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 5 2 5. x x < < >
IV.8. ( ) 5 2 6 4 6 2 1 x x x x m + =
Ta c (1) tng ng vi
( ) ( )
2 2
6 1 6 2
6 1 6 2 .
x x m
x x m
+ =
+ =

t 6 0 t x = . Ta c phng trnh 1 2 (2) t t m + =
224
Xt hm s ( ) 1 2 f t t t = + vi 0 t
2 3; 0 1
( ) 1 ;1 2
2 3 ; 2
t t
f t t
t t
+ <
= <

V th hm s ( ) f t
t
O
f(t)
3
1
2
1

Da vo th ta c, phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi 1 3. m <
IV.9. 1) Ta c
2 2
4 4 x x x x m + + =
2 2
2( 4 ) 4 2 4 ) 2 4 x x x x m + + + = +
2 2 2
2( 4 ) ( 4 ) 2 4 x x x x m + + + = + (1).
iu kin:
2
4 0 2 2 x x .
t
2
( ) 4 , 2 2. t f x x x x = = + Khi (1) tr thnh
2
2 2 4 (2) t t m + = +
Ta tm min gi tr ca . t
Ta c
2
2 2
4
( ) 1 0 0
4 4
x x x
f x
x x

= = =

2 2
2
4
4
0 2.
2 2
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x
x
=
=
=

< <

< <

Cc im ti hn ca hm s ( ) f x l 2; 2; 2 x x x = = = .
Ta c: ( 2) 2 f = ; (2) 2 f = ; ( 2) 2 2 f = .
[ ] 2;2
( ) 2 2 Maxf x
= ,
[ ] 2;2
( ) 2 Min f x
= . Vy, 2; 2 2 t
(

. Nh vy, (1) c nghim
225
[ 2; 2] x khi v ch khi (2) c nghim 2; 2 2 t
(

. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
2 4 m+ thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
( ) 2 g t t t = + trn on [ 2; 2 2].
2
( ) 2 g t t t = + ( ) 2 2 0 g t t = + = 1 t = .
Bng bin thin ca hm ( ) g t

Phng trnh (2) c nghim khi 1 2 4 8 4 2 m + +
5
2 2 2
2
m + .
Vy, khi
5
2 2 2
2
m + th phng trnh cho c nghim.
2)
2
1 4 1
4 4( 2 ) x x m
x x x
+ + = + + (1).
iu kin: 0. x > Ta c
(1)
2
2
1 1 1
2.2 . (2 ) 4( 2 ) x x x m
x x x
| |
+ + = + +
|
\

2
1 1
2 4( 2 ) x x m
x x
| |
+ = + +
|
\

2
1 1
2 4 2 x x m
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
.
t
1
2 t x
x
= + ta c phng trnh
2
4 (2) t t m =
Ta tm min gi tr ca . t
2
2 2
1 1
0 1.
x x
t x
x x x x
= + = = = Lp bng bin thin ca hm

1
2 t x
x
= + trn min
(0; ) + ta c min gi tr ca t l [3; ). +
226
Xt hm s
2
( ) 4 , [3; ). f t t t t = + Ta c ( ) 2 4 0 2 f t t t = = = .
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
2
( ) 4 , [3; ) f t t t t = + ta c min gi tr ca hm s l
[ 3; ). +
Phng trnh (2) c nghim khi v ch khi 3. m .
Vy, 3 m th phng trnh cho c nghim.
IV.10.
2 2 2 3
5
4 2 0(1)
3
x m x m
| |
+ + + =
|
\

t
2
4 2 t x = + .
( ) ( )
2 2 3
5
1 2 0(2).
3
t m t m
| |
+ + =
|
\
Nh vy, phng trnh (1) c nghim x khi v ch
khi phng trnh (2) c nghim 2. t
Tam thc bc hai ( ) f t v tri ca (2) c
( )
( )
2
2 3
3 2
5
4 2 0 , 0.
3
4
2 2
3
m m m
f m m
| |
= + + > >
= +

Xt ( )
3 2
4
2 .
3
g m m m = +
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
4
3 4 ; 0 3
0
m
g m m m g m
m
= + =

Ta c bng bin thin

Nh vy, vi mi 0 m > th ( ) 0 g m < . Hay ( ) 2 0 f < vi mi 0. m >
T suy ra vi mi 0 m > th phng trnh ( ) 2 lun lun c hai nghim
1 2
, t t phn bit,
v
1 2
2 . t t < <
T ta kt lun c phng trnh cho lun c nghim vi mi 0. m >
227
IV.11.
2
1 4 5 4 2 0 x x x x x m + + + + + + + + = (1)
iu kin:
1 0 1
1.
4 0 4
x x
x
x x
+

+

(1)
( ) ( )
2
1 5
1 4 1 4 2 0
2 2
x x x x m + + + + + + + + =
t 1 4 t x x = + + + , 1. x R rng hm s 1 4 t x x = + + + ng bin trn na
khong [ 1; ). + Do vi 0 x th 3. t
2
2 4 5 0 t t m + + = (2)
(1) c nghim khng m khi v ch khi (2) c nghim 3. t iu ny c tha khi v ch
khi 5 4m thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
( ) 2 f t t t = + trn na khong [3; ). +
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t ta nhn c min gi tr ca hm s trn na khong
[3; ) + l [15; ). + Vy gi tr cn tm ca tham s m phi tha
5
5 4 15 4 10 .
2
m m m
Vy, vi
5
2
m th phng trnh cho c nghim khng m.
IV.12. 5 7 (5 )(7 ) 2 1 x x m x x m + + + + = + (1)
t 5 7 , 5 7 t x x x = + +
Xt ( ) 5 7 t h x x x = = + + (*)
1 1
( ) 0 1
2 5 2 7
t h x x
x x
= = = =
+

Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) h x

Da vo bng bin thin ca hm s ( ), h x ta c nhn xt sau:
ng vi 2 6 t = th (*) cho ta mt gi tr x
ng vi mi gi tr t tha 2 3 2 6 t < th (*) cho ta hai gi tr x
ng vi mi gi tr t tha 2 3 2 6 t t < > th (*) v nghim . x
Ta c (1)
2
12
2 1
2
t
t m m
| |
+ = +
|
\

228
2
2 2
16
t
m
t
(2)
Xt
2
2 2
( )
16
t
f t
t
vi 2 3; 2 6 t
(

2
2 2
2 4 32
( ) 0,
(16 )
t t
f t
t
+
= >
2 3; 2 6 t
(

Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t

Da vo nhn xt trn v bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t ta c kt qu nh sau:
i) Nu
1 2 6
4
m

= th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim.
ii) Nu
1 2 6
4
2 3 1
2
m
m

<
th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim.

iii) Nu
1 2 6 2 3 1
4 2
m

< < th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
IV.13.
2 4
3 1 1 2 1. x m x x + + =
iu kin: 1 x .
Vi 1 x ta c
2 4
3 1 1 2 1 x m x x + + =
2 4
2 1 3 1
1
x x
m
x

=
+
4
1 1
2 3
1 1
x x
x x

=
+ +
. (1)
t
4
1
1
x
t
x
=
+
.
Xt hm s
4
1
( )
1
x
h x t
x
= =
+
Ta c
3
2
4
1
( ) 0,
1
2( 1)
1
h x
x
x
x
= >
| |
+
|
+
\
1 x >
Do hm s ( ) h x ng bin trn [ ) 1; + . Ta c (1) 0 h = ;
4
1
lim 1.
1
x
x
x
+
| |
=
|
|
+
\

229
Vy, khi 1 x th 0 1 t <
(1) tr thnh
2
3 2 m t t = +
Xt hm s
2
( ) 3 2 f t t t = +
( ) 6 2. f t t = +
1
( ) 0 6 2 0 .
3
f t t t = + = =
Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t

Da vo bng bin thin ta c
Vi 0 1 t < th
1
1 ( )
3
f t < .
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l
1
1
3
m < .
IV.14.
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 1 2 6 2 2 1 m x x x x x x + + + + +
t
2
2 2 t x x = +
Bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh ( )
2
1 4 m t t t + + +
Vi [ ] 0; 2 x th 1; 2 t
(

V 1; 2 t
(

nn 1 0, t + do
( ) ( )
2
4
1 2 .
1
t t
m
t
+ +

+

Nh vy, ( ) 1 c nghim [ ] 0; 2 x khi v ch khi ( ) 2 c nghim 1; 2 . t
(

iu ny
c tha khi v ch khi
2
1; 2
4
.
1 t
t t
Min m
t
(

| | + +
|
+
\

Xt ( )
2
4
, 1; 2
1
t t
f t t
t
+ +
(
=

+

( )
( )
2
2
1
2 3
0
3
1
t
t t
f t
t
t
= +
= =
=
+

230
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t ta kt lun c hm s ( )
2
4
1
t t
f t
t
+ +
=
+
ng bin
trn on [1; 2]. T ta c
1; 2
( ) (1) 3.
t
Min f t f
(

= =
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 3. m
IV.15. ( )
4 4 4
4 4 6 1 x x m x x m + + + + + =
t
4 2 4 4
4 0 4 t x x m t x x m = + + = + +
Khi phng trnh ( ) 1 thnh
2
2
6
3 0
t
t t
t
=
+ =
= <
2. t =
Vi 2 t = ta c
4 4
4 2 x x m + + =
4
4
4 16
4 16
x x m
m x x
+ + =
= +

Xt hm s ( )
4
4 16 f x x x = +
( )
( )
3
4 4
0 1
f x x
f x x
=
= =

Lp bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c gi tr mcn tm l 19. m<
IV.16. ( )( )
2
2 3 1 3 x x m x = + ( ) 1
V 1 m > nn 1 0. m+ > Do ta phi c iu kin 3 0 3. x x Khi ta c
( ) 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 1 3 x x m x + = +

( )
( )
( )
3 2
3 1 3 1 0
3
3 3 0
1 3 1 3 1(2) 1 3 1 0
x x x m
x
x x
x x m x x x m x x m
(
+ + =

= = =

+ = + = + + + =

Nh vy phng trnh (1) lun c mt nghim 3. x = Ta chng minh phng trnh (2) c
mt nghim trong khong (3; ). +
231
Tht vy, xt hm s
3 2 2
1
( ) 3, ( ) 3 2 1, ( ) 0
1
.
3
x
f x x x x f x x x f x
x
=
= = =

Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x ta kt lun c vi mi 1 m > th phng trnh (2)
c mt nghim trong khong (3; ). +
Vy, vi mi 1 m > phng trnh cho lun c hai nghim thc phn bit.
IV.17. ( )
3
1 1 x mx m + = + ( ) 1
iu kin: 1. x Ta c nhn xt rng 1 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh (1). Do
nghim ca phng trnh phi tha 1. x >
t 1 0. t x = >
( )
3 2
1 1 0 t mt + = ( ) 2 . Ta chng minh (2) c mt nghim duy nht 0 t > vi mi . m
Tht vy ta c
( )
2 3
2 1 mt t =
3
2
1 t
m
t
=
Xt hm s ( )
3
2
1
, 0.
t
f t t
t
= >
Ta c ( )
3
2
1 f t
t
=
( ) 0 f t =
3
2
1 0
t
=
3
2 0 t =
3
2. t =
( ) ( ) lim ; lim .
t t o
f t f t
+
+
= = +
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, ta c ng thng y m = lun lun ct th hm s
( )
3
2
1
, 0
t
f t t
t
= > ti mt im duy nht. Suy ra phng trnh (2) c mt nghim duy nht
0 t > vi mi . m
Vy, vi mi gi tr ca m th phng trnh cho lun c mt nghim duy nht.
IV.18.
2
(4 )(6 ) 2 (1) x x x x m + +
232
Gi s (1) ng vi mi [ 4; 6], x khi (1) cng ng vi 1 x = , tc l
(4 1)(6 1) 1 2 6. m m + +
Vi 6, m suy ra
2
1 5 1 ( 1) 5. m m x + Vi iu kin [ 4; 6] x th
4 0, 6 0, x x + do theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
(4 ) (6 )
(4 )(6 ) 5.
2
x x
x x
+ +
+ = Nh vy ta c

(4 ) (6 )
(4 )(6 ) 5
2
x x
x x
+ +
+ =
2 2
( 1) 1 2 . x m x x m + = +
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 6. m
Ch . C th gii bi ton bng cch khc nh sau
t
2
(4 )(6 ) 2 24 0, t x x x x = + = + + 0 t = t ti 4 6. x x = =
2 2
2 24 t x x = + +
1
(4 )(6 ) (4 6 ) 5
2
t x x x x = + + + =
[ ] 5 1 4; 6 t x = =
Nh vy, vi [ ] 4; 6 x th [ ] 0;5 . t
(1) tr thnh
2
24 0(2). t t m + (1) ng vi mi [ 4; 6] x khi v ch khi (2) ng vi
mi [ ] 0;5 . t
Xt hm s
2
1
( ) 24 ( ) 2 1; 0 2 1 0 .
2
g t t t m g t t g t t = + = + = + = =

Suy ra ( ) g t ng bin trn [ ] 0;5
Nn
[ ] 0,5
( ) (5) 6 . Max g t g m = =
[ ]
[ ] 0,5
( ) 0, 0.5 ( ) 0
6 0 6.
g t t Max g t
m m

Vy, vi 6 m th tha yu cu bi ton.
IV.19. 3 1(1) mx x m +
iu kin: 3 x
233
(1) 1 3 mx m x + ( 1) 1 3 m x x +
V 3 x nn 1 0 x > , do (1)
1 3
1
x
m
x
+

(2)
(1) c nghim [ ) 3; x + khi v ch khi (2) c nghim [ ) 3; x + khi v ch khi
[ ) 3;
1 3
.
1
x
x
Max m
x
+
+

Xt hm s
1 3
( )
1
x
f x
x
+
=
, ta c
2 2 2
( 1) 2 3(1 3) 1 2 3 2( 3) 5 2 3
( )
2 3( 1) 2 3( 1) 2 3( 1)
x x x x x x x x
f x
x x x x x x
+ +
= = =

( ) 0 5 2 3 0 f x x x = + =
2 2
2
5 5
(5 ) 4( 3) 25 10 4 12
5
5
7 2 3 7 2 3
14 37 0
7 2 3
x x
x x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x

= + =

= = +

+ =

=

Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, ta c
[ ) 3;
1 3 3 1
1 4
x
x
Max
x
+
+ +
=
.
Vy, gi tr mcn tm l
3 1
4
m
+
.
IV.20.
2
2 2 1 x mx x + + = + (1)
iu kin:
1
2 1 0
2
x x

+
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
(1) 2 2 1 2 4 4 1
3 4 1 0(2)
x mx x x mx x x
x m x
+ + = + + + = + +
+ =

234
t ( )
2
( ) 3 4 1. f x x m x = + Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi
phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit ln hn hoc bng
1
2
. iu ny xy ra khi v
ch khi

( )
( )
( )
2
2
4 12 0
0 16 8 12 0
1 3 1 9
0 3 4 1 0 0
2 4 2 2 4
1
1 4
1
0
0
0
6
2 2
6 2
m
m m
m
af m
m
S m
+ >
> + + >

| | (

|
(
\

>
+ >
+ >

2
8 28 0
9
9 9
. 2
2 2
1
1
0
6
m m
m
m m
m
m
+ >

>

>

Vy, vi
9
2
m th phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
IV.21. ( )( ) ( )
2
1 3 4 5 1 x x m x x + + + +
t
2
4 5 1. t x x = + + Khi (1) tr thnh
2 2
2 2 0. t mt t mt
a) Khi 1 m = , ta c bt phng trnh
2
2 0 2 1. t t t + Nhng v 1 t nn ta phi c
2 2 2
1 4 5 1 4 5 1 4 4 0 2. t x x x x x x x = + + = + + = + + = =
Vy, khi 1 m = th bt phng trnh c nghim 2. x =
b)
2
4 5 1. t x x = + + ( )
2 2
2 4 2
,
2 4 5 4 5
x x
t x
x x x x
+ +
= =
+ + + +
( ) 0 t x =
2
2
0
4 5
2 2; 2 3 .
x
x x
x
+
=
+ +
(
= +

Bng bin thin

235
Nh vy, vi
[ ] 2; 2 3 1; 2 . x t
(
+

Ta bin i ( ) [ ]
2
2
2
1 2 , 1; 2 .
t
t mt m t
t

Xt hm s ( ) [ ]
2
2
, 1; 2 .
t
f t t
t
=
( ) [ ]
2 2 2
'
2 2
2 2 2
0, 1; 2 .
t t t
f t t
t t
+ +
= = >
Ta c ( ) ( ) 1 1, 2 1 f f = =
Vy, ( )
[ ] 1;2
1.
t
Maxf t
=
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi ( )
[ ] 1;2
1.
t
Maxf t m m
< >
IV.22. ( )( ) ( )
2
3 7 4 1 x x x x m + +
t ( )( )
2
3 7 4 21 0 t x x x x = + = + +
Bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
2
21 t t m + +
( )
2
21 2 t t m +
Xt hm s ( ) ( )( ) [ ] 3 7 , 3; 7 t x x x x = +
( )
( )( )
2
0 2
3 7
x
t x x
x x
+
= = =
+

Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, ta thy vi [ ] 3; 7 x th [ ] 0;5 . t
Do , ( ) 1 nghim ng [ ] 3; 7 x khi v ch khi ( ) 2 nghim ng [ ] 0;5 t khi v ch
khi
[ ]
( )
2
0:5
21 .
t
Max t t m
+
Xt hm s ( )
2
21 g t t t = +
( ) [ ] 2 1 0, 0;5 g t t t = + >
236
Ta c (0) 21, (5) 9 g g = =
Vy,
[ ] 0:5
( ) 9
t
Max g t
=
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi ( )
[ ] 1;2
9.
t
Maxg t m m

IV. 23. ( ) 4 2 16 4 1 x x m +
Cch 1.
iu kin:
1
4 2 0
1
4. 2
16 4 0 2
4
x x
x
x
x

Bt phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim khi v ch khi
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
0
4 2 16 4
0
4 2 2 9 4 14
0
14 0
32 2 9 4 14 0
m
x x m
m
x x m
m
m I
x x m

+ +

Do
2
1
2 9 4 0 ; 4
2
x x x
(
+ >
(

nn
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1
32 2 9 4 14 0, ; 4
2
x x m x
(
+ +
(

( )
2
0 0
14.
14 0 14 14
m m
I m
m m m

Vy, vi 14 m th bt phng trnh cho c nghim.
Cch 2. ( ) 4 2 16 4 1 x x m +
( ) 1 c nghim khi v ch khi
( )
1
;4
2
4 2 16 4
x
Min x x m
(
(

+
Xt hm s ( ) 4 2 16 4 y f x x x = = +
( )
2 2
4 2 16 4
y f x
x x
= =

237
16 4 4 2
9
' 0
1
4
4
2
x x
y x
x
= =
< <

Ta c
( )
9 1
2 7; 14; 4 14.
4 2
f f f
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \

Vy, ( )
1
;4
2
14.
x
Min f x
(
(

= Do gi tr mcn tm l 14. m
IV.24.
2
1 (1) x m x
iu kin: 1 1 x
Ta c
2
(1) 1 x x m +
(1) c nghim
[ ]
2
1;1
( 1 )
x
Max x x m

+
Xt hm s [ ]
2
( ) 1 ; 1;1 y f x x x x = = +
2
' 1
1
x
y
x
= +

0 y =
2
1 0
1
1 1
x
x
x

+ =
< <

2
1
1 1
x x
x

< <

2
0
2 1
1 1
x
x
x

< <

0
2
2
2
2
1 1
x
x
x
x

< <

2
2
x =
Ta c ( 1) 1 f = ; (1) 1 f = ;
2
( ) 2
2
f = .
238
Suy ra
[ ]
2
1;1
( 1 ) 2
x
Max x x

+ = . Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 2. m
IV.25.
2
12 3 (1) x x m
iu kin: [ ] 2; 2 . x Ta c
2
(1) 12 3 x x m
Xt hm s
2
12 3 y x x = vi [ ] 2; 2 . x
2
2 2
3 12 3 3
1 .
12 3 12 3
x x x
y
x x
+
= =

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
12 3 3 0 12 3 3
12 3 9
2 0
1.
1 1
x
x x
y x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
< <
< < < <

=

+ = =

=
<
=
= =

Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi
2 m = .
IV.26. ( )
2
2 7 1 m x x m + < +
1) Khi
1
2
m = th bt phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 1 0
1 1
2 7 2 7 2 1
2 2 2 7 2 1
1
1 1
2
1. 2 2
3
2 7 4 4 1 2 3 0
1
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x x x
x
+ >
+ < + + < +

+ < +
>

> >

>

<

+ < + + + >

>

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho khi
1
2
m = l ( ) 1; . +
2) Ta c
( )
2 2
2
(1) 2 7 2 7 1 .
2 7 1
x
m x x m m x x m
x
+ < + + < <
+

239

(V
2
2 7 1 0, x x + > )
Xt ( )
2
2 7 1
x
f x
x
=
+
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
7 2 7
2 7 2 7 1
x
f x
x x
+
=
+ +

( )
2 2
2 2
0 2 7 7 2 7 49
2 42 21 21 21.
f x x x
x x x x
= + = + =
= = = =

Ta c
2 2
( ) , ( ) .
2 2 x x
Limf x Limf x
+
= =
21 21
( 21) , ( 21) .
6 6
f f = =
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x ta c
21
( ) .
6 x
Min f x

Vy, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi mi x khi v ch khi
21
( ) .
6 x
m Min f x m
< <

IV.27. ( )
2
2 1 x mx x >1
Vi
1
1;
4
x
(

(

th (1) tng ng vi
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 0. x mx x x mx x x m x > > + + <
t ( ) ( ) 2 1 1. f x m x = +
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
( )
1
1 1
1 0 1 0 ( ) 0
2 1. 4
1
2 1 0
2 1 1 0 (1) 0
2
m
m
m f
m
m m
m f
<
+ < + < <
<

< <

+ < <

Vy, gi tr m tha mn yu cu bi ton l 1. m <
IV.28.
( )
2 2 4 4
2 2 4 2 2 4 m x x x x + + = (1)
iu kin: 2. x
Vi 2, x = phng trnh (1) khng tha. V vy chia hai v ca (1) cho 2 x ta c
2 2 4 4
2 4 2 2 4
1
2 2 2
x x x
m
x x x
| |
+
+ = + |
|

\
4 4
2 2 2
1 2 2 .
2 2 2
x x x
m
x x x
| |
+ + +
+ = +
|
|

\

240
t
4
2
, 1.
2
x
t t
x
+
= >
Ta c phng trnh ( )
2
2
2
1 2 2 .
2 1
t t
m t t t m
t
+
+ = + =
+

Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
2
( ) , 1.
2 1
t t
y f t t
t
+
= = >
+

Ta c
( )
2
2
2 2 2
( ) 0,
2 1
t t
f t
t
+ +
= >
+
do hm s ( ) f t ng bin. Tp gi tr ca hm s ( ) f t
trn min ( ) 1; + l ( ) 1; + . Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1. m >
IV.29.
( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 x x m x x +
iu kin: 1. x Vi iu kin 1 x bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
( )( )
3 2
3
3 2
3
3 1
3 1 1 .
1
x x
m x x x x m
x x
+
+ +

Bt phng trnh cho c nghim 1 x khi v ch khi
m Min
( )( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 , [1; ). x x x x x + + +
Cc hm s y =
( )
3
3 2
3 1; 1 x x y x x + = + ng bin v khng m trn [1; ) + nn hm
s
( )( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 y x x x x = + + cng ng bin trn [1; ). +
Suy ra
( ) ( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 (1) 3. Min x x x x f + + = = Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l
3. m
IV.30.
4 4
2 2 2 6 2 6 .(1) x x x x m + + + =
iu kin 0 6. x t

( ) ( )
4 4
3 3
4 4
1 1 1 1
( ) 2 2 2 6 2 6 , ( )
2 6
2 2 2 6
f x x x x x f x
x x
x x
= + + + = +

( ) ( )
3 3
4 4
1 1 1 1 1
.
2 2 6
2 6
x x
x x
| |
| |
|
= +
|
|

| \
\

( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 6 2 6 2 6
2 6
( ) 0 2.
x x x x x x
x x
f x x
( | |
| |
( |
= + + + +
|
( |

\ |
( \
= =

Ta tnh c
4 4
(0) 2 6 2 6; (2) 3 2 6; (6) 12 2 3. f f f = + = + = +
241
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x trn on [ ] 0; 6 ta c gi tr ca tham s m cn
tm phng trnh (1) c ng hai nghim thc l
( )
4
2 6 6 3 2 6. m + < +
IV.31. ( )
2 2
1 1(1) x mx x m x + > +
t
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1. t x t x x t = = = + (1) c a v dng ( )
2
0(2) t x m t mx + +
Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc 2 theo t ta c ( )
2
. x m = Khi ( ) f t c cc nghim
, . t m t x = = Vy (2) c dng ( )( )
( )( )
2 2
0 1 1 0(3). t m t x x m x x > >
Theo bi ra, do 1 x < nn
2
1 0. x x > V vy (3) tng ng vi
2 2
1 0 1 . x m x m > > Xt hm s

2
2
1, 1 0, 1.
1
x
y x x y x
x
= < = < <

Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn ( ; 1), ta c
1
, 0.
x x
Limy Limy

= + =
Vy, vi mi gi tr ca tham s m th bt phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim x
tha 1. x <
IV.32. ( )
2 2
4 4(1) x mx x m x + = +
iu kin:
2
.
2
x
x

t
2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4. t x t x x t = = = +
(1) c a v dng ( )
2
0(2) t x m t mx + + =
Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc 2 theo t ta c ( )
2
. x m = Khi ( ) f t c cc nghim
, . t m t x = = Vy (2) c dng
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
0 4 4 0
4 0 4 (3)
4 0 4 (4)
t m t x x m x x
x x x x
x m x m
= =

= =

= =

Ta c (3) v nghim. i vi phng trnh (4) ta xt hm s

2
2
( ) 4, 2 2
( ) ( ) 0, 2; ( ) 0, 2.
4
f x x x x
x
f x f x x f x x
x
=
= < < > >

( 2) (2) 0. f f = = Ta c ( ) , ( ) .
x
x
Limf x Lim f x
+
= + = +
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi 0. m
242
CHNG V. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT
V.1. ) ( )
1
1 4 10.2 24 1
x x
=
( ) ( )
2
1 2 5.2 24
x x
=
t 2 0.
x
t = > Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
5 24 t t =
2
5 24 0
8
3
t t
t
t
=
=

So vi iu kin ta chn 8 t = 2 8
x
= 3. x =
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 3. x =
) ( )
2 2
2 4.2 6 18.3 1
x x x
=
( )
2
2 2
1 4. 18
3 3
x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

t
2
0.
3
x
t
| |
= >
|
\
2
4 18 t t =
2
4 18 0
9
4
2
t t
t
t
=

So vi iu kin ta chn
9 2 9
4 3 4
x
t
| |
= =
|
\
2. x =

iu kin: 0 x >
Ta c
( )
3
3 3 3
2
log
log
log log log 3
3 3 3 ,
x
x
x x x
x x = = = do
( )
2 2
log log
3 3
1 3 3 162
x x
+ =
2
log
3
2.3 162
x
=
) ( )
2
3 3
log log
3 3 162 1
x x
x + =
243
2
log
3
3 81
x
=
2
3
log 4 x =
3
3
log 2
log 2
x
x
=

2
2
3 9
1
3 .
9
x
x

= =
= =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
1
9; .
9
x x = =
)
( ) ( )
( )
2
1 1
3 5
log 1 log 2 1
4 9 5 1
x x + +
=
iu kin:
2
1 0
1
2 1 0
x
x
x
+ >
>
+ >

( ) ( )
2
1 1
3 5
2log 1 log 2 1
(1) 3 5
x x

+ +
=
( ) ( )
2
5
3
log 2 1
2log 1
3 5
x
x
+
+
=
( ) ( )
1
2 2
5
3
log 2 1
log 1
3 5
x
x
+
+
=
( ) ( )
1
2
2
1 2 1 x x
+ = +
2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x + + = +
2
2 0 x x =
0
2
x
x
=

5)
2 2
5 1 5
4 12.2 8 0(1)
x x x x
+ =
iu kin:
2
5 0 5 x x
2 2
5 2 5
(1) (2 ) 6.2 8 0
x x x x
+ =
t
2
5
2 ( 0).
x x
t t

= > Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
6 8 0 t t + =
4
2
t
t
=
(Nhn).
+ Vi 2 t =
2
5
2 2
x x
=
2 2
5 1 5 1 x x x x = =
244
2 2
1 0
( 1) 5
x
x x

1
2 6
x
x

3 x =
+ Vi 4 t =
2 2
5 5 2
2 4 2 2
x x x x
= =
2 2
5 2 5 2 x x x x = =
2 2
2 0
( 2) 5
x
x x

2
4 9
x
x

9
4
x =
9
3; .
4
x x = =
6)
2 2
1 2
9 10.3 1 0(1)
x x x x + +
+ =

2 2
1 2 1
10
(3 ) .3 1 0
3
x x x x + +
+ =
t
2
1
3 ( 0).
x x
t t
+
= > Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
10
1 0
3
t t + =
3
1
3
t
t
=
(Nhn).
+ Vi
1
3
t =
2 2
1 1
1
3 3 3
3
x x x x x + +
= =
2
1 1 x x + = ( 1) 0 x x + =
0
1
x
x
=

+ Vi 3 t =
2
1 2
3 3 1 1
x x
x x
+
= + =
2
2 0 x x + =
1
2
x
x
=

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2; 1; 0; 1. x x x x = = = =
7) 3.4 (3 10).2 3 0(1)
x x
x x + + =
2
3(2 ) (3 10).2 3 0
x x
x x + + =
t 2 ( 0).
x
t t = > Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
3 (3 10) 3 0(2). t x t x + + = Ta coi v tri ca phng trnh (2) l mt tam thc bc hai
ca bin , t khi ta c

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3 10 4.3. 3 9 60 100 36 12
9 48 64 3 8 .
x x x x x
x x x
= = + +
= + =

245
V vy
1

(2) 3
3
t
t x

+ Vi
1
3
t =
2
1 1
2 log
3 3
x
x = = .
+ Vi 3 , t x = ta c phng trnh 2 3 2 3 0(3)
x x
x x = + =
Ta thy 1 x = l nghim ca ( ) 3 .
Mt khc, ta li c 2 3
x
y x = + l mt hm s tng trn nn phng trnh (3) ch c
mt nghim duy nht 1. x =
2
1
log ; 1.
3
x x = =
8)
2
(2 3) 2(1 2 ) 0(1).
x x
x x + + = Ta coi (1) l phng trnh bc hai theo n . x Khi
2
(1)
1 2
x
x
x
=

Gii phng trnh ( ) 1 2 2 1 2
x x
x x = + =
Ta thy 0 x = l nghim ca ( ) 2 . Tht vy
0
2 0 1 + = (ng).
Mt khc, ta li c 2
x
y x = + l hm tng trn , 1 y = l hm hng.
Nn 0 x = l nghim duy nht ca ( ) 2 .
9)
3 1
4.3 3 1 9 (1)
x x x +
=
iu kin: 1 9 0 9 1 0.
x x
x
3 2
(1) 4.3 3.3 1 3 .
x x x
=
Vi iu kin 0 x th 0 3 1,
x
< ta t 3 cos
x
t = vi [0; )
2
t

. Khi ta c phng
trnh
3 2
4cos 3cos 1 cos t t t =
cos3 sin cos3 sin t t t t = = (Do [0; )
2
t

)
246
cos3 cos
2
t t
| |
=
|
\

( )
3 2
8 2 2
, .
3 2
2 4
k
t t t k
k
t t k t k

= + = +

= + + = +

Do [0; )
2
t

nn ta chn
3
3 cos log cos .
8 8 8
x
t x

= = =
Ta c
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos 2cos 1 cos cos .
4 8 8 4 8 2
+ +
= = =
3
2 2
log .
2
x
+
=
10)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1
x x x x x x + + + + +
+ = +
Ta vit li phng trnh cho di dng
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2 6 5 3 2 6 5
3 2 6 5
3 2 3 2 2
2
6 5 6 5
4 4 4 .4 1
4 1 1 4 0
4 1 0 4 1 3 2 0 1 2
1 5.
6 5 0
1 4 0 4 1
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ = +
=

= = + = = =

= =
+ + = = =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1; 2; 1; 5. x x x x = = = =
11)
sin
4
tan .
x
e x
| |
|
\
=
iu kin: ( ) cos 0 , .
2
x x k k
+
D thy sin 0 x = khng tha mn phng trnh.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 sinx 2 osx
2(sinx - cosx)
2 2
2
sin
(1)
cos sin cos
c
x e e
e
x x x
= =
t
sin
cos
u x
v x
=
. Ta c ( ) , 1;1 ; , 0. u v u v
T (1) ta c phng trnh
2 2
2 2
.
u v
e e
u v
=
Xt hm s
2
2
( ) ,
x
e
y f x
x
= = vi ( 1;0) (0;1). x
247
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
( 1)
( 2 2)
2
0
2
x
x x
e
x e
y
x x
= = < suy ra hm s nghch bin trn cc khong ( 1; 0)

v (0;1).
Ta thy , u v cng du nn , u v cng thuc mt khong ( 1 ; 0) hoc (0; 1).
T gi thit ( ) ( ) tan 1 .
4
f u f v u v x x k
= = = = +
i chiu vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
,
4
x k
= + ( ). k
V.2.1)
2
4 2.5 10 0(1)
x x x
>
2
4 5
2. 1 0
10 10
x x
x x
>
2 5
2. 1 0
5 2
x x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \

t
2
0.
5
x
t
| |
= >
|
\
Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
1 0 t
t
>
2
2 0 t t >
1
2
t
t
<
>

So vi iu kin 0 t > ta nhn 2 t > .
Nh vy ta c
2
5
x
| |
|
\
2 >
2
5
log 2 x < .
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2
5
;log 2 .
| |
|
\

2)
2
9 3 3 9
x x x +
>
2
2
3 9 0
9 3 0
3 9 0
9 3 9 18.3 81
x
x x
x
x x x x
+
+
<
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
<

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [2; ). +
248
3)
4 2 4
2(1)
1
x
x
x
+

1
4 2 0 2 1
2
1 0 1 1
4 2 1
(1) 0 1
1 2 2 1 1
4 2 0
2 1
1 0
1
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x

> > >

<

<
<

<

1
;1 .
2
|
|

4)
1 1
15.2 1 2 1 2
x x x + +
+ +
t 2 0
x
t = >
Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh 30 1 1 2 t t t + +
+ Xt 0 1 t < <
Ta c 30 1 1 2 t t t + +
2
2
30 1 1 2
30 1 1
30 1 2 1
28 0
0 28
t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t
+ +
+ +
+ + +

So vi iu kin 0 1 t < < ta c 0 1 t < < 0 2 1
x
< < 0. x <
+ Xt 1 t
Ta c 30 1 1 2 t t t + +
30 1 1 2
30 1 3 1
t t t
t t
+ +
+

2
30 1 9 6 1 t t t + + (do 1 3 1 0) t t >
2
9 36 0 t t
0 4 t
So vi iu kin 1 t ta c 1 4 1 2 4 0 2.
x
t x
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ; 2].
5)
( )
2
2 2
log log
2 4(1)
x x
x +
249
t
2
log 2 .
t
t x x = = Ta c bt phng trnh
2 2
2 2 4
t t
+
2
2 2
t

2
1 t
1 1 t
Suy ra
2
1 log 1 x
1
2
2
x
1
; 2 .
2
(
(

6)
( ) ( )
1 3
3 1
10 3 10 3 0(1)
x x
x x
+
+
+
Ta c

( ) ( )
( )
1
10 3 10 3 1
10 3 10 3

+ =
= +

do bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 3
3 1
1 3
3 1
10 3 10 3 0
10 3 10 3
1 3
3 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +

+

( ) ( )
2
1 3
0
3 1
2 10
0
3 1
x x
x x
x
x x
+
+
+

+

3 5
1 5
x
x
<

<

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 3; 5] (1; 5].
7)
2 2 2
2 1 2
4 .2 3.2 .2 8 12
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + > + +
2 2 2
2 1 2
4 .2 3.2 .2 8 12 0
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + >
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
4 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 0
x x x
x x >
250
( )( )
2
2
4 2 2 3 0
x
x x >
2
2
2 2
2
2
4 2 0
2 4
2 3 0 1 3
2 4 4 2 0
1 3
2 3 0
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
>
<

> < >

> <

< < <

2 2
1 3 2 1
2 3 2 2
1 3
x
x x x
x x x
x
< <
< > < <
< < < >

< <

( ) ( )
2; 1 2;3 .
8)
1 1
8 2 4 2 5
x x x + +
+ + >
t 2 0.
x
t = >
Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
8 2 2 5 t t t + + >
2
8 2 5 2 t t t + >
( )
2
2
2
2
5 2 0
8 2 0
5 2 0
8 2 5 2
5
2
2 4
5
2
5 22 17 0
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t t
<
+ >
>
+ <

5
4
2
1 4
5
1
2
t
t
t
<
<
<

Suy ra 1 2 4
x
< 0 2 x < .
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ] 0; 2 .
251
9)
2
2
1
9
3
x
x
+
| |
>
|
\

2
2
2
x
x
+
<

( )
2 2 2
0
2
2 2 4
0(1)
2
x x
x
x x
x
+ +
<
+ +
<

+ Xt trng hp 2 x <
2 2 4
(1) 0
2
1 0.
x x
x
+ +
<
+
<

Trng hp ny (1) khng nghim ng.
+ Xt trng hp 2 0 x < <
2 2 4
(1) 0
2
3 0.
x x
x
+ + +
<
+
<

(1) cng khng nghim ng.
+ Xt trng hp 0 x >
2 2 4
(1) 0
2
6
0 2 6.
2
x x
x
x
x
x
+ +
<
+
< < <

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l( ) 2; 6 .
V. 3.
( ) ( )
2
6 4 3 2
2 2 4 3 6 1
m x x m
m x m
+ +
= +
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
6 4 3 2
6 2 4 3
1 2 2 6 4 3
2 6 2 4 3
m x x m
m x x m
m x x m
m x x m
+ +
+ +
= + + +
+ + = + +

Xt hm s ( ) 2 .
t
f t t = +
Hm s ny ng bin trn .
Phng trnh ( ) 1 c vit di dng
( ) ( )
2
6 4 3 f m x f x m + = +
252
( )
2
2
6 4 3
4 3 6
m x x m
m x m
+ = +
=

Vy, ta c
+ Nu 2 m = th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim ty .
+ Nu 2 m = th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.
+ Nu 2 m th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim l
2
3 6
.
4
m
x
m

V.4.
( )( ) 4 4 2 2 1 1 .
x x x x
m

+ = + + t ( ) 2 2 2
x x
t t
= +
Suy ra
2
4 4 2
x x
t

= + +
( )
2 2
2 0 2 1 t mt m t m t = = +
( )
2
2
2
1
t
m
t
=
+

Xt ( )
2
2
1
t
f t
t
=
+
, 2 t . Phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim khi v ch khi ng thng y m =
ct th hm s ( )
2
2
( ) 2
1
t
y f t t
t
= =
+
ti t nht mt im.
Ta c ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
' 0, 2
1
t t
f t t
t
+ +
= >
+

Lp bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c vi
2
3
m th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim.
Vy, phng trnh (1) c nghim khi
2
.
3
m
V.5. 1)
3 2 3
4 128
.
5 1
x y
x y
+

=

Ta c h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
253

2( ) 7
3 2 3 0
2 2 2( ) 7 2 2 7
3 2 3 0 3 2 3
5 5
x y
x y
x y x y
x y x y
+

= + = + =

= =
=
2
2 2 7
3
5 10
2
x
x y
x y
=
+ =

= =

3
2; .
2
| |
|
\

2)
9
log ( 4 )
2 2
8 1
4 7.2 8
x y
x y x y

( )
9
2
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
4 1
log ( 4 ) 0 4 1
4 7.2 8 4 7.2 8 2 7.2 8 0
y y x y x y y y
x y
x y x y
+ + + +
= +
= = +

= = =

2 1
2
2 1
4 1
4 1 5
2 8
1 2 4
2 1
y
y
y
x y
x y x
y
+
+
= +
= + =
=

= =

=

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (5;1).
3)
3 2
1
2 5 4
4 2
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
+
=
+
=
+

( )
3 2
2 5 4
2 2 2
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
=
+
=
+

3 2
2 5 4
2
x
x
y y
y
=
3 2
5 4 0
2
x
y y y
y
+ =
0 0
1 1
4
2
4 2
x
x y
y y
y
x
y y
= =

= =

=
=
= =

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 0;1 ; 2; 4 .
4)
2 2
log ( ) log 3
2 2
9 3 2( )
( )
3 3 6
xy
xy
I
x y x y
= +
+ = + +

iu kin: 0 xy >
2 2
log ( ) log 3
2
9 3 2( )
( )
( ) 3( ) 2 6
xy
xy
I
x y x y xy
= +

+ = + + +

t
2
log 3
( ) t xy = >0
3 2
log log ( ) t xy =
Khi , phng trnh
2 2
log ( ) log 3
9 3 2( )
xy
xy = + tr thnh
3
log
9 3 2
t
t = +
2
3
log
3 3 2
t
t = +
2 2
3 2 2 3 0 t t t t = + =
1
3
t
t
=

Chn 3 t =
2
log 3
2 3 2
( ) 3 log 3log ( ) 1 log ( ) 1 2 xy xy xy xy = = = =
254
Thay 2 xy = vo phng trnh
2
( ) 3( ) 2 6 x y x y xy + = + + + ta c
2
5
( ) 3( ) 10 0
2
x y
x y x y
x y
+ =
+ + =
+ =

Suy ra
2
5
( )
2
2
xy
x y
I
xy
x y
=

+ =
+ =

+ Gii h
2
( )
5
xy
I
x y
=

+ =

Nh vy, , x y l nghim ca phng trnh

2
5 17
2
5 2 0
5 17
2
X
X X
X
+
=
+ =

Suy ra h phng trnh ( ) I c hai nghim l
5 17 5 17 5 17 5 17
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \

+ Gii h
2
( )
2
xy
I
x y
=

+ =

Ta c , x y l nghim ca phng trnh
2
2 2 0 X X + + = (Phng trnh v nghim)
Do h phng trnh ( ) I v nghim.
5 17 5 17 5 17 5 17
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \

5)
2
2
2
2
( )2 1
( )
9( ) 6
y x
x y
x y
I
x y
+ =
+ =

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
( )
2 9.2 6 9 3
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
x y x y x y
I
x y

+ = + = + =

= = =

2
2
2
2
2
2 2 4
2
2
2
1
2
x y
y
x y
x y
x y
y
x y
+ = + =

= +
= +

= +

255
2
3
1
1 1
3
3
3
3
1
x
y
y y
x
x
x
x
y
=
=

= =
=

=

=

=

( ) ( )
3;1 ; 3;1 .
6)
2 2
3 3 ( )( 8)
( )
8
x y
y x xy
I
x y
= +
+ =

2 2
2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2
3 3 ( )( )
( )
8
3 3 3 3
8 8
x y
x y x y
y x xy x y
I
x y
xy x y y x xy x y x y
x y x y
= + +

+ =
= + + + = +

+ = + =

Xt hm s ( )
3
3 ,
u
f u u = + hm s ny ng bin trn .
Do , phng trnh
3 3
3 3
x y
x y x y + = + =
Khi h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2 2
2
2
2
8 2 8 2
2
2
x
x y
y x y x y
x
x y x x
x
y
=
=
= = =

=

+ = = =

=

=

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 2; 2 ; 2; 2 .
)
3 3 (1)
7
3 3 (2)
x
y
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

Tr ( ) 1 cho (2) v theo v ta c 3 3 3 2 3 2 .
x y x y
x y y x x y + = + = +
Xt hm s c trng ( ) ( ) 3 2
t
f t t t = +
Ta c ( ) 3
t
f t = ln3 2 + 0, . t >
Suy ra hm s ( ) f t ng bin trn .
Do phng trnh 3 2 3 2
x y
x y x y + = + =
Khi h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 3
x
x y
x x
=
+ = +
1
1 3 3
x
x y x
y
= =

= =

256
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) 1;1 .
8)
2 1 2
2 2
2 3.2 2
2 3 2 2
x x
x
y
y y
+
( ) I
Ta c h phng trnh ( ) I tng ng vi
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 3 2
2 2
2 2 3 2 3. 2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
2 2 2 3 2
2 3 2 2
4 6 5 2 0
2 3 2 2
x
x
x
y y y y y
y y
y y y y
y y
y y y y
y y
+ + =
+ =
+ = +
+ =
+ + =

+ =

( )( )( )
2
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 0
2 2 3 2
1 0
2 0
2 2 3 2
x
x
y y y y
y y
y
y
y y
+ =

= +
= +

1
2 0
2
2 2
y
x
y
x
=

0
1
1
1
2
x
y
x
x
y
=

=
=

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) ( ) 0;1 ; 1; 2 ; 1; 2 .
Ch . C th lm theo cch khc nh sau:
t 2 1.
x
u = H phng trnh cho tr thnh h i xng loi II
2 2
2 2
2 3 2
( )
2 3 2
u u y
I
y y u
=

Tr theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau ta c
2 2 2 2
2( ) 3( ) ( ) 3( )( 1) 0
1
u y
u y u y u y u y u y
y u
=
= + =

+ Vi u y = th h phng trnh ( ) I tng ng vi
257
2 2
1
1 2 2 2 3 2
2 1 0
1 1
1 1
2 2
2
2
x
x
u y u y u y
u u u y u u u
x
y y
x x
y
y
= = = =

= = = = =

= =

= =

= =
=
=

+ Vi 1 y u = th h phng trnh ( ) I v nghim.
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) ( ) 0;1 ; 1; 2 ; 1; 2 .
)
( )
3
3
log 2
log ( )
2 2
4 2
9
3 3 12
xy
xy
x y x y
= +
+ =

iu kin: 0 xy >
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
2.log 2.log log log ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 3 12 2 3 12
xy xy xy xy
x y xy x y x y xy x y

= + =

+ + = + + =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3
3
log
log
log
2
2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 3 12
2 3 12
xy
xy
xy
VN
x y xy x y
x y xy x y
=

=

=
+ + =

+ + =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
2
2
log 1 3
3 18 0
2 3 12
3
6
3
xy xy
x y x y
x y xy x y
xy
x y
x y
= =

+ + =
+ + =

+ =

+ =

( )
3
6 3
6
3
3
xy
x y xy
x y
xy
VN
x y
=

+ = =
+ =
=
+ =

3 6
3 6
3 6
3 6
x
y
x
y
= +
= +

( ) ( )
3 6;3 6 ; 3 6;3 6 . + +
)
2 2
2
2 4 2
10
2 4 2 3
x y
x y x y +
+ =
+ + =

258
t
2
4
x
y
u
v
=
. iu kin:
0
0
u
v
>
>

H phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2
2
3
u v
u v uv
+ =
+ + =

( )
2
2 2
3
u v uv
u v uv
+ =

+ + =
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 6 2
3
u v u v
uv u v
+ + + =

= + +

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 8 0
4
3
3
u v
u v u v
u v
uv u v
uv u v
+ =
+ + + =

+ =

= + +

= + +

( )
4
7 1
1.
2
1
u v
VN
uv u
v
u v
uv
+ =

= =
=
+ =

Suy ra
2 1 0
0.
4 1
x
y
x
y
= =

=
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( ) 0; 0 .
11)
2 2
1 1
2
2 2 ln (1)
3 2 3 (2)
x y
y
x
y y x

+ + = +

iu kin: 0, 0. x y > >
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
(1) (2 2 ) ln ln
2
2 2 2 ln ln
2 2 ln ln
2 ln 2 ln
x y
x y
x y
x y
y x
y x
y x
x y
=
=
=
+ = +

Xt hm s ( ) ( ) 2 ln 0 .
t
f t t t = + > Khi ta c
2 2
( ) ( ). f x f y =
Ta c hm s ( ) f t tng trn (0; ) + nn suy ra
2 2
( ) ( ) f x f y =
2 2
. x y =
Vi
2 2
, x y = h phng trnh cho tr thnh
259
2 2
2
3 2 3
x y
y y x
=
+ + = +
2
0
0
3 2 3
x y
x y
y y x
=
+ =

+ + = +

2
3 3
x y
x x
=

+ =
(do 0, 0 x y > > ).

Ta c hm s 3 y x = nghch bin trn [0; ) D = + v hm s
2
3 y x = + l mt
hm s ng bin trn , do cng ng bin trn [0; ). D = + Theo tnh cht ca hm
s n iu th phng trnh
2
3 3 x x + = c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c
1 x = l nghim ca phng trnh.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).
12)
1
( )
2 2 2
x y
x y
I
+ =

( )
( )
2 . 2 2
2 2
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y
x y
x y x y
I
+
=
=

=
+ =

t
2
,
2
x
y
u
v
=
iu kin 0, 0. u v > < Ta c h

2
. 2
u v
u v
+ =
, khi , u v l nghim ca
phng trnh
2
1 3
2 2 0
1 3
t
t t
t
= +
=
=
. Nh vy ta c
( )
( )
2
2
log 1 3
1 3 2 1 3
1 3 2 1 3
log 3 1
x
y
x
u
v
y
= +

= + = +

= =
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2
log 1 3 ; log 3 1 . +
13)
3 1 2 3
2
2 2 3.2 (1)
3 1 1(2)
x y x y
x xy x
+ +
+ =
+ + = +

( )
2
1 1 0
(2)
3 1 0 3 1 1
0
1
1 3
x x
x x y x xy x
x
x
y x
+

+ = + + = +

=
=

260
+ Vi 0, x = thay vo (1) ta c
2
2
8 8
2 2 3.2 8 2 12.2 2 log .
11 11
y y y y y
y
+ = + = = =
+ Vi
1
1 3
x
y x

, thay 1 3 y x = vo (1) ta c
( )
2
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
1
2 2 6 2 6 2 6.2 1 0
2
2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
x x x x x
x
x
x
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ = + = + =
= +

=

Do iu kin 1 x nn
3 1
1
2
4
x+
v vy ta chn
3 1
2 3 2 2.
x+
= + Ta c

( )
( )
( )
3 1
2
2 2
2
2 3 2 2 3 1 log 3 2 2
1 1 3 2 2
log 3 2 2 1 log
3 3 2
2 log 3 2 2 .
x
x
x
y
+
= + + = +
| |
+
(
= + =
|
|
\
= +

( ) ( ) 2 2 2
11 1
0;log , log 3 2 2 1 ; 2 log 3 2 2 .
8 3
| | | |
(
+ +
| |

\ \

14)
2 2 2 2
1
3 2 17
( )
2.3 3.2 8
x y
x y
I
+ +
+
+ =
+ =

t
3
,
2
x
y
u
v
=
iu kin: , 0. u v >
Khi h phng trnh ( ) I c bin i v dng
( )
2
2 2
2 2
8 3
25 48 4 0 9 4 17
9 4 17
6
8 3
6 3 8
8 3
6
6
2
1
2
25
3
8 3
2, 0
6
v
v v v
u v
v
u v u
v
u
v v
u
v
v v u
| |
= + =
|
+ =
\

+ = =

=
= =
=

= > =

Nh vy ta c
1
3 1
3
1
2 2
x
y
x
y
= =

=
. Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( ) 1;1 .

261
V.6. 1)
( )
3
log 3 8 2
x
x =
2
3 8 3
x x
=
9
3 8
3
x
x
=
2
(3 ) 8.3 9 0
x x
=
3 1
3 9 2
3 9
x
x
x
x
=
= =
.
2)
1
log 3 2(1)
x
=
iu kin:
1 0 1
1 1 2
x x
x x
> >

2
(1) ( 1) 3 x =
2 2
1 3
2 1 3 2 2 0
1 3
x
x x x x
x
= +
+ = =
=

Ta chn 1 3 x = +
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1 3. x = +
3)
2
log (9 2 )
1(1)
3
x
x

iu kin:
2
3 3
log 9 9 2 0
x
x x
x

< >

2
(1) log (9 2 ) 3
x
x =
(3 )
(9 2 ) 2
x x
=
8
9 2
2
x
x
=
( )
2 2 1 0
2 9.2 8 0
3
2 8
x
x x
x
x
x
= =
+ =

=
=

Ta chn 0. x =
4)
4
2
8
2
1 1
log ( 3) log ( 8) log (4 )(1)
2 4
x x x + + =
iu kin:
3 0
8 0
4 0
x
x
x
+ >
>
3
8
0
x
x
x
>
>

0
8
x
x
>

8
2 2 2
1
(1) log ( 3) log ( 8) log (4 )
8
x x x + + =
262
2 2 2
2 2
log ( 3) log 8 log (4 )
log ( 3) 8 log (4 )
x x x
x x x
+ + =
( + =

( 3) 8 4 x x x + =
Kt hp vi iu kin bi ton ta c
( 3)(8 ) 4
0 8
(1)
( 3)( 8) 4
8
x x x
x
x x x
x
+ =

< <
+ =
>

2
2
24 0
1 97
0 8
2
9 24 0 9 177
2 8
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
+ + =
< <

= +
=

>

1 97 9 177
; .
2 2
x x
+ +
= =
5)
2 2
1
log (4 15.2 27) 2log 0(1)
(4.2 3)
x x
x
+ + + =

iu kin:
2
4 15.2 27 0
3 3
4.2 3 0 2 log .
4 4
4.2 3 0
x x
x x
x
x
+ + >
> > >
>

2 2
4 15.2 27
(1) log 0
(4.2 3)
x x
x
+ +
=
.
2
2
2 2
2 2
4 15.2 27
1 4 15.2 27 (4.2 3)
(4.2 3)
2 15.2 27 16.2 24.2 9
15.2 39.2 18 0 5.2 13.2 6 0
x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
= + + =
+ + = +
+ + = + + =

2
2 3
2 3 log 3
2
2
5
x
x
x
x
=
= =

2
log 3 x = tha iu kin. Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
2
log 3. x =
6)
7 7
log (2 1) log (2 7) 1(1)
x x
+ =
iu kin:
2
2 1 0
2 7 log 7
2 7 0
x
x
x
x
>
> >
>

7 7
(1) log (2 1)(2 7) log 7
x x
( =

( )
2
(2 1)(2 7) 7 2 8.2 0
2 0
2 8 3
2 8
x x x x
x
x
x
x
= =
=
= =

263
3 x = tha iu kin. Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 3. x =
) ( ) ( )
2 4 2
1
7 2 log 1 log log 0 1
4
x x + + =
iu kin: 0 x >
( )
2 2 2
1
(1) 2 log 1 log 2log 2 0
2
x x + =
( )
2 2
log 1 log 2 0 x x + =
2
2 2
log log 2 0 x x + =
2
2
log 1
log 2
x
x
=
2
1
4
x
x
=
(Tha iu kin)
1
2; .
4
x x = =
) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 1
3
8 2log 4 3 log 2 3 2 1 x x + + =
iu kin:
3
4 3 0
3
4
.(*)
3
2 3 0 4
2
x
x
x
x
x
>
>
>

+ >
>

( ) ( )
2
3 3
(1) log 4 3 log 2 3 2 x x + =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
3 3
3
2
2
3 3
log 4 3 log 2 3 log 3
4 3
log log 3
2 3
x x
x
x
+ =
=
+

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
4 3
9 4 3 9 2 3
2 3
16 24 9 18 27
x
x x
x
x x x
= = +
+
+ = +

2
3
8 21 9 0
3
8
x
x x
x
=

i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta chn 3. x =
)
2
3 1 1
2 2
9 log log 3log 5 2(1) x x
| |
+ =
|
\

264
2
3 1 1 3
2 2
(1) log log 3log 5 log 9 x x
| |
+ =
|
\

2
1 1
2 2
log 3log 5 9 x x + =
2
1 1
2 2
log 3log 4 0 x x =
1
2
1
2
log 1
log 4
x
x
=

2
2
log 1
log 4
x
x
=
2
1
16
x
x
=

1
2; .
16
x x = =
10)
2
2
log 2 2log 4 log 8(1)
x x
x
+ =
iu kin:
0; 1 0
2 0; 2 1 1
1
2 0; 2 1
2
x x x
x x x
x x
x

> >

>

>

2 3
2 2
2 2
(1) log 2 2log 2 2log 2
log 2 4log 2 6log 2
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =

( )
2
2
log 4
log 2 log 4 log 2
log 2
2log 2
log 2 log 2 log 2
log 2 1
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
= =
= =
+

log 2 0
log 2(log 2 1) 0
log 2 1 0
x
x x
x
=
=

log 2 1 2
x
x = = (Nhn)
11)
3
1 8
2
2
log 1 log (3 ) log ( 1) 0(1) x x x + =
iu kin:
1 0 1
3 0 3 1 3
1 0 1
x x
x x x
x x
+ > >

> < < <

> >

2 2 2
(1) log ( 1) log (3 ) log ( 1) 0 x x x + + =
265
2 2
2
log ( 1)(3 ) log ( 1)
( 1)(3 ) 1
4 0
1 17
2
1 17
2
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
+ =
+ =
=
+
=

Ta chn
1 17
2
x
+
=
1 17
.
2
x
+
=
12)
3 3
log (9 9) log (28 2.3 )(1)
x x
x + = +
iu kin:
3
28 2.3 0
28 2.3 0 2.3 28 3 14 log 14
9 9 0
x
x x x
x
x
>
> < < <
+ >

3 3 3
(1) log (9 9) log 3 log (28 2.3 )
x x x
+ = +
3 3
log (9 9) log 3 (28 2.3 )
9 9 28.3 2.9
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =

2
3.(3 ) 28.3 9 0
x x
+ =
3 9
2
1
1
3
3
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

(Nhn)
13)
3
2
3
27
16log 3log 0(1)
x
x
x x =
iu kin:
3
3
27 0
27 1
0
0
1
3 0 3
3 1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
>
>

>

>

3 3
16
(1) log 6log 0
3
x x
x x =
3 3
2
log 0 log 0
3
x x
x x = = 1 x = (Tha iu kin)
14)
2 3
2 4 4
log 2 log 16 log (1) x x x + =
266
iu kin: 0 x >
3
4
2 2 3
2 4 4
log 0
(1)
log 2 log 16 log
x
x x x

+ =

2
2 2 2 2 2
1
1 9
log 2 2log 2log 2 log log
2 4
x
x x x

+ + + =

2
2 2
1
9log 10log 12 0
x
x x

5 133 5 133
9 9 2
5 133
9
2
1
1
5 133
log
2 2
9
5 133
log 2
9
x
x
x
x x
x x
+ +
= =

= =

5 133
9
2 . x
+
=
15)
( ) ( )
1
2
log 2 1 log 2 2 6(1)
x x+
+ + =
( ) ( )
2 2
(1) log 2 1 .log 2 2 1 6
x x
+ + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2
log 2 1 . 1 log 2 1 6
x x
+ + + =
2
2 2
log (2 1) log (2 1) 6 0
x x
+ + + =
2
2
2
2 1 4
log (2 1) 2
1
log (2 1) 3 2 1
8
2 3
2 3 log 3
7
2
8
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
+ =
+ =

+ = + =
= =

2
log 3. x =
16)
( )
( )
( ) 2
2 4
2 2 2
3
4
1
log 2 2 1
log 2 2
x
x x
x

iu kin:
2 4
2
2
2 0
1 1
2 2 0
2
2 2 1 2
x x
x
x
x
x
>
< <

>

267
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 4
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 4
4 2
3
1 log 2 log 2 2 log
4
4 2 2
log 2 log
3
4 2 2
2
3
19 29 10 0
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x

=
=
+ =

2
2
1 1
1
10 10 10
19 19 19
x x
x
x x x
= = =

= = =

Ta chn
10 10
.
19 19
x x = =
10 10
, .
19 19
x x = =
17) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
1 log 4 log 16 0 1 x x x x + + =
iu kin: 0 x >
t
3
log t x =
Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2
3 1 4.3 . 16 0 .3 4.3 . 16 0
4
.3 4 16 0 4 .3 4 0
.3 4 0
t t t t
t t
t
t t t t t
t
t t t t t t
t t
+ + = + + =
=
+ + = + + =

+ =

+ Vi
3
1
4 log 4
81
t x x = = =
+ Vi
4
.3 4 0 (3 1) 4 0 3 1 (2).
t t t
t t t t
t
+ = + = > + =
R rng nghim t ca (2) ch c th dng, do ta ch xt ( ) 0; . t + Ta c hm s
4
y
t
= nghch bin trn khong ( ) 0; + v hm s 3 1
t
y = + cng ng bin trn khong
. Do phng trnh ( ) 2 c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c 1 t = l nghim ca
phng trnh ( ) 2 .
T suy ra
3
log 1 3. x x = =
1
, 3.
81
x x = =
268
18) ( )
3
3 2 3 2
3 1
log log log log 1
2 3
x
x x
x
= +
iu kin: 0. x >
Ta thy rng 1 x = l nghim ca phng trnh (1)
Vi 1 x th phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
( )
3 2 3 2
1 1 1
1 log log 3log log
2 2 2
x x x x
| |
= +
|
\

( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 3 2 3
2 1 log log log 6log 1 2log log 6log x x x x x x x = =
2
log 2 2
1 6 log 3 2 6log 2
log 3 log 3
3 3
3 3 64 8
log 2
64 64
3 3
64 8
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
= =
= =
= =
= =

Ta chn
3
.
8
x =
3
; 1.
8
x x = =
19)
2
4
2 3 4
2
1
log (9 16 ) 2 (1)
log (3 4 )
x
x
x
= +

iu kin:
2
2
4
3 3
3 4 0
3 3
2 2
3 4 1
2 2
3
9 16 0
2
x
x
x x
x x
>
< <

< <

>

( )
2 2
2 2
2
4
3 4 3 4
4
3 4 3 4
4
3 4
4
2 2
4 2 4
(1) log (9 16 ) 2 log 2
log (9 16 ) log 2 2
(9 16 )
log 2
2
9 16
(3 4 )
2
9 16 2 9 24 16
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x

= +
=
=
= +

4 2 4 2
48 48 9 0 16 16 3 0 x x x x + = + =
269
2
2
3
3 3

4
2 2
1
1 1
4
2 2
x
x x
x
x x
=
= =
=
= =

Ta chn
1 1
.
2 2
x x = =
1 1
; .
2 2
x x = =
20)
1
2 2 1
2
1
log (4 4).log (4 1) log (1)
8
x x +
+ + =
2 2
(1) log 4(4 1) .log (4 1) 3
x x
( + + =

2 2
2 log (4 1) .log (4 1) 3
x x
( + + + =

2
2 2
2
2
log (4 1) 2log (4 1) 3 0
4 1 2
log (4 1) 1
1
4 1 log (4 1) 3
8
x x
x
x
x x
+ + + =
+ =
+ =

+ = + =

4 1
4 1 0.
7
4
8
x
x
x
x
=
= =

21)
2 2
2 2 2
9
log (2 ).log (16 ) log (1)
2
x x x =
iu kin: 0 x >
2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
9
(1) (log 2 log ).(log 2 log ) log
2
x x x + + =
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
9
(1 2log ).(4 log ) log
2
9
4 log 8log 2log log
2
5
log 9log 4 0 5log 18log 8 0
2
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + = =

2
5
2
2
2
log
2
5
16
log 4
x
x
x
x

=
=

=
=

2
5
2 ; 16. x x
= =
270
22)
2
lg 1 3lg 1 lg 1 (1) x x x + + =
iu kin:
2
1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1
1 0
x x
x x x
x
x
+ > >

> < < <

< <
>

2
1
(1) lg 3lg 1 0
1
x
x
x
+
+ =

3
2
1
lg .( 1 ) 0
1
x
x
x
(
+
=
(

2
lg( 1 ) 0 lg(1 ) 0 0 x x x = = = (Nhn)
23)
( )
lg 1 2 lg5 lg6(1)
x
x x + + = +
V 2 1 0,
x
x + > nn ta c
( )
5 .6 5 .6
(1) lg 10 10 1 2 5 .6
1 2 1 2
x x
x x x x
x x
x = = + =
+ +
( )
2 2
2 1 2 6 1
2 3
x
x x
x
x
=
+ = =

24)
2
2 1
log 1 2 (1)
x
x
x
x
= +
iu kin:
2 1
0 2 1 0 0
x
x
x
x
> > >

2 2
(1) log (2 1) log 1 2
x x
x x = +
2 2
log (2 1) 2 1 log (2 1) ( )
x x x
x x f f x + = + =
Vi
2
( ) log ( 0) f t t t t = + >
Ta thy
1
( ) 1 0, 0
ln 2
f t t
t
= + > >
Suy ra, hm s ( ) f t ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; . +
271
T suy ra 2 1 2 1.
x x
x x = = +
Ta c hm s 2
x
y = c
2
2 ln 2, 2 ln 2 0, ,
x x
y y x = = > suy ra th ct ng thng
1 y x = + khng qu hai im. Kim tra c phng trnh 2 1
x
x = + c 1, 0 x x = = nghim
ng. Tuy nhin do iu kin nn ta ch nhn 1. x =
25)
( )
2
3 1
2
3
1
log 3 2 2 2(1)
5
x x
x x
+
| |
+ + + =
|
\

iu kin:
2
3 2 0 1 2 x x x x +
( )
( )
2
2 3 1
3
1 log 3 2 2 5 2
x x
x x
+
+ + + =
t ( )
2
3 2 0 t x x t = +
Khi ( ) 1 tr thnh ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
3 3
log 2 5 2 log 2 5 2(2)
t t
t t

+ + = + = +
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
3
log 2 f t t = +
Ta thy ( )
( )
1
0 0
2 ln3
f t t
t
= >
+

( ) f t ng bin trn [ ) 0; +
Xt hm s ( )
2
1
5 2
t
g t

= +
( )
2
2
2 .5 0, 0
t
g t t t
=
( ) g t nghch bin trn [ ) 0; . +
Do , phng trnh( ) 2 c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c 1 t = l nghim ca
phng trnh ( ) 2 .
Suy ra
2
3 2 1 x x + =
2 2
3 5
2
3 2 1 3 1 0
3 5
2
x
x x x x
x
+
=
+ = + =
(Nhn)
3 5 3 5
; .
2 2
x x
+
= =
26)
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
log 2 log 1 1 x x + = +
iu kin: 0 x
272
t
( )
( )
2
log 1 0 t x t = +
1 2 2 2 1.
t t
x x + = + = +
Phng trnh( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
3
log 2 1 2 1 3
t t t
t + = + =
Chia hai v phng trnh cho 3
t
ta c
( )
2 1 2 1
1 1 2
3 3 3 3
t t
t
t t
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ \

Ta thy hm s ( )
2 1
3 3
t t
f t
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
nghch bin trn nn phng trnh ( ) 2 c nhiu nht
mt nghim, kim tra c 1 t = l nghim ca ( ) 2 .

( ) 2
log 1 1 1 2 1. x x x + = + = =
27) ( )
2
3
1 1
2 1 log
x
x
=
+ +

iu kin:
2
1
1 log 0
2
x x +
( )
2
1 2 1 log 3(2)
x
x + + =
V 2
x
y = l hm s ng bin trn v
2
1 log y x = + l hm s ng bin trn
1
;
2
| |
+
|
\
, nn hm s ( )
2
2 1 log
x
f x x = + + l hm s ng bin trn
1
; ,
2
| |
+
|
\
suy ra
( ) 2 c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c 1 x = l nghim ca ( ) 2 .
28)
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 3
2 2 3
log 2 2 log 2 3 1 x x x x
+
+
=
iu kin:
2
2
2 2 0 1
3
2 3 0
x x x
x
x x
> <

>
>

t
2
2 3, t x x = 0 t >
Khi (1) tr thnh
( )
2 3
2 2 3
log 1 log t t y
+
+
+ = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 3
2 3
1 2 2 3 2 log 1
log
2 3 3
y
y
t t y
t y
t
+
+
+ = + + =

= +

273
( )
( )
( )
2 3 1 2 2 3
2 3 1
1 4
2 2 3 2 2 3
y
y
y y
+ + = +
| | | |
+
| | + =
| |
+ +
\ \

Xt hm s ( )
2 3 1
2 2 3 2 2 3
y y
f y
| | | |
+
| | = +
| |
+ +
\ \

Ta c
2 3
1
2 2 3
+
<
+
v
1
1,
2 2 3
<
+
nn hm s ( ) f y l hm nghch bin trn , v
vy ta kt lun c phng trnh ( ) 4 c nhiu nht mt nghim. Kim tra c 2 y = l
nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 4 , v l nghim duy nht.
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 3 2 3 2 3 t x x = + = +
2
1 11 4 3
2 10 4 3 0
1 11 4 3
x
x x
x
= +
= + +
(Nhn)
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1 11 4 3; 1 11 4 3. x x = + = + +
29) ( )
3
2 lg 1 lg 1 1 x x =
iu kin:
0 0
10
lg 1 0 10
x x
x
x x
> >
>

>

t
3 3
3
2 lg 2 lg lg 2 t x t x x t = = =
Phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh
( )
3 3
2
3 2 3
1
1
1 1 1 1
2 0 1 1
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
t
t
t t t t
t t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t

= =

+ = =

=

+ Vi
3
0 2 lg 0 lg 2 100 t x x x = = = = (Nhn)
+ Vi
3
1 2 lg 1 lg 1 10 t x x x = = = = (Nhn)
+ Vi
10
3
2 2 lg 2 2 lg 8 lg 10 10 t x x x x = = = = = (Nhn)
10
100; 10; 10 . x x x = = =
274
30)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
3 log 4 5 2 5 log 4 5 6(1) x x x x + + + + =
V
2
4 5 0 x x x + > v ( )
2
2
4 5 2 1 1 x x x + = + nn
( )
2
2
log 4 5 0, . x x x +
t
( )( )
2
2
log 4 5 0 t x x t = +
Phng trnh cho tr thnh ( ) 3 2 5 6 2 t t + + =
iu kin:
0
3 0 0 5
5 0
t
t t
t

( ) ( ) ( )( ) 2 3 4 5 4 3 5 36 t t t t + + + + =
( )( )
2
1
4 3 5 3 13 25 46 71 0
71
25
t
t t t t t
t
=
+ = + + =

Ta chn 1 t =
( )
2 2 2
2
1
log 4 5 1 4 5 2 4 3 0
3
x
x x x x x x
x
=
+ = + = + =

31)
2
2 2
log log 1 1 x x + + =
iu kin:
2
0
0
1
1
log 1 0 2
2
x
x
x
x x
>
>

+

t ( )
2
log 1 0 t x t = +
2 2
2 2
log 1 log 1 t x x t = + =
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
( )
2
2
1 1 t t + =
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
4 2 3 2
2
2
2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0
0
1 1 0 1 0
1 0
t t t t t t t t t t
t
t t t t t
t t
+ = + = + =
=
+ = =
+ =

275
0
1
1 5
2
1 5
2
t
t
t
t
=

Ta chn
1 5
0; 1;
2
t t t
+
= = =
+ Vi 0 t =
2
log 1 0 x + =
2
log 1 x =
1
2
x = (Nhn)
+ Vi 1 t =
2
log 1 1 x + =
2
log 0 x = 1 x = (Nhn)
+ Vi
1 5
2
t
+
=

2
5 1
log 1
2
x

+ =
2
2
5 1
log 1
2
x
| |
=
|
|
\
2
1 5
log
2
x

=
1 5
2
2 x
= (Nhn)
1 5
2
1
; 1; 2 .
2
x x x
= = =
V.7. 1)
1 1 2
2 4
log 2log ( 1) log 6 0(1) x x + +
iu kin:
1 0
1
0
x
x
x
>
>
>

1 2
2
2 2
(1) log 2log ( 1) log 6 0 x x

+ +
2 2 2
log log ( 1) log 6 0 x x +
2
2 2
log ( ) log 6 0 x x +
2 2
6
log 0
x x

2
6
0 1
x x
<

2
2
6
0
6
1
x x
x x
>

276
2
( 1) 0
6
0
( 1)
x x
x x
x x
>
0
1 2
3
2
3
x
x x
x
x
x
<
>

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [ ) 3; . +
2)
3
log (log (9 72)) 1(1)
x
x

iu kin:
( )
3
log 9 72 0
9 72 0
0, 1
x
x
x x
>
>
>
9
9 72 1
9 72 0
log 73.
0
1
x
x
x
x
x
>
>
>
>

Vi iu kin
9
log 73 x > suy ra 1, x > do ta c
3
(1) log (9 72)
x
x
9 72 3
x x

2
3 3 72 0 8 3 9
x x x

3 0
2
3 9
x
x
x

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ]
9
log 73; 2 .
Ch . Chng ta c th xt hai trng hp ca c s , x c th trnh by nh sau:
3
3
3
9
log (log (9 72)) 1
1
1 1
9 3 72 0
0 log (9 72) 1 9 72 3
9 73
0 1 0 1
0 1
log (9 72) 9 72 3
9 3 72 0
1
8 3 9
log 73
0 1
3 9
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x

>
> >

< <

>

< < < <

< <

>
>
< <

9 9
1
2
log 73 log 73 2.
0 1
( )
2
x
x
x x
x
VN
x
>

> <
< <

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ]
9
log 73; 2 .
)
2
2 3
3 log 1(1)
x
x
+
<
277
+ Nu 2 3 1 1(*) x x + > >
( )
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 0 x x x x < + < 1 3 x < <
Kt hp vi (*) ta c 1 3. x < <
+ Nu ( )
3
0 2 3 1 1 **
2
x x
< + < < <

( )
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 0 x x x x > + >
1
3
x
x
<
>

Kt hp vi ( ) ** ta c
3
1.
2
x
< <
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( )
3
; 1 1;3 .
2
| |

|
\

) ( ) 2
2
9
1
4 log 2 6 (1)
2
x
x x + +
+ Nu
2
1 1
0 9 1 0.
3 3
x x x < < < <
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 6 9 2 6 3
2 6 3 5 6 0
2 6 3 2 6
2 6 3 6 0
1 6
1 2.
3 2
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x
x
x
+ + + +

+ +

+ + +

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt th nghim ca bt phng trnh trong trng hp ny l
1 1
0.
3 3
x x < <
+ Nu
2
1
3
9 1
1
3
x
x
x
<
>
>

( )
2
2
2 2
2 6 0
1 7 1 7
1
2 6 3
2 6 9
x x
x
x x x
x x x
+ + >
< < +

+ +
+ +

2 2
2 2
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
1 7 1 7
3 2 6 6 0 3 2
1 6
3 2 6 5 6 0
x x
x
x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x

< < + < < +
< < +

+ + +

278
1 7 1
2 1 7
x
x
<

< +

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt th nghim ca bt phng trnh trong trng hp ny l
1 7 1 2 1 7. x x < < +
1 1
3 3
x < < 1 7 1 2 1 7 0. x x x < < +
5)
( ) ( )( )
2 1
1 1
2 2
log 4 4 log 2 3.2 1
x x x +
+
iu kin:
2 1
2
3
2 3.2 0 log (*)
2
x x
x
+
> . V c s b hn 1 nn ta c
2 1
2 2
2
(1) 4 4 2 3.2
2 4 2 .2 3.2
2 3.2 4 0
x x x
x x x
x x
+
+
+

2 1
2 4 2
2 4
x
x
x
x

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [ ) 2; . +
Ch . V 4 4 0,
x
x + > nn t
2 1 2 1
4 4 2 3.2 2 3.2 0,
x x x x x + +
+ > do c th khng
cn t iu kin (*).
6)
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
log 2 10 24 log 9 (1)
x x
x x x

(
+

+ Trng hp 1.
( )
2
2
2 2
3 1
4
(1) 9 0 3 3
20 57 0
2 10 24 9
x
x
x x x
x x
x x x
>
>

> < >

+
+

4
10 43. 10 43
10 43
x
x x
x
>
+

+ Trng hp 2.
( )
2
2
2 2
2
3 4
0 3 1
3 4 4
(1) 10 24 0
6 20 57 0
2 10 24 9
20 57 0
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
< <
< <

< < <

+ >

> +

+

279
3 4
10 43 4.
10 43 10 43
x
x
x
< <
<

) )
10 43; 4 10 43; .

+ +

7)
( )
2
3
9
1 1
(1)
log 1
2log 6 9
x
x x
<
+
+ +

iu kin:
2
3
2 2 2
3
1 0
1 1 1
3 3 6 9 0 0 1
0 0 log ( 1) 0 2 0
4 6 9 1 6 8 0 log ( 6 9) 0
x
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ > > > >

+ + > >

+

+ + + + + +

( ) 2
3
3
1 1
(1)
1
log 1
2 log 6 9
2
x
x x
<
+
. + +

( ) ( )
2
3 3 3
3
1 1 1 1
log 1 log 1 log 3
log 6 9
x x x
x x
< <
+ + +
+ +
(2)
+ Nu 0 x > th ( )
3 3
log 1 0, log 3 0 x x + > + > nn ta c
( ) ( )
3 3
(2) log log 1 1( ) x x x x VN + 3 < + + 3 < +
+ Nu 1 0 x < < th ( ) ( )
3 3 3
log 1 0, log 3 log 3 0 x x x + < + = + >
Do (2) ng.
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ) 1; 0 .
8)
( )
2
2
2
log 3
2(1)
log 3
x
x
+
>
+

iu kin:
2
0
0
1
log 3 0
8
x
x
x x
>
>

t
2
log . t x = Khi , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
3
2
3
t
t
+
>
+
2
3
3
t
t
+
2 > 0
+
2
2 3
0
3
t t
t

>
+
3 1
3
t
t
< <
>

T suy ra
2
2
3 log 1
log 3
x
x
< <
>
1 1
8 2
8
x
x
< <
>

280
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( )
1 1
; 8; .
8 2
| |
+
|
\

) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1
2
9 log 2 1 log 2 2 2 1
x x+
>
iu kin: 2 1 0 0
x
x > >
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 log 2 1 log 2 2 1 2
log 2 1 1 log 2 1 2
x x
x x
<
+ <
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
log 2 1 log 2 1 2 0
1 5 5
2 log 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 log log 3
4 4 4
x x
x x x
x
+ <
< < < < < < < <

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 2
5
log ; log 3 .
4
| |
|
\

) ( ) ( )
4 2
18 2
10 log 18 2 log 1 1
8
x
x
| |

|
\

iu kin:
2
18 2 0 2 18 log 18
x x
x > < <
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
1 log 18 2 log 18 2 log 8 1
2
x x
(

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
log 18 2 3log 18 2 2 0
1 log 18 2 2 2 18 2 4
14 2 16 log 14 4.
x x
x x
x
x
+

2
log 14; 4 . (

11)
( ) ( )
4 1
4
3 1 3
log 3 1 log 1
16 4
x
x

iu kin: 3 1 0
x
x > > 0
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 4
2
4 4 4
2
4 4
3 1 3
(1) log 3 1 1 log
16 4
3
log 3 1 1 log 3 1 log 4
4
3
log 3 1 2log 3 1 0
4
x
x
x x
x x

(

+

2
4 4
3
log (3 1) 2log (3 1) 0
4
x x
+
281
4
4
1
log (3 1)
2
3
log (3 1)
2
x
x

0
0 3 1 2 0 1
1
2
3 1 8
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
>
< <

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ] [ ) 0;1 2; .
12)
( )
2
log 9 1 1(1)
x
x x
+ Trng hp 1.
2 2 2
1 1 1
(1)
9 2 1 9 1 9 1
x x x
x x x x x x
> > <

+

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
9 4 4 1 9 1 5 4 8 0 8
1
1
2 2 11 2 2 11
2 2 2 2
5 5
2 2 1.
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x
x
x x
x
> < > <

+ + +

>
<

+

<

+ Trng hp 2.
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
(1) 9 1 0
0 9 1
9 1
0
9 1 0 9 1 0
9 2 1 9 1
0
9 1 9 1
9 2 1 9 1
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
1< <1
< <1

>

<

< <1 1< < 0

> >

+

< <1 1< < 0

> + > +

+

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0
9 2 1 9 2 1
9 4 4 1 9 1
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
< <1 1< < 0

> + + > + +

+ +

282
2 2
2 2
0
0
1 17 1 17
4 0 4 0( )
2 2
5 4 8 0 8 0
2 2 11 2 2 11
5 5
x
x x
x x x x VN x
x x x
x x
< <1
< <1 1< < 0

+
+ < + < < <

+

+

2 2 11
1.
5
x
+
<
)
2 2 11
2 2; 1 ;1 .
5
|
+

|
|

13)
( )
2 4
1 2 16
2
log 4log 2 4 log (1) x x x + <
iu kin: 0. x >
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 4
2 2 16
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
(1) log 2log 2 4 log
log 2log 2 4 log
2 4 log 0
log 2log 0
log 2log 2 4 log
log 4
log 2 log 0
log 2log 2 16 8log log
0 log 4
log 18log 32 0
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
+ <
+ <
>
+ <
<
< >
+ < +
< <

+ >
2
2 2
2
0 log 4
log 2 log 16
0 log 2 1 4.
x
x x
x x
< <

< >
< < < <

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [ ] 1; 4 .
14) ( )
3
log 2 log 2 1
x x
x x
iu kin:
0
1
x
x
>

(1) log 2 1 log 2 3
x x
+ +
283
t log 2.
x
t = Khi , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
1 3 t t + +
2
2
1 0
3 1
3 0
3 1
1 3 1
1 1 1 0
2 0
3 ( 1)
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t t
t t
+ <
<
+
<
+

+ +

Nh vy ta c
3
3
3
1
2
2
3 log 2 1
1
0
0 1
2
2
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
>

<
< <

[ )
3
1
0; 2; .
2
| (
+
(
\

15)
2
lg 3lg 3
1(1)
lg 1
x x
x
+
<

t lg t x =
2 2 2
3 3 3 3 4 4
1 1 0 0 1.
1 1 1
t t t t t t
t
t t t
+ + +
< < < <

lg 1 0 10. x x < < <
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l( ) 0;10 .
16)
( ) ( )
2 3
1 1
2 3
log 3 log 3
0(1)
1
x x
x
+ +
>
+

iu kin:
( )
( )
3
2
3 0
3
3.
3
3 0
x
x
x
x
x
+ >
>
>

+ >

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
3
2 3
3
2 3
3
3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
log 3
log 3
log 3 log 3
log 2
(1) 0 0
1 1
log 2.log 3 log 3 3log 2.log 3 2log 3
0 0
1 1
x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
+
+ +
+ + +
> >
+ +
+ + + +
> >
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
log 3 . 3log 2 2 log 3
0 0
1 1
x x
x x
+ +
> <
+ +

(V
3
3log 2 2 0 < )
284
( )
( )
3
3
log 3 0
0 3 1 3 2
1 0 1 1
2 1.
3 1 2 log 3 0
1 1
1 0
x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x
x
+ <
< + < < <

+ > > >

< <

+ > > + >
< <

+ <

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ) 2; 1 .
17)
3 5
5
3
(2 log ) log
log log (1)
3 log
x
x x x
x
x
+ <
iu kin:
0
1
x
x
>

5 5 5
(1) log 1 log 3 2log 3 log
x
x x + <

5 5
5 3 5
2log 2log 3 1 log 3 0
2log 3.log 2log 3 1 log 3 0
x
x
x
x
+ <
+ <

t ( )
3
log 0 t x t = khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
( )
( ) ( )
5 5
2
5 5
1
2log 3 1 2log 3 0
2log 3 1 2log 3 1
0
t
t
t t
t
+ <
+
<

( )
( ) 3
3 3 3
3
1 log 5
0
1 1 1
log log log 0
5 5 5
0 log 1 0 1 1 3
t t
t
x t x
x t x
+
<

< < < <

< < < < < <

So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( )
1
1;3 0; .
5
| |
|
\

18)
( )
2
2
1
2
4
0(1)
log 1
x
x
<

( )
( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 4 0
2 2
2 1
2 2 log 1 0
0 1 1
1 2
1 1
(1)
2 2
4 0 2
2 2
1 1 2
log 1 0
2 2
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
< < <
< <
< <
< < >
< <
< <
< >

< > > >
< >

> <
<

< >

285
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ; 2 2; 1 1; 2 2; . +
( )
3
19) log 2 log 2 (1)
x x
x x
iu kin:
0
1
x
x
>

t log 2
x
t x =
3 t t
2
0
3 0
0
3
t
t
t
t t
<

2
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 0
0 3 3 0
t t
t t
t
t t
t t t
< <

3 3
3
3
1
1 2 1
2
1 2 2 0
0 log 2 3
1
0 1 0 0 1
2
2 1 1 2
2 0
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
>
>

< < < < < <

)
1
0; 2; .
2
| |

+
|

\

( )
2 3
20) log log 1 2(1) x x + + <
iu kin: 0 x >
t
2
log 2 .
t
t x x = =
( ) ( )
2
3 3
9
log 2 1 2 log 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 6 3 9(2)
3
t t t t t t t
t
t t

+ + < + < + < + < + <
Xt hm s ( ) 6 3
t t
f t = +
Ta thy ( ) 6 ln 6 3 ln3 0,
t t
f t t = + >
( ) f t l hm ng bin trn .
Mt khc ( ) 1 9 f =
Suy ra
2
(2) 1 log 1 t x < < 2 x < .
286
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ) 0; 2 .
2 3
21) log 1 log 9 1(1) x x + + + >
iu kin: 1 x >
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
1 1
(1) log 1 log 9 1
2 2
log 1 log 9 2
x x
x x
+ + + >
+ + + >

t ( )
2
log 1 2 1
t
t x x = + =

( )
3
log 2 8 2
t
t + + >
( )
3
log 2 8 2
t
t + >
2
2 8 3
t t
+ >
9
2 8
3
t
t
+ > 6 8.3 9(2)
t t
+ >
Xt hm s ( ) 6 8.3
t t
f t = +
Ta thy ( ) 6 ln6 8.3 ln3 0, .
t t
f t t = + >
( ) f t l hm ng bin trn .
Mt khc ( ) 0 9. f =
Suy ra ( )
2
(2) 0 log 1 0 1 1 0. t x x x > + > + > >
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( ) 0; . +
V. 8. 1) ( )
4 2
2 2
log log 0
2 8
x y
I
x y
=

iu kin: 0, 0. x y > >
( )
1
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
log log 0 log log
log log 0
2
2 8
2 8
2 8
4
2
4 2 2 8 2 8 0
x y x y
x y
I
x y
x y
x y
x x y x y x y
y
x x x y x x

= =

=

=
=
=
= = = =

=
= = = =

2)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
3 1
3
1
4
2
log 2 log 2 1
x y y
I
x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

287
iu kin:
2 0
2 0
x y
x y
+ >
>

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
1
4
2
log 2 log 2 1
x y y
I
x y x y
+ = +
+ =

2 2
2 2
2 2
3
1
1
4
4 1
2 16 4 2
2
2 2
3 log 1 4
2 2
x y y
x y y
y y y
x y x y
x y
x y x y

+ = +
+ = +

+ = +

+ | | +

= = =
|

\

2
2
1 1
1 2 2
17 4 0
8 2
32
4 17
17
4
8
17
x
y y
y y
y
x
x y
x y
y
=

= =

=

=
=

=

Do iu kin
2 0
,
2 0
x y
x y
+ >
>
nn ta chn
2
1
2
x
y
=

1
2; .
2
| |
|
\

3)
( )
3
3 2 972
log 2
x y
x y
=

( )
3
3
3 2 972
3 2 972 3 2 972 3 2 972
log 2 3 3 3
x y
x y x y y y
x y x y x y x y
+
=
= = =

= = = + = +

5 27 6 972 6 36
2 3 3
y y
x
y x y x y
= = =

= = + = +

4)
( )
9 3
2 8 2 2
( )
1 1 1
log log 9
2 2
x y
I
y
x
+ =

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

288
( ) ( )
9 3 3 3
2 8 2 2 2 8 2 2
( )
1 1 1 1
log log 9 log 1 log 9
2 2
x y x y
I
y y
x x

= =

+ = + =

( )
3
3
3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
log 9 1 9 3
x y
x y
xy xy
=
=

= =

3
3
2
3
3
2
2 2
1
3 1
3
x y
x y
xy
y
x

=

=
=

2
1 3 1 1
2 2 2 3 2 0
2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
6 3
6 6 3
x x x x x x x
x
y y
y y y
x
x

= = = = = =

= =

= = =

Do iu kin
0
0
x
y
>
>
nn ta chn
2
1
.
6
x
y
=

1
2; .
6
| |
|
\

5)
4 2
2 2
log log 0
( )
5 4 0
x y
I
x y
=
+ =

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

4 2
2 2
log log
( )
5 4 0
x y
I
x y
=

+ =
2 2
5 4 0
x y
x y

+ =
1
4
x y
x
x
=

1
1
4
2
x
y
x
y
=

=

(Tha iu kin)
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 4; 2 .
6)
2
1
2 2
2log 3 15
( )
3 .log 2log 3
y
y y
x
I
x x
+
=
= +

iu kin: 0 x >

2
2
1 2
15 3
log
15 3
2 log
( ) 2
15 3 15 3
3 2 3 15.3 3 30 2.3 6.3
2 2
y
y
y y
y y y y y y
x
x
I
+
+
=
+
=

| | | | + +

= + + = + +
| |
\ \

289
2
9
2 2
2
15 3
log
15 3 15 3
2
log 2 log
2 2
3 3
1
1 3 7.3 30 0
3 10
y
y y
y
y y
y
x
x x x
y
y
+
=
+ +
= = =

=
=

= + =

=

(Nhn)
( )
9
2 ;1 .
7)
2 4 1
2
4 2
log log 2log 4
( )
log log 5
x x
I
x y
+ =
+ =

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3
3
2
3
2 2 2 2
2 2
log log log 16 log log 16
( )
log log 5 log log 5
16 4 4
16
log log 5 log 2 2 log 5
log log 5
x x x x
I
x y x y
x x x
x
x y y
x y

+ = =

+ = + =

= =

=

+ = + =

+ =

3
3 3
3
5 3 3
2 3
4 4
4 4 4 4
32
8 4
log (2 2 ) 5 2 2 2
2 2
x
x x
y
y y
=

= =

= =
= =

(Tha iu kin)
( )
3 3
4 4;8 4 .
8)
2
2log
log ( ) log
( )
4 3
y
x y
x
xy x
I
y y
=
= +

iu kin:
0
0, 1
0, 1
0, 1
0, 1
xy
x x
x x
y y
y y
>
>
>

>
>

2
2log
log
log log 2log
( )
4 3
2
1 log
log
4 3
y
y
x x y
x
x
x
x
x y x
I
y y
y
y
y y
+ =

= +
+ =
= +

290
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
log 1
4 3 0
log log 2 0
1
log 2
1
4 3
4 3 0
4 3 0
4 3 0
x
x x
x
y x
y x
y
x y
y y
y y
x
y x y
x x y
x y
x y
=
=
=
=

+ =

= =

= = +

=

2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2 7
4 3 0
2 7
2 7
1
1
2
1
4
3 0 2, ( 0)
4
y x
y x
x
x x
x
y
y
x
y
x
x
y
x x x
x
= >
= > = +

=

= +
= +

= =

=

=

= = >

1
(2 7; 2 7), (2; ).
4
+ +
)
( )
1 4
4
2 2
1
log log 1
9 ( )
25
y x
y
I
x y
+ =

iu kin:
0 y
y x
>
>

( )
( ) ( )
1
4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
log log 1 log log 1
25 25
3 3
4 4 4
4 4
9 25 25
25 25 25
16 16
y y x y x y
I
x y x y
y y
y
x x
y y x
y x
y y x y
y x y
= =

+ = + =

= =

= =

+ =

+ = = + =

2
3
3
3
4 4
4
4
3
16
4
4
x
y
x
y
y x
y
x
y
y
y
=
=

= =

=
=

=

=
=

Do iu kin
0 y
y x
>
>
, nn ta chn
3
4
x
y
=

)
( )
2 2
2
4 2
log 5
10 ( )
2log log 4
x y
I
x y
+ =
+ =

291
iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>
( ) *
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
4 2 2 2
32 32 32
2log log 4 log log 4 log 4
16
32 32
32
16
16
16
32 256 0 16 16 0
16 16
16
x y x y x y
I
x y x y xy
x y y
x y
y
x xy
y x
y
y y y y
x x
x
y y
y
+ = + = + =

+ = + = =

| |
+ = + =
|
+ =

\

= =

=
+ = = =

= =
=

4
4 4 4
4 4.
16
y
x x y
y y
x
y
=
= = =

= =

Kt hp vi ( ) * ta c
4
4
x
y
=

11)
( )
( )
log log 1
2 2 3 2
y x
x y
xy y
+ =

iu kin:
0 1
0 1
x
y
<
<

( ) ( )
( )
1
2
1 log log
1 1
log log
2 log
y x
y y
y
xy y
x y
x
=
+ =

( )
2
2
1 log log 2
log log 2 0
log 1
log 2
y y
y y
y
y
x x
x x
x x y
x x y
+ =
+ =
= =

= =

+ Vi x y = thay vo ( ) 2 ta c
292
2
3 3
2 2 3 2 log 0
2 2
x x x
x + = = = > (Nhn)
+ Vi
2
x y
= thay vo ( ) 2 ta c
2
1
2 2 3.(*)
y y
+ = Ta chng minh phng trnh (*) v
nghim.
Tht vy, nu 0 1 y < < th
2
1
1
y
> nn
2
1
2 2 2 1 3
y y
+ > + = . Suy ra (*) v nghim. Cn nu
1 y > th
2
1
1
y
< nn
2
1
2 2 1 2 3.
y y
+ > + = Suy ra (*) v nghim.
2 2
3 3
log ; log .
2 2
| |
|
\

12)
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
log 2 3 5 3
( )
log 2 3 5 3
x
y
x x x y
I
y y y x
+ =
+ =

iu kin:
3 2
3 2
0 1
0 1
2 3 5 0
2 3 5 0
x
y
x x x y
y y y x
<
<
+ >
+ >

( )
( )
( )
3 2 3
3 2 3
log 2 3 5 log
log 2 3 5 log
y
x x
y
x x x y x
I
y y y x y
+ =

+ =

( )
( )
2
3 2 3
3 2 3 2
2 3 5 0 1
2 3 5
2 3 5 2 3 5 0 2
x x y
x x x y x
y y y x y y y x
= + =

+ = =

Tr( ) 1 cho (2) theo v ta c
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 3 5 2 3 5 0 1 0
1
x y
x x y y y x x y x y
x y
=
= + + =

+ Thay x y = vo ( ) 1 ta c
( )
2
0 0
2 3 5 0 2 4 0
4 4
x y
x x x x x
x y
= =
= =

= =

So vi iu kin ta nhn 4. x y = =
+ Thay 1 x y = vo ( ) 2 ta c
( )
2 2
2 3 5 1 0 2 2 5 0 y y y y y = + + = phng trnh v nghim.
293
Ch . C th nhn xt ngay trng hp 1 0, x y + + = h phng trnh cho v nghim v
0, 0. x y > >
13)
( )
( )
4 2
4 3 0 1
log log 0 2
x y
x y
+ =

iu kin:
4
2
1
log 0 1
log 0
x
y x
x y
y
> 0
> 0

( )
4 2
2 log log x y =
4 2
log log x y =
2 2
log 2log x y =
2
2 2
log log x y =
2
x y =
Do 1 y nn (1) tr thnh ( ) 4 3 0 3 x y + =
Thay
2
x y = vo (3) ta c
2
4 3 0 y y + =
1
3.
y
y
=

+ Vi 1 1 y x = = . (Nhn)
+ Vi 3 9. y x = = (Nhn)
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 9; 3 .
14)
( )
( )
4
7
log log 1
6
16 2
x
x y
xy

iu kin:
0
1
0
x
x
y
>
>

( )
16
2 y
x
=
Thay vo (1) ta c
4
16 7
log log
6
x
x
x
=
2
1 7
log log 16 1
2 6
x
x + =
4
2
1 1
log log 2 0
2 6
x
x =
294
2
1 1
log 4log 2 0
2 6
x
x =
2
2
1 4 1
log 0
2 log 6
x
x
= (3) (Do 1 x )
t
2
log t x =
Khi (3) tr thnh
1 4 1
0
2 6
t
t
=
2
3 24 0 t t =
3
8
3
t
t
=
2
2
3
8 log 3
1 8
log
4 4 3
x x
x
x
= =

=
=

+ Vi 8 2 x y = =
+ Vi
3
3
1
64 4
4 4
x y = =
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( )
3
3
1
8; 2 ; ;64 4 .
4 4
| |
|
\

) ( )
2 2
2 4
log 2log 3
15 1
16
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
log log 3
2 16
log 3
2 16
8
32
x y
I
x y xy
xy
x y xy
xy
x y
+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

2
2
8
4 2
xy
x y
=

+ =
(Do 0, 0 x y > > )

Khi
2
; x y l cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
2
2 2
4 2 8 0 2 2
2 2
x
X X X
y
+ = =

=
4
2 2
8
x
y
(Do 0, 0 x y > > )

( )
4
2 2; 8 .
295
( )
( )
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
16)
3log 9 log 3
x y
I
x y
+ =

iu kin:
1 0, 0
1
2 0
0 2
0
x x
x
y
y
y

<
>

( )
( )( )
3
3 3
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 1
3 3
log 1 3
3log 3 3log 3
1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
1
1
1 0
2
2 0
2
x y x y
x y
I
x x
x y
y y
x y
x y x y
x x x y x x
x
x y
y
x
x
x
y

+ = + =
+ =

= =
=

= = =

= + = + =

=
=
=

=

=

=

=

So vi iu kin th cc gi tr ca , x y u tha.
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 1;1 ; 2; 2 .
17)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
ln 1 ln 1 1
12 20 0 2
x y x y
x xy y
+ + =
+ =

iu kin:
x
y
> 1
> 1

( ) ( ) (1) ln 1 ln 1 x x y y + = +
Xt hm ( ) ( ) ( ) ln 1 , 1 f t t t t = + >
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 0 0; 0, 0; ; 0, 1; 0
1 1
t
f t f t t f t t f t t
t t
= = = = < + >
+ +

Suy ra, hm ( ) f t ng bin trn ( ) 1, 0 v nghch bin trn ( ) 0; . + Do , t (1) ta c
x y = hoc 0. xy < Nhng ta thy nu 0 xy < th phng trnh (2) v nghim, nn . x y =
Thay x y = vo ( ) 2 ta c
2
9 0 0 0 x x y = = =
18)
8 8
log log
4 4
4
( )
log log 1
y x
x y
I
x y
+ =

296
iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>
. Nhn xt rng 1 y = khng tha h phng trnh, do 1. y Khi

h phng trnh ( ) I tng ng vi
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
8 8 8 8
8
8
8 8 8
log log log log
log
log 4
4
log 4 log 4 log 4
8
8 8 2
2 2
4 4
4 4
log 1 4
4
log 4 log 2
4 2
4 4 4
1 2 1 1
log 4 log log
log 3 3 log
4 4
y x y x
y
y
y y y
y
x y x y
y y
x x
x y
y y
y
y y y
x y x y x y
y y
y y
x y x y
+ = + =
+ =

= =
=

=
+ = =

= = =

+ = + =
= =
( )
2
2 2
2
2
log 2log 3 0
4
1
log 1
8
2
log 3
1 2
4
8
y y
x y
y
x
x
y
y
y
x y
+ =
=
=

=
=

i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( )
1 1
8; 2 , ; .
2 8
| |
|
\

19)
2 3
2 3
log 3 1 log (1)
log 3 1 log (2)
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c
2 2 3 3
2 3 2 3
log 3 log 3 log log
log 3 log log 3 log (3)
x y y x
x x y y
+ + =
+ + = + +

Xt hm s c trng
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
log 3 log , 0.
1 1
0 0
2 3 ln 2 ln3
f t t t t
f t t
t t
= + + >
= + > >
+

Suy ra ( ) f t ng bin trn ( ) 0; . +
Do (3) . x y = Thay x y = vo (1) ta c
2 3 2 3
log 3 1 log log 3 log 1(4) x x x x + = + + =
Xt hm s
297
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
ln3 ln 4 6ln 2
log 3 log
2 3 ln 2ln3
ln3 ln 4 6ln 2
0, 0.
2 3 ln 2ln3
x x
y g x x x g x
x x
x
x
x x

= = + =
+

= < >
+

Suy ra hm s ( ) y g x = l hm nghch bin trn khong (0; ), + nn (4) c nhiu nht
mt nghim.Ta kim tra c 1 x = l nghim ca (4).
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1).
20)
( ) ( )
lg lg
lg 4 lg3
3 4 (1)
4 3 (2)
x y
x y
=

iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
lg lg
lg4 lg3
lg4
(1) lg 3 lg 4 lg lg
lg3
(2) lg 4 lg 3 lg 4 lg4 lg lg3 lg3 lg
x y
x y
x y x y
= =
= + = +

Thay ( )
lg4
lg lg
lg3
x y = vo (2) ta c
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
lg 4
lg 4 lg 4 lg lg3 lg3 lg
lg3
lg 4
lg 4 lg lg 3 lg lg3
lg3
y y
y y
| |
+ = +
|
\
+ = +

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
lg 4
lg lg3 lg 3 lg 4
lg3
lg 4 lg 3
lg lg 3 lg 4
lg3
1 1
lg lg3 lg lg .
3 3
y
y
y y y
| |
=
|
\
=
== = =

1 lg 4 1
lg lg . lg lg4 .
3 lg3 4
x x x = = =
1 1
; .
4 3
| |
|
\

21)
( )
3
2
log 3
2 12 .3 81 .
x
x y
y y y
+ =
+ =

iu kin: 0. y >
298
Ly logarit c s 3 hai v ca phng trnh th hai ca h ta c
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
2 2
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3
2 2
2 2
3 3 3 2 2
3
2 2
log 3 3 log
log 2 12 log 4 log 2 12 3 log log 4
3 log 3 log
3 log
2 12 2 12
log 2 12 log 1 log 1 3
3 log
2 12 3
x y x y
y y x y y y y y
x y x y
x y
y y y y
y y y
y y
x y x
y y y
+ = =

+ + = + + + = +

= =
=

+ +
+ = = =

+ =
3 3
2
3 log 3 log 2
3 3 4 12 0
y x y x
y y y y y
= = =

= = = + =

So vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l ( ) 2; 3 .
22)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
log 1 log
( )
3 81
x xy y
x y xy
I
+
+ = +

iu kin: 0. xy >
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
log log 2 2
( )
4
4
2 2 0
4 2 2
4
x y xy x y xy
I
x xy y
x xy y
x y x x x y
xy y y
xy
+ = + =

+ =
+ =
= = = =

= = =
=

i chiu vi vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( ) ( ) 2; 2 , 2; 2 .
23)
9
1
log
1
4
2
( )
3
3
y
x
x
I
y
| |
=

iu kin: 0. x >
Vit li h phng trnh cho di dng
( )
3
3
2 2 1
1 1 1
log
log
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
3 3
3
3 3 3
2. 1
3
3
1.
3
y
x
x
x y x y x y
y y y y
x
x
y
y
y
y x
x
= = = =

=
= = =

=

=

299
24)
( )
3
3 4
1 1 3 (1)
log 1 (2)
y
x
x
x
y x

+ =
+ =

iu kin:
1 0 1
4 0 4 0 4.
0 0
x x
x x x
x x
+

<

> >

T phng trnh (2) ta c
3
3
1 log
3 log
3 3
1 log 3 3 .
3
x y
x
y x
x
= = = =
Thay
3
3
y
x
= vo phng trnh (1) ta c
( )
( )
2
3 3 4
1 1 . 1 1 4
1 4 1 1 4 2 4 1
2
4 2 3 0.
4 2
x
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x x x y
x x
+ = + =
+ = + + = + +

= = =

25)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 4
2
4 4 4
log log 2 1 log 3
( )
log 1 log 4 2 2 4 log 1
x y x x y
I
x
xy y y x
y
+ + = +
+ + + =

iu kin:
2
2
0
2 0 0
3 0 0
1 0
4 2 2 4 0
4 2 2 4 0
x
y
x x
x y y
xy
y y x
y y x
>
> >

+ > >

+ >
+ + >
+ + >

H phng trnh ( ) I c bin i v
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
3
2 0
3 2 0
2
2 0 1 2 2 0
1
4 2 2 4 4
x y
x y
x y
x y x y
x xy y
x
x
x y x xy x x xy y x
y
y y x y
+
=
= +
= + =

=

= + + =

= =

+ +

i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( ) ( ) 2;1 , ; , a a vi
, 0. a a >
V. 9. ( )
2 2
3 3
log log 1 2 1 0 1 x x m + + =
300
a) Khi 2 m = th phng trnh tr thnh ( )
2 2
3 3
log log 1 5 0 2 x x + + =
iu kin: 0 x >
t
2
3
log 1 0. t x = + > Khi ta c phng trnh theo bin t
2
6 0 t t + =
2
3
t
t
=

Ta chn 2 t =
2
3
log 1 2 + =
2
3
log 1 4 x + =
2
3
log 3 x =
3
3
log 3
log 3
x
=

=
3
3
3
3
x
x

=

=

Cc gi tr ca x u tha iu kin.
3 3
3 ; 3 . x x

= =
b) Ta c

3 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
1 3 0 log 3 0 log 3
1 log 1 4 1 log 1 2.
x x x
x x

+ +

Nh vy, [ ] 1; 2 . t
2
2 2 t t m + =
t ( )
2
2 f t t t = +
( ) 2 1 f t t = + ( )
1
0
2
f t t = =
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, ta suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim
3
1; 3 x
(

khi v ch
khi 0 2 4 0 2. m m
Vy, vi 0 2 m th phng trnh cho c nghim
3
1; 3 . x
(

V.10.
2
2 1
2
4(log ) log 0 x x m + =
Ta c
2
2 1
2
4(log ) log 0 x x m + =
2
2 2
4(log ) log 0 x x m + + =
2
2 2
(log ) log 0(1) x x m + + =
301
t
2
log , t x = ta c 0 1 x < < ( ;0) t
(1) tr thnh
2 2
0 (2) t t m t t m + + = + =
Bi ton tr thnh: Tm m phng trnh
2
(2) t t m + = c nghim thuc khong
( ; 0) . t
2
( ) f t t t = +
1
( ) 2 1 0
2
f t t t = + = =
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra (2) c nghim thuc khong ( ; 0) khi v ch khi
1 1
.
4 4
m m
Vy, vi
1
4
m th phng trnh cho c nghim thuc khong (0;1).
V.11. ( )
2 2
1 1
25 2 5 2 1 0
t t
a a

+ + + = ( ) 1
iu kin: 1 1. t
t
2
1
5 [1;5]
t
X X
=
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 2 1 0
2 2
X
X X
X a X a a a
X X
+
+ + + = = =

(V 2 X = khng l nghim ca phng trnh ( )
2
2 2 1 0 X a X a + + + = )
Xt hm s ( )
2
2 1
2
X X
f X
X
+
=

( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
4 3
0
3
2
X
X X
f X f X
X
X
= +
= =
=

Ta tnh c ( ) ( ) ( )
16
1 0; 3 4; 5 .
3
f f f = = =
Bng bin thin
302

Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi
0
4.
a
a

Vy, vi ( ;0] [4; ) a + th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V.12.
2
3 3
2log log 0 x x a + =
iu kin: 0 x >
Phng trnh cho c vit li thnh
2
3 3
2 log log 0(1) x x a + =
t
3
log 0 t x =
Khi (1) tr thnh ( ) f t =
2
2 0(2) t t a + =
Ta thy (1) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit
0 1 8 0
1
(0) 0 0 0
8
1
0 0
2 4
a
f a a
S

> >

> > < <

> >

Vy, vi
1
0
8
a < < th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V.13.
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
( )
x y
e e x y
I
y x a
= + +

iu kin: , 1 x y >
ln(1 ) ln(1 ) 0(1)
( )
(2)
x a x
e e x a x
I
y x a
+
+ + + + =

= +

Vi 0 a > th h phng trnh ( ) I c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (1) c nghim duy
nht trong khong ( ) 1; +
Xt hm s ( ) ln(1 ) ln(1 )
x a x
f x e e x a x
+
= + + + + vi 1. x >
Do ( ) f x lin tc trong( ) 1; + v c o hm ( ) ( 1)
(1 )(1 )
x a
a
f x e e
x x a
== +
+ + +

Do ( )
0 1 0
( ) 0, 1;
1 (1 )(1 ) 0
a
a e
f x x
x x x a
> >
> +

> + + + >

303
Suy ra ( ) f x ng bin trn khong ( ) 1; + . Ta li c
1
lim ( ) , lim ( )
x x
f x f x
+
+
= = +
Nn phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim duy nht trong khong( ) 1; . +
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht vi mi 0 a > .
V.14.
2 2
2
2 4
( )
2 4 2
x y
x y x y
m
I
m
+
+ =
+ + =

t
2
( , 0)
4
x
y
u
u v
v
=
>

H phng trnh ( ) I tr thnh
2 2 2
1 1 3
( ) 2 .
1 1 3
. .
u v m
u v m u v u v m
u v m
u v u v m u v u v m
u v uv m
+ = + +
+ = + =

+ = +
+ + = + + =

+ + =

1 3 1
. 1 1 3
u v m
u v m m
+ = +

= + +
(V , 0 u v > )
Suy ra , u v l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
2
( 1 3 1) 1 1 3 0 X m X m m + + + + = (*)
H ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c hai nghim dng
2
( 1 3 1) 4( 1 1 3 ) 0
1 3 1 0
1 1 3 0
m m m
S m
P m m
= + + +
= + >
= + + >

1 3 2 1 3 1 4 4 4 1 3 0
1 3 1
1 3 1
2 1 3 2 0 8
0 0 1 8.
1 1
m m m m
m
m m
m m m
m m m
m m
+ + + + +
+ >
+ < +
+ +

> > <

> >

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 1 8. m <
V.15.
1
2 2 1
2 1 1
( )
1 2 2
x
x x
y y m
I
y m
+
+ +
= + + +
+ = +

304
t
1
2 2
1 0
x
u
v y
+
= +
. Khi , ( ) I tr thnh
( )
( )
2
2
1
2
u v v m
v u u m
= +
= +

Tr (1) v (2) theo v ta c ( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 v u v u v u = + =
0
0
v u v u
v u v u
= =

+ = =

V
1
2 2
1 0
x
u
v y
+
= +
nn ta chn . v u = Th v u = vo ( ) 1 ta c
2
2 0 u u m + = (3)
a) Khi 0 m = ta c (3) tr thnh
2
0 0
2 0
2 2
v u
v v
v u
= =
=
= =

Ta cng ch nhn 2, 2 v u = =
1
2 2 0
1 1 0
3
1 4 3 1 2
x
x
x x
y
y y y
+
= = + = =

=
+ = = + =

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh ( ) I trong trng hp 0 m = l ( ) 0; 3 .
b) Trng hp tng qut th h phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi (3) c nghim
2, u (Khi v v u = nn 2 v v do iu kin
1
2 2
1 0
x
u
v y
+
= +
c tha).
Ta c
2
2 0 u u m + =
2
2 u u m + = .
Xt hm s ( )
2
2 , 2 f u u u u = + ( ) 2 2 0 1. f u u u = + = =
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin suy ra h phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi 0 m .
Vy, vi 0 m th h phng trnh cho c nghim.
c) Da vo bng bin thin cu b) ta thy rng hm s ( ) f u nghch bin trn [2; ) +
nn d dng suy ra c phng trnh
2
2 0 u u m + = lun c nghim duy nht 2 u vi
mi 0 m . Vy vi 0 m th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
V.16.
2 2
2 2 (1)
2 4 3 (2)
x y
y x
x mx y m
=

Ta c (1) 2 2
x y
x y + = + . Xt hm s c trng ( ) ( ) 2
t
f t t t = +
Ta c ( ) 2 ln 2 1 0, .
t
f t t = + > Suy ra, hm s ( ) f t ng bin trn .
305
V vy 2 2 .
x y
x y x y + = + =
Vi x y = th h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2 2 2 2
2 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 0(3)
x y x y x y
x mx y m x mx x m x mx m
= = =

= = =

a) Khi 1 m = ta c h
2
1
1
1
4 3 0 3
3
3
x
x y
y x y
x
x x x
x
y
=
=
= =

=

+ + = =

=

=

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho khi 1 m = l ( 1; 1); ( 3; 3).
b) H phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (3) c hai
nghim phn bit. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
2
3
4 3 0 0 .
4
m m m m = + > > <
Vy, vi ( )
3
; 0;
4
m
| |
+
|
\
th h phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim.
V.17.
3 3
( )
3 3
x
y
x m y
I
y m x
+ = +
+ = +

a) Thay 1 m = vo ( ) I ta c h
3 3
3 3
x
y
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +
3 3
3 3
x
x y
x y
x y y x
+ = +

+ =
( )
( )
3 3 1
3 2 3 2 2
x
x y
x y
x y
+ = +

+ = +

Hm s ( ) 3 2
t
f t t = + l hm ng bin trn . Nn phng trnh (2) . x y =
Thay x y = vo ( ) 1 ta c3 3
x
x x + = + 3 3
x
= 1. x =
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho trong trng hp 1 m = l ( ) 1;1 .
b) Trong trng hp tng qut ta cng c
3 3
3 3
x
y
x m y
y m x
+ = +
+ = +
( )
( )
3 3 1
3 2 3 2 2
x
x y
x m y
x y
+ = +

+ = +

Hm s ( ) 3 2
t
f t t = + l hm ng bin trn . Nn phng trnh ( ) 2 . x y =
Thay x y = vo ( ) 1 ta c3 3
x
x m x + = + 3 3 (3)
x
m =
Do 3 0,
x
x > nn h phng trnh cho v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (3)
v nghim. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi 3 0 0. m m
Vy, vi 0 m th h phng trnh cho v nghim.
306
V.18.
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
17 1
( )
log log 2
x y
I
x y m
+ =
+ =

iu kin: 0, 0. x y > >
Gi s h ( ) I c nghim( ) , x y th ( ) , y x cng l nghim ca h ( ) I
Nn h phng trnh ( ) I c nghim duy nht th iu kin cn l ( ) ( ) , , . x y y x x y = =
Thay x y = vo ( ) 1 ta c
2
17
2
2 17
17
2
x
x
x

Do iu kin 0, 0 x y > > nn ta chn
17
.
2
x =
Thay
17
2
x y = = vo ( ) 2 ta c
2 2 2
17 17 17
log log log .
2 2 2
m m + = =
Kim tra li ta thy khi
2
17
log
2
m = th h c nghim duy nht.
Vy, vi
2
17
log
2
m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
Ch . C th gii bng cch khc nh sau:
Vi iu kin 0, 0, x y > > vit li h phng trnh cho di dng
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
17 17 2 17
17 2
log 2
2 2
m
m
m m
x y x y x y xy
x y
xy m xy
xy xy
+ = + = + =
+ = +

= = = =

Khi , x y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
( )
2
17 2 2 0(*).
m m
t t + + =
H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (*) c mt nghim kp dng
1
2
17 2 4.2 0
17
2 17 1 log 17 log .
17 2
2
0
2
m m
m
m m m
b
a
+
= + =
= + = =
+
= >

V.19.
2 4
2
0 (1)
log log (2)
y
x y
x
m x
y
=

307
iu kin:
0
0
1
x
y
y
>
>
. Ta c
2
2 4
2
(1) 0
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=

V 0 x > nn ta ch chn trng hp
2
. x y = Thay
2
x y = vo (2) ta c
2
2 2 2 2 2 4
2 2
log log log 2 2 (2 ) 2
m m m
y
y
m y y m y x y
y
= = = = = =
Nh vy ta c nghim ca h l
4
2
2
2
m
m
x
y
=

Theo yu cu ca bi ta phi c
4
2
2 1 4 0 0
2 2 1
2 4
m
m
x m m
m m
y
= > > >

< <
= <

Vy, vi 0 1 m < < th h phng trnh cho c nghim ( ; ) x y tha mn
1
4.
x
y
>
<

V.20
2 2
2 2 2
4 .4 8.2
( )
3 log log log ( )
x y xy
I
x y x y m
=
+ + = + +

2( ) 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) log (8 ) log ( )
0, 0
x y xy
I xy x y m
x y
+ +
=
= + +
> >
2 2 2
2( ) 3 2( ) 3
8 ( ) 10 0
0, 0 0, 0
x y xy x y xy
xy x y m x y xy m
x y x y
+ = + + = +

= + + + + =

> > > >

t
2
; 4 0, 0, 0.
S x y
S P S P
P xy
= +
> >
Ta c h phng trnh
2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3
10 0 10 0 ( ) 20 30 0(1)
S P P S P s
S P m S P m f S S S m
= + = =

+ = + = = + + =

H phng trnh cho c ng bn nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
dng phn bit tha
2
4 0
0
S P
P
>
>

Ta c
2 2
2 6 3
2 4 0 8 12 0
2
3
0 2 3 0
6
2
S S
S S P S S
S P S
S
< >
< < > + >

> > >

>

Nh vy, yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn
bit tha
3
2 6.
2
S S < < > Nhn xt rng phng trnh (1) nu c nghim th tng hai
nghim bng 20 do yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
hai nghim
1 2
, S S ca (1) tha
308
1 2
1 2
0
(2) 0 6 0 70 0
3
2 6
(6) 0 (6) 0 54 0 54 0 2
6
3 9 10 4
( ) 0 6 0
2 2 4
f
f m m
S S
f f m m
S S
b
f m
a

>
< < >
< < < <
< > < >

< <
>

> > + >

9
6 54 70.
4
m m < < < <
Vy, vi ( )
9
; 6 54; 70
4
m
| |

|
\
th h phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V.21.
2
2lg 3
( )
3lg 1
x y m
I
x y
+ =
iu kin:
0
0
x
y

>

1) Thay 1 m = vo ( ) I ta c
2
2lg 3 2lg 3(1)
6lg 1 (2) 3lg 1
x y x y
x y x y

+ = + =

= =

Nhn hai v ca phng trnh (1) vi 3, ri cng vi phng trnh (2) theo v ta c
3 10 3 10 0 2 4 x x x x x x + = + = = =
Thay 4 x = vo (1) ta c
1
2lg 1 lg 10
2
y y y = = = .
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho khi 1 m = l (4; 10).
2) Trong trng hp tng qut, ta tm gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh cho c
nghim ( ) ; x y tha 1. x >
Ta c
2lg 3 3 9 1 0(3)
( )
6lg 1 6lg 1 (4)
x y m x x m
I
x y x y

+ = + =

= =

t 1 t x = (Do yu cu ca bi l 1 x )
2
( ) 3 9 1 0(5). f t t t m = + = Ta c nhn xt rng vi mi
0
x th phng trnh (4) lun lun c nghim
0
1
6
0
10 .
x
y
= Do h phng trnh cho

c nghim tha yu cu bi khi v ch khi phng trnh (5) c nghim 1. t
309
Xt
2
( ) 3 9 1, f t t t m = + phng trnh (5) c nghim 1 t (Ch c th c mt nghim
tha iu kin ny v
1 2
3 0) t t + = < khi v ch khi
1
(1) 0 3 9 0 .
3
af m m
Vy, vi
1
3
m th h phng trnh cho c nghim tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V.22.
2 2
lg lg 1
lg .
x y
x
m
y
+ =
. iu kin: , 0. x y > t
lg
lg
u x
v y
=

Khi h phng trnh cho c bin i v dng
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
2 2 1 0(*) 1
v u m
v u m
u v
u v m u mu m u u m
= = + =

= + = + =

H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim duy
nht. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
( )
2 2
2 1 0 2 2. m m m m = = = =
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi 2 2. m m = =
V.23.
2 2
2 3 1
2 3 .
x y
x y
m
+ =
+ =
( ). I t
2
3
x
y
u
v
=
, 0, 0. u v > >
Khi h phng trnh ( ) I c bin i v dng
( ) II
2 2
1(1)
(2)
u v
u v m
+ =
+ =
. Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh ng trn n v ( ), C ta ch ly

nhng im ( ; ) M u v thuc ng trn sao cho 0, 0. u v > > Phng trnh (2) l phng
trnh ng thng ( ) d v cng ch xt 0, 0. u v > > H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim duy nht
khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc , Ouv ( ) d tip xc vi ( ) C ti im
( ; ) ( ), , 0. M u v C u v > iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
( , ( )) 1 1
2.
2
0
0
m
d O d
m
m
m

= =
=

>

>

Nh vy, khi 2 m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht v th 2 m = vo h
( ) II ta c
( )
2
2 2
2
1
1 2 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
u
uv u v u v uv
u v
u v
u v
v
= + = + =

+ = + =

+ =
=

310
Ta c
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
log
3
2
2
x
y
x
y

=
=

=
=

.
Vy, vi 2 m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
3
1 2
;log .
2 2
| |
|
|
\

V.24.
2 2
2
2 4 2
2 4 2 1 .
x y
x y x y
m
+
+ =
+ =
( ) I
t
2
4
x
y
u
v
=
, 0, 0. u v > > Khi h phng trnh ( ) I c bin i v dng

( ) II
2 2
2 (1)
1 (2)
u v
u v uv m
+ =
+ =
. Bin i phng trnh (2) v dng

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
1 1
2 2
u v u v
u v
u v m u v m
+ +
+
+ = + = (Do
2 2
2) u v + =
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2 2 0
1 2 1 0
1 2 1 0
m
u v u v m
u v m
u v m
+ + =

+ + + =
+ + =

.
Nh vy, h ( ) II tng ng vi
2 2
1
2
2( ) (1)
1 2 1 0( )(3)
1 2 1 0( )(4)
u v C
u v m d
u v m d
+ =
+ + + =
+ + =

.
Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh ng trn c tm l gc ta , bn knh 2 , ta ch ly
nhng im ( ; ) M u v thuc ng trn sao cho 0, 0. u v > > Phng trnh (3) v (4) l
phng trnh ng thng v cng ch xt 0, 0. u v > > H phng trnh cho c nghim
khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc , Ouv
1
( ) d hoc
2
( ) d c im chung vi ( ). C Cc
ng thng
1
( ) d v
2
( ) d u c h s gc bng 1.
1
( ) d i qua im ( 2; 0) A khi
1 2 1 2 m + = v tip xc vi ( ) C khi 1 2 1 2. m + = Cng lp lun tng t i vi
2
( ) d v cui cng ta c iu kin h phng trnh cho c nghim l
2 1 2 1 2
1 2 0.
2 1 2 1 2
m
m
m
< + +
<
< +

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 2 0. m <
311
V.25.
( )
2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2 16
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y
x y x y x y
I
m m
+ +
+ =
+ + + + =

t
2
2
x
y
u
v
=
, 0, 0. u v > > Khi h phng trnh ( ) I c bin i v dng

( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
2
2
16( )
16
16
0( )
2 0
2 0
2 0( )
u v C
u v
u v
u v m d
u v m u v m
u v m u v m
u v m d
+ =
+ = + =

+ =
+ + + =
+ + + =

+ + =

Ta c ng trn( ) C c tm ti gc ta v bn knh bng 4. Cc ng thng
1
( ) d v
2
( ) d u c h s gc bng 1.
H phng trnh cho c ba nghim phn bit khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc
, Ouv ng trn( ) C giao vi
1
( ) d v
2
( ) d ti ba im phn bit c ta dng. iu ny
xy ra khi v ch khi ( ) C tip xc vi mt trong hai ng thng v ct ng cn li ti
hai im phn bit.
Ta c
1
( ) d i qua im (4;0) A khi 4, m = cn
1
( ) d tip xc vi ( ) C khi 4 2. m =
Tng t
2
( ) d i qua im (4;0) A khi 2, m = cn
2
( ) d tip xc vi ( ) C khi 2 2. m =
D thy rng khng tn ti gi tr no ca tham s mtha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
V.26.
2 2 2
3 2
2
3 2
log log 4
log 2log 10
x y m
x y
+ =
+ =

Cch 1. iu kin: , 0. x y > t
3
2
log
log
u x
v y
=
.
Khi h phng trnh cho c vit li di dng
( )
2
2 2 2 2
4 4 5 40 100 4 0(1) 4 5 4 0
5 0 5
5
u v m u u m u u m
u v v u
v u
+ = + = + =

+ = =
=

H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c mt nghim
duy nht. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi 20 100 0 5. m m = = =
Vy, khi 5 m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
Cch 2. Cng t
3
2
log
log
u x
v y
=
, ta c h:
2 2
2 2
4 4 1( )
, ( 0).
4
5 0
5 0 ( )
u v
u v m E
m
m m
u v
u v d
+ = + =

+ =

+ =

H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi ( ) d tip xc vi Elip ( ). E Ta c
iu kin l 1.4 1. 25 5 25 5. m m m m + = = =
Vy, khi 5 m = th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
312
CHNG VI. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
VI.1. 1) 3sin cos 2 x x =
3 1 2
sin cos
2 2 2
sin sin cos cos cos
3 3 4
(cos cos sin sin ) cos
3 3 4
cos( ) cos
3 4
cos( ) cos
3 4
3
cos( ) cos
3 4
3
2
3 4
3
2
3 4
3
2
4 3
3
2
4 3
5
2
12
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x k
x k
x k
x k
x k
x

=
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ = +
+ = +
= +
= +
= +
=
( )
13
2
12
k
k

5 13
2 , 2 , ( ).
12 12
x k x k k

= + = +
2) cos 2cos 2 1 x x + =
2
4cos cos 3 0
cos 1
3
cos
4
2
3
arccos( ) 2 , ( )
4
3
arccos( ) 2
4
x x
x
x
x k
x k k
x k

+ =
=
= +
= +
= +

313
3 3
2 , arccos( ) 2 , arccos( ) 2 , ( ).
4 4
x k x k x k k = + = + = +
3)
2
cos 4 2cos 0 x x + =
2
2
1 cos 2
2cos 2 1 2( ) 0
2
2cos 2 cos 2 0
cos 2 (2cos 2 1) 0
x
x
x x
x x
+
+ =
+ =
+ =

cos 2 0
2cos 2 1 0
x
x
=
+ =

2
2
1 2
cos 2 cos
2 3
4 2
2
2 2 , ( ).
3
2
2 2
3
x k
x
x k
x k k
x k
= +
= =
= +
= +
= +

4 2
( )
3
3
x k
x k k
x k

= +
= +
= +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , , ( ).
4 2 3
x k x k k

= + = +
4)
2 2
2cos 4cos 3sin x x x + =
2 2
2
2cos 4cos 3(1 cos ) 0
5cos 4cos 3 0
2 19
cos
5
2 19
cos
5
x x x
x x
x
x
+ =
+ =
+
=

2 19
cos
5
x
+
= (V phng trnh
2 19
cos
5
x

= v nghim)
314
2 19
arccos( ) 2
5
( )
2 19
arccos( ) 2
5
x k
k
x k
+
= +
+
= +

2 19
arccos 2 , ( ).
5
x k k
| |
+
= +
|
|
\

5) cos sin 3sin 2 1 0 x x x + =
t cos sin 2 cos ,
4
t x x x
| |
= = +
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
2
sin 2 1 . x t = Phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
1
3 2 0
2
3
t
t t
t
=

2 cos( ) 1
4
2
2 cos( )
4 3
x
x
+ =
+ =

1
cos( )
4 2
2
cos( )
4 3
x
x
+ =
+ =

2
4 4
2
4 4
2
arccos( ) 2
4 3
2
2 , ( )
2
2
arccos( ) 2
3 4
x k
x k
x k
x k
x k k
x k

+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
= +
= +

2
2 , 2 , arccos( ) 2 , ( ).
2 3 4
x k x k x k k

= = + = +
315
6) ( ) 2sin 2 3 3 sin cos 3 3 0 x x x + + =
( ) ( ) 4sin cos 3 3 sin cos 3 3 0 1 x x x x + + =
t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
Khi
2
2
1
1 2sin cos sin cos .
2
t
t x x x x

= + =
( )
2
2 1 3 3 3 3 0 t t + =

2
2 3 3 3 3 2 0
1
3 3 2
2
t t
t
t
+ =
=

Chn 1 2 sin 1
4
t x
| |
= + =
|
\

1 2
sin sin
4 2 4 2
x
| |
+ = = =
|
\

( )
2 2
4 4
, .
2
2
2
4 4
x k x k
k
x k
x k

= + = +

= +
+ = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2 , 2 , ( ).
2
x k x k k
= = +
7) sin 2 2 sin 1 2sin cos sin cos 1(1)
4
x x x x x x
| |
+ = + =
|
\

t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= =
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
Suy ra
2
1 2sin cos 1 sin2 t x x x = =
2
sin2 1 x t =
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
( )
2
2
1 1
0
1 0
0
1
t t
t t
t t
t
t
+ =
=
=
=

+ Vi t = 0. Ta c
316
2 sin 0 sin 0 , ( ).
4 4 4 4
x x x k x k k

| | | |
= = = = +
| |
\ \

+ Vi t = 1. Ta c
( )
1
2 sin 1 sin
4 4 2
2
2
4 4
, . 2
2 2
4 4
x x
x k
x k
k
x k x k

| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
= +
= +
= + = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , 2 , 2 , ( ).
4 2
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
8) ( )
2 2
1
sin 2sin cos 2cos 1
2
x x x x + =
V cos 0 x = khng l nghim ca (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho
2
cos 0 x
ta nhn c ca phng trnh
( )
2 2
1
tan 2tan 2 1 tan
2
x x x + = +
( )
2
tan 4tan 5 0
tan 1
,
4
tan 5
arctan( 5)
x x
x x k
k
x
x k
+ =
= = +

= +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , arctan( 5) , ( ).
4
x k x k k
= + = +
9)
cos 2
cos sin (1)
1 sin 2
x
x x
x
+ =

iu kin: ( ) 1 sin 2 0 sin2 1 ,
4
x x x k k
+
Vi iu kin trn th
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
cos 2
(1) cos sin
cos sin
cos sin cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ =
+
+ =
+
+ =

317
( )
1
cos sin 1 0
cos sin
cos sin 0
cos sin 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\
+ =

tan 1
2 cos 1
4
x
x

=
| |
+ =
|
\

4
4
2 2 , ( )
4 4
2
2
2
4 4
x k
x k
x k x k k
x k
x k
= +
= +
+ = + =
= +
+ = +
. (Tha iu kin)
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , 2 , 2 , ( ).
4 2
x k x k x k k

= + = = +
10)
3 3
sin cos 1 sin cos x x x x = +
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
sin cos sin sin cos cos 1 sin cos
sin cos 1 sin cos 1 sin cos
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + = +
+ = +

( )( ) 1 sin cos sin cos 1 0 x x x x + =
sin 2
1 2 sin 1 0
2 4
x
x
( | | | |
+ =
| | (
\ \

2 sin 1 0
4
sin 2
1 0
2
1
sin
4 2
sin 2 2
x
x
x
x
| |
=
|
\

+ =
| |
=
|

2
sin
4 2
x
| |
=
|
\
(V phng trnh sin2 2 x = v nghim)
2
4 4
2
4 4
x k
x k

= +
= +

318
2
, ( ) 2
2
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

2
x k x k k
= + = +
VI.2.1)
2
sin3 2cos 1 x x =
3 2
3sin 4sin 1 2sin x x x =
3 2
4sin 2sin 3sin 1 0 x x x + =
( )( )
2
sin 1 4sin 2sin 1 0 x x x + =
2
sin 1
4sin 2sin 1 0
sin 1
1 5
sin
4
1 5
sin
4
x
x x
x
x
x
=

+ =

2
2
1 5
arcsin 2
4
1 5
arcsin 2
4
1 5
arcsin 2
4
1 5
arcsin 2
4
x k
x k
x k
x k
x k
= +
| |
+
= +
|
|
\
| |
+
= +
|
|
| |

= +
|
|
\
| |

= +
|
|
\

( )
1 5 1 5
2 , arcsin 2 , arcsin 2 , .
2 4 4
x k x k x k k

| | | |

= + = + = +
| |
| |
\ \

2) ( )
2 1 tan
sin cos (1)
1 tan
x
x x
x
+
= +

319
iu kin:
cos 0
tan 1
x
x

( )
2
, .
4
x k
k
x k

Vi iu kin trn th
( )
2 cos sin
(1) sin cos
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
+
= +

( ) ( )( )
2
cos sin cos sin cos sin 0 x x x x x x + + =
( )( )
2 2
cos sin 1 cos sin 0 x x x x + + =
2
cos sin 0
2sin 0
x x
x
+ =
2 sin 0
4
sin 0
x
x
| |
+ =
|

sin 0
4
sin 0
x
x
| |
+ =
|
( ) , 4 4
x k x k
k
x k x k

+ = = +

= =

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
, , ( ).
4
x k x k k
= + =
3)
2
1 sin 2
1 tan 2 (1)
cos 2
x
x
x
+ =
iu kin: ( ) cos 2 0 , .
4 2
x x k k

+
Vi iu kin trn th
2 2
sin 2 1 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 sin 2
(1) 1
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
x x x x x
x x x x
+
+ = =
( ) cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 sin 2 x x x x + =
2
cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 0 x x x x + + =
sin2 (cos 2 1) (cos 2 1)(cos 2 1) 0 x x x x + + + =
(cos 2 1)(sin 2 cos 2 1) 0 x x x + + =
cos 2 1 0
cos 2 sin2 1 0
x
x x
+ =
+ =

cos 2 1
2 cos(2 ) 1
4
x
x

=

320
2 2
2 2 , ( )
4 4
2 2
4 4
x k
x k k
x k

= +
= +
= +

2
, ( )
4
x k
x k k
x k
= +
= +

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
, , ( ).
2
x k x k k
= + =
4) ( ) tan3 tan sin2 1 x x x =
iu kin:
cos3 0
cos 0
x
x

( )
3
6 3 2
, .
6 3
2 2
k
x x k
k
x k
x k x k

+ +

+

+ +

Vi iu kin trn th
( )
sin 2
1 sin 2
cos3 cos
x
x
x x
=
( )
( )
2
sin 2 sin 2 cos3 cos
sin 2 1 cos3 cos 0
sin 2 0
sin 2 0
1
cos3 cos 1 0 cos 4 cos 2 1 0
2
sin 2 0
sin 2 0
3
cos 2 1 cos 2 2cos 2 cos 2 3 0
2
x x x x
x x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
=
=
=
=

= + =

=
=

= = + =

sin 2 0
cos 2 1
x
x
=
sin 2 0 .
2
k
x x = =

i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , . x k k =
5) ( )( )
2
sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin 3 x x x x x + =
2 2 2
sin sin 2 sin 3 x x x =
321
1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos6
2 2 2
x x x
=
cos 2 cos 4 cos 6 1 0 x x x + + =
2 3
cos 2 2cos 2 1 4cos 2 3cos 2 1 0 x x x x + + =
3 2
2cos 2 cos 2 2cos 2 1 0 x x x + =
cos 2 1
cos 2 1
1
cos 2
2
x
x
x

2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
3
3
x k
x k
x k x k
x k
x k

= + = +

= +
= +

2
, ( )
3
k
x
k
x k
= +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , , ( ).
2 3
k
x x k k

= = +
6)
3
sin sin3 4cos 0 x x x + + =
3
2sin 2 cos 4cos 0 x x x + =
2
4cos (sin cos ) 0 x x x + =
2
4 2 cos cos( ) 0
4
x x

=
cos 0
cos( ) 0
4
x
x

=

2
4 2
x k
x k
= +
= +
2
, ( )
3
4
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

3
, , ( ).
2 4
x k x k k

= + = +
322
7) sin 2 1 2 cos cos 2 x x x = + +
2
2sin cos 1 2 cos 2cos 1 x x x x = + +
2
2sin cos 2 cos 2cos 0 x x x x =
cos (2sin 2 2cos ) 0 x x x =
cos 0
cos 0
2
2sin 2 2cos 0 sin cos
2
cos 0
2
2 sin( )
4 2
cos 0
1
sin( ) sin
4 2 6
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x

=
=

= =
= =

2 2
5
2 2 , ( )
4 6 12
13 5
2 2
12 4 6
x k x k
x k x k k
x k x k

= + = +

= + = +

= + = +

( )
5 13
, 2 , 2 , .
2 12 12
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
8)
6 4
2cos sin cos 2 0. x x x + + = Dng cng thc h bc ta a phng trnh cho v
3 2
cos 2 4cos 2 5cos 2 2 0 cos 2 1 cos 2 2 2 2 x x x x x x k + + + = = = = +
.
2
x k
= + Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ).

2
x k k
= +
2 2 2 2
9) 2cos 3 cos cos 3 sin 1 0 x x x x + =
2 2 2
cos 3 (2cos 1) cos 0 x x x =
2
1
cos 3 cos 2 (1 cos 2 ) 0
2
x x x + =
2
1 1
cos 2 . cos 3 0
2 2
x x
| |
=
|
\

1 cos6 1 1
cos 2 0
2 2 2
cos 2 cos 6 1 0
x
x
x x
+ | |
=
|
\
=

323
( )
1
cos8 cos 4 1 0
2
cos8 cos 4 2 0
x x
x x
+ =
+ =

2
2cos 4 1 cos 4 2 0 x x + =
2
2cos 4 cos 4 3 0
cos 4 1
3
cos 4
2
cos 4 1 4 2
, ( ).
2
x x
x
x
x x k
k
x k
+ =
=
= =
=

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ).
2
k
x k
=
VI.3. 1) sin cot 2
2
x
x + =
iu kin: ( ) sin 0 2 , .
2
x
x k k
Ta thy ( ) 2 , x k k = + khng l nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Vi ( )
2
,
2
x k
k
x k

ta t tan
2
x
t = th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1
2
1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 0
t
t t
t t t t
t t t t
+ =
+
+ + = +
+ + + =

2 2 3
3 2
2 1 2 2 0
2 3 2 1 0
1
t t t t
t t t
t
+ + =
+ =
=

Khi 1 t = th tan 1
2
x
= 2 , ( ).
2 4 2
x
k x k k

= + = +
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) 2 , .
2
x k k
= +
2) sin 2 + cos2 + tan = 2(1) x x x
iu kin: ( ) , .
2
x k k
+
t tan t x = th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
324
2
2 2
2 1
2
1 1
t t
t
t t
+ + =
+ +

( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 t t t t t + + + = +
2 3 2
2 1 2 2 t t t t t + + + = +
3 2
3 3 1 0 t t t + =
1 t =
Khi 1 t = th tan 1 x = ( ) ,
4
x k k
= +
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , .
4
x k k
= +
( )
2
2
3 1 tan
3) cos4 2 0
1 tan
x
x
x
+ =
+
(1)
iu kin: x , .
2
k k
+ Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
cos 4 3cos 1 tan 2 0
1
cos 4 3cos 2 2 0
cos
cos 4 6cos 3 2 0
2cos 2 1 3 1 cos 2 5 0
2cos 2 3cos 2 1 0
2 2 cos 2 1
, .
1
2 2 cos 2
3 6 2
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x k x k x
k
x k x k x

+ =
| |
+ =
|
\
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
= = =

= + = + =

So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l , 2 , ( ).
6
x k x k k
= = +
( )
tan - 1
4) cot 2 0, 0 (1)
tan 1
x
x x
x
+ = < <
+

iu kin:
cos 0
sin2 0
tan 1
x
x
x

2
2
4
x k
x k
x k
2
, ( ).
4
k
x
k
x k

325
Kt hp vi iu kin 0 x < < ta c iu kin:
0
(*)
2
3
4
x
x
x
< <

Khi
tan 1 cos2
(1) 0
tan 1 sin2
x x
x x
+ =
+

t tan t x = th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
( )
2
1 1
0
1 2
1 1
1 0
1 2
1 0
1
1 1
0
1 2
t t
t t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t t

+ =
+
+ | |
=
|
+
\
=
=
+
=
+

tan 1 x =
, ( )
4
x k k
= +
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l .
4
x

=
3
2
1
5) tan 1 3cot 3(1)
cos 2
x x
x
| |
+ =
|
\
3
2
x

| |
< <
|
\

Vi iu kin
3
2
x

< < th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
( )( )
3
2
3 2
2
2
1
tan 1 3tan 3
cos
tan tan 3tan 3 0
tan 1 tan 3 0
tan 1 tan 1
tan 3 tan 3
x x
x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =
= =

= =

4
, ( )
3
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

326
Kt hp vi iu kin
3
,
2
x

< < ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
4
.
3
x

=
6)
3 3
2
cos sin sin cos
8
x x x x = (1)
(1)
2 2
2
cos sin (cos sin )
8
x x x x =
2 2 2
cos sin cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 4
8 4 2
4 2
16 2 4
; ( ).
3 3
4 2
4 16 2
x x x x x x
x k x k
k
x k x k

= = =

= + = +

= + = +

3
; ; ( ).
16 2 16 2
x k x k k

= + = + Z
7)
2 2 2 2
sin 3 cos 4 sin 5 cos 6 (1) x x x x =
2 2 2 2
(1) sin 3 sin 5 cos 4 cos 6 x x x x =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
2
sin3 sin5 sin3 sin5 cos 4 cos6 cos 4 cos 6
2sin 4 cos 2cos 4 sin 2cos5 cos 2sin5 sin
cos sin sin 4 cos 4 cos5 sin5 0
1 1
cos sin sin8 sin10 0
2 2
cos sin sin9 cos 0
cos sin sin9 0
cos 0
si
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
+ = +
=
+ =
| |
+ =
|
\
=
=
=
( )
n 0
sin9 0
2
2
, .
9
9
x
x
x k
k
x
x k k
k
x
k
x
= +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) ; , .
2 9
k k
x x k

= = Z
8) [ ] cos3 4cos 2 3cos 4 0, 0;14 x x x x + =
327
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
2
(1) 4cos 3cos 4 2cos 1 3cos 4 0
4cos 8cos 0
4cos cos 2 0
x x x x
x x
x x
+ =
=
=

cos 0
cos 2
x
x
=

Ta loi trng hp cos 2. x = Nh vy ta c ( ) cos 0 ; .
2
x x k k
= = +
Do [ ] 0;14 x suy ra ( ) 0 14,
2
k k
+ Z
{ }
1 14 1
, 0;1; 2;3 .
2 2
k k k
Z
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l tha yu cu ca bi l
3 5 7
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
x

`
)

9)
4 4 4 2
1
sin sin cos sin 2 (1)
2 8 2
x
x x x
| |
+ + + =
|
\

4 4 4 2 2
(1) sin sin cos 2sin 2 cos
2 8
x
x x x x
| |
+ + + =
|
\

( )
2
2 2 4
2 4
2
4
cos sin sin 0
2 8
cos 2 sin 0
2 8
cos 2 0 cos 2 0
sin 0 sin 0
2 8 2 8
2
2 4 2
2 8 2 8
4 2
2
4
2
4
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
k
x k x
x x
m m
k
x
x m
x m
| |
+ + =
|
\
| |
+ + =
|
\
= =

| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ \

= + = +

+ = = +

= +
= +
= +
( ) , . m
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2 , ( ).
4
x m m
= + Z
10)
1
2cos 2 8cos 7
cos
x x
x
+ = (1)
328
iu kin: cos 0 , ( )(*)
2
x x k k
+ Z
( )
2
2 2
(1) 2cos cos 2 8cos 7cos 1
2cos 2cos 1 8cos 7cos 1 0
x x x x
x x x x
+ =
+ =

3 2
4cos 8cos 5cos 1 0
2 cos 1
; .
1
2 cos
3 2
x x x
x k x
k
x k x
+ =
= =

= + =

Cc gi tr ny u tha iu kin (*)
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2 ; 2 ; ( ).
3
x k x k k
= = + Z
VI.4. 1)
cos3 sin3
5 sin cos 2 3, (0; 2 )
1 2sin 2
x x
x x x
x
+ | |
+ = +
|
+
\

iu kin: ( )
12
1 2sin 2 0 , .
7
12
x k
x k
x k

Kt hp vi iu kin ( ) 0; 2 x ta c iu kin
( ) 0; 2
11 23
, (*)
12 12
7 19
,
12 12
x
x x
x x

Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi
sin 2sin sin 2 cos3 sin3
5 cos 2 3
1 2sin 2
x x x x x
x
x
+ + + | |
= +
|
+
\
sin cos sin3
5 cos 2 3
1 2sin 2
x x x
x
x
+ + | |
= +
|
+
\

2sin 2 cos cos
5 cos 2 3
1 2sin 2
x x x
x
x
+ | |
= +
|
+
\

5cos cos 2 3 x x = +
2
5cos 2cos 1 3 x x = +
2
2cos 5cos 2 0 x x + =
cos 2
1
cos
2
x
x
=

329
V cos 1 x nn ta chn trng hp
1
cos
2
x =
2
3
, ( )
2
3
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

So vi iu kin (*) th phng trnh cho c nghim l
5
, .
3 3
x x

= =
2) sin 2 .cos tan3 .sin( ) cos 2 .sin (1)
6
x x x x x x
= +
iu kin: ( ) cos3 0 , .
6 3
x x k k

+ Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
sin 2 cos cos 2 sin tan3 sin( )
6
x x x x x x

+ = +
sin3 tan3 sin( )
6
x x x

= +
sin3
sin3 sin( )
cos3 6
x
x x
x
= +
1
sin3 1 sin( ) 0
cos3 6
x x
x
(
+ =
(

sin3 0
1
1 sin( ) 0
cos3 6
x
x
x
+ =

sin3 0
cos3 sin( ) 0
6
x
x x

=
+ =

sin3 0
cos3 sin( )
6
x
x x

=
= +

sin3 0
sin( 3 ) sin( )
2 6
x
x x

=
= +

3
3 2 , ( )
2 6
3 ( ) 2
2 6
x k
x x k k
x x k
= + +
= + +
(

330
3
, ( )
12 2
6
k
x
k
x k
x k

So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , , .
3 12 2
k k
x x k

= =
3)
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin 2
1 tan 2
x
x x x
x
= +
+

iu kin:
2
, ( ). 2
tan 1
4
k
k x
x
k
x x k

Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2
2
cos sin cos sin 1
cos ( ) sin sin 2
sin (cos sin ) 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x

= +
+

2
cos sin 1
cos (cos sin ) sin sin 2
sin 2
x x
x x x x x
x
= +
2 2
cos sin 1
cos cos sin sin sin 2
sin 2
x x
x x x x x
x
= +
cos sin
1 sin 2
sin
x x
x
x
=
2
cos sin
(cos sin )
sin
x x
x x
x
=
1
(cos sin ) (cos sin ) 0
sin
x x x x
x
(
=
(

cos sin 0
1
(cos sin ) 0
sin
x x
x x
x
=

2
2 cos( ) 0
4
1
(cos sin ) 0
sin
, ( )
4 2
1 sin cos sin 0
x
x x
x
x k k
x x x
+ =
+ = +
+ =

331
2
, ( )
4
1 cos
1 0
sin sin
x k k
x
x x
= +
+ =

2
, ( )
4
cot cot 2 0
x k k
x x
= +
+ =

, ( )
4
x k k
= + (V phng trnh
2
cot cot 2 0 x x + = v nghim).
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ).
4
x k k
= +
4)
2
sin 4 .sin 2 sin9 .sin3 cos x x x x x + =
2
1 1
(cos 2 cos6 ) (cos 6 cos12 ) cos
2 2
x x x x x + =
1 1 cos 2
(cos 2 cos12 )
2 2
x
x x
+
=
cos12 1 x =
12 2 x k = +
, ( ).
12 6
k
x k

= +
12 6
k
x k

= +
5)
2 4
cos .sin cos 2 2cos (sin cos ) 1 x x x x x x + = +
2 4 2
2 4
cos sin cos 2 2cos sin 2cos 1
cos sin cos 2 2cos sin cos 2
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ = +
+ = +

2 2
2
1
sin 2 sin sin 2
4
1
sin 2 sin 2 sin 1 0
4
x x x
x x x
=
| |
=
|
\

2
sin 2 0
1
sin 2 sin 1 0
4
x
x x
=

2
2 , ( )
sin 2 sin 4
x k k
x x
=

, ( )
2
k
x k
= (V
2
sin2 sin 1 x x nn phng trnh
2
sin 2 sin 4 x x = v nghim).
332
2
k
x k
=
6) 3 cos 4 sin 4 2cos3 0
3 cos 4 sin 4 2cos3
3 1
cos 4 sin 4 cos3
2 2
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

cos cos 4 sin sin 4 cos3
6 6
x x x

+ =
( )
cos 4 cos3
6
4 3 2 2
6 6
, .
2
4 3 2
6 42 7
x x
x x k x k
k
k
x x k x
| |
=
|
\

= + = +

= + = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( )
2
2 , , .
6 42 7
k
x k x k

= + = +
7)
2 2
4cos 2cos 2 1 cos 4 x x x = +
( )( )
2 2 2
2 2
4cos 2cos 2 2cos 2
cos cos 2 0
cos cos 2 cos cos 2 0
x x x
x x
x x x x
=
=
+ =

3 3
sin sin cos cos 0
2 2 2 2
sin3 sin 0
x x x x
x x
=
=

sin3 0
sin 0
3
3
, ( ).
3
x
x
x k
x k
k
x
x k
k
x k
=

3
k
x k
=
8) ( )
2 2
2sin 2sin tan 1
4
x x x
| |
=
|
\
. iu kin: , ( ).
2
x k k
+
333
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
sin
1 2 sin 2sin
4 cos
sin
sin cos 2sin
cos
sin
1 2sin cos 2sin
cos
cos 2sin cos 2sin cos sin 0
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x x x
( | |
=
| (
\
=
=
+ =

( )
( )( )
sin cos 2sin cos sin cos 0
sin cos 1 sin 2 0
x x x x x x
x x x
+ + =
+ =

( )
2 sin 0 sin cos 0
4
sin 2 1
sin 2 1
4
,
4
x x x
x
x
x k
k
x k
| |
+ = + =
|

\
= +
= +

So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l , , ( ).
4 4
x k x k k

= + = +
9) cos3 2cos 2 1 2sin sin 2 x x x x + =
( )
2
cos3 2cos 2 1 cos3 cos
2cos 2 1 cos
2 2cos 1 1 cos
x x x x
x x
x x
+ = +
=
=

2
4cos cos 3 0 x x + =
( )
2
cos 1
, .
3 3
arccos 2 cos
4 4
x k
x
k
x k x

= + =

| |
= + =
|
\

3
2 , arccos 2 , ( ).
4
x k x k k
| |
= + = +
|
\

( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
10) 2sin 1 2cos sin sin 2 cos
2sin 1 2cos sin 2sin cos cos
2sin 1 2cos sin cos 2sin 1 0
2sin 1 cos sin 0
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

334
1
sin
2sin 1 0
2
cos sin 0
2 sin 0
4
2
6
5
, ( ) 2
6
4
x
x
x x
x
x k
k x k
x k
+ = | |
+ =
|
= +
= +
= +

5
2 , 2 , , ( ).
6 6 4
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
11) 3 cos5 2sin 3 cos 2 sin 0(1) x x x x =
( ) (1) 3 cos5 sin5 sin sin 0
3 cos5 sin5 2sin
x x x x
x x x
+ =
=

3 1
cos5 sin5 sin
2 2
x x x =
sin 5 sin
3
5 2 6 2
3 3 18 3
, .
5 2 4 2
3 3 6 2
x x
x x k x k x k
k
x x k x k x k

| |
=
|
\

= + = =

= + = =

18 3 6 2
k
x x k k

= =
12)
( )
3
sin cos sin 2 3 cos3 2 cos 4 sin (1) x x x x x x + + = +
3 1 3sin sin3
(1) sin sin3 3 cos3 2cos 4
2 2 2
sin3 3 cos3 2cos 4
1 3
sin3 cos3 cos 4
2 2
cos 4 cos 3
6
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x

+ + = +
+ =
+ =
| |
=
|
\

335
( )
4 3 2 2
6 6
, .
2
4 3 2
6 42 7
x x k x k
k
k
x x k x

= + = +

= + + = +

2
2 , , .
6 42 7
x k x k k

= + = +
VI.5.1)
( )
2
4
4
2 sin 2 sin3
tan 1 (1)
cos
x x
x
x
+ =
iu kin: ( ) , .
2
x k k
+
( )
2
4
4 4
2 sin 2 sin3
sin
(1) 1
cos cos
x x
x
x x
+ =
( )
4 4 2
sin cos 2 sin 2 sin3 x x x x + =
( )
2 2 2
1 2sin cos 2 sin 2 sin3 x x x x =
( )
2 2
1
1 sin 2 2 sin 2 sin3
2
x x x =
( ) ( )
2 2
1
2 sin 2 2 sin 2 sin3 0
2
x x x =
( )
2
1
2 sin 2 sin3 0
2
x x
| |
=
|
\

2 2
2 sin 2 0 sin 2 2
1 1
sin3 0 sin3
2 2
x x
x x
= =

= =

1
sin3
2
x =
2
3 2
6 18 3
, ( ).
5 5 2
3 2
6 18 3
k
x k x
k
k
x k x

= + = +

= + = +

(V phng trnh
2
sin 2 2 x = v nghim).
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
2 5 2
, , ( ).
18 3 18 3
k k
x x k

= + = +
2)
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot 2 (1)
5sin 2 2 8sin 2
x x
x
x x
+
=
336
iu kin: sin 2 0 2 ,( ).
2
k
x x k x k

Vi iu kin trn th
4 4
sin cos cos 2 1
(1)
5sin 2 2sin 2 8sin 2
x x x
x x x
+
=
( )
4 4
8 sin cos 20cos 2 5 x x x + =
( )
2 2
8 1 2sin cos 20cos 2 5 x x x =
2
1
8 1 sin 2 20cos 2 5
2
x x
| |
=
|
\

2
8 4sin 2 20cos 2 5 x x =
( )
2
8 4 1 cos 2 20cos 2 5 x x =
2
9
cos 2
2
4cos 2 20cos 2 9 0
1
cos 2
2
x
x x
x
+ =

2 2
1
3
cos 2
2
2 2
3
x k
x
x k
= +
= +
6
,( ).
6
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

(V phng trnh
9
cos 2
2
x = v nghim).
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ).
6
x k k
= +
3) 1 sin cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + + + + =
( ) 1 sin 2 sin cos cos 2 0 x x x x + + + + =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
sin cos sin cos sin cos cos sin 0 x x x x x x x x + + + + + =
( ) ( ) sin cos sin cos 1 cos sin 0 x x x x x x + + + + =
( )( ) sin cos 2cos 1 0 x x x + + =
2 cos( ) 0
sin cos 0
4
2cos 1 0 1
cos
2
x
x x
x
x

=
+ =

+ =

=

337
3
4 2 4
, ( ).
2 2
2 2
3 3
x k x k
k
x k x k

= + = +

= + = +

3 2
, 2 , ( ).
4 3
x k x k k

= + = +
4)
2 2
1
2cos sin cos sin 3 0
4 4 2
x x x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

2 2
1
2sin cos sin 3 cos 0
4 4 2
x x x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

2
1 1 1
sin 2 sin 2 sin 4 0
2 2 2 2
x x x
( | |
+ + =
| (
\

( )
2
1 1 1
sin 2 sin 2 cos 4 0
2 2 2
x x x + =
( )
2 2
sin 2 sin 2 1 2sin 2 1 0 x x x + =
2
sin 2 1
sin 2 sin 2 2 0
sin 2 2
x
x x
x
=
+ =

sin2 1 x = (V phng trnh sin2 2 x = v nghim).
2 2 + , ( ).
2 4
x k x k k

= + =
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l , ( ).
4
x k k
= +
5) cot sin 1 tan tan 4(1)
2
x
x x x
| |
+ + =
|
\

iu kin: ( )
2
, . 2
2
2 cos 0
2
k
k x
x k
x k
x
x k

Vi iu kin trn th ta c

sin sin
2
(1) cot sin 1 4
cos cos
2
x
x
x x
x
x
| |
|
+ + =
|
|
\

338
cos
2
cot sin 4
cos cos
2
x
x x
x
x
| |
|
+ =
|
|
\

sin
cot 4
cos
x
x
x
+ =
4sin cos 1 x x =
2 2
1
6
sin 2
5 2
2 2
6
x k
x
x k
= +
= +
12
,( ).
5
12
x k
k
x k
= +
= +

5
, , ( ).
12 12
x k x k k

= + = +
6)
6 6
2(cos sin ) sin cos
0(1)
2 2sin
x x x x
x
+
=

iu kin:
2
2
4
2 2sin 0 sin ( )
3 2
2
4
x k
x x k
x k

Vi iu kin trn th
6 6
2 2
2 2
(1) 2(cos sin ) sin cos 0
2(1 3cos sin ) sin cos 0
6cos sin sin cos 2 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ =
=
+ =

2
4 sin cos
sin 2
3
3
1
sin 2 1 sin cos
2
x x
x
x x x
= =

sin2 1 x = (V phng trnh
4
sin2
3
x = v nghim)
( )
2 2
2
, .
4
x k
x k k
= +
= +

5
2 , ( ).
4
x k k
= +

339
7) cos3 cos 2 cos 1 0 x x x + =
3 2
3 2
2
4cos 3cos 2cos 1 cos 1 0
4cos 2cos 4cos 2 0
(cos 1)(4cos 2) 0
cos 1 2
cos 1 2
1 2
cos 2
2 3

2
2
3
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x k
x x k
x x k
x k
x k
+ =
+ =
+ =

= =

= = +

= = +

=
= +

2
, 2 , ( ).
3
x k x k k
= = +
8) 13 18tan 6tan 3 x x =
2
6tan 3 0
13 18tan (6tan 3)
x
x x

2
1
tan
2
18tan 9tan 2 0
x
x x

1
tan
2
2 2 2
tan arctan , ( ). tan
3 3 3
1
tan
6
x
x x k k x
x
= = + =

2
arctan , ( ).
3
x k k = +
9)
4 4
cos sin cos sin (1) x x x x = +
Ta c
4 4 2 2
cos sin cos sin cos 2 1, . VT x x x x x x = = =
Mt khc
2
2 2
2
cos cos
cos sin sin cos 1
sin sin
x x
VP x x x x
x x

= + + =

Do
2 2
2 2
cos 2 1 , ( )
(1) cos cos cos cos , ( ).
sin sin sin sin
x x k k
x x x x x k k
x x x x
= =

= = =

= =

340
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ). x k k =
10)
13 14
cos sin 1(1) x x + =
Ta c
14 2
13 2
sin sin
cos cos
x x
x x

13 14 2 2
cos sin sin cos 1 1 x x x x VT + + =
Do
14 2
13 2
sin 0 sin 0
sin 1 cos 0
sin sin
(1)
cos cos cos 0 cos 0
cos 1 cos 1
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
= =

= =
=

= = =

= =

sin 0
2
, ( ). cos 1
2 cos 0
x
x k
k x
x k
x
= =

=

= +

2
x k x k k
= = +
VI.6. 1)
2
tan cot 4cos 2 . x x x = +
iu kin: ( ) sin .cos 0 , .
2
k
x x x k

2
tan cot 4cos 2 x x x =
2
sin cos
4cos 2
cos sin
x x
x
x x
=
2
2cos 2
4cos 2 0
sin 2
x
x
x
+ =

1
cos 2 2cos 2 0
sin 2
x x
x
| |
+ =
|
\
( ) cos 2 1 sin 4 0. x x + =
cos 2 0 .
4 2
k
x x

= = +
sin 4 1 .
8 2
k
x x

= = +
i chiu iu kin suy ra nghim ca phng trnh cho l

4 2
k
x

= + v
8 2
k
x

= + , ( ). k
2)
2
sin 2 sin .
4 4 2
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

( ) ( )
2 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2
x x x x = + ( )( ) cos sin 2cos 1 0. x x x =
341
cos sin 0 1 .
4
x x tgx x k
= = = +

1
2cos 1 0 cos 2 .
2 3
x x x k
= = = +
4
x k
= + , 2 ,
3
x k
= + ( ). k
3)
( ) ( )
2
3 2cos cos 2 3 2cos sin 0 x x x x + + =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 1 sin 3 cos 2 3 3sin 2cos sin 0
2 3sin 3 cos 3sin 2cos sin 0
3 cos 3sin 2sin cos 3 sin 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

( )( )
3sin cos 3 2sin 0 x x x + =
2
3
3
sin
2 3 2sin 0
2
2
3 3 1
3sin cos 0
2 sin cos 0
2 2
cos 0
3
x k
x
x
x k
x x
x x
x
= +
= +

| |
+ =
+ = |
|
| |
\
=
|
\

( )
2 2
3 3
2 2
2 2 , .
3 3
5
3 2 6
x k x k
x k x k k
x k x k

= + = +

= + = +

= + = +

5
2 , 2 , , .
3 3 6
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
4) ( )
2
1 2cos3 sin sin 2 2sin 2
4
x x x x
| |
+ + = +
|
\

( )
sin sin 4 sin 2 sin 2 1 cos 4
2
sin sin 4 1 sin 4
sin 1
2 , .
2
x x x x x
x x x
x
x k k
| |
+ + = +
|
\
+ = +
=
= +

342
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) 2 , .
2
x k k
= +
5)
2 2
1 sin sin cos sin 2cos
2 2 4 2
x x x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

2
2
1 sin sin cos sin 1 cos
2 2 2
1 sin sin cos sin 1 sin
2 2
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
| |
+ = +
|
\
+ = +

sin sin cos sin 1 0
2 2
x x
x x
| |
=
|
\

2
sin sin 2cos sin 1 0
2 2 2
x x x
x
| |
=
|
\

2
sin sin 2 1 sin sin 1 0
2 2 2
x x x
x
( | |
=
| (
\

sin sin 1 1 2 sin 1 sin 0
2 2 2
x x x
x
( | | | |
+ + =
| | (
\ \

( )
2
sin sin 1 2sin 2sin 1 0
2 2 2
sin 0 2
2
, .
4 sin 1 2
2 2 2
x x x
x
x x k
x k
x k k
x x
x k k

| || |
+ + =
| |
\ \
= =
=

=

= + = = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , . x k k =
6)
2 2
1
cos ( ) sin ( ) 2sin
3 6 4
x x x

+ + + =
2 2
1
cos ( ) sin ( ) 2sin
3 6 4
1 2 1 1
1 cos(2 ) 1 cos(2 ) 2sin
2 3 2 3 4
2 1
2 cos(2 ) cos(2 ) 4sin
3 3 2
5
2sin(2 ) sin 4sin 0
2 6 2
5
sin(2 ) 4sin 0
2 2
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x

+ + + =
( (
+ + + + =
( (

+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =

343
( )
2
2
2
5
cos 2 4sin 0
2
5
1 2sin 4sin 0
2
3
2sin 4sin 0
2
4sin 8sin 3 0
3
2 sin
1
6 2
sin , .
1 5 2
sin 2
2 6
x x
x x
x x
x x
x k x
x k
x x k
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

= + =

=

= = +

5
2 , 2 , .
6 6
x k x k k

= + = +
7)
sin3 4cos 3
6
0
sin3 1
x x
x
| |

|
\
=

iu kin: ( )
2
sin3 1 3 2 , .
2 6 3
k
x x k x k

+ + (*)
sin3 4cos 3 0
6
cos 3 4cos 3 0
2 6
x x
x x

| |
=
|
\
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

( )
3
cos3 4cos 3 0
6 6
4cos 7cos 3 0
6 6
7
cos 1
2
6
6
1 5
cos 2 , .
6 2 6
3
2
cos
2
6 2
x x
x x
x
x k
x x k k
x k
x

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
| |

=
= + |

\
| |

= = +
|

\
| |

= +
=

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
( )
7
2 , .
6
x k k
= +
344
8)
3 3
2 3 2
cos3 cos sin3 sin .
8
x x x x
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 3 2
cos3 cos3 3cos sin3 3sin sin3
2
2 3 2
cos 3 sin 3 3 cos3 cos sin3 sin
2
1
cos 4 4 2 , .
4 16 2 2
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
k
x x k x k

+
+ =
+
+ + =
= = + = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , .
16 2
k
x k

= +
9)
2
4sin3 sin 4cos 3 cos cos 2 1 0.
4 4 4
x x x x x
| | | | | |
+ + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

( )
1 sin 4
2 cos 2 sin 2 0
2
x
x x
+
+ + =
t cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2
4
t x x x
| |
= + =
|
\

2
sin 4 1. x t = iu kin: 2 t
Ta c phng trnh
2
0
4 0
4
t
t t
t
=
+ =

Ta chn 0 t = . Suy ra ( )
3
cos 2 0 , .
4 8 2
k
x x k
| |
= = +
|
\

3
, .
8 2
k
x k

= +
10) sin3 3 cos3 cos 2 3 sin 2 sin 3 cos . x x x x x x + + = +
2cos 2 sin 2 3sin 2 sin cos 2 3 sin 2 0 x x x x x x + =
( )
( )
1 2sin cos 2 3sin 2 0 x x x + =
( )
2
1
6
sin
1 2sin 0
2 7
2 , .
6
cos 2 3sin 2 0
cos 2 0
3
12 2
x k
x
x
x k k
x x
x
k
x
= +
+ =

= +

| |
=
+ =
|
\

= +

345
( )
7
2 , 2 , , .
6 6 12 2
k
x k x k x k

= + = + = +
11) ( ) ( )
2
sin 1 tan 3sin cos sin 3 x x x x x + = + (1)
iu kin: ( ) , .(*)
2
x k k
+
Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos
sin 3 1 sin sin cos
cos
sin sin cos 3cos sin cos
sin cos 3cos sin 0
x x
x x x x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x
+ | |
= +
|
\
+ = +
+ =

( )
sin 0
4 4
, .
1
cos 2
3
2
x x k
k
x k
x

| |
+ = = +
|

\

= +
=

(Tha iu kin (*)). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
( ) , , .
4 3
x k x k k

= + = +
12)
sin 2 cos 2
tan cot
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
+ = (1)
iu kin: ( ) cos .sin 0 , .
2
k
x x x k
(*)
Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2 2
sin 2 cos 2 sin cos
cos sin cos sin
sin 2 sin cos 2 cos sin cos
cos cos 2
cos 2 cos 0
3
2cos cos 0
2 2
3 3
2 cos 0
2 2 2
3 3
2 cos 0
2 2 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
k k
x
x x
x k k

+ =
+ =
=
+ =
=

= = +

= +

= + = = +

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
346
( ) 2 , .
3
x k k
= +
13)
1 1 7
4sin (1)
3 sin 4
sin
2
x
x
x
| |
+ =
|
| |
\
|
\

iu kin: ( )
sin 0
; .
3 3
sin 0 2
2 2
x
x k
k
x k
x x k

| |
+
|

\

(*)
(1) tng ng vi:
( )
1 1
2 2 sin cos
sin cos
x x
x x
+ = +
( )
1
sin cos 2 2 0
sin cos
sin cos 0 .
4
1 2
2 2 0 sin 2
sin cos 2
8
5
8
x x
x x
x x x k
x
x x
x k
x k
| |
+ + =
|
\
+ + = = +
+ + = =
= +
= +

i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
( )
5
; ; ; .
4 8 8
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
14)
3 3 2 2
sin 3 cos sin cos 3sin cos (1) x x x x x x =
+ cos 0: x = Phng trnh (1) khng tha.
cos 0
2
x x k
+ + . Chia hai v ca (1) cho

3
cos 0 x ta c phng trnh
( )
3 2
3 2
tan 3 tan 3 tan
tan 3 tan tan 3 0
4
tan 1
tan 1 ;
4
tan 3
3
x x x
x x x
x k
x
x x k k
x
x k
=
+ =
= +

= = +

= +

347
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , , , .
4 4 3
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
15) ( ) 2sin 1 cos 2 sin 2 1 2cos (1). x x x x + + = +
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
(1) 4sin cos 2sin cos 1 2cos 0
2cos 2sin cos 1 2sin cos 1 0
sin 2 1 2cos 1 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

( )
sin 2 1
4
; .
1
2 cos
2
3
x x k
k
x
x k
= = +

=

= +

2
, , .
4 3
x k x k k

= + = +
16)
( )
( )( )
1 2sin cos
3(1).
1 2sin 1 sin
x x
x x
=
+
iu kin: ( )
2
6
1
sin 7
2 ; . 2
6
sin 1
2
2
x k
x
x k k
x
x k
(*)
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
(1) 1 2sin cos 3 1 2sin 1 sin
cos 2sin cos 3 1 sin 2sin
cos 3sin sin 2 3 cos 2
1 3 1 3
cos sin sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2 2
cos cos 2
3 6
2 2
3 6
2 2
3 6
2
2
2
18 3
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x k
x x k
x k
k
x

= +
= +
= +
= +
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
+ = +
+ = + +
= +

( )
2
, .
18 3
k
x k

= +
348
VI.7. 1)
11 5 7 3
cos sin 2 sin
4 2 4 2 2 2
x x x | | | | | |
+ = +
| | |
\ \ \
(1).
5 5 3
(1) cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin 2 cos
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
x x x x x
+ =
2 5 5 3
sin sin cos cos 2 cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x | |
=
|
\

5 5 3
sin sin cos cos 2cos
2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

3 3 3
2cos sin 2cos cos 2cos
2 2 2
x x x
x x =
( )
3
cos sin cos 1 0
2
x
x x =
3
cos 0
2
sin cos 1
x
x x

3
cos 0
2
2
sin
4 2
x
x

| |
=
|
\

3
2 2
2
4 4
2
4 4
x
k
x k
x k
= +
= +
= +
2
3 3
2
2
2
k
x
x k
x k

= +
= +
= +

( )
2
3 3
, .
2
2
k
x
k
x k

= +
= +

2
; 2 , .
3 3 2
k
x x k k

= + = +
2) ( )
2 sin
4
1 sin 2 1 tan
cos
x
x x
x
| |
|
\
+ = + (1).
iu kin: ( ) cos 0 ;
2
x x k k
+ (*).
349
( )
cos sin
(1) 1 sin 2 1 tan
cos
x x
x x
x
+ = +
( )( ) 1 tan 1 sin 2 1 tan x x x + = +
sin 2 sin 2 tan 2tan 0 x x x x =
2
2 2
sin
sin cos sin 0
cos
sin cos cos sin sin 0
x
x x x
x
x x x x x
=
=

( )
2
sin cos sin cos 1 0 x x x x =
2
sin 0
cos sin cos 1
x
x x x
=

sin 0
cos 2 sin 2 1
x
x x
=
sin 0
2
cos 2
4 2
x
x

=
| |
+ =
|
\

2 2
4 4
2 2
4 4
x k
x k
x k
+ = +
+ = +
( ) , ,
4
x k
k
x k
= +
tho iu kin (*).

4
x k x k k
= = +
3) ( )
3 3
sin cos cos 2 2cos sin x x x x x + = (1).
(1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
sin cos 1 sin cos cos sin 2cos sin x x x x x x x x + =
( ) ( )( ) sin cos 1 sin cos cos sin 2cos sin 0 x x x x x x x x ( + =

( ) ( ) sin cos cos 2sin cos 0 x x x x x + =
( )
2 sin 0
4
4
sin cos 0
cos 0 , .
2 2
2sin cos 0
1 1
tan
arctan
2 2
x
x k
x x
x x k x k k
x x
x
x k
| |
+ =
= + |

\
+ =

= = + = +
| |

=
= +
|

,
4
x k
= + ,
2
x k
= + ( )
1
arctan , .
2
x k k
| |
= +
|
\

350
4)
2 2
2sin 2sin tan
4
x x x
| |
=
|
\
(1).
iu kin: ( ) cos 0 ,
2
x x k k
+ (*).
( )
2
2
(1) sin cos 2sin tan x x x x =
2 2
cos sin 2sin cos tan 0 x x x x x + = (2).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh (2) cho
2
cos 0 x ta c
( )
2 2
(2) 1 tan 2tan tan 1 tan 0 x x x x + + =
3 2
tan tan tan 1 0 x x x + =
( )( )
2
tan 1 tan 1 0 x x =
2
tan 1 0
tan 1 0
x
x
=
tan 1
tan 1
x
x
=

( )
4
, ,
4
x k
k
x k
= +
= +
tho iu kin (*).

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , , .
4 4
x k x k k

= + = +
5)
2 2
1 1
cos sin
4 3 2 2
x x
+ = (1).
( )
2
2
2 3
3 2
2
1 1
(1) cos 1 cos
4 3 4
1 1 1
cos cos 0
4 3 4 4
1
cos 4cos 3cos 0
3 4 3 3
3
cos cos cos 0
3 3 4 3
cos 4cos 4cos 3 0
3 3 3
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ + =
| |
+ =
|
\
+ =
| |
+ =
|
\

2
cos 0 cos 0
3 3
1
4cos 4cos 3 0 cos
3 3 3 2
x x
x x x

= =

+ = =

351
( )
3
3
3 2
, . 2
6 2
3 3
x
k
x k
k
x
x k k
= +
= +
= + = +

3
3 , 6 , .
2
x k x k k
= + = +
6)
1
3sin cos
cos
x
x
+ = (1).
iu kin: ( ) cos 0 , .
2
x x k k
+ (*)
2
(1) 3sin cos cos 1 x x x + =
3 1 cos 2
sin 2 1
2 2
x
x
+
+ =
3 1 1
sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2
x x + =
1
cos sin 2 sin os2
6 6 2
x c x

+ =
1
sin 2
6 2
x
| |
+ =
|
\

2 2
6 6
5
2 2
6 6
x k
x k

+ = +
+ = +
( ) , ,
3
x k
k
x k
= +
tho iu kin (*).

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , , .
3
x k x k k
= = +
7)
2 2
3tan 4tan 4cot 3cot 2 0 x x x x + + + + = (1).
iu kin: ( )
cos 0
; 2
sin 0 2
x x k k
x k
x
x k
(*).
Cch 1.
( ) ( )
2 2
(1) 3 tan cot 4 tan cot 2 0 x x x x + + + + =
t tan cot , t x x = + iu kin 2. t (1) tr thnh

2 2
3( 2) 4 2 0 3 4 4 0 t t t t + + = + =
352
2
2
3
t
t
=

Ta nhn trng hp 2. t = Khi ta c phng trnh
( ) tan cot 2 tan 1 , .
4
x x x x k k
+ = = = + (Tha iu kin)
4
x k k
= +
Cch 2. Ta c vi iu kin (*) th phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
4 4 2 2
2 2
sin cos sin cos
3 4 2 0
sin cos sin cos
x x x x
x x x x
| | | | + +
+ + =
| |
\ \

2 2
2 2
1 2sin cos 4
3 2 0
sin cos sin cos
x x
x x x x
| |
+ + =
|
\
(2).
t
sin 2
sin cos .
2
x
t x x = = iu kin:
1
0, .
2
t t Phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2
2
1 2 4
3 2 0
t
t t
+ + =
( )
2 2
3 1 2 4 2 0 t t t + + =
2
4 4 3 0 t t + + =
3
2
1
2
t
t

Vi
1
2
t = , ta c ( ) sin 2 1 2 2 ,
2
x x k k
= = +
( ) , .
4
x k k
= +
So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) , .
4
x k k
= +
8)
2 2
sin tan cos cot sin 2 1 tan cot x x x x x x x + = + + (1)
iu kin: ( )
sin 0
,
cos 0 2
x
k
x k
x
(*)
Ta c
353
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
(1) tan 1 sin cot 1 cos sin 2 1 0
tan cos cot sin 2sin cos 1 0
sin cos
cos sin sin 2 1 0
cos sin
sin cos sin cos sin 2 1 0
2sin cos sin 2 1 0
2sin 2 1
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x x
x
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
=
1
sin 2 sin
2 6
x
| |
= =
|
\

( )
2 2
6
2 2
6
12
, .
7
12
x k
x k
x k
k
x k
= +
= + +
= +
= +

Tha iu kin (*). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
( )
7
; , .
12 12
x k x k k

= + = +
9)
( )
4 4 2
sin 2 cos 2 1 cos 4 sin 6 x x x x + = + (1)
( )
( ) ( )
4 4 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(1) sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 4 sin6
sin 2 cos 2 2sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 4 sin 6
1 2sin 2 cos 2 sin 4 sin 6 2sin 6
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

2 2
1
sin 4 sin 6 sin 4 2sin 6 1
2
x x x x =
( )
( )
2
2
1
sin 4 2sin 6 1 2sin 6 1
2
1
2sin 6 1 sin 4 1 0
2
x x x
x x
=
| |
=
|
\

2
2
1 2sin 6 1 0
sin 6
1
sin 6 sin 2
1
2 6 sin 4 1 0
sin 4 2( )
2
x
x
x
x
x VN
=
=

= =

=
=

354
( )
6 2
6 36 3
, .
5
6 2
6 36 3
k
x k x
k
k
x k x

= + = +

= + = +

5
; , .
36 3 36 3
k k
x x k

= + = +
10)
( ) ( )
2
3 2cos cos 2 sin 3 2cos 0 x x x x + + = (1)
( )
2
2
2
(1) 2 3 cos 3 cos 2 3 3sin 2sin cos 0
2 3 1 sin 3 cos 2 3 3sin 2sin cos 0
2 3 2 3sin 3 cos 2 3 3sin 2sin cos 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

( ) ( )
2
2 3sin 3 cos 3sin 2sin cos 0
3sin 3 2sin cos 3 2sin 0
x x x x x
x x x x
+ + =
+ =

( )( )
3 2sin 3sin cos 0 x x x + =
3
sin
3 2sin 0
2
3sin cos 0 3 1
sin cos 0
2 2
sin sin
3
sin sin cos cos 0
3 3
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

2
2 2
3 3
cos 0
3
x k x k
x

= + = +

| |
=
|
\
2
2 2
3 3
3 2
x k x k
x k

= + = +
= +

( )
2
2 2
3 3
, .
5
6
x k x k
k
x k

= + = +
= +

2 5
2 ; 2 ; , .
3 3 6
x k x k x k k

= + = + = +
11) tan tan sin 3 sin sin 2 (1)
6 6
x x x x x
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \

355
iu kin:
3
, ( ).
2
3
x k
k
x k

1 1
tan tan +
3 3
(1) . .sin3 sin +sin2
tan tan
1+ 1
3 3
x x
x x x
x x
| | | |
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
| |
\ \

2
2
1
tan
3
.sin3 sin sin 2
tan
1
3
x
x x x
x
| |
|
\
= +
| |
|
\
( )
( )
2
2
3tan 1
sin3 sin sin 2
3 tan
x
x x x
x
= +

2
2
2
3 2
tan tan (tan 3)
sin3 sin +sin2 do tan3
tan3 3tan 1
tan cos3 sin +sin2
sin
cos3 sin +sin2
cos
sin cos sin2 cos sin cos3 0
sin (cos 2cos cos3 ) 0
sin (4cos 2cos 2cos ) 0
s
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
| |
= =
|
\
=
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
2
in2 (2cos cos 1) 0
sin 2 0
2
2
cos 1 2 , ( ).
2
1
cos 2 3
2 3
x x x
k
x
k
x
x
x x k k
x k
x x k
+ =

=

=
=

= = +

= +
= = +

So snh vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l , ( ).
2
k
x k
=
12) ( )( ) 1 tan 1 sin 2 cos sin x x x x + = + (1)
iu kin: ( ) cos 0 , .
2
x x k k
+ (*)
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
sin sin
(1) 1 1 sin 2 1
cos cos
cos sin 1 sin 2 cos sin
cos sin cos sin cos sin
x x
x
x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
| |
+ = +
|
\
+ = +
+ = +

356
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
cos sin cos sin cos sin 1 0
cos sin cos 2 1 0
x x x x x x
x x x
( + + =

+ =

( )
sin 0
, . 4 4
cos 2 1
x x k
k
x k
x

| |
+ = = +
|

\

=
=

Tha iu kin (*). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l ( ) ; , .
4
x k x k k
= + =
13)
sin 2 cos 2
tan cot
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
= (1)
iu kin: ( ) sin cos 0 , .
2
k
x x x k
(*)
( )
2 2
sin 2 sin cos 2 cos sin cos
(1)
sin cos cos sin
cos3 cos sin
sin cos sin cos
cos3 cos 2
3 2 2
3 2 2
2
,
2
5
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x k
x x k
x k
k
k
x
=
=
= +
= +

{ }
2
; 5 , , 1; 2;3; 4 .
5
k
x k m r m r
= = +
14)
5 3
sin cos 2 cos (1)
2 4 2 4 2
x x x | | | |
=
| |
\ \

Ta c, phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
5 3
sin cos cos sin sin 2 cos
2 4 4 2 4 2 2
5 2 2 3
sin cos sin 2 cos
2 4 2 2 2 2 2
5 2 3
sin cos sin 2 cos
2 4 2 2 2 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
| |
| |
+ =
|
|
|
\
\
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

5 2 3
sin 2 sin 2 cos
2 4 2 2 4 2
x x x | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

357
5 3
sin sin 2 cos
2 4 2 4 2
x x x | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

3 3
2cos sin 2 cos
2 4 2
3
cos 2sin 2 0
2 4
x x
x
x
x
| |
=
|
\
(
| |
=
| (
\

3
cos 0
2
2
sin sin
4 2 4
x
x

| |
= =
|
\
3
2 2
2
4 4
3
2
4 4
x
k
x k
x k
= +
= +
= +

( )
2
2 3 3
3 3
2 , .
2
2
2
2
k
x
k
x
x k k
x k
x k

= +

= +
= +

= +
= +

2
; , .
3 3 2
k
x x k k

= + = +
15)
2
2cos 2 3 sin cos 1 3(sin 3 cos ) x x x x x + + = + (1)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2
3cos 2 3sin cos sin cos sin 1 3 3 cos sin
3 cos sin 3 3 cos sin 0
3 cos sin 3 cos sin 3 0
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + = +
+ + =
+ + =

( )
( )
3 cos sin 0
3 1
cos sin 0
2 2
3 cos sin 3
sin( ) 0 , .
3 3 3
x x
x x
x x VN
x x k x k k

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ = + = = +

3
x k k
= +
VI.8.1)
2 2
tan cot (tan cot ) 2 0(1) x x m x x m + + + + =
iu kin: , ( ).
2
k
x k

2
(1) (tan cot ) (tan cot ) 2 2 0 x x m x x m + + + + =
358
t tan cot . t x x = + iu kin: 2. t
( )
2
2
2
2 2 0(2) , 2
2
t
t mt m m t
t
+
+ + = =
+

(V 2 t = khng l nghim ca phng trnh (2))
Bi ton tr thnh: Tm m phng trnh (2) c nghim thuc ( ] [ ) ; 2 2; ". +
Xt
( )
2
2
( ) , 2
2
t
f t t
t
+
=
+

2
2
2 2
4 2
( ) ( ) 0
( 2)
2 2
t
t t
f t f t
t
t
= +

= =
+
=

Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin, ta suy ra gi tr mcn tm l
1
2(2 2) .
2
m m +
2) ( ) ( ) sin cos sin2 1 0 1 m x x x m + + + =
t sin cos 2 sin .
4
t x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\
iu kin: 2. t
2
2 0 t mt m + + = (2)
Xt
2
( ) 2 f t t m t m = + +
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim 2; 2 . t
(

T phng trnh (2) ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
4 2 4 8 0,
2 . 2 1 2 1 2 0, .
m m m m m
f f m m m m
= = + >
= + =

Suy ra phng trnh ( ) 0 f t = lun c hai nghim phn bit v c t nht mt nghim
2; 2 . t
(

Vy, vi mi m th phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
3) 6(cos sin ) sin 2 (1) x x x m + =
2
6(cos sin ) (cos sin ) 1 x x x x m + =
359
t cos sin . t x x = iu kin: 2 t
2
6 1 (2) t t m + + =
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim t tha 2. t
Xt
2
( ) 6 1 f t t t = + +
'
( ) 2 6 f t t = +
'
( ) 0 3 f t t = = . Ta c bng bin thin

T bng bin thin, suy ra (1) c nghim khi v ch khi 6 2 1 6 2 1. m
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi 6 2 1; 6 2 1 . m
(

VI.9. ( )
2
cos 2 cos 4 1 0.(1) x m x m + =
t cos , t x = iu kin: 1. t (1) tr thnh

( )
( )
2
2 4 1 0
2
2 1
t mt m
t
t m
+ =
=

Do 1 t nn ta ch xt trng hp ( ) 2 1 . t m =
(1) c nghim tha
2 2
x

< < khi v ch khi ( )
3
0 2 1 1 1 .
2
m m < <
VI.10.
2 2
sin 2sin cos 2cos (1). x x x x m + =
Xt , ( )
2
x k k
= +
(1) tr thnh 1 . m =
+ Khi 1 m =
( )
2 2 2
(1) sin 2sin cos 2cos 1 2sin cos 3cos 0
cos 2sin 3cos 0
x x x x x x x
x x x
+ = =
=

cos 0
2
3
3
tan
, tan ,
2
2 2 2
x k
x
x
x k
= +
=

| | =

= + = < <
|
\

360
+ Khi 1 cos 0. m x Chia hai v ca (1) cho
2
cos 0, x ta c
( )
( )
2 2
2
tan 2tan 2 1 tan
1 tan 2tan 2 0
x x m x
m x x m
+ = +
+ + =

Nu
2
1 13 1 13
2 0
2 2
m m m
+
= +
th phng trnh (1) c nghim l
( )
2
2
2 2
1 3
1 3
arctan
tan
1
1
; .
1 3 1 3
tan arctan
1 1
m m
m m
x k
x
m
m
k
m m m m
x x k
m m
| |
+ +
+ + = + |
= |
| |
+ +
= = + |
\

Nu
2
1 13 1 13
2 0
2 2
m m m m
+
= + < < >
Kt lun:
+ Nu
1 13 1 13
,
2 2
m
+
nghim ca phng trnh cho l
( )
2
2
1 3
arctan
1
; .
1 3
arctan
1
m m
x k
m
k
m m
x k
m
| |
+ +
= + |
|
\

| |
+
= + |
\

+ Nu
1 13 1 13
,
2 2
m m
+
< > th phng trnh cho v nghim.
VI.11.
2
cos 2 2sin 2 2 0 m x x m + = (1)
t sin 2 . t x = Ta c vi 0
4
x

< < th ( ) sin 2 0;1 . t x =
2 2
2
2 2
(1 ) 2 2 0 (2 ) 2 2 0 .
2
t
m t t m m t t m
t
+
+ = = =

Xt hm s
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
( ) , ( ) 0, 0;1 .
2
2
t t
t
f t f t t
t
t
+ +
+
= = >

Hm s ( ) f t ng bin trong khong ( ) 0;1 . Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f t trong
khong ( ) 0;1 ta tm c gi tr ca tham s m l 1 4. m < <
361
TI LIU THAM KHO
ng Hng Thng. 1998. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim
ng Hng Thng Trn Vn Vung. 2008. i s 10 (Nng cao). H Ni: NXB
Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim
Nguyn Khc Minh ng Hng Thng. 2008. i s v Gii tch 11 (Nng
cao). H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Trn Phng Dung
Nguyn Xun Lim ng Hng Thng). 2008. Gii tch 12 (Nng cao). H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Hong Huy Sn. 2009. i s s cp. i hc An Giang. Lu hnh ni b.
Hong K. 1999. i s s cp. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Hong K. 2007. Gio trnh cn s v ton v t. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Thi He. 2001. Dng n ph gii ton. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Vn Mu. 2001. Phng php gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh. 1999. Bt ng thc. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh Nguyn Dng Thy T Mn o Tam L Thng Nht. 1996.
Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Ton Tp 2. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan Huy Khi. 2001. Phng php th bin lun h phng trnh cha tham s.
H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Trn Phng. 1995. Phng php mi gii thi tuyn sinh mn Ton. H Ni: NXB
Gio dc.
Tuyn tp cc thi tuyn sinh vo i hc, Cao ng ton quc t nm 2002 2003 n
2008 2009.
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
.., ..,1978.
. . .
.., .., ...1986.
. . .
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 1. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy
Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 2. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy
Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.

Chu trch nhim xut bn:
Gim c NG TRN I
Tng bin tp V DNG THU
Bin tp :
NFUYN TRNG B
Trnh by ba:
NGUYN QUC I
BI TP I S S CP
In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35 cm ti Cng ti In Tin An.
Giy php xut bn s 1536/358-00/ XB-QLXB, k ngy 19/11/2022.
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.
Gi: 56.000
Cng tc gi:

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B GIO DC V O TO

(Gio trnh o to gio vin

= l hai hm s ngc nhau.

= i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht

sao cho khi tnh tin th ca hm s

ta c th ca hm s cho trong cc trng hp sau y

= c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

= + xem c phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh khng.

qua trc honh ta c th hm s

Do hm s ( ) y f x = l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l trc

th th hm s c trc i xng cng phng . Oy

. C hai gi tr ny khng thuc

th M t gi tr nh nht v khi 2 a = th M t gi tr ln nht.

. Vy, 14. MaxA =

phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht.

th phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht

th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 0 x = suy ra phng trnh (1)

th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht 1. x =

phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht

th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

th phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht

th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht

th phng trnh ( ) 1 c mt nghim duy nht

th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

th phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh

th phng trnh ( ) 1 c nghim.

th phng trnh ( ) 1 tr thnh

th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim

th phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 1 khi v ch khi

> > < <

phng trnh ( ) 1 v nghim.

th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit

, phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l

= < < <

< > <

< < >

t 0, 3 2 0. u x y v x y = + = + H phng trnh cho tr

tho iu kin (*).

suy ra , x y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai

, h phng trnh cho tr thnh

. iu kin: 0. x H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

khi ta c h phng trnh

ta suy ra 2xy x y + + >0

. H phng trnh ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi

h phng trnh v nghim.

Vy, khi 1 2 m < th h phng trnh cho c nghim.

Khi ta c h phng trnh theo n , u v :

< < + > >

nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 1 l mi . x

, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) 2 l

> < >

< < >

< < > tha yu cu bi ton.

th phng trnh ( ) 1 c hai nghim