(Vnmath - Com) - Bai Giang Trong Tam Ve Ham So Thay Dang Viet Hung

Bi ging trng tm Hm s Thy ng Vit Hng Tel: 0985.074.
831 Facebook: LyHung95

Tham gia kha LTH v Luyn gii dnh 9 im Ton tr ln trong k TSH 2014 www.moon.vn
137

MC LC
1. CHUN K NNG I S...........................................................................................................................01
2. CC TR CA HM S...............................................................................................................................08
3. TIP TUYN CA TH HM S.........................................................................................................36
4. S TNG GIAO CA HAI TH HM S........................................................................................53
5. CC BI TON V KHONG CCH TRONG HM S......................................................................101
6. BI TON TM IM TRN TH ......................................................................................................112
7. BIN LUN S NGHIM PHNG TRNH BNG TH...............................................................123
8. TNH N IU CA HM S................................................................................................................128
9. TNG HP CC BI TON HM S TRONG THI I HC.....................................................136

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Bi ging trng tm Hm s Thy ng Vit Hng Tel: 0985.074.831 Facebook: LyHung95
1

NG VIT HNG

BI GING TRNG TM V
HM S
Chng trnh Luyn thi i hc SAP

NM HC 2013 - 2014
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1. K NNG XT DU CA BIU THC
Nguyn tc:
+ Phn tch biu thc cn xt du hay bt phng trnh v dng tch, ri loi b nhng hng t l ly tha bc
chn.
+ Sp xp cc nghim ca cc hng t sau khi thanh lc cc hng t chn theo th t t b n ln trong
bng xt du.
+ Tin hnh xt du theo quy tc an du khi bit du ca mt khong no .
+ Vic xt du biu thc chng ta ch c quy ng mu s m khng c nhn cho.
Cc v d in hnh:
V d 1: Xt du cc biu thc sau
a)
2
( ) 3.
3 4
+
= +
x
f x
x
b)
1 3
( ) 2 .
1
=
f x
x x

c)
( 3)(3 2 )
( ) .
1
+
=
x x
f x
x
d)
4 2 2 1 5
( ) .
3 2 4
+
=
x x
f x
e)
2
3 2
( ) .
1
+
=
x x
f x x
x
f)
2 2
( ) .
3 1 2 1
+
=
+
x x
f x
x x

g)
2
1 1 2
( ) .
1
= +
+ +
x
f x
x x x x
h)
1 2 3
( ) .
2 2
= +
+
f x
x x x

V d 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a)
1 2 3
.
3 2
+ <
+ + x x x
b)
2
2 1 4
.
2 2 2
+
+ + x x x

c)
2
2
2 3 4 15
.
1 1 1
+ +
+
+
x x x x
x x x
d)
4 3 2
2
3 2
0.
30
+
>

x x x
x x

e)
4 2
2
4 3
0.
8 15
+
+
x x
x x
f)
( )
3 2
3 3
0.
2
+
>
x x x
x x

2. K NNG S DNG LC HOOCNER CHIA A THC
Nguyn tc:
+ f(x) chia cho g(x) c h(x) v d l k th ta c th vit ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
. = + = +
f x
k
f x g x h x k h x
g x g x

+ chia a thc bng lc Hoocner ta phi sp xp a thc chia theo ly tha gim dn, s hng no
khuyt ta cho h s bng 0.
+ Thc hin chia theo quy tc: u ri - nhn ngang - cng cho.
Cc v d in hnh:
V d: Thc hin cc php chia sau
a)
4 3 2
3 2
3
+ +
=
+
x x x x
x
........................... b)
3 2
3 2 10
1
+ +
=
x x x
x
.................................
c)
2
2
1
+ +
=
x mx m
x
................................... d)
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
+ +
=
+
x m x
x
................................
3. K NNG NHM NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH A THC
Bi m u:
CHUN K NNG I S

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Xt phng trnh: ( ) ( )
4 3 2
0, 1 . = + + + + = f x ax bx cx dx e
Nu x = x
o
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1) th ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2
1 0 = + + + =
o
f x x x ax b x c x d
( )
3 2
= + + +
o
f x
ax b x c x d
x x

Nguyn tc:
+ Nu tng cc h s ca phng trnh bng 0 th phng trnh c mt nghim x = 1.
+ Nu tng cc h s bc chn ca x bng tng h s bc l ca x th phng trnh c mt nghim x = 1.
+ Nu phng trnh khng tun theo hai quy tc trn th chng ta nhm nghim bt u t cc nghim n gin
nh 0; 1; 2
+ Vi cc phng trnh c cha tham s, nhm nghim ca phng trnh ta cho phn h s ca tham s m
bng 0, c nghim x ta thay vo phng trnh kim tra li.
Cc v d in hnh:
V d 1: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) ( )
4 3 2
2 4 3 2 1 = + f x x x x x
b) ( )
3 2
4 2 7 1 = f x x x x
c) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 2 1 = + + f x x m x m x m
Hng dn gii :
a) ( )
4 3 2
2 4 3 2 1 = + f x x x x x
Xt phng trnh ( )
4 3 2
0 2 4 3 2 1 0 = + = f x x x x x
Ta nhn thy phng trnh c tng cc h s bng 0 nn c mt nghim l x = 1.
Khi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
4 3 2
2 4 3 2 1
0 1 . 2 4 3 2 1
1
+
= = + =
x x x x
f x x g x x x x x g x
x

Dng lc Hoocner ta c
( )( )
4 3 2
3 2 4 3 2 3 2
2 4 3 2 1
2 6 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 6 3 1
1
+
= + + + + = + + +
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x

b) ( )
3 2
4 2 7 1 = f x x x x
Xt phng trnh ( )
3 2
0 4 2 7 1 0 = = f x x x x
Tng h s bc chn l 2 1 = 3, tng h s bc l ca phng trnh l 4 7 = 3
T ta thy phng trnh c mt nghim x = 1.
Khi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
4 2 7 1
1 . 4 2 7 1 1 .
1

= + = + =
+
x x x
f x x g x x x x x g x g x
x

Dng lc Hoocner ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2
2 3 2 2
4 2 7 1
4 6 1 4 2 7 1 1 4 6 1
1

= = = = +
+
x x x
g x x x f x x x x x x x
x

c) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 2 1 = + + f x x m x m x m
Tng cc h s a thc l ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 1 0 + + = m m m nn f(x) = 0 c mt nghim x = 1.
Tin hnh chia a thc ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 = + + = + f x x m x m x m x x mx m
V d 2: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) ( )
4 2
3 2 6 = + + f x x x x = ...
b) ( )
3 2
4 6 1 = + + f x x x x =
c) ( )
3 2
= + f x x mx x m= .

d) ( ) ( )
3 2
2 1 = + + f x x x m x m = .
e) ( )
3 2
6 8 = + f x x x x = .
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f) ( )
3 2
2 4 4 = + f x x x x = .
4. K NNG X L VI TAM THC BC HAI V PHNG TRNH BC HAI
Xt phng trnh bc hai: ( ) ( )
2
0, 1 = + + = f x ax bx c
a) Gii v bin lun phng trnh (1):
Nu a = 0 th ( ) ( ) 1 0, * + = bx c
+ nu b = 0 v c = 0 th (*) nghim ng vi mi x.
+ nu b = 0 v c 0 th (*) v nghim.
+ nu b 0 th ( ) * =
c
x
b

Nu a 0 th (1) l phng trnh bc hai c bit thc
( )
2
2
4
; 2
=
= =
b ac
b ac b b

+ nu > 0 th (1) c hai nghim phn bit
2
1;2
4
.
2 2

= =
b b b ac
x
a a

+ nu = 0 th (1) c nghim kp .
2
=
b
x
a

+ nu = 0 th (1) v nghim.
b) H thc Vi-t:
Khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
v x
2
th ta c h thc Vi-t:
1 2
1 2
= + =
= =
b
S x x
a
c
P x x
a

Mt s cc kt qu cn lu :
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 + = + = x x x x x x S P
( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 + = + + = x x x x x x x x S SP

( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 x x x x x x S P P + = + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 4 = + = x x x x x x S P
c) Tnh cht nghim ca phng trnh bc hai:
Phng trnh c hai nghim dng phn bit khi
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
4 0
0
0
; 0
0
>
>
= + = >

>
= = >
b ac
b
S x x
x x a
c
P x x
a

Phng trnh c hai nghim m phn bit khi
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
4 0
0
0
; 0
0
>
>
= + = <

<
= = >
b ac
b
S x x
x x a
c
P x x
a

Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du ac < 0.
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Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit v u ln hn khi
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
4 0 4 0
0
0
2 2 2
0
0
0
> >
>

>
+ > = + = > = + = >

>

>

+ + >
+ + >
b ac b ac
b b
x x S x x S x x
x , x a a
x x
c b
x x x x
.
a a

Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit v u nh hn khi
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
4 0 4 0
0
0
2 2 2
0
0
0
> >
>

>
+ < = + = < = + = <

<

>

+ + >
+ + >
b ac b ac
b b
x x S x x S x x
x , x a a
x x
c b
x x x x
.
a a

Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit v u khc khi
( )
2
1 2
0 0 0
; 0
0
> > >

+ +
x x g
a b c

Phng trnh c mt nghim v nghim ny ln hn khi
( )( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0
0 0 0

2
2 2 2
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
=
= = =

= = >

= = > = = > = = >

>
> > >

< < < + + < + + <

b
b b b x x
x x x x x x
a
a a a
c b
x x x x x x x x .
a a

Phng trnh c mt nghim v nghim ny nh hn khi
( )( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0
0 0 0

2
2 2 2
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
=
= = =

= = <

= = < = = < = = <

>
> > >

< < < + + < + + <

b
b b b x x
x x x x x x
a
a a a
c b
x x x x x x x x .
a a

V d 1: Cho phng trnh ( ) ( ) + + + + =
2
1 4 2 3 0, 1 m x mx m
a) Gii v bin lun phng trnh cho.
b) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim dng phn bit.
c) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit, v c hai nghim u nh hn 1.
Hng dn gii :
a) Gii v bin lun phng trnh.
Nu m + 1 = 0 m = 1 th ( )
5
1 4 5 0 .
4
x x = =
Nu m + 1 0 m 1 th (1) l phng trnh bc hai c ( )( )
2 2
4 1 2 3 2 5 3 m m m m m = + + =
+ Nu
2
1
0 2 5 3 0 3
2
m m m < < < < th (1) v nghim.
+ Nu
2
3
0 2 5 3 0
1
2
m
m m
m
=
= =
th (1) c nghim kp
2
.
1
b m
x
a m

= =
+

+ Nu
2
3
0 2 5 3 0
1
2
m
m m
m
>
> >
<
th (1) c 2 nghim phn bit

2
1;2
2 2 5 3
.
1
m m m
x
m
+
=
+

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b) Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit khi ( )
2
3
0 2 5 3 0 *
1
2
m
m m
m
>
> >
<

Gi hai nghim phn bit l x
1
; x
2
vi x
2
> x
1
.
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
4
1
2 3
1
b m
x x
a m
c m
x x
a m
+ = =
= =
+

Hai nghim u dng khi
1 2
1 2
1 0
4
0
0
1 1
.
0 2 3
3
0
1
2
o
m
m
x x
m m
vn
x x m
m
m
< <
>

+ >
> +

> +

>
<

+

c) Hai nghim u nh hn 1 khi
( )( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 3 4 4
1 4
1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1
1 4. 1
4 4 2 2
2 2 0
1
1 1
m m m
m
x x x x x x
m m m
m m
m m x x x x
m
m m
+ +
< <
+ > >

+ + > + + + >
+ + +
< < >
+ < + <

< >
<

+ +

i chiu vi iu kin (*) v tn ti hai nghim phn bit ta c 3 < m < 4 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 2: Cho phng trnh
( )( ) ( ) + + + =
2
2 2 1 0, 1 x x mx m .
a) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit.
b) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit, trong c hai nghim m.
c) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
; x
3
tha mn + + <
2 2 2
1 2 3
7. x x x
Hng dn gii :
a) Ta c ( )
( )
2
2
1
( ) 2 1 0, 2
x
g x x mx m
=

= + + =

Phng trnh (1) c ba nghim phn bit khi phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 2.
iu xy ra khi
( )
( )
2 2
4 2 5
0 4 1 2 0 8 4 0
4 2 5
*
4 5 ( 2) 0 4 2 2 1 0
5
4
g
m
m m m m
m
m g m m
m
> +
> > + >

<

Vy vi
4 2 5
4 2 5
5
4
m
m
m
> +
<
th phng trnh cho c 3 nghim phn bit.

b) Do nghim x = 2 < 0 nn (1) c 3 nghim trong 2 nghim m th (2) phi c hai nghim tri du.
T ta c
1
0 1 2 0 .
2
P m m < < >
Gi tr ny tha mn iu kin (*) nn l gi tr cn tm.
c) Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x
1
= 2. Khi x
2
; x
3
l hai nghim phn bit ca (2).
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
2 3
2 3
1 2
x x m
x x m
+ =

Khi ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
7 4 2 7 2 1 2 3 0 4 5 0 5 1. x x x x x x x m m m m m + + < + + < < + < < <
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 4 2 5 1 m + < < l gi tr cn tm.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh ( )
2
1 2 1 0. + + = m x mx m
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a) Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c hai nghim phn bit vi mi gi tr ca m 1.
b) Xc nh gi tr ca m phng trnh c tch hai nghim bng 5, t hy tnh tng hai nghim ca phng
trnh.
c) Tm m phng trnh c nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn h thc
1 2
2 1
5
0.
2
+ + =
x x
x x

Bi 2: Cho hm s y = (x 1)(x
2
+ mx + m).
a) Vi m = 2, tnh y v gii phng trnh y = 0.
b) Tm m tip tuyn ti im c honh x = 1 song song vi ng thng d: y = 2x 3
c) Tm m phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
; x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
4. + + < x x x
d) Tim m phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit, trong c mt nghim ln hn 2.
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh mx
2
2(m + 1)x + m 4 = 0.
a) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
b) Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du. Khi trong hai nghim, nghim no c gi tr tuyt i ln
hn?
c) Xc nh m cc nghim x
1
, x
2
ca phng trnh tho mn x
1
+ 4x
2
= 3.
d) Tm mt h thc gia x
1
, x
2
m khng ph thuc vo m.
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh
2
1 0 + = x mx m , (vi m l tham s).
a) Chng t rng phnh trnh c nghim x
1
, x
2
vi mi m. Tnh nghim kp (nu c) ca phng trnh v gi tr
ca m tng ng
b) t
2 2
1 2 1 2
6 . = + A x x x x
Chng minh A = m
2
8m + 8.
Tm m A = 8,
Tm gi tr nh nht ca A v gi tr ca m tng ng.
c) Tm m sao cho phng trnh c nghim ny bng hai ln nghim kia.
d) Tim m phng trnh c hai nghim u ln hn 1.
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh ( )( )
2
1 2 3 0. x x mx m + + =
a) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit.
b) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit u dng.
c) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
; x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
15. x x x + + =
d) Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit, trong c hai nghim m.

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DNG 1. CC TR CA HM A THC BC BA
Xt hm s bc ba :
3 3 2
3 3 = + + + = + + y ax bx cx d y ax bx c
DNG 1. TM IU KIN V S CC TR CA HM S
Nu a = 0 th 3 0
3
= + = =
c
y bx c y x
b

Trong trng hp ny hm s c 1 cc tr.
Nu a 0 :
+ Hm s khng c cc tr khi y khng i du, tc l phng trnh y = 0 v nghim hoc c nghim
kp, tc l 0.
+ Hm s c 2 im cc tr khi y i du hai ln, tc l phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
T ta c iu kin hm s c hai cc tr l > 0.
Vy, vi hm bc ba th hm s ch c hai cc tr hoc khng c cc tr.
V d 1: Bin lun s cc tr ca hm s ( ) = +
3 2
1
1 1
3
y x m x mx ty theo gi tr ca tham s m.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c ( )
2
2 1 . = + + y x m x m
Hm s khng c cc tr khi y khng i du trn min xc nh (hay hm s lun ng bin hoc nghch bin
trn min xc nh), iu xy ra khi y = 0 v nghim hoc c nghim kp.
T ta c iu kin ( )
2
2
3 5 3 5
0 1 0 3 1 0 .
2 2
+
+ m m m m m
Hm s c hai cc tr khi y i du trn min xc nh, iu xy ra khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
2
3 5
2
0 3 1 0
3 5
2
+
>
> + >

<
m
m m
m

Kt lun :
- Hm s khng c cc tr khi
3 5 3 5
2 2
+
m
- Hm s c hai cc tr khi
3 5 3 5
; .
2 2
+
m m
V d 2: Bin lun s cc tr ca hm s ( ) = + + +
3 2
2 2 3 y mx m x mx m ty theo gi tr ca tham s m.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c ( )
2
3 2 2 2 . = + + y mx m x m
TH1 : m = 0.
Khi 4 ; 0 0 = = = y x y x , trong trng hp ny hm s c mt cc tr.
TH2 : m 0.
Hm s khng c cc tr khi
2
0
2 2 6
2 2 6
0 0
5
5
0 5 4 4 0
2 2 6
2 2 6
5
5

+

+

m
m
m m
m
m m
m
m

Bi 1:
CC TR CA HM S

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Hm s c hai cc tr khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
2
2 2 6 2 2 6
0 0
5 5
0 5 4 4 0
0
+
< <

> + <

m m
m
m m
m

Kt lun :
- Hm s khng c cc tr khi
2 2 6 2 2 6
; .
5 5
+
m m
- Hm s c mt cc tr khi m = 0.
- Hm s c hai cc tr khi
2 2 6 2 2 6
5 5
0
+
< <
m
m

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Tm m cc hm s sau y c cc i v cc tiu:
a)
( )
3 2 2
2 1 2 = + + y x mx m x
b) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
3 1 2 3 2 1 = + + y x m x m m x m m
Bi 2. Tm m hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1 2 2 2 = + + + + y x m x m x m khng c cc tr.
Bi 3. Bin lun theo m s cc tr ca hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1
1 3 2 1
3
= + + + + y m x mx m x
DNG 2. TNH CHT CC TR CA HM S
Cc bi ton xt n tnh cht cc tr ca hm bc ba ch p dng khi hm s c hai im cc tr (gi l cc i
v cc tiu).
Gi honh cc im cc i, cc tiu l x
1
; x
2
. Khi x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh y = 0.
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
+ =
B
x x
A
C
x x
A

Phng php thc hin :
+ Tm iu kin hm c cc tr : y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit > 0, (*)
+ Tm iu kin ca tham s cc tr c tnh cht K no chng hn.
+ i chiu gi tr tm c vi iu kin (*) c kt lun cui cng.
Ta xt mt s dng tnh cht in hnh.
Tnh cht 1: Hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti im x = x
o

Cch 1 (s dng bng bin thin) :
+ Hm s t cc tr ti ( ) 0 . = =
o o
x x y x m
+ Vi m tm c, thay vo hm s ri kho st, t bng bin thin ta c kt lun v hm s t cc i,
hay cc tiu ti im x
o
hay khng.
Cch 2 (s dng iu kin cn, iu kin ; hay y) :
+ Hm s t cc i ti
( )
( )
0
.
0
=
<
o
o
o
y x
x x m
y x

+ Hm s t cc tiu ti
( )
( )
0
.
0
=
>
o
o
o
y x
x x m
y x

Ch : Hm s t cc tr ti
( )
( )
0
0
=
o
o
o
y x
x x
y x

V d mu: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
1
( 2) 1.
3
y x m x mx
a) Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
b) Tm m hm s t cc i ti ti x = 0.
w
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o
m
10
c) Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 2.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c ( )
2
2( 2) 2 2 2 . = + = + y x m x m y x m
a) Hm s c cc tr khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
2
1
0 5 4 0
4
>
> + + >

<
m
m m
m

b) Tm m hm s t cc i ti ti x = 0.
Cch 1:
+ Hm s t cc i ti x = 0 th ( ) 0 0 0. = = y m
+ Vi m = 0 th ta c
2
0
4 0
4
=
= =

=
x
y x x
x

Ta c bng bin thin:
x 0 4 +
y + 0 0 +
y
C +

CT
T bng bin thin ta thy hm s cho t cc i ti x = 0.
Vy m = 0 l gi tr cn tm.
Cch 2:
Hm s t cc i ti
( )
( )
0 0
0
0 0
2( 2) 0 0 0
=
=
= =

+ < <

y
m
x m
m y

Vy m = 0 th hm s cho t cc i ti x = 0.
c) Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti ti x = 2.
Cch 1:
+ Hm s t cc tiu ti x = 2 th
( )
4
2 0 4 4( 2) 0 5 4 .
5
= + = = = y m m m m
+ Vi
2 2
2
4 4 4 12 4
2 2 0
2
5 5 5 5 5
5
=
| |

= = + = + =
|

=
\

x
m y x x y x x
x

Ta c bng bin thin:
x

2
5
2 +
y + 0 0 +
y
C +

CT
T bng bin thin ta thy hm s cho t cc tiu ti x = 2.
Vy
4
5
= m l gi tr cn tm.
Cch 2:
Hm s t cc tiu ti
( )
( )
4
2 0
5 4 0
4
2 . 5
2 0 5 2 0
0
=
+ = =
= =

> >

<
y
m m
x m
m y
m

Vy
4
5
= m th hm s cho t cc tiu ti x = 2.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Cho hm s
3 2
(2 1) 2 3. = + + y x m x mx
b) Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti ti x = 1.
c) Tm m hm s t cc i ti x = 3.
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11
Tnh cht 2: Cc im cc tr c honh cng dng, cng m, cng ln hn hoc nh hn cho trc.
Hai im phn bit cc tr cng c honh dng.
Khi ta c
1 2
2 1
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
B
S x x
A
x x
P x x C
A

>
= + >

> >

= >

>

Hai im cc tr cng c honh m.
Khi ta c
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
B
S x x
A
x x
P x x C
A

<
= + <

< <

= >

>

Hai im cc tr c honh tri du.
Khi ta c
1 2 1 2
0 0 0
C
x x P x x
A
< < = < <
Hai im cc tr cng c honh ln hn .
Khi ta c
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
0 0
0
2 2
2
C B
x x x x
x x
A A
x x
B
x x B
A
A
| |
+ > + + >
|
>

\
> >

+ > >

>

Hai im cc tr cng c honh nh hn .
Khi ta c
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0 0
0
2 2
2
C B
x x x x
x x
A A
x x
B
x x B
A
A
| |
+ > + + >
|
>

\
< <

+ < <

<

Hai im cc tr c honh tha mn x
1
< < x
2
.
Khi ta c ( )( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0 0
| |
< < < + + < + <
|
\
C B
x x x x x x x x
A A

Tnh cht 3: S dng Vi-t cho honh cc im cc tr.
Hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
. Khi x
1
; x
2
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
+ =
B
x x
A
C
x x
A

V d 1: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
( 1) 3 . y x m x mx m
b) Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
tha mn + =
1 2
1 2
1 1
2 . x x
x x

c) Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh u ln hn 2.
d) Tm m honh im cc i ca hm s nh hn 1.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
3 2( 1) 3 = + y x m x m
a) Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
( )
2 2
7 3 5
2
0 ( 1) 9 0 7 1 0 *
7 3 5
2
+
>
> + > + + >

<
m
m m m m
m

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o
m
12
Vy vi
7 3 5
2
7 3 5
2
+
>

<
m
m
th hm s cho c cc i, cc tiu.
b) Gi x
1
; x
2
l honh im cc i, cc tiu. Khi x
1
; x
2
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
2(1 )
3

+ =
m
x x
x x m

Ta c
2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2(1 ) 1 13
2 2 2 3 1 0 .
3 6
+
+ = = = + = =
x x m
x x x x m m m m
x x x x

i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta c
1 13
6
m
+
= l gi tr cn tm.
c) Gi x
1
; x
2
l honh im cc i, cc tiu. Khi x
1
; x
2
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
2(1 )
3

+ =
m
x x
x x m

Theo bi ta c
( )( )
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 4 0 4(1 )
2 2 0 4 0
2 3
2(1 )
4 4
1 6
3
+ + >
> + >

> >

+ > >

>

x x x x m
x x m
x x
m
x x
m

8
8 0
8 5. 3
5
5
+
> >
< <

<
<
m
m
m
m
m

7 3 5
8
2
m

< < l gi tr cn tm.
d) Ta c
1
2
1 2
2
1
6
0 3 2( 1) 3 0
1
6

= =
= + = <
+
= =
m
x x
y x m x x x
m
x x

Bng bin thin
x x
1
x
2
+
y + 0 0 +
y
C +

CT

Ta thy hm s t cc i ti im c honh
1
1
6

=
m
x
Theo bi ta c
( )
1 2
5 0
1
1 1 6 5
6 5

= > > <

<
m
m
x m m
m

2 2
5 5
8 5.
3 24 7 1 10 25

<

> + + < + +
m m
m
m m m m m

7 3 5
8
2
m

< < l gi tr cn tm.
V d 2: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
3( 1) 9 . y x m x x m
Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
tha mn
1 2
2. x x
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
3 6( 1) 9. = + + y x m x
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c
o
m
13
1
; x
2
khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
; 0 > x x
( )
2
1 3
( 1) 3 0 *
1 3
> +
+ >
<
m
m
m

Theo nh l Vi-et ta c
1 2
1 2
2( 1)
3
+ = +
x x m
x x

Khi : ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 4 4 1 12 4 ( 1) 4 3 1 + + + x x x x x x m m m
3 1 3
1 3 1
<
+ <
m
m
l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 3: Cho hm s = + + + +
3 2
(1 2 ) (2 . ) 2 y x m x m x m
1
; x
2
tha mn >
1 2
1
.
3
x x
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
3 (1 2 . ) 2 2 = + + x m x m y
1
; x
2
khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2

( )
2 2
5
(1 2 ) 3(2 ) 4 5 0 * 4
1
>
= = >
<
m
m m m m
m

Theo nh l Vi-et ta c
1 2
1 2
(1 2 )
3
2
2
.
3

+ =
m
x x
m
x x

Khi ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
1
4 4(1 2 ) 4(2 1
1
9 3
) = + > > > x x x x m x m x x x
2
3 29
8
16 12 5 0
3 29
8
+
>
>

<
m
m m
m

3 29
8
1
+
>
<
m
m
l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 4: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
1 1
( 1) 3( 2) .
3 3
y x m x m x
1
; x
2
tha mn + =
1 2
2 1. x x
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
2( 1) 3( 2). = + y x m x m
1
; x
2
khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2

2
5 7 0, = + > m m m
Khi ta c
( )( )
1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
2( 1) 1 2 2( 1) 3 2
3( 2) 3( 2) 1 2(2 2 ) 4 3
2 1 2 1 3( 2) 3 2 4 3 3 6
+ = + = =

= = = =

+ = + = = =

x x m x x m x m
x x m x x m x m m
x x x x x x m m m m

2
4 34
8 16 9 0 .
4

+ = = m m m Vy
4 34
4

= m l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 5: Cho hm s = + + + +
3 2
(1 2 ) (2 ) 2. y x m x m x m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ng thi honh im cc tiu nh hn 1.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
3 2(1 2 ) 2 ( ). = + + = y x m x m g x
Do h s a = 3 > 0 nn yu cu bi ton tr thnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
tha mn
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2
1 2
4 5 0
5 7
1 (1) 5 7 0
4 5
2 1
1
2 3

= >
< < = + > < <
= <
m m
x x g m m
S m

V d 6: Cho hm s = +
3 2
4 3 . y x mx x
1
; x
2
tha mn =
1 2
4 . x x
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2 2
12 2 3 36 0. = + = + > y x mx m Khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
4
9
.
6 2
1
4
+ = =
x x
m
x x m
x x

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Cho hm s
3 2
( 2) ( 1) 2. = + + + y x m x m x
b) Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti ti x = 3.
c) Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
tha mn
2 2
1 2
10. + < x x
d) Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh u nh hn 1.
Bi 2: Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 3
2 3 3 6 5 1 4 1. = + + + y x m x m x m
b) Tm m hm s c hai im cc tr c honh u nh hn 2.
Bi 3: Tm m hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1 2 2 2 = + + + + y x m x m x m c hai im cc i, cc tiu ng thi honh
im cc tiu nh hn 2.
Bi 4: Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2
2
1 4 3 2.
3
= + + + + + + + y x m x m m x m Gi x
1
, x
2
l honh d hai im cc tr ca hm
s.
a) Tm m hm s t cc tr ti t nht mt im c honh ln hn 1.
b) Tm m sao cho biu thc ( )
1 2 1 2
2 = + P x x x x t gi tr nh nht.
Bi 5: Cho hm s
3 2
1
( 6) 1.
3
= + + + y x mx m x
Tm gi tr ca m
a) hm s c cc tr.
b) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
, x
2
tha mn
1 1
1 2
1 1
.
3
+
+ =
x x
x x

c) hm s t cc i ti im c honh x = 1.
d) hm s t cc tiu ti im c honh x = 0.
Tnh cht 4: Cc cc tr nm cng pha, khc pha vi cc trc ta .
+ Cc im cc tr nm cng pha vi trc Oy khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit cng du.
+ Cc im cc tr nm khc pha vi trc Oy khi y = 0 c hai nghim tri du.

+ Cc im cc tr nm khc pha vi trc Ox khi th ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit hoc hm s c cc tr
vi y
C
.y
CT
< 0.
+ Cc im cc tr nm cng pha vi trc Ox khi th ct trc Ox ti mt im hoc hm s c cc tr vi
y
C
.y
CT
> 0.
V d 1: Cho hm s = + + +
3 2
3 2 y x x mx m , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc i, cc tiu nm v hai pha ca trc honh.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
3 6 = + + y x x m, hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
Tc l 9 3 0 3. = > < m m
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Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C
m
) v Ox:
( )
3 2
2
1
3 2 0
( ) 2 2 0, 1
=
+ + + =

= + + =
x
x x mx m
g x x x m

Hm s c 2 im cc tr nm v 2 pha i vi trc Ox khi (1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
Ta c iu kin
3 0
3
( 1) 3 0

= >
<
m
m
g m

Vy m < 3 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 2: Cho hm s = + + +
3 2 2
(2 1) ( 3 2) 4 y x m x m m x , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc i, cc tiu nm v hai pha ca trc tung.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2 2
3 2(2 1) ( 3 2)
= + + + y x m x m m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit ( ) ( )
2
2
0 2 1 3 3 2 0 > + + > m m m
2
13 3 21
2
13 5 0
13 3 21
2
+
>
+ >

<
m
m m
m

Hm s c cc im cc i, cc tiu nm v hai pha ca trc tung khi y = 0 c hai nghim tri du
( )
2
3 3 2 0 1 2. + < < < m m m
Kt hp iu kin ta c 1 < m < 2 tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 3: Cho hm s = +
3 2
1
(2 1) 3
3
y x mx m x , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc i, cc tiu nm v cng mt pha ca trc tung.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2
2 2 1
= + y x mx m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
2
0 2 1 0 1 > + > m m m
Hm s c cc im cc i, cc tiu nm v cng mt pha ca trc tung khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim
cng du
1
0 2 1 0 .
2
> > > ac m m
Kt hp iu kin ta c
1
1
2
< m tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Tnh cht 5: Cc bi ton cc tr khi y = 0 gii c nghim p
Khi phng trnh y = 0 c ( )
2
ax b = + th iu kin hm s c cc tr l ( )
2
0 0 .
b
ax b x
a
> + >
Khi ,
1
2
0
x x
y
x x
=
=

=
v s dng yu cu ca bi gii ra tham s.

V d 1: Cho hm s = + +
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) . y x mx m x m m
Tm gi tr ca m hm s c cc tr. Khi , tm m khong cch t im cc i n gc ta bng
2 ln khong cch t im cc tiu n gc ta O.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2 2 2 2
3 6 3( 1) 0 2 1 0 = + = + = y x mx m y x mx m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit 1 0, = > m
Khi
( )
( )
1 1; 2 2
0
1 1; 2 2
=
=

= + +
x m A m m
y
x m B m m

Do h s a = 1 > 0 v m + 1 > m 1 nn A l im cc i v B l im cc tiu ca hm s.
Theo bi ta c
2
3 2 2
2 6 1 0
3 2 2
= +
= + + =
=
m
OA OB m m
m

Vy 3 2 2 = m l cc gi tr cn tm.
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V d 2: Cho hm s
( )
= + +
2
3
3 1
1
(3 2) 1.
3 2
m x
y x m x m
Tm gi tr ca m
a) hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
b) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh ln hn 2.
c) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh x
1
; x
2
tha mn + >
3 3
1 2
28 x x
d) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh x
1
; x
2
tha mn + =
2 2
1 2
2 12 x x
Hng dn gii :
Ta c ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 3 2 0 3 1 3 2 0. y x m x m y x m x m = + = + =
a) Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
Ta c iu kin ( ) ( )
2
2
0 3 1 4. 3 2 0 9 18 9 0 1 m m m m m > > + >
b) Vi
( )
( )
3 1 3 1
1
2
1 0
3 1 3 1
3 1
2
m m
x
m y
m m
x m

= =
=
+
= =

Honh cc im cc i, cc tiu ln hn 2 khi 3 1 2 1. m m > >
Vy vi m > 1 th hm s cho c cc i, cc tiu v honh cc i, cc tiu ln hn 2.
c) Ta c ( )
3
3 3
1 2
4
28 1 3 1 28 3 1 3 .
3
x x m m m + > + > > >
d) Do vai tr bnh ng ca x
1
; x
2
nn ta c hai trng hp xy ra
Vi ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 10
1; 3 1 2 12 2 3 1 12 3 1 10
3
x x m x x m m m

= = + = + = = =
Kt hp vi iu kin tn ti cc tr ta c
1 10
.
3
m

=
Vi ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
22 2 22
3 1; 1 2 12 2 3 1 1 12 3 1
2 6
x m x x x m m m

= = + = + = = =
Kt hp vi iu kin tn ti cc tr ta c
2 22
.
6
m

=
V d 3: Cho hm s + = +
3 2
3 y x x m
Tm m hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im A, B sao cho
. =
0
120 AOB
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
0
3 6 0
2 4
= =
= + =

= = +
x y m
y x x y
x y m

Vy hm s c hai im cc tr A(0 ; m) v B(2 ; m + 4).
Ta c (0; ), ( 2; 4). = = + OA m OB m

0
1
120 cos
2
= = AOB AOB
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
4 0 ( 4) 1
4 ( 4) 2 ( 4)
3 24 44 0
2
4 ( 4)
4 0
12 2 3 2
4
12 2 3
3 3
3
< < +
= + + = +

+ + =
+ +
< <
+
= = +

=
m m m
m m m m
m m
m m
m
m
m

Vy
2
4
3
= + m l gi tr cn tm.
V d 4: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 3 1 y x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua (d): x + 8y 74 = 0.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
( )
2
0
3 6 3 2 0
2
=
= + = =

=
x
y x mx x x m y
x m

Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit m 0
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
17
Khi d, cc im cc tr ca hm s l
3 3
(0; 3 1), (2 ; 4 3 1) (2 ; 4 ) A m B m m m AB m m

Trung im I ca AB c to
3
( ; 2 3 1) I m m m
ng thng d: ( ) : 8 74 0 + = d x y c mt vc t ch phng (8; 1) =
u .
A v B i xng vi nhau qua d ( )
3
8(2 3 1) 74 0
2
. 0
+ =
=

m m m I d
d m
AB d
ABu

V d 5: Cho hm s ( ) = + +
3 2
3
3 1 1
2
m
y x x m x
Tm m
b) hm s t cc tiu ti im x = 2.
c) hm s t cc i ti x = 0.
d) hm s khng c cc i, cc tiu.
e) ng thng qua cc im cc i, cc tiu song song vi ng thng d: y = 9x + 1
Hng dn gii :
a) Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
3
3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1
2
m
y x x m x y x mx m x mx m = + + = + = +
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
Ta c iu kin ( )
2
0 2 0 2. m m > >
Vy vi m 2 th hm s cho c cc i, cc tiu.
b) Hm s t cc tiu ti im x = 2 khi h sau c nghim
(2) 0
, ( )
(2) 0
=
>
y
I
y

Ta c y = 6x 3m, khi
4 2 1 0 3
( ) 3
12 3 0 4
m m m
I m
m m
+ = =
=

> <

Gi tr m = 3 tha mn iu kin (*) nn l gi tr cn tm.
c) Hm s t cc i ti im x = 0 khi h sau c nghim
(0) 0
, ( )
(0) 0
=
>
y
I
y

Ta c y = 6x 3m, khi h
1 0 1
( ) 1
3 0 0
m m
I m
m m
= =
=

< >

Gi tr m = 1 tha mn iu kin (*) nn l gi tr cn tm.
d) Hm s khng c cc i, cc tiu khi y khng i du y = 0 v nghim 0 (m 2)
2
0
Bt phng trnh trn ch c nghim duy nht m =2.
Vy vi m = 2 th hm s cho khng c cc tr.
e) Xt phng trnh y = 0 ta c x
2
mx + m 1 = 0
( )
1 1
2
2
2 2
3 2 2
1
2 2
2
2 3 5 4
1
2 2
m m m
y x m
m
m m m m
x y
+
= = =

=
+ +
= = =

Gi A(x
1
, y
1
) v B(x
2
, y
2
) l cc im cc i, cc tiu. Khi
2
3 8 6
2 ;
2
m m
AB m
| |
+
=
|
\

ng thng qua cc im cc i, cc tiu song song vi d : y = 9x + 1 khi
( )
2
2 2
3 8 6
2
2
/ / 2 4 9 3 8 6 27 74 58 0
9 1
d o
m m
m
AB u m m m m m vn
+
= = + + =

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Cho hm s
( )
2
3
2 1
1
2(2 1) 3.
3 2
m x
y x m x
= + +
Tm gi tr ca m
b) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh m.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
18
1
; x
2
tha mn
4 4
1 2
17 x x + >
d) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh x
1
; x
2
tha mn
2 2
1 2
2 12 x x + =
Bi 2: Cho hm s
( )
2
3 2
3 1
1
(2 ) 2.
3 2
m x
y x m m x
+
= +
Tm gi tr ca m
b) hm s t cc i ti im x = 3.
1
; x
2
tha mn
2 2
1 2
40 x x =
d) hm s t cc i, cc tiu ng thi cc im cc i, cc tiu nm hai pha ca trc Oy.
Bi 3: Cho hm s
3
3 2 = + y x mx
a) Tm m ng thng i qua im cc i, cc tiu ca hm s ct ng trn tm I(1; 1) bn knh bng 1 ti
hai im phn bit A, B sao cho din tch tam gic IAB t gi tr ln nht.
b) Tm m hm s c C, CT v khong cch t O n ng thng i qua C, CT ln nht.
Tnh cht 6: Phng trnh ng thng qua cc i, cc tiu v mt s ng dng in hnh
Ly y chia cho y ta c . ( ) , = + + y y g x ax b khi ng thng d : y = ax + b chnh l ng thng i qua cc
im cc i, cc tiu ca hm s.
Tc dng ln nht ca vic tm c phng trnh ng thng qua cc i, cc tiu l ly c tung ca
chng. Tht vy, gi M, N l cc im cc i, cc tiu th ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; + + M x ax b N x ax b , trong x
1
; x
2
l hai
nghim ca phng trnh y = 0 v ta c th dng Vi-et c.
V d 1: Cho hm s ( ) = + + +
3 2 2 3 2
3 3 1 y x mx m x m m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Khi , hy vit phng trnh ng thng qua cc im .
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2 2 2 2
3 6 3(1 ) 0 2 1 0 = + + = + = y x mx m y x mx m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit 1 0, = > m
Vy hm s lun c cc i, cc tiu vi mi gi tr ca m.
Chia y cho y ta c
2
1
2
3 3
| |
= + +
|
\
m
y x y x m m
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l cc im cc tr, khi
( )
( )
1
2
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1
2
3 3
1
2
3 3
| |
= + +
|
| |
= + +
|
\
x
x
m
y x y x m m
m
y x y x m m

Do
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
2
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
0 , : 2
2
= +
= = = +
= +
x x
y x m m
y y A B d y x m m
y x m m

Vy, phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr ca th hm s cho l
2
2 = + y x m m.
V d 2: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 2 y x x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc im cc tr song song vi ng thng
d: y = 4x + 3.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
3 6 = y x x m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit ( ) 0 9 3 0 3, * > + > > m m
Chia y cho y ta c
1 1 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
m
x y
m
x y
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l cc im cc tr, khi phng trnh ng thng qua A, B l
( )
2
: 2 2
3 3
| |
= + +
|
\
m m
y x
Theo bi ta c
2
2 4
3
3
2 3
3
/ / : 4 3
| |
+ =
|
\
= = +

m
m
m
d y x
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
19
i chiu vi (*) ta c m = 3 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 3: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 2 y x x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny cch u ng thng (d): y = x 1.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
3 6 = y x x m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit ( ) 0 9 3 0 3, * > + > > m m
Chia y cho y ta c
1 1 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ \ \
m
x y
m
x y
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l cc im cc tr, khi phng trnh ng thng qua A, B l
( )
2
: 2 2
3 3
| |
= + +
|
\
m m
AB y x
Cc im cc tr cch u ng thng (d) : y = x 1 nn xy ra 1 trong 2 trng hp:
TH1: ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr song song hoc trng vi ng thng (d)
2 3
2 1 ,
3 2
| |
+ = =
|
\
m
m (tha mn)
TH2: Trung im I ca AB nm trn ng thng ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
+ +
= =
I I
y y x x
d y x
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 3 .2 6 0
3 3 3 3
| | | | | |
+ + + = + + = =
| | |
\ \ \
m m m m
x x x x m
Vy
3
0;
2
= = m m l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 4: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 y x x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua (d): x 2y 5 = 0.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
3 6 = + y x x m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit ( ) 0 9 3 0 3, * > > < m m
Chia y cho y ta c
1 1 2 1
2
3 3 3 3
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ \
y x y m x m
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l cc im cc tr, khi ( )
2 1 2
2 2
3
:
3 3
| |
+ =
|
=
\
AB
m x m k A m B y
Ta c ( )
1
: 2 5 0
2
= =
d
d x y k
A, B i xng nhau qua (d) th ta phi c ( ) ( )
1 2
. 1 2 1 0
2 3
| |
= = =
|
\
AB d
AB d k k m m
Vi m = 0 th th c hai im cc tr l (0; 0) v (2; 4), nn trung im ca chng l I(1; 2).
Ta thy I (d), do hai im cc tr i xng vi nhau qua (d).
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Cho hm s
3 2
3( 1) 9 2 = + + + y x m x x m
Tm m hm s c im cc i v im cc tiu i xng vi nhau qua ng thng ( )
1
: .
2
= d y x
/s: m = 1
Bi 2: Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x mx
Tm m hm s c im cc i v im cc tiu v ng thng qua cc im to vi ng thng
( ) : 4 5 0 + = d x y mt gc 45
0
.
/s: . =
1
2
m
Bi 3: Cho hm s
3 2 2
3 = + + y x x m x m
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
20
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua ng thng
1 5
:
2 2
= d y x
/s : m = 0
Bi 4: Cho hm s
3 2 3
3 4 = + y x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y = x.
/s :
2
.
2
= m
Bi 5: Cho hm s
3 2
3( 1) 9 2 = + + + y x m x x m
1
:
2
= d y x
/s : m = 1
Bi 6: Cho hm s
3 2
3 = + y x x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua ng thng : 2 5 0 = d x y
/s : m = 0
Bi 7: Cho hm s
3 2
7 3 = + + + y x mx x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu vung gc vi ng thng
: 3 7 0. = d x y
/s :
3 10
.
2
= m
Bi 8: Cho hm s
3 2 2 2
3( 1) (2 3 2) = + + + y x m x m m x m m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu to vi ng thng
: 4 20 0 + = d x y gc 45
0
.
/s :
3 15
.
2
= m
Bi 9: Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu tip xc vi ng trn
2 2
( ) : ( ) ( 1) 5 + = C x m y m .
/s :
4
2; .
5
= = m m
MT S BI GII MU V CC TR HM BC BA CHN LC
Bi 1: Cho hm s
3 2
1 1
( 1) 3( 2)
3 3
= + + y x m x m x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
sao cho
1 2
2 1. + = x x
Gii :
TX : D = R
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
' 2 1 3 2 y x m x m = +
hm s c cc i cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
th phng trnh ' 0 y = c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
hay
( ) ( )
2
2
' 1 3 2 5 7 0 m m m m = = + > lun ng vi mi m
Theo nh l Vite ta c:
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1
3 2
x x m
x x m
+ =

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
21
Nh vy ta c h:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1
3 2 2
2 1 3
x x m
x x m
x x
+ =
+ =

T ( ) ( ) 1 3 v ta d dng gii c
2
1
3 2
4 5
x m
x m
=

Thay vo ( ) 2 ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
4 5 3 2 3 2 19 73
16
m m m m = =
Vy
( )
1
19 73
16
m = l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 2: Cho hm s
3 2
( 2) ( 1) 2
3
= + + +
m
y x m x m x
1
; x
2
sao cho
1 2
1. < < x x
Gii :
TX : D = R
Ta c ( )
2
' 2 2 1 y mx m x m = + +
hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti th phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
' 2 2 1 0 * y mx m x m = + + = c hai nghim phn
bit x
1
; x
2
sao cho
1 2
1. < < x x
t 1 t x = ta c ( ) * tr thnh ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 2 2 1 1 0 4 1 4 5 0 ** m t m t m mt m t m + + + + = + + =
( ) * c 2 nghim
1 2
1 x x < < th PT ( ) ** c hai nghim
1 2
0 t t < < hay ( )
5
4 5 0 0
4
m m m < < <
Vy
5
0
4
m < < l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 3: Cho hm s
3 2
1
3 4
3
= + y x mx mx
1
; x
2
sao cho
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 1
2 9
2
2 9
+ +
+ =
+ +
x mx m m
m x mx m

Gii :
TX : D = R
Ta c
2
' 2 3 y x mx m =
hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
th PT
2
' 2 3 0 y x mx m = = c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2

Hay ( ) ( )
2
' 3 0 ; 3 0; m m m = + > +
Theo nh l Vite ta c:
1 2
1 2
2
3
x x m
x x m
+ =
thay vo
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 1
2 9
2
2 9
+ +
+ =
+ +
x mx m m
m x mx m
ta c :
( )
( )
2
2
1 1 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
9
2
9
x x x x m m
m x x x x m
+ + +
+ =
+ + +

( )
( )
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 2 2
2
9
1 2 3 9 4
x x x x x m
m m m m m
m
+ + +
= + + = = ( v 0 m )
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
22

Bi 4: Cho hm s
3 2 2
1 1
( 3)
3 2
= + y x mx m x
1
; x
2
dng sao cho
2 2
1 2
5
.
2
+ = x x
Gii :
TX : D = R
Ta c
2 2
' 3 y x mx m = +
hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti x
1
; x
2
dng th PT
2 2
' 3 0 y x mx m = + = c 2 nghim dng phn bit
x
1
; x
2

( )
2 2
1 2
2
1 2
4 3 0
0 3 2
3 0
m m
x x m m
x x m
= >
+ = > < <
= >

Ta c : ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
5 7
2 2 3
2 2
x x x x x x m m m + = + = = =
Kt hp K ta c
7
2
m = l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 5: Cho hm s
3
3 2 = + y x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B sao cho din tch tam gic ABC bng 3 2 , vi C(1 ; 1).
Ta c :
2 2
' 3 3 0 y x m x m = = = . hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B 0(*) m >
Khi :
2 2 ( ; 2 2)
2 2 ( ; 2 2)
x m y m m A m m m
x m y m m B m m m
= = + +
= = + +

T o ta c pt ng thng qua A,B l: 2 2 0 mx y + =
Theo bi ra ta c
3
2
2 1
1 1
. ( ; ) 4 16 . 3 2
2 2
4 1
ABC
m
S AB d C AB m m
m
= = + =
+

2
1
4 . 2 1 3 2 (2 1) 18 2( *)
2
m m m m m tm = = =
Bi 6: Cho hm s
3 2
3( 1) 12 3 4 = + + + y x m x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B sao cho tam gic ABC nhn O lm trng tm, vi
9
1; .
2
| |

|
\
C
Ta c :
2 2 2
' 3 6( 1) 12 0 2( 1) 4 0 2 2 4 0 y x m x m x m x m x mx x m = + + = + + = + =
2
( 2 ) 2( 2 ) 0 ( 2)( 2 ) 0
2
x
x x m x m x x m
x m
=
= =

=

hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B 1(*) m khi :
Ta c:
3 2 3 2
2 9 (2;9 )
2 4 12 3 4 (2 ; 4 12 3 4)
x y m A m
x m y m m m B m m m m
= =
= = + + + +

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
23
V tam gic ABC nhn O lm trng tm nn
3 2
2 2 1 0
1
( *)
9
2 9 4 12 3 4 0
2
+ =
+ + =
m
m tm
m m m m

Vy
1
2
= m l gi tr cn tm
Bi 7: Cho hm s
3 2 3
2 3( 1) 6 = + + + y x m x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B sao cho 2. = AB
Ta c :
2
1
' 6 6( 1) 6 0 ( 1)( ) 0
x
y x m m x x m
x m
=
= + + = =

=

hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B 1(*) m khi :
Ta c:
3 3
3
2 2
1 3 1 (1; 3 1)
(1 ; ( 1) )
3 ( ;3 )
x y m m A m m
AB m m
x m y m B m m
= = + +
= =

2 6 2
0
2 ( 1) ( 1) 2 ( 1) 1 ( *)
2
m
AB m m m tm
m
=
= + = =

=

Vy m = 0 ; m = 2. l gi tr cn tm
Bi 8: Cho hm s
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) 4 1 = + + y x mx m x m m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B sao cho tam gic OAB vung ti O.
Ta c :
2 2 2 2
1 1
' 3 6 3( 1) 0 2 1
1 1
x m x m
y x mx m x mx m
x m x m
= = +
= + = + =

= = +

Hm s lun c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B :
Ta c:
3
3
1 ( ) 3 4 1 3 (1 ; 3)
1 ( ) 3 4 1 1 ( 1 ;1 )
x m y x m x m m A m m
x m y x m x m m B m m
= + = + = +
= + = + = + + +

V tam gic OAB vung ti O nn ta c :
2
1
. 0 (1 )( 1 ) ( 3)( 1) 0 2 2 4 0
2
m
OAOB m m m m m m
m
=
= + + + + = =

=

Vy 1; 2. = = m m
Bi 9: Cho hm s
3 2 3 2
3( 1) 3 ( 2) 2 = + + + + + + y x m x m m x m m
Chng minh rng hm s lun c cc tr vi mi m, v khong cch gia cc im cc tr khng i.
Ta c :
3 2 3 2 3
2
3 2 3 2 3
( ) 3( )
' 3 6( 1) 3 ( 2) 0
2 ( ) 3( ) 4
x m y x m x m m m m m
y x m x m m
x m y x m x m m m m m
= = + + + + =
= + + + + =

= = + + + + = +

( y ' 0 y = lun c 2 nghim phn bit)
Khong cch gia cc im cc tr l 4 16 2 5 AB = + =
/s : 2 5. = AB
Bi 10: Cho hm s
3 2 2
1
( 1) 1
3
= + + y x mx m x
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
24
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v y
C
+ y
CT
> 2.
2 2 2
1
' 2 1 0 ( ) 1
1
x m
y x mx m x m
x m
= +
= + = =

= +

Hm s lun c cc i, cc tiu ti A, B
Ta c:
3 3
3
3 3
3
1 1
1 ( ) 1
3 3 3
1 5
1 ( ) 1
3 3 3
m m
x m y x m x m
m m
x m y x m x m
+
= + = + + =
+
= + = + + =

Ta c: y
C
+ y
CT
> 2
3
3
3
2
2 2 2 2 6 0
3
3 0
m
m
m m m
m
>
+ > >
< <

Kt lun:
3
3 0
m
m
>
< <
l gi tr cn tm
Bi 11: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu ca hm s sau :
a)
3 2
( 1) 2 = + + + y x m x x m
b)
3 2 2 3 2
3 3(1 ) = + + + y x mx m x m m .
a, Ta c :
2
' 3 2( 1) 2 y x m x = + + + . hm s c 2 cc tr ' 0 y = c 2 nghim phn bit.
2
1 6
( 1) 6 0
1 6
m
m
m
> +
+ >
<
(*).
Khi gi
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) A x y B x y l ta 2 im cc tr.
Thc hin php chia y cho y ta c :
2
1 1 10 2 4 11 2
'
3 9 9 9
m m m m
y x y x
+ + | |
= + +
|
\

Ta c:
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 10 2 4 11 2 10 2 4 11 2
'( )
3 9 9 9 9 9
m m m m m m m
y x y x x x
+ + + | |
= + + =
|
\

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 10 2 4 11 2 10 2 4 11 2
'( )
3 9 9 9 9 9
m m m m m m m
y x y x x x
+ + + | |
= + + =
|
\

Vy vi k (*) ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu ca hm s l :
2
10 2 4 11 2
9 9
m m m
y x
+
=
b, Tng t cu a ta c:
2
2 y x m m = + vi m R

Bi 12: Cho hm s
3 2 2
(2 1) ( 3 2) 4 = + + + y x m x m m x
b) Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny nm khc pha vi Oy.

Ta c :
2 2
' 3 2(2 1) 3 2 y x m x m m = + + + . hm s c 2 cc tr ' 0 y = c 2 nghim phn bit.
2 2 2
'
5 30
' 0 (2 1) 3( 3 2) 0 10 5 0 (*)
5 30
y
m
m m m m m
m
> +
> + + + > + >
<

Vi k(*) th hm s c 2 im cc tr ti
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) A x y B x y . Theo nh ly Viet:
1 2
2
1 2
2(2 1)
3
3 2
3
m
x x
m m
x x
+
+ =

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
25
Theo k A, B nm khc pha vi Oy
2
1 2
3 2
0 1 2
3
m m
x x m
+
= < < <
Kt hp (*) kt lun: 1 2 m < <

Bi 13: Cho hm s
3 2 2
3 = + + y x x m x m
1 5
:
2 2
= d y x
Ta c
2 2
' 3 6 y x x m = + . hm s c 2 cc tr ' 0 y = c 2 nghim phn bit
2
'
' 0 9 3 0 3 3
y
m m > > < < (*) .
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) A x y B x y .
+ Thc hin php chia y cho y ta c :
2 2
1 1 2 3
' 2
3 3 3 3
m m m
y x y x
| | + | |
= + +
| |
\
\

+ T ta c pt ng thng qua cc im cc tr l:
2 2
2 3
2
3 3
m m m
y x
| | +
= +
|
\
.
V A, B i xng nhau qua
1 5
:
2 2
= d y x nn :
. 1 d AB
I d
k k

( vi I l trung im ca AB)
Gii
2
1 2
. 1 2 1 0
2 3
d AB
m
k k m
| |
= = =
|
\

( tha mn (*))
Vi 0 m = ta c (0; 0), (2; 4) (1; 2) A B I d
Vy 0 m = l gi tr cn tm
(ch : y cc e c th gii c 2 k
. 1

d AB
I d
k k
ngn gn ta nn gii 1 k l . 1 =

d AB k k v th li k
kia)
Bi 14: Cho hm s
3 2 3
3 4 = + y x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y = x.
Ta c :
2
0
' 3 6 0
2
=
= =

=
x
y x mx
x m
. hm s c cc i cc tiu ti A,B 0 m
Khi gi
2
3
3
(1; 2 )
(0; 4 ), (2 ;0)
( ; 2 )
AB u m
A m B m
I m m
( vi I l trung im AB)
V A,B i xng nhau qua : d y x = nn :
2
2
2
1
. 1 2 2 1 0
=

=

= =

d AB
I d
m m
m
u u m

Bi 15: Cho hm s
3 2
3( 1) 9 2 = + + + y x m x x m
1
:
2
= d y x
/s : m = 1
Bi 16: Cho hm s
3 2
3 = + y x x mx
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
26
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny i xng nhau qua ng thng : 2 5 0 = d x y
/s : m = 0
Bi 17: Cho hm s
3
3 = + y x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Khi chng minh rng cc im ny nm v hai pha ca trc Oy.
Ta c :
2 2
' 3 3 0 y x m x m = = = . hm s c 2 cc tr ' 0 y = c 2 nghim phn bit 0(*) m >
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) A x y B x y . Theo nh ly Viet:
1 2
1 2
0 x x
x x m
+ =

Theo k A, B nm khc pha vi Oy
1 2
0( 0) x x m m = < >
Kt lun: Vi m>0 hm s c C, CT v cc im nm v 2 pha vi trc Oy
Bi 18: Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x mx
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu song song vi ng thng
: 4 3 0. + = d x y
Gii:
TX: R
o hm:
2
' 3 6 y x x m =
( )
2
' 0 3 6 0
x
y x x m = = ;
2
' 3 3 3 9 m m = + = +
' 0 3 m > > . Nn 3 m > th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
S dng php chia a thc, ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2 2 3 6 . '
3 3 3 3
( | | | |
= + + + = +
| | (
\ \
x x
m m x
y x x x m r q y
T suy ra, phng trnh ng thng qua cc i, cc tiu l
( )
2
2 2
3 3
| |
= = + +
|
\
x
m m
y r x ( )
ng thng : 4 3 d y x = +
Yu cu tr thnh song song d hay
2
2 4
3
3
3
9
2 3
3
| |
+ =
|
=
\
=

m
m
m
m
m
(tha mn)
Vy 3 m = l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 19: Cho hm s
3 2
7 3 = + + + y x mx x
: 3 7 0. = d x y
Gii: TX: R
o hm:
2
' 3 2 7 y x mx = + +
( )
2
' 0 3 2 7 0
x
y x mx = + + = ;
2
' 21 m =
21
' 0
21
>
>
<
m
m
. Nn
( ) ( )
; 21 21; + m th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
27
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
14 2 7
3 3 2 7 . '
3 9 9 3 9
( | |
| |
= + + + + + = +
( | |
\
\
x x
m m x m
y x x mx r q y
T suy ra, phng trnh ng thng qua cc i, cc tiu l
2
14 2 7
3
3 9 9
| |
= +
|
\
m m
y x ( )
ng thng : 3 7 d y x =
Yu cu tr thnh vung gc d hay
2 2
14 2 2 3 10
3. 1 15
3 9 3 2
| |
= = =
|
\
m m
m (tha mn)
Vy
3 10
2
= m l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 20: Cho hm s
3 2 2 2
3( 1) (2 3 2) = + + + y x m x m m x m m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu to vi ng thng
: 4 20 0 + = d x y gc 45
0
.
Gii: TX: R
o hm: ( ) ( )
2 2
' 3 6 1 2 3 2 = + + y x m x m m ; ( ) ( )
2
2 2
' 9 1 3 2 3 2 3 9 3 = + = + m m m m m
3 5
2
' 0 .
3 5
2
+
>
>

<
m
m
Nn
3 5 3 5
; ;
2 2
| | | |
+
+
| |
| |
\ \
m th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
S dng php chia a thc, ta c:
( )
3 2
2 2
2
2 8 8 2 6 2 1
3 6 1 2 3 2
3 3 3 3
2
(
+ | |
( + + +
( |

\

| | +
= +
|
\
m m m x m
x m x m m
m m
y x =
( ) ( )
. ' +
x x
r q y
T suy ra, PTT qua cc i, cc tiu l
( )
2 3 2
2 8
3
2
3
8 2 6 2
x
m m
x
m m
y r
m | | + +
= = +
|

\
( )
ng thng : 4 20 d y x = + . t
2
2 6 2
3
m m
k
+
=
Yu cu tng ng ( )
0
cos ; cos 45 d =
5 / 3
4
1 4 4 1
3 / 5 1 4
= +
= + =

=

k
k
k k
k k

TH1:
2
2
5 2 6 2 5
2 6 7 0
3 3 3
+
= = + =
m m
k m m (v nghim)
TH2:
2
2
3 2 6 2 3 15 215
10 30 1 0
5 3 5 10
+
= = + = =
m m
k m m m (tha mn)
Vy
15 215 3 15
.
10 2

= = m l cc gi tr cn tm.
Bi 21: Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu tip xc vi ng trn
2 2
( ) : ( ) ( 1) 5 + = C x m y m .
Gii:
TX: R
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
28
2
' 3 6 = y x x
( )
' 0 0 = =
x
y x hoc 2 x =
Suy ra 2 im cc tr ln lt l ( ) 0; 2 A v ( ) 2; 2 B
Phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr: : 2 2 0 d x y + =
ng trn ( )
( ) tm ; 1
:
bn knh 5
I m m
C
R
+

Yu cu:d tip xc( ) C hay ( ) ( )
2 1 2
; 5
5
+ +
= =
m m
d d C R
2
3 1 5
4
3
=
m
m
m
(t/m)
Vy 2 m = v
4
3
m

= l cc gi tr cn tm
Bi 22: Cho hm s
3 2 2 2
2( 1) ( 4 1) 2( 1) = + + + + y x m x m m x m
9
: 5.
2
= + d y x
Gii:
o hm ( ) ( )
2 2
' 3 4 1 4 1 = + + + y x m x m m
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu ' 0 y = c hai nghim phn bit.
Hay ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 3
' 0 4 1 3 4 1 0 4 1 0
2 3
> +
> + > + + >
>
m
m m m m m
m

Nn
( ) ( )
; 2 3 2 3; m + + th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
( )
( ) ( )
2 3 2
2 2
2 8 2 2 8 10 16 2 2
3 4 1 4 1 . '
9 9 3 9
( | | + + + + + | |
( = + + + + + = +
( | |

\
\
x x
m m m m m x m
y x x m x m m r q y T
suy ra, PTT qua cc i, cc tiu l
( )
2 3 2
2 8 2 2 8 10 16
9 9
| | + + + + +
= =
|
\
x
m m m m m
y r x ( )
Yu cu tr thnh vung gc d hay
2
2
0
9 2 8 2
. 1 4
4 2 9
= | | + +
= + =
|
=
\
m
m m
m m
m
(tha mn)
Vy 0 m = v 4 m = l cc gi tr cn tm.
Bi 23: Cho hm s
3 2
3 3( 6) 1 = + + + y x mx m x
Tm m im A(3 ; 5) nm trn ng thng i qua cc im cc i, cc tiu.
Gii:
o hm: ( )
2
' 3 6 3 6 y x mx m = + + . ( ) ( )
2 2
' 9 9 6 9 6 m m m m = + =
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
29
3
' 0
2
m
m
>
>

<
. Nn ( ) ( ) ; 2 3; m + th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 12 6 1 3 6 3 6 . '
3 3
x x
x m
y m m x m m x mx m r q y
| |
( ( = + + + + + + + + = +
|

\

( ) ( )
2 2
2 6 6 1 y m m x m m = + + + + ( )
Yu cu tr thnh ( ) i qua A hay
( ) ( )
2 2 2
5 3. 2 2 12 6 1 5 12 37 5 m m m m m m = + + + + + + + =

2
4
5 12 32 0
8
5
=
m
m m
m

Kt hp cc iu kin trn, ta c 4 m = l gi tr cn tm.

Bi 24: Cho hm s
3 2
1
3 3
= + + +
m
y x mx x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny nm cng pha vi ng thng d : 2x + y = 0.
Gii:
o hm:
2
' 2 1 y x mx = + + .
Hm s c cc i, cc tiu
2
' 0 1 0 1 m m > > >
Nn ( ) ( ) ; 1 1; m + th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
Khi , gi ta ca hai im cc tr ln lt l ( )
1 1
; x y , ( )
2 2
; x y .
Theo vi-t, ta c
1 2
1 2
2
. 1
x x m
x x
+ =

Yu cu tr thnh ( )( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 0 x y x y + + > ( ) 1
Mt khc, ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 1 . '
3 3 3
x x
m x m
y x x mx r q y
| | | |
= + + + + = +
| |
\
\

Nn PTT qua cc i, cc tiu l
2
2 2
3
m
y x
| |
=
|
\

( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 0 4 1 0 1 0 2
3 3 3 3
m m m m
x x x x x x m
| || | | |
+ + > + > +
| | |
\ \ \

Kt hp iu kin ta c
1
2
m
m
>
l cc gi tr cn tm

Bi 25: Cho hm s
3 2
1
3
= + + + y x x mx m
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v khong cch gia hai im ny bng 2 15.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
30
Gii:
o hm:
2
2 y x x m = + + . Ta c ' 0 1 0 1 m m > > <
Nn 1 m < th hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Gi ta hai im cc tr l ( )
1 1
; x y v ( )
2 2
; x y .
Khi , theo vi-t
1 1
1 2
2 x x
x x m
+ =
.
Mt khc, ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 1
2 . '
3 3 3 3
x x
m m x
y x x x m r q y
( | | | |
= + + + + + = +
| | (
\ \

Nn PTT qua cc i, cc tiu l
2 2 2
3 3
m m
y x
| |
= +
|
\

Yu cu tng ng ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
60 60
3
m
x x y y x x x x
| |
+ = + =
|
\

( ) ( )
2
2
2
3 2
1 2
2 2 4 8 13
1 60 . 4 4 60 4 12 21 122 0 2
3 9
m m m
x x m m m m m
(
| | + | |
+ = = + + = =
(
| |
\
( \

Bi 26: Cho hm s
3 2
2 3( 1) 6 (1 2 ) = + + y x m x m m x
Tm m hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im ny nm trn ng thng d : 4x + y = 0.
Gii:
TX: R
o hm: ( ) ( )
2
' 6 6 1 6 1 2 y x m x m m = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
' 9 1 36 1 2 9 9 6 1 9 3 m m m m m m = = + = .
1
' 0
3
> m
Nn
1
3
m th hm s c cc i, cc tiu.
S dng php chia a thc, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 2
1
3 1 4 6 2 6 6 1 6 1 2 . '
3 6
x x
x m
y m x m m m x m x m m r q y
| |
(
( = + + + + + + = +
|

\

( )
( )
2
3
3 1 4 6 2
x
y r m x m m m = = + +
ng nht vi d c
( )
2
3
1
1;
3 1 4
3
1
1
4 6 2 0
0; 1;
2
= =

=

=

+ =
= = =
m m
m
m
m m m
m m m
(tha mn)

Bi 27: Cho hm s
3 2
1
2 3
3
= + y x x x
Gi A, B l hai im cc tr ca hm s. Tm im M trn Ox sao cho tam gic ABM c din tch bng 2.
Gii:
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
31
TX: R
o hm:
2
' 4 3 y x x = + . ' 0 1 y x = = hoc 3 x = .
T suy ra hai im cc tr ca hm s:
4
1;
3
A
| |
|
\
v ( ) 3; 0 B
( )
2
2 4 2 13
3 1 0
3 3
AB
| |
= + =
|
\
. ng thng : 2 3 6 0 AB x y + = .
Gi ( ) ; 0 M m l im cn tm.
Yu cu: ( ) ( )
0 2 6
1 13
2 . ; 2 . 2 3 3
6 2 3 13
m m
dt ABM AB d M AB m
m
=
= = = =

=

Vy ( ) 0; 0 M v ( ) 6; 0 M l cc im cn tm.
Ch : Cng thc chia nhanh a thc bc 3:
Vi a thc
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
.
' = + + + = +
x x x
P ax bx cx d r q P vi 0 a
Th lun c
( )
( )
2
2 2
3 9 9
3 9
| |
| |
= +
| |
\
\
x
x
c b bc
r x d
a a
x b
q
a

DNG 2. CC TR CA HM A THC BC BN TRNG PHNG
Xt hm s
( )
4 2 3 2
2
0
4 2 2 2 0
2
x
y ax bx c y ax bx x ax b
b
x
a
=
= + + = + = + =

DNG 1. TM IU KIN V S CC TR CA HM S
Hm s c mt cc tr khi y ch i du mt ln, tc l 0
2

b
a

Hm s c mt cc tr khi y ch i du ba ln, tc l y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit 0
2
>
b
a

V d 1: Cho hm s = +
4 2
2 3 1 y x mx m
Tm m
a) hm s c 1 cc tr.
b) hm s c 3 cc tr.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
( )
3 2
2
0
4 4 4 0
=
= = =

=
x
y x mx x x m y
x m

a) Hm s c mt cc tr khi m 0.
b) Hm s c ba cc tr khi m > 0.
V d 2: Cho hm s ( ) = + +
4 2
1 3 3 5 y m x mx m
Bin lun theo m s cc tr ca hm s cho.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c ( )
( )
3 2
2
0
4 1 6 2 ( 1) 3 0
( 1) 3 , 1
=
( = + = + =

+
x
y m x mx x m x m y
m x m

TH1 : 1 6 ; 0 0 = = = = m y x y x
Trong trng hp ny hm s c mt cc tr, v l im cc tiu.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
32
TH2 :
( )
2
3
1, 1
1
=
+
m
m x
m

+ Hm s c mt cc tr khi
3
0 1 0
1
<
+
m
m
m

+ Hm s c ba cc tr khi
0
3
0
1 1
>
>

< +

m
m
m m

Kt lun :
Hm s c mt cc tr khi 1 0 m
Hm s c ba cc tr khi
0
1
>
<
m
m

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bin lun theo m s cc tr ca cc hm s sau :
a)
4 2
2 (2 1) 3. = + + + y x m x m
b)
4 2
(1 ) (3 1) 2 5. = + + + y m x m x m
c)
2 4 2 3
(3 2) 1. = + y m x mx m
DNG 2. TNH CHT CC TR CA HM S
TH1: Hm s c ba im cc tr A, B, C.
+ Tm iu kin tn ti ba im cc tr : ( ) 0 *
2
>
b
a

+ Vi iu kin (*) ta c
2
3
0
0
2
2
= =

= = =

= =
A A
B B
C C
x x y
b
y x x y
a
b
x x y
a
, t ( ) 0; ; ; ; ;
2 2
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \
A B C
b b
A y B y C y
a a

Do hm chn vi x nn cc im B, C c y
B
= y
C
.
Nhn xt : A Oy, B ; C i xng nhau qua Oy nn tam gic ABC lun l tam gic cn ti A.
Ta xt mt s tnh cht c bn thng gp ca hm s :
Tnh cht 1: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic vung cn.
Do tam gic ABC cn ti A nn ch c th vung cn ti nh A.
Khi o ta c iu kin ( ) . 0, 1 =

AB AC
vi ; ; ;
2 2
| | | |

= =
| |
| |
\ \

B A C A
b b
AB y y AC y y
a a

T ( ) ( )
2
1 . 0 0
2
= + =

B A
b
AB AC y y
a

Gi tr m tm c kt hp vi iu kin tn ti (*) cho ta kt
qu cui cng ca bi ton.
Ngoi ra ta cng c th dng iu kin Pitago cho tam gic cn
ABC :
2 2 2 2 2
2 + = = AB AC BC AB BC
Tnh cht 2: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic u.
Tam gic ABC u khi ( )
2 2
, 2 = = AB BC AB BC
vi ; ; 2 ;0
2 2
| | | |

= =
| |
| |
\ \

B A
b b
AB y y BC
a a

T ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2

+ =
B A
b b
y y
a a

Gi tr m tm c kt hp vi iu kin tn ti (*) cho ta kt
qu cui cng ca bi ton.

Tnh cht 3: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic c mt gc bng 120
0
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Tam gic ABC cn ti A nn
0
120 = BAC . Gi H l trung im ca ( ) 0;
B
BC H y
Ta c
( )
0 2 2
cos cos60 2 4 , 3 = = = =
AH AH
HAB AB AH AB AH
AB AB

vi ( ) ; ; 0;
2
| |
= =
|
|
\

B A B A
b
AB y y AH y y
a
, t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 4
2
+ =
B A B A
b
y y y y
a

Gi tr m tm c kt hp vi iu kin tn ti (*) cho ta kt qu cui cng ca bi ton.
Tnh cht 4: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic c din tch S = S
o
cho trc

Gi H l trung im ca ( ) 0;
B
BC H y . Khi ( )
2 2 2
1
. 2 . 4 . , 4
2
= = =
ABC o o
S AH BC S AH BC S AH BC
vi ( ) 2 ;0 ; 0;
2
| |
= =
|
|
\

B A
b
BC AH y y
a
, t ( ) ( )
2
2
3 4 .4
2
| |
=
|
\
o B A
b
S y y
a

Gi tr m tm c kt hp vi iu kin tn ti (*) cho ta kt qu cui cng ca bi ton.
Tnh cht 5: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic c bn knh ng trn ngoi tip R cho trc

S dng cng thc din tch tam gic
2
. .
1
4 4 2
4. .
2
= = = =
abc abc AB AC BC AB
S R R R
R S AH
AH BC

Gii phng trnh trn ta c gi tr ca m, i chiu vi (*) cho ta kt lun cui cng.
Tnh cht 6: 3 im cc tr to thnh mt tam gic c trng tm G(0 ; ) cho trc

Ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l 2 3
3
+ +
= + =
A B C
A B
y y y
y y
V d 1: (H khi B - 2011)
Cho hm s = + +
4 2
2( 1) y x m x m, vi m l tham s.
Tm m th hm s cho c ba im cc tr A, B, C sao cho OA = BC, vi O l gc ta , A l im
cc tr thuc trc tung, B v C l hai im cc tr cn li.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
3 2
2
0
4 4( 1) 4 ( 1) 0
1
=
( = + = + =

= +
x
y x m x x x m y
x m

Hm s c ba im cc tr khi phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit ( ) 1 0 1, * + > > m m
Vi m > 1 th
1 1
2
2 2
2
3 3
0
0 1 ( 1)
1 ( 1)
= =
= = + = + +
= + = + +
x y m
y x m y m m
x m y m m

Theo bi ta c ta cc im cc tr l ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0; , 1; 1 , 1; 1 + + A m B m m m C m m m
T ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 1 4 4 0
2 2 2
= +
= = = + =
=
m
OA BC OA BC m m m m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 2 2 2 = m l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 2: (D b khi B - 2003)
Cho hm s = +
4 2 2
2 1 y x m x , vi m l tham s.
Tm m th hm s cho c ba im cc tr l ba nh ca mt tam gic vung cn.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
3 2 2 2
2 2
0
4 4 4 0
=
( = = =

=
x
y x m x x x m y
x m

Hm s c ba im cc tr khi phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit ( )
2
0 0, * > m m
Vi m 0 th ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
4 4 4
2 2
4
3 3
0 1
0 1 0;1 , ;1 , ; 1
1
= =
= = =
= =
x y
y x m y m A B m m C m m
x m y m

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Ta nhn thy tam gic ABC lun cn ti A. ABC vung cn th phi vung cn ti A.
T suy ra
( ) ( )
4 4 2 8 2 6
0
. 0 ; . ; 0 0 ( 1) 0
1
=
= = + = =

=

m
AB AC AB AC m m m m m m m m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 1 = m l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 3: Cho hm s = +
4 2
2 1 y x mx m , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c ba im cc tr ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to thnh mt tam gic
a) c din tch bng 4 2 .
b) u.
c) c mt gc bng 120
0

Hng dn gii :
Ta c
( )
3 2
2
0
4 4 4 0
=
= + = + =

=
x
y x mx x x m y
x m

Hm s c ba im cc tr khi phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit, tc l m < 0, (*)
Vi m < 0 th
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
0 1
0 1 0; 1 , ; 1 , ; 1
1
= =
= = =
= =
x y m
y x m y m m A m B m m m C m m m
x m y m m

Ta nhn thy A thuc Oy, B ; C i xng qua Oy nn tam gic ABC cn ti A.
a) Gi H l trung im ca
( )
2
0; 1 BC H m m
Khi , ( )
2 2
1
. 4 2 . 8 2 . 128, 1
2
= = = =
ABC
S AH BC AH BC AH BC
Ta c
( ) ( )
2
2 ;0 ; 0; , = =

BC m AH m t ( )
4 5
1 4 . 128 32 2 = = = mm m m
i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta thy m = 2 l gi tr cn tm.
b) Tam gic ABC u khi ( )
2 2
, 2 = = AB BC AB BC
Ta c
( ) ( )
2
; , 2 ;0 , = =

AB m m BC m t ( )
4 4
3
0
2 4 3
3
=
+ = =

=
m
m m m m m
m

3
3 = m l gi tr cn tm.
c) Tam gic ABC cn ti A nn c mt gc bng 120
0
th
0
120 = BAC
Gi H l trung im ca
( )
2
0; 1 BC H m m
Trong tam gic vung HAB c
( )
0 2 2
3
sin sin60 3 2 3 , 3
2
= = = = = =
BH BH
HAB AB BH BC AB BC
AB AB

Ta c
( ) ( )
2
; , 2 ;0 , = =

AB m m BC m khi ( ) ( )
4
3
0
3 3 4 1
3
=
+ =
m
m m m
m

3
1
3
= m l gi tr cn tm.
V d 4: Cho hm s = +
4 2
2 1 y x mx m , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c ba im cc tr ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to thnh mt tam gic c bn
knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 2.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
( )
3 2
2
0
4 4 4 0
=
= = =

=
x
y x mx x x m y
x m

Hm s c ba im cc tr khi phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit, tc l m > 0, (*)
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Vi m > 0 th
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
0 1
0 1 0; 1 , ; 1 , ; 1
1
= =
= = = + + +
= = +
x y m
y x m y m m A m B m m m C m m m
x m y m m

Ta nhn thy A thuc Oy, B ; C i xng qua Oy nn tam gic ABC cn ti A.
Gi H l trung im ca
( )
2
0; 1 + BC H m m
Din tch tam gic ABC : ( )
2
. . .
, 1
2 4 2
= = =
ABC
AH BC AB BC AC AB
S R
R AH

Ta c
( ) ( )
2 4
2 2
2
; ; 0;

= +
= =

=

AB m m
AB m m AH m
AH m

Khi , ( ) ( )
( )
4
3 2
2
1
1 2 2 1 0 1 1 0
1 5
2
=
+

= + = + =

m
m m
m m m m m
m
m

5 1
1;
2
= = m m l cc gi tr tha mn yu cu bi ton
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Cho hm s
4 2
4 2 1 = + + y x mx m , vi m l tham s.
Tm m hm s c ba im cc tr ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to thnh mt tam gic
a) c din tch bng 3 2.
b) c trng tm l
2
0; .
3
| |
|
\
G
c) c bn knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 1.
Bi 2: Tm m hm s
4 2 2
2 1 = + y x m x c ba im cc tr A, B, C sao cho
a) tam gic ABC u.
b) 2 , = OA BC trong O l gc ta , A l im cc tr thuc Oy, B ; C l hai im cc tr cn li.
Bi 3: Tm m hm s ( )
4 2 2
2 2 5 5 = + + + y x m x m m c ba im cc tr v l ba nh ca mt tam gic
vung cn.
/s : m = 1.
Bi 4: Tm m hm s
4 2 2
2 = + + + y x mx m m c ba im cc tr ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to
thnh mt tam gic c mt gc bng 120
0
.
/s : . =
3
1
3
m
Bi 5: Cho hm s
4 2 4
2 2 = + + y x mx m m c th (C
m
) .
Vi nhng gi tr no ca m th th (C
m
) c ba im cc tr, ng thi ba im cc tr lp thnh mt tam
gic c din tch bng 4.
/s : . =
5
16 m
Bi 6: Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 1 = + y x m x (1)
Tm m th hm s (1) c ba im cc tr A, B, C v din tch ca tam gic ABC bng 32.
Bi 7: Cho hm s
4 2
2 1 = + y x mx m c th (C
m
) .
Vi nhng gi tr no ca m th th (C
m
) c ba im cc tr, ng thi ba im cc tr lp thnh mt tam
gic c bn knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 1.
/s : ; .
= =
5 1
1
2
m m
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DNG 1. TIP TUYN TI MT IM THUC TH HM S
Cng thc :
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im ( ) ( ) ( ) ; :
o o
M x y C y f x = l
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
o o
o o o o x x
y y x x y y y x x f x = + = +
Cc lu :
+ Nu cho x
o
th tm y
o
= f(x
o
).
+ Nu cho y
o
th tm x
o
bng cch gii phng trnh f(x) = y
o
.
+ Tnh y = f(x). Suy ra y(x
o
) = f(x
o
).
+ Phng trnh tip tuyn l: y = f(x
o
).(x x
o
) + y
o
.
Cc v d in hnh:
V d 1. Cho hm s y = x
3
3x
2
+ 2.
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn trong cc trng hp sau:
a) tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Ox.
b) tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Oy.
c) tip tuyn ti im c honh x = 2.
d) tip tuyn ti im c tung y = 2.
Hng dn gii :
a) Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v trc Ox :
( )( )
3 2 2
1
3 2 0 1 2 2 0
1 3
x
x x x x x
x
=
+ = =

=

Ta c
2
3 6 . y x x =
Vi ( ) ( ) 1; 0 1 3 6 3 : 3 1 3 3. x y y y x y x = = = = = = +
Vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3; 0 1 3 3 1 3 6 1 3 3 4 2 3 6 6 3 6 x y y = + = + = + + = + =
( )
: 6 1 3 6 6 6 3. y x y x = =
Vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3; 0 1 3 3 1 3 6 1 3 3 4 2 3 6 6 3 6 x y y = = = = + =
( )
: 6 1 3 6 6 6 3. y x y x = + = +
b) Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v trc Oy :
3 2
0 3 2
2 0
x y x x
y x
= = +

= =

Ta c ( )
2
3 6 2 12 12 0 y x x y = = =
T ta c phng trnh tip tuyn l ( ) : 0. 2 0 0. y x y = + =
c) Thay x = 2 vo hm s ta c y = 2.
Ta c ( )
2
3 6 2 12 12 24 y x x y = = + =
T ta c phng trnh tip tuyn l ( ) : 24 2 2 24 46. y x y x = + = +
d) Vi y = 2 ta c ( )( )
3 2 3 2 2
1
3 2 2 3 4 0 1 4 4 0
2
x
x x x x x x x
x
=
+ = + = + + =

=

Ta c
( )
( )
2
2 12 12 24
3 6
1 3 6 9
y
y x x
y
= + =
=
= + =

T ta c phng trnh tip tuyn l
( )
( )
1
2
: 24 2 2 24 46.
: 9 1 2 9 7.
y x y x
y x y x
= + = +
= + = +

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c ch ra:
Bi 2:
TIP TUYN CA TH HM S

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a) ( )
3 2
: 3 7 1 C y x x x = + ti A(0; 1). b) ( )
4 2
: 2 1 C y x x = + ti B(1; 0).
c) ( )
3 4
:
2 3
x
C y
x
+
=
ti C(1; 7). d) ( )
3( 2)
:
1
x
C y
x
ti im B c y
B
= 4
e) ( )
1
:
2
x
C y
x
+
=
ti cc giao im ca (C) vi trc honh, trc tung.

f) ( )
3
: 3 1 C y x x = + ti im un ca (C).
g) ( )
4 2
1 9
: 2
4 4
C y x x = ti cc giao im ca (C) vi trc honh.
Bi 2: Cho hm s
1
.
1
=
+
x
y
x

Vit phng trnh tip tuyn trong cc trng hp sau:
a) tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Ox.
b) tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Oy.
c) tip tuyn ti im c honh x = 2.
d) tip tuyn ti im c tung y = 3.
e) chng minh rng mi tip tuyn ca th to vi hai tim cn mt tam gic c din tch khng i.
DNG 2. TIP TUYN BIT H S GC K
1) Mt s kin thc c bn v h s gc k ca mt ng thng d :
H s gc ca mt ng thng l tang (tan) ca
gc hp bi ng thng v chiu dng trc Ox.
K hiu k = tan.
Nu ng thng d hp vi trc Ox (khng ni r
chiu dng ca trc Ox) th k = tan.
ng thng d i qua hai im M, N th h s gc
ca ng d c tnh bi
M N
d
M N
y y
k
x x

ng thng d i qua im M(x
1
; y
1
) v c h s
gc k th c phng trnh ( )
1 1
: . = + d y k x x y
Trong trng hp tng qut, ng thng d c h s
gc k th lun vit dng d: y = kx + m.

Cho hai ng thng
1 1 1
2 2 2
:
:
d y k x m
d y k x m
= +
= +

+ d
1
v d
2
song song vi nhau th c cng h s gc :
1 2
1 2
d d
k k
m m
=

+ d
1
v d
2
vung gc vi nhau th c tch h s gc bng 1 :
1 2 2
1
1
. 1 . = =
d d d
d
k k k
k

o hm ti mt im x
o
thuc th hm s y = f(x) chnh l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi th ti im .
Tc l ( ). =
tt o
k y x
V d 1: Xc nh h s gc k ca cc ng cho di y ?
a)
2 1 2
2 3 1 0 3 2 1 .
3 3 3
+ = = + = + = x y y x y x k
b)
1 3 1
5 3 0 5 3 .
5 5 5
+ + = = = = x y y x y x k
c) 2 3 0 2 3 2. + + = = = x y y x k
V d 2: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
3 3. y x x x Mt ng thng d i qua A(2 ; 1) v c h s gc k.
Tm k ng thng d v th hm s cho
a) ct nhau ti duy nht mt im.
b) ct nhau ti ba im phn bit.
c) ct nhau ti ba im phn bit c honh dng.
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Hng dn gii :
ng thng d qua A(2 ; 1) v c h s gc k nn c dng d : y = k(x 2) + 1.
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th :
3 2 3 2
3 3 ( 2) 1 3 2 ( 2) + + = + + + = x x x k x x x x k x
2
2
2
( 2)( 1) ( 2)
( ) 1 0, (1)
=
=

= =
x
x x x k x
g x x x k

a) Hai th ct nhau ti duy nht mt im khi (1) v nghim
5
0 1 4(1 ) 0 .
4
< + + < < k k
Vy vi
4
5
< k th hai th cho ct nhau ti duy nht mt im.
b) Hai th ct nhau ti ba im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 2.
iu xy ra khi
5
0 1 4(1 ) 0
4
(2) 0 (2) 1 0
1
> + + > >

=

k k
g g k
k

Vy vi
4
5
1
>
k
k
th hai th cho ct nhau ti ba im phn bit.
c) Do nghim x = 2 > 0 nn ba giao im c honh dng th (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn bit v
khc 2.
Gi hai nghim l x
1
; x
2
. Khi ta c
1 2
1 2
0 1 0
1
0 1 0
+ > >
<

> >

x x
k
x x k

Kt hp vi diu kin tn ti ba giao im cu b ta dc
4
1
5
< < k l gi tr cn tim.
V d 3: Cho hm s = + +
3 2
2 3 1. y x mx mx
a) Tm m tip tuyn vi th ti im un song song vi ng thng : 4x + y + 1= 0.
b) Tm m tip tuyn vi th ti im x = 2 vung gc vi ng thng : 2x + 3y + 2= 0.
Hng dn gii :
a) Ta c
2
3 2
6 6
2 3 1
12 6 0
2
= +
= + +
= = =
y x mx m
y x mx mx
m
y x m y x

Tip tuyn ti im un c h s gc l
2 2
3
6. 6 .
2 4 2 2
| |
= = + = +
|
\
u
m m m m
k y m m m
ng thng c h s gc xc nh bi : 4 1 0 4 1 4.
+ + = = = x y y x k
Tip tuyn ti im un song song vi nn
2
2
2
3
4 3 2 8 0
4
2
3
= + = =
u
m
m
k k m m m
m

Vy, vi
4
2;
3
= = m m th tip tuyn ti im un ca th song song vi ng thng .
b) Tip tuyn ti x = 2 c h s gc l ( ) 2 24 12 13 24 = = + + = +
tt
k y m m m
ng thng c h s gc xc nh bi
2 2 2
: 2 3 2 0 3 2 2 .
3 3 3

+ + = = = = x y y x y x k
Tip tuyn ti im x = 2 vung gc vi nn ( )
2 45
. 1 13 24 1 26 48 3
3 26

= + = + = =
tt
k k m m m
Vy, vi
45
26
= m th tip tuyn ti x = 2 vung gc vi .
V d 4: Cho hm s
+
=
1
,
2
x
y
x
c th l (C). Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn ca th (C).
Tm im M trn th sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti M vung gc vi ng thng IM.
Hng dn gii :
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Ta c
2
1 2 3 3 3
1
2 2 2 ( 2)
+ +
= = = + =

x x
y y
x x x x

Gi ( ) ( )
3 3
; 1 ;1 .
2 2
| |
= + +
|

\
o o o o
o o
M x y C y M x
x x

Ta c
2
1
lim
2
1
lim 1
2
+
=

x
x
x
x
x
x
, t ng x = 2 l tim cn ng v y = 1 l tim cn ngang.
im I l giao ca hai tim cn nn I(2 ; 1).
Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l ( )
2
3
( 2)
= =
tt o
o
k y x
x

ng thng IM c h s gc
2
3
1 1
2
3
2 ( 2)
| |
+
|

\
= = =

o I M
IM
I M o o
x y y
k
x x x x

Tip tuyn ti M vung gc vi ng IM khi
2 2
3 3
. 1 . 1
( 2) ( 2)
= =

tt IM
o o
k k
x x

2
2 3 2 3
( 2) 3
2 3 2 3

= = +
=
= =

o o
o
o o
x x
x
x x

+ Vi
( )
3 3
2 3 1 1 1 3 2 3; 1 3
2 3
= + = + = + = + + +
o o
o
x y M
x

+ Vi
( )
3 3
2 3 1 1 1 3 2 3;1 3
2 3
= = + = + =

o o
o
x y M
x

Vy c hai im M tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 5: Cho hm s ( )
=
+
2 1
, .
1
x
y C
x

Tm im M thuc th (C) tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vi ng thng i qua M v giao im hai
ng tim cn c tch h s gc bng 9.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
( )
2
3
.
1
=
+
y
x
Gi ( )
2 1
;
1
| |
|
+
\
a
M a C
a

Tip tuyn vi (C) ti M c h s gc:
( )
2
3
( ) .
1
= =
+
tt
k y a
a
Giao im hai ng tim cn I(1; 2).
ng thng IM c h s gc l
( )
2
3
.
1

= =
+
M I
IM
M I
y y
k
x x
a

Theo bi ta c
( ) ( )
( )
4
2 2
0
3 3
. 9 . 9 1 1
2
1 1
=
= = + =
=
+ +
tt IM
a
k k a
a
a a

Vy c 2 im M tha mn bi l M(0; 3), M(2; 5).
V d 6: Cho hm s = +
3 2
2 3. y x x Mt ng thng d i qua M(1 ; 2) v c h s gc k.
a) Tm k ng thng d v th hm s cho ct nhau ti ba im phn bit M(1 ; 2) ; A v B.
b) Tim k tip tuyn ca th ti hai im A, B vung gc vi nhau.
Hng dn gii :
a) ng thng d qua M(1 ; 2) v c h s gc k nn c dng d : y = k(x 1) 2.
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th :
3 2 3 2
2 3 ( 1) 2 2 1 ( 1) + = + = x x k x x x k x
2
2 2
1
( 1)( 1) ( 1)
1 ( ) 1 0, (1)
=
+ + =

+ + = = + =
x
x x x k x
x x k g x x x k

Hai th ct nhau ti ba im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
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Ta c iu kin
5
0 1 4( 1) 0
4
(1) 0 (1) 1 0
1
> > <

=

k k
g g k
k

Vy vi
4
5
1
<
k
k
th hai th cho ct nhau ti ba im phn bit, trong c im M(1 ; 2).
b) Gi A(x
1
; y
1
), B(x
2
; y
2
) x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim ca g(x) = 0, theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
1
1
+ =
x x
x x k

Tip tuyn ti A, B ln lt c h s gc l
( )
( )
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
3 4
3 4
= = +
= = +
A
B
k y x x x
k y x x x

Tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau khi
( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
. 1 3 4 3 4 1 = + + =
A B
k k x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
9 12 16 1 9 1 12 1 16 1 1 9 14 14 0 + + = + = + = x x x x x x x x k k k k k
Phng trnh trn v nghim, vy khng c gi tr k no tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 7: Cho hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx + 1 c th l (C
m
); (m l tham s).
Xc nh m (C
m
) ct ng thng: y = 1 ti ba im phn bit C(0;1), D, E sao cho cc tip tuyn ca
(C
m
) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
Hng dn gii :
Phng trnh honh giao im:
( )
( ) ( )
3 2 2
2
0
3 1 1 3 0
3 0, 1
=
+ + + = + + =

= + + =
x
x x mx x x x m
g x x x m

Hai th ct nhau ti ba im phn bit g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 0.
T ta c
( )
( )
2
4
0
9 4 0
. 9
0 0 0 3.0 0
0
> > <

+ +

g
m
m
g m
m

Gi x
D
, x
E
l hai nghim phn bit, khc 0 ca g(x) = 0.
p dng nh l Vi-et ta c
3 + =
D E
D E
x x
x x m

Tip tuyn vi (C
m
) ti D, E c h s gc ln lt l:
( )
( )
2
2
3 6
3 6
= = + +
= = + +
D D D D
E E E E
k y x x x m
k y x x x m

Cc tip tuyn ti D v E vung gc vi nhau khi v ch khi
( )( )
2 2
. 1 3 6 3 6 1 = + + + + =
D E D D E E
k k x x m x x m
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 18 3 18 36 6 3 6 1 0 + + + + + + + + + =
D E D E D D E D E D E E
x x x x mx x x x x mx mx mx m
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
9 18 3 36 6 1 0 + + + + + + + + =
D E D E D E D E D E D E
x x x x x x m x x x x m x x m
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
9 18 3 2 36 6 1 0
(
+ + + + + + + + + =

D E D E D E D E D E D E D E
x x x x x x m x x x x x x m x x m
2
9 65
4 9 1 0
8
+ = = m m m
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c
9 65
8
= m l gi tr cn tm.
V d 8: Cho hm s = +
3
3 1 y x x c th l (C) v ng thng d: y = mx + m + 3.
Xc nh m d ct (C) ti M( 2; 3), N, P sao cho cc tip tuyn ca (C) ti N v P vung gc vi nhau.
Hng dn gii :

Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v (d):
3
( 3) 2 0 + = x m x m
2
2
1 3
( 1)( 2) 0
( ) 2 0
= =
+ =
= =
x y
x x x m
g x x x m

d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit ( )
9
1;3 , , , 0
4
M N P m m >
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Khi x
N
; x
P
l cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
1
2 0
2
+ =
=

=
N P
N P
x x
x x m
x x m

H s gc ca tip tuyn ti N, P ln lt l k
1
v k
2
tha mn
2
1
2
2
3 3
3 3
=
N
P
k x
k x

Tip tuyn ca (C) ti N v P vung gc vi nhau khi
2
1 2
3 2 2
3
. 1 9 18 1 0
3 2 2
3
+
=
= + + =

m
k k m m
m

i chiu vi iu kin ta c
3 2 2
3
m

= l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 9: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 4 y x x c th l (C) v ng thng d i qua A(2; 0) c h s gc k.
Xc nh k d ct (C) ti ba im phn bit A, M, N sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti M v N vung gc vi
nhau.
Hng dn gii :
Phng trnh ng thng (d): y = k(x 2).
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d:
3 2 2
3 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2 ) 0 x x k x x x x k + = =
( )
2
2
( ) 2 0, 1
A
x x
g x x x k
= =

= =

d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit A, M, N th (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit, khc 2
0
9
0
(2) 0 4
k
f
>
<
(*)
Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1
2
M N
M N
x x
x x k
+ =

Cc tip tuyn ti M v N vung gc vi nhau khi
( ) ( )
. 1 . 1
M N
M N x x
k k y y

= =

2 2 2
3 2 2
(3 6 )(3 6 ) 1 9 18 1 0
3
M M N N
x x x x k k k

= + + = =
3 2 2
3
m

= l cc gi tr cn tm.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Cho hm s
3 2
( 2) 3. = + + y x m x mx
a) Tm m tip tuyn vi th ti im c honh x = 1 song song vi ng (d): y = 2x 1.
b) Tm m tip tuyn vi th ti im c honh x = 0 vung gc vi ng (d): 4x 3y = 0.
Bi 2. th hm s y = x
4
+ 2mx
2
2m + 1
Tm m cc tip tuyn vi th ti A(1; 0), B(1; 0) vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
3 2
3 2, y x x x = + + + c th l (C) v mt ng thng d i qua A(1; 3) c h s gc k.
a) Tm k ng thng d ct (C) ti ba im phn bit cng c honh m.
b) Tm k d ct (C) ti ba im phn bit A, B, C sao cho tip tuyn vi (C) ti hai im B, C vung gc vi
nhau.
Bi 4. Cho hm s y = x
4
+ mx
2
m 1.
Tm m tip tuyn vi th ti A song song vi ng thng (d): y = 2x, vi A l im c nh c honh
dng ca th hm s.
Bi 5. Cho hm s
( ) 3 1
.
+
=
+
m x m
y
x m

Tm m tip tuyn ti giao im ca th hm s vi trc Ox song song vi ng thng (d): y = x 5.
Bi 6. Cho hm s
2
,
1
=
x
y
x
c th l (C). Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn ca th (C).
Tm im M trn th sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti M vung gc vi ng thng IM.
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Bi 7. Cho hm s
2 1
,
1
x
y
x
c th l (C). Gi I l giao im hai tim cn ca (C). Tm im M thuc (C)
sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vung gc vi ng thng IM.
/s: M(0; 1) v M(2; 3).
2) Cch vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th khi bit h bit h s gc k hoc tnh song song, vung gc ca
tip tuyn:
Gi M(x
o
; y
o
) l ta tip im ca tip tuyn v th (C).
Theo ngha hnh hc ca o hm th ta c ( ). =
o
k y x Gii phng trnh trn ta c nghim x
o
, thay vo hm
tm tung y
o

Vi cc cp ta (x
o
; y
o
) tm c ta c phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l ( ) . = +
o o
y k x x y
V d: Cho hm s y = x
3
3x + 7, c th l (C).
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit tip tuyn ny song song vi ng thng (d): y = 6x 1
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi = +
1
( ) : 2.
9
d y x
Hng dn gii :
Ta c y = 3x
2
3.
Gi M(x
o
; y
o
) l ta tip im ca tip tuyn v th (C), h s gc ca tip tuyn ti M l
( )
2
3 3. = =
tt o o
k y x x
a) Tip tuyn song song vi
2
: 6 1 3 3 6 3. = = = =
tt d o o
d y x k k x x
Vi
( )
3 7 : 6 3 7 6 7 6 3. = = = + = +
o o
x y pttt y x y x
Vi
( )
3 7 : 6 3 7 6 7 6 3. = = = + + = + +
o o
x y pttt y x y x
Vy c hai tip tuyn tha mn yu cu bi l 6 7 6 3. = + y x
b) Tip tuyn vung gc vi
2
1
: 2 . 1 9 3 3 9 2.
9

= + = = = =
tt d tt o o
d y x k k k x x
Vi ( ) 2 9 : 9 2 9 9 9. = = = + =
o o
x y pttt y x y x
Vi ( ) 2 5 : 9 2 5 9 23. = = = + + = +
o o
x y pttt y x y x
Vy c hai tip tuyn tha mn yu cu bi l 9 9; 9 23. = = + y x y x
BI TP LUYN TP:
3
3x
2
+ 2
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng (d): 5y 3x + 4 = 0.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
4 2
1
2 .
4
= + y x x
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Ox.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th bit tip tuyn song song ng thng y = 15x+ 2012.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
2 1
.
2
=
+
x
y
x

a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Ox.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti giao im ca th v trc Oy.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng (d): y = 5x 1.
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng (d): x + 20y 3 = 0.
DNG 3. TIP TUYN I QUA MT IM N TH HM S
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th l (C). im A(x
A
; y
A
) khng thuc th.
Vit vit cc phng trnh tip tuyn k t A n th ta thc hin nh sau :
+ Gi d l ng thng i qua A v c h s gc k ( ) : = +
A A
d y k x x y
+ ng thng d l tip tuyn ca th (C) khi h sau c nghim :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) , 1
( ), 2
= +
A A
f x k x x y
k f x

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+ Ta gii h phng trnh trn bng cch th (2) ln (1). Gii (1) c x ri thay li vo (2) tm k, t ta c
phng trnh dng d chnh l tip tuyn cn tm.
V d 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Bit tip tuyn i qua
| |
|
\
2
; 1
3
A n th hm s y = x
3
3x + 1
b) K t A(0; 4) n th hm s
( )
=
2
2
2 . y x
Hng dn gii :
a) Gi d l ng thng qua
2
; 1
3
| |
|
\
A v c h s gc k
2
: 1.
3
| |
=
|
\
d y k x
d l tip tuyn ca th hm s y = x
3
3x + 1 th h sau c nghim:
( )
( )
3
2
2
3 1 1, 1
3
3 3, 2
| |
+ =
|
\
x x k x
k x

Th (2) ln (1) ta c
( )
3 2 3 2
0
2
3 1 3 3 1 2 2 0
1 3
=
| |
+ = =
|
=
\

x
x x x x x x
x

Vi
2
0 3 : 3 1 3 1
3
| |
= = = = +
|
\
x k d y x y x
Vi 1 0 : 1. = = = x k d y
b) Gi d l ng thng qua A(0; 4) v c h s gc k : 4. = + d y kx
d l tip tuyn ca th hm s
( )
2
2 4 2
2 4 4 = = + y x x x th h sau c nghim:
( )
( )
4 2
3
4 4 4, 1
4 8 , 2
+ = +
x x kx
k x x

Ta c ( )
4 2
3
0
1 4
4
=
=

=
x
x x kx
k x x

Vi ( ) 0, 2 0 : 4 = = = x k d y
Vi
3
3 3 3 3
2
3
0
4
4 4 4 8 3 4 0 4 2
4 8
3 3
=
=

= = =

= =
=
x
k x x
k x x x x x x x x
x x
k x x

+ Nu x = 0 th ta c d : y = 4.
+ Nu
2 8 8 16 16
: 4.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= = = = + x k d y x
+ Nu
2 8 8 16 16
: 4.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= = + = = + x k d y x
V d 2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn k t im ( ) 1; 2 A n th hm s
+
=
2
.
2 1
x
y
x

Hng dn gii :
Gi d l ng thng qua A(1; 2) v c h s gc k : ( 1) 2. = d y k x
d l tip tuyn ca th hm s
2
2 1
+
=
x
y
x
th h sau c nghim:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
( 1) 2, 1
2 1
5
, 2
2 1
+
=
x
k x
x
k
x

Thay (2) ln (1) ta c
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 5
( 1) 2 2 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 0
2 1
2 1
+
= + + + =

x
x x x x x
x
x

2
1
10 5 0
2
= = x x
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Vi
( )
( )
2
1 5 5 5
: 1 2
2 2 2 3 2 2 3
2 1
= = = =

x k d y x
Vi
( )
( )
2
1 5 5 5
: 1 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
2 1

= = = =
+ +

x k d y x
Nhn xt : Ngoi cch gii trn, ta cn c th thc hin bin i h (1), (2) mt cch linh hot hn nh sau :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 5
2 1
2 2
2 1 2
1 5 1 5
2 1 2 2
1 , 2 . 2 1 2
2 2 2 1 2
2 2 1
5
2 1
+ =
x
k k
x
k
x
x
x
x
k
x

1 5 1 5 1 5 5 1 5
. . 2
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 10

+ = = =

k k k
x x x x

Khi ( )
2 2
2
1 5
2 5. 5. 30 25 0 15 10 2
2 1 10
| | | |
= = + + = =
| |
\ \
k
k k k k k
x

T ta c cc tip tuyn cn tm l
( )
( ) 15 10 2 1 2. = y x
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn trong cc trng hp sau:
a) bit tip tuyn i qua A(2; 0) n th hm s y = x
3
x 6
b) bit tip tuyn i qua A(3; 0) n th hm s y = x
3
+ 9x
c) bit tip tuyn i qua A(1; 2) n th hm s y = x
3
3x
d) bit tip tuyn i qua A(1; 3) n th hm s y = 3x 4x
3

e) bit tip tuyn i qua
4 4
;
9 3
| |
|
\
A n th hm s
3 2
1
2 3 4
3
= + + y x x x
f) bit tip tuyn i qua A(1; 4) n th hm s y = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
5
Bi 2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
a) k t O(0; 0) n th hm s
4 2
1 1
.
2 2
= y x x
b) k t
3
0;
2
| |
|
\
A n th hm s
4 2
1 3
3 .
2 2
= + y x x
Bi 3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn:
a) k t im A(6; 5) n th hm s
2
.
2
+
=
x
y
x

b) k t im O(0; 0) n th hm s
3( 1)
.
2
+
=
x
y
x

Bi 4. CMR khng c tip tuyn no ca th hm s
1
=
+
x
y
x
i qua giao im I ca 2 ng tim cn.
Bi 5. Tm im M thuc th hm s y = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
12x 1 sao cho tip tuyn ca th ti im M i qua
gc to O(0; 0).
DNG 4. BI TON TM S TIP TUYN K T MT IM N TH
Cch gii chung:
Vi dng ton ny, thng thng th im A ch bit honh hoc tung .
Khi , tm s tip tuyn c th k c t A n th ta phi bin lun h (1), (2).
V d 1: Cho hm s y x x
3
3 = (C).
Tm trn ng thng (d): y x = cc im M m t k c ng 2 tip tuyn phn bit vi th (C).
Hng dn gii:
Gi M m m d ( ; ) . PT ng thng qua M c dng: y k x m m ( ) = .
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l tip tuyn ca (C) h PT sau c nghim:
x x k x m m
x k
3
2
3 ( ) (1)
3 3 (2)
(*)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: x mx m
3 2
2 3 4 0 + =
x
m
x
3
2
2
3 4
=
(**)
T M k c ng 2 tip tuyn vi (C) (**) c 2 nghim phn bit
Xt hm s
x
f x
x
3
2
2
( )
3 4
=
. Tp xc nh D R
2 3 2 3
\ ;
3 3

` =
)
x x
f x
x
4 2
2 2
6 24
( )
(3 4)
;
x
f x
x
0
( ) 0
2
=
=

Da vo BBT, (**) c 2 nghim phn bit
m
m
2
2
=
. Vy: M( 2;2) hoc M(2; 2) .

3
3 2 = + .
Tm trn ng thng d y : 4 = cc im m t k c ng 2 tip tuyn vi (C).
Hng dn gii:
Gi M m d ( ; 4) . PT ng thng qua M c dng: y k x m ( ) 4 = +
l tip tuyn ca (C) h PT sau c nghim:
x x k x m
x k
3
2
3 2 ( ) 4 (1)
3 3 (2)
+ = +
(*)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: x x m x m
2
( 1) 2 (3 2) 3 2 0 (3)
(
+ + + + =

x
x m x m
2
1
2 (3 2) 3 2 0 (4)
=
+ + + =

YCBT (3) c ng 2 nghim phn bit
+ TH1: (4) c 2 nghim phn bit, trong c 1 nghim bng 1 m 1 =
+ TH2: (4) c nghim kp khc 1 m m
2
2
3
= =
Vy cc im cn tm l: ( 1; 4) ;
2
; 4
3
| |
|
\
; (2; 4) .
V d 3: Cho hm s y x x m x m
3 2
2 ( 1) 2 = + + (Cm).
Tm m t im M(1;2) k c ng 2 tip tuyn vi (Cm).
Hng dn gii:
PT ng thng qua M c dng: y k x ( 1) 2 = + . l tip tuyn ca (Cm) h PT sau c nghim:
x x m x m k x
x x m k
3 2
2
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2
3 4 1
+ + = +
+ =

f x x x x m
3 2
( ) 2 5 4 3( 1) 0 = + = (*)
qua M k c ng hai tip tuyn n (Cm) th (*) c ng 2 nghim phn bit
Ta c f x x x f x x x
2
2
( ) 6 10 4 ( ) 0 1;
3
= + = = =
Cc im cc tr ca (Cm) l: A m B m
2 109
(1; 4 3 ), ; 3
3 27
| |

|
\
.
Do (*) c ng 2 nghim phn bit
m
A Ox
B Ox
m
4
3
109
81
.
3 2
3 2 = + (C).
Tm trn ng thng (d): y = 2 cc im m t k c 3 tip tuyn phn bit vi th (C).
Hng dn gii:
Gi M m d ( ;2) ( ) . PT ng thng i qua im M c dng : y k x m ( ) 2 = +
l tip tuyn ca (C) h PT sau c nghim
x x k x m
x x k
3 2
2
3 2 ( ) 2 (1)
3 6 (2)
+ = +
+ =
(*).
w
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Thay (2) v (1) ta c: x m x mx x x m x
3 2 2
2 3( 1) 6 4 0 ( 2) 2 (3 1) 2 0
(
+ + = + =

x
f x x m x (3)
2
2
( ) 2 (3 1) 2 0
=
= + =

T M k c 3 tip tuyn n th (C) h (*) c 3 nghim x phn bit
(3) c hai nghim phn bit khc 2
m m
f
m
5
0 1
3
(2) 0
2

> < >

.
Vy t cc im M(m; 2) (d) vi
m m
m
5
1
3
2
< >
c th k c 3 tip tuyn vi (C).

V d 5: Cho hm s
( ) ( )
y x x
2 2
1 . 1 = +
Cho im A a ( ; 0) . Tm a t A k c 3 tip tuyn phn bit vi th (C).
Hng dn gii:
Ta c y x x
4 2
2 1 = + . PT ng thng d i qua A a ( ; 0) v c h s gc k : y k x a ( ) =
d l tip tuyn ca (C) h phng trnh sau c nghim:
x x k x a
I
x x k
4 2
3
2 1 ( )
( )
4 4
+ =

Ta c:
k
I A
x
2
0
( ) ( )
1 0
=
hoc
x x k
B
f x x ax
2
2
4 ( 1)
( )
( ) 3 4 1 0 (1)
= + =

+ T h (A), ch cho ta mt tip tuyn duy nht l d y
1
: 0 = .
+ Vy t A k c 3 tip tuyn phn bit vi (C) th iu kin cn v l h (B) phi c 2 nghim phn bit
x k ( ; ) vi x 1 , tc l phng trnh (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
a
f
2
4 3 0
( 1) 0

= >

a hoac a
3 3
1 1
2 2
< >
V d 6: Cho hm s:
x
y
x
2
1
+
=
(C).
Cho im A a (0; ) . Tm a t A k c 2 tip tuyn ti th (C) sao cho 2 tip im tng ng nm v 2
pha ca trc honh.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh ng thng d i qua A a (0; ) v c h s gc k: y kx a = +
d l tip tuyn ca (C) H PT
x
kx a
x
k
x
2
2
1
3
( 1)
+
= +
c nghim
PT: a x a x a
2
(1 ) 2( 2) ( 2) 0 + + + = (1) c nghim x 1 .
qua A c 2 tip tuyn th (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit x x
1 2
,

a
a
a
a
1
1
2
3 6 0

>
= + >

(*)
Khi ta c:
a a
x x x x
a a
1 2 1 2
2( 2) 2
;
1 1
+ +
+ = =

v y y
x x
1 2
1 2
3 3
1 ; 1
1 1
= + = +

2 tip im nm v 2 pha i vi trc honh th y y
1 2
. 0 <

x x
1 2
3 3
1 . 1 0
1 1
| | | |
+ + <
| |

\ \

x x x x
x x x x
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
. 2( ) 4
0
. ( ) 1
+ + +
<
+ +
a 3 2 0 + > a
2
3
>
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c:
a
a
2
3
1
>
.
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V d 7: Cho hm s
x
y
x
1
1
+
=
(C).
Tm trn Oy tt c cc im t k c duy nht mt tip tuyn ti (C).
Hng dn gii:
Gi
o
M y (0; ) l im cn tm. PT ng thng qua M c dng:
o
y kx y = + (d)
(d) l tip tuyn ca (C)
o o o o
x
kx y y x y x y
x
x k
k
x
x
2
2
2
1
( 1) 2( 1) 1 0 (1)
1
2
2
1;
( 1)
( 1)
+
= + + + + =
=
=

(*)
YCBT h (*) c 1 nghim(1) c 1 nghim khc 1

o
o
o
o o o
o
y
y
x y k
x y y y
x y k
2
1 1
1
; 1 8
1 2
' ( 1) ( 1)( 1) 0
0; 1 2
2

=

= = =

= = + + =
= = =

Vy c 2 im cn tm l: M(0; 1) v M(0; 1).
V d 8: Cho hm s
x
y
x
3
1
+
=
(C).
Tm trn ng thng d y x : 2 1 = + cc im t k c duy nht mt tip tuyn ti (C).
Hng dn gii:
Gi M m m d ( ;2 1) + . PT ng thng qua M c dng: y k x m m ( ) 2 1 = + +
PT honh giao im ca v (C):
x
k x m m
x
3
( ) 2 1
1
+
+ + =

[ ] [ ] kx m k m x mk m
2
( 1) 2 (2 4) 0 + + + = (*)
tip xuc vi (C) (*) c nghim kp
[ ] [ ]
k
m k m k mk m
2
0
( 1) 2 4 (2 4) 0

= + + =

k
g k m k m m k m
2 2 2 2
0
( ) ( 1) 4( 4) 4 0

= + =

Qua M m m d ( ;2 1) + k c ng 1 tip tuyn n (C)
g k ( ) 0 = c ng 1 nghim k 0
m m g m
m m g m
m k k
2 2
2 2
32( 2) 0; (0) 4 0
32( 2) 0; (0) 4 0
1
1 0 16 4 0
4
= > = =
= > = =
= + = =

m M
m M
m M
m M
0 (0;1)
1 ( 1; 1)
2 (2;5)
1 (1;3)
=

V d 9: Tm trn ng thng y = 2 cc im k c 3 tip tuyn n th (C): y = x
3
+ 3x
2
2.
Hng dn gii :
im A thuc ng y = 2 nn A(a; 2).
Gi d l ng thng qua A(a; 2) v c h s gc k : ( ) 2. = + d y k x a
d l tip tuyn khi h sau c nghim:
( )
( )
3 2
2
3 2 ( ) 2, 1
3 6 , 2
+ = +
= +
x x k x a
k x x

S tip tuyn k c ph thuc vo s gi tr k tha mn (2).
Ta thy k v x (2) c mi quan h 1 : 1, tc l mt nghim x cho mt gi tr k.
Th (2) ln (1) ta c :
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 6 ( ) 2 2 3 1 6 4 0 + = + + + + = x x x x x a x a x ax
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 1 3 2 0
( ) 2 1 3 2 0, 3
=
( + + =

= + + =
x
x x a x
g x x a x

k c 3 tip tuyn th (2) c ba nghim k, tc l h (1), (2) cho ta ba gi tr x.
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iu xy ra khi (3) c hai nghim phn bit v khc
2
( )
2
1
1 3 4
0 1 3 16 0 5
1 3 4
(2) 0 3
10 2 6 0
2
2
<
>

> >

< >

+

a
a
a
a a
g
a
a
a

Vy nhng im A(a; 2) vi
1
5
3
2
<
>
a
a
a
th k c 3 tip tuyn n th hm s cho.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Tm trn ng thng x = 2 cc im k c 3 tip tuyn n th (C): y = x
3
3x
2

Bi 2. Tm tt c cc im trn trc honh m t k c 3 tip tuyn n th hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
, trong
c hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 3. Tm trn trc honh cc im k c 3 tip tuyn n th hm s ( )
3
: 3 2. = + + C y x x
/s: ( )
2
, 0
2
1
3
>
<
a
M a
a

Bi 4. Tm m t im A(0, m) k c hai tip tuyn n th ( )
2
:
1
+
=
x
C y
x
sao cho hai tip im nm v
hai pha ca trc Ox.
Bi 5. Tm im M thuc Ox sao cho qua M k c 3 tip tuyn n th
3 2
1 y x x x = + +
Bi 6. Tm im M thuc ng
10
3
y = sao cho qua M k c 3 tip tuyn n th
3 2
3
2 4
3 2
x x
y x = + + +
/s:
2 6 2 6
2 ; 2
10
3 3
, ;
3
11
3
a a
M a
a
> + <
| |

|
\

Bi 7. Tm im M thuc ng y = 5 sao cho qua M k c 3 tip tuyn n th
3 2
3 1 y x x = + + ng
thi, trong 3 tip tuyn c hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
/s:
11
;5
9
M
| |
|
\

DNG 5. S TIP XC CA HAI TH HM S
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Tm m th y = x
3
2x
2
(m 1)x + m tip xc vi trc Ox.
Bi 2. Tm m (C
m
): y = x
3
3mx
2
x + 3m tip xc vi trc Ox.
Bi 3. Tm m th hm s (C
m
): y = 2x
3
3(m + 3)x
2
+ 18mx 8 tip xc vi trc Ox.
Bi 4. Cho hai th
2
1
( ) :
1
+
=
x x
C y
x
v (P): y = x
2
+ m. Tm m (C) v (P) tip xc nhau.
Bi 5. Tm m th hm s
2
(2 1)
1

=
m x m
y
x
v ng thng (d): y = x tip xc nhau.

DNG 6. MT S BI TON V TIP TUYN HM PHN THC
Cc bi ton dng ny thng yu cu vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti mt im bt k (cha xc nh ta )
hoc tm im trn th m tip tuyn ti im tha mn mt tnh cht no .
gii nhng bi ton dng ny ta thc hin nh sau :
+ Gi s ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
; : ( ) ; ( ) M x y C y f x M x f x =
+ Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M c dng
( )
( )
0
0 0
( ).
x
y y x x f x = +
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+ Da vo yu cu v tnh cht no m tip tuyn tha mn, ta thit lp c phng trnh cha x
0
gii.
V d 1. Cho th hm s
( )
+
=
3 1
:
3
x
C y
x
v im M bt k thuc th. Gi I l giao im ca hai tim
cn, tip tuyn ti im M ct 2 tim cn ti A v B. Chng minh rng M l trung im AB v din tch
tam gic IAB khng i.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
3 1 3( 3) 10 10 10
3 .
3 3 3 ( 3)
x x
y y
x x x x
+ +
= = = + =

Gi ( )
0
0 0 0
0
3 1
; ( ) .
3
x
M x y C y
x
+
=

Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M c phng trnh l
( )
( )
0
0 2
0
0
3 1 10
: .
3
3
x
d y x x
x
x
+
= +

th c tim cn ng l x = 3, tim cn ngang l y = 3 nn giao im ca hai tim cn l I(3; 3).
Gi A = d TC, khi ta im A tha mn h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0 2 2
0
0 0
0 0 0
0
0
3 1 3 1 10 10 3
3
3 11
3 3
3 3 3; . 3 11
3
3
3 3
x x
x
y x x y x
x
x x
x x A x
y
x
x
x x
+ + =
= + = +
| | +

+
|
=

\

= =

Gi B = d TCN, khi ta im B tha mn h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 2 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0
10 3 1 3 10 10 10
3
2 3
3 2 3; 3 . 3 3 3
3
3
x x x x
y x x
x x
x B x x x x
y
y
+ +
= + + = +
=

=

Gi K l trung im ca AB, khi ta c
( )
0
0
0
0 0
0
3 2 3
2 2
. 3 11
3
3 3 1
2 2 3
A B
K
A B
K
x x x
x x
K M x
x x y y
y
x
+ +
= = =
+ +
= = =

Vy M l trung im ca AB.
IAB vung ti I nn
1
. .
2
IAB
S IA IB
=
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
0 0
3 1 8
3
3 3
A I A I
x
IA x x y y
x x
| | +
= + = =
|

\

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 0
0
1 1 8
2 3 3 2 3 . .2 3 8
2 2 3
B I B I IAB
IB x x y y x x S IA IB x
x
= + = = = = =

Vy din tch tam gic IAB khng h ph thuc vo v tr ca im M.
V d 2. (D b khi A - 2012). Cho hm s
( )
+
=
2 1
: .
1
x
C y
x

Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit tip tuyn ny ct hai trc ta to thnh mt tam gic c
din tch bng 8.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
2 1 2( 1) 3 3 3
2 .
1 1 1 ( 1)
x x
y y
x x x x
+ +
= = = + =

Gi ( )
0 0 0
0
3
; ( ) 2 .
1
M x y C y
x
= +

( )
( )
0 2
0
0
3 3
: 2 .
1
1
d y x x
x
x
= + +

Gi A = d Ox, khi ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 2
0
0
3 3 1
0 2 2 2 1
1 3
1
A A
x x x x x
x
x
= + + = +

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Gi B = d Oy, khi
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
0 2 2
0
0 0
2 2 1 3 3
0 2
1
1 1
B
x x
y x
x
x x
+
= + + =

OAB vung ti O nn
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 2 2
0 0
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1
. . 2 2 1.
2 2 2 3
1 6 1
B A
x x x x
S OAOB x y x x
x x
+ +
= = = + =

Theo bi ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2 1 2 2 1 4 3 1
8 2 2 1 48 1
6 1 2 2 1 4 3 1
x x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =
= + =
+ =

( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
2
0 0 0
2 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 0
1
2 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 0 1 2 3 15 12 3
2
o
x x vn
x x x
+ + =
+ + = = +

V d 3. (H khi D - 2007). Cho hm s
( ) =
+
2
: .
1
x
C y
x

Tm im M thuc (C) , bit tip tuyn ti M ct hai trc Ox, Oy ti A v B sao cho tam gic OAB c din
tch bng 1/4.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c
2
2 2
.
1 ( 1)
x
y y
x x
= =
+ +

Gi ( ) ( )
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
2 2
; ; .
1 1
x x
M x y C y M x
x x
| |
=
|
+ +
\

( )
( ) ( )
2
2 0
0 0 0 2
0
0
2 2
: 2 1 2 0.
1
1
x
d y x x x x y x
x
x
= + + + =
+
+

Gi A = d Ox
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0
2 2
0 ( 1) 0 ;0
1
1
A A A
x
x x x x x x x x A x
x
x
= + + + = =
+
+

Gi B = d Oy, khi
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0
0 2 2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0; .
1
1 1 1
B B
x x x
y x y B
x
x x x
| |
| = + =
|
+
+ + +
\

Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca O trn d , h l khong cch t O n d th :
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 2
2 4
0
0 2 2 4 4 0 0
0 0 0 2 4 4
4
0 0 0
0
2
1 4 2
; 4
1 1 1
1 4
x
x x x
h AB x AB x x
x x x
x
| | (
+ +
| = = = + = (
|
+ + + (
+ +
\

T ,
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4
2 2
4
0 2 0 0 0 2 4 0
0 0 0 2 2
2
4
0 0 0 0
0
2 1 4 2 1
1 1 1
. . 4 1
2 2 4
2 1 1 1
1 4
x x x x
x
S AB h x x x
x x x x
x
+ + = +
= = = = = +

= + +
+ +

2
0 0
0 0
2
0 0 0 0
1 1
2 1 0
1
2 2 1 0
2
x y
x x
x y x x
= =
=

= = + + =

Vy, c hai im M tha mn yu cu bi ton ( )
1 2
1
1;1 ; ; 2 .
2
M M
| |

|
\

Ngoi ra ta cng c th tnh
( )
2 4
2 0 0
0 2 2
0
0
2 1 1 1 1
. . .......
2 4 ( 1) 2 4
1
OAB A B
x x
S x y x
x
x
= = = =
+
+

V d 4. (D b khi D - 2007). Cho hm s
( ) =
+
: .
1
x
C y
x

Lp phng trnh tip tuyn d ca (C) sao cho d v hai tim cn ct nhau to thnh mt tam gic cn.
Hng dn gii :
Gi d l tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( )
0 0
; M x y th
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0 0 2 2
0
0 0
1 1
:
1
1 1
x
d y x x y x x
x
x x
= + = +
+
+ +

th hm s c tim cn ng x = 1 v tim cn ngang y = 1.
Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn I(1; 1).
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Gi A = d TC, khi ta im A tha mn h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0 0 2 2
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1; . 1
1
1
1
x
x
y x x y x x
x
x
x x A x
y
x
x
x
=
= + = +
| |
+
+ +
|
=
+
\
+
=

Gi B = d TCN, khi ta im B tha mn h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0 0 2 2
0
0
0 0 0
1 1
2 1
1
1 1 2 1;1 .
1
1
x
y x x y x x
x x
x
x x B x
y
y
= + = +
= +
+
+ + +

=

Tam gic IAB l tam gic vung ti A IAB cn ti I, tc l IA = IB
( )
0
2
0 2
0 0
2 0 0 0 2 2 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
1
1 2 2
0 0
1 2 2 0
1
2 2 1
2
1 1 2 2 0
1 2 2
3
1
x
x
x y
x x x
x
IA IB x
x x x y x x
x
x

= +
= =
+ + + = | |
= + =
|

+ = = + =
\

=

+

Vi x = 0 v y = 0, ta c tip tuyn l y = x.
Vi x = 2 v y = 2/3, ta c tip tuyn l y = x + 8/3.
V d 5. (D b khi B - 2008). Cho hm s
( )
+
= =
+ +
3 1 2
: 3 .
1 1
x
C y
x x

Tnh din tch tam gic to bi cc trc ta v tip tuyn vi th hm s ti im M( 2;5).
Hng dn gii :
Ta c :
( )
2
2
' '( 2) 2 : 2( 2) 5 2 9
1
y y d y x x
x
= = = + + = +
+

Tip tuyn d ct trc Ox ti im
9
;0
2
A
| |
|
\
. Tip tuyn d ct trc Oy ti im B(0; 9).
Do :
1 1 9 81
. .9 .
2 2 2 4
OAB
S OAOB
= = =
V d 6. (H khi A - 2009). Cho hm s
( )
+
=
+
2
: .
2 3
x
C y
x

Tm ta im M thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct trc honh, trc tung ln lt tai hai im phn
bit A, B v tam gic OAB cn ti gc ta O.
Hng dn gii :
Gi d l tip tuyn ca (C) ti ( )
( )
( )
0 0 0 0 2
0
1
; :
2 3
M x y d y x x y
x
= +
+

Gi A = d Ox, khi ta c
( )
( )
2
0 0 0
0 0 0 2
0 0
0
2 2 4 2 1
0
2 3 2 3
2 3
A A A
x x x
x x y x x x
x x
x
+ + +
= + = =
+ +
+

Gi B = d Oy, khi
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 0 0
0 0 2 2 2
0
0 0 0
2 2 8 6 1
2 3
2 3 2 3 2 3
B
x x x x
y x y
x
x x x
+ + +
= + = + =
+
+ + +

Tam gic OAB cn ti O
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0
0 0
4 3 1 3 1 2 1
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
A B
x x x x x x x
OA OB x y
x x
x x
+ + + + + + +
= = = =
+ +
+ +

( ) ( )( ) ( )
0
0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0
0 0
1 0
2
0
; 3 1 2 3 ; 2 2 0 3 1 3
2 0
(2 3) 2 3
x
x y
x x x x x x x
x y
x x
+

= =

+ = + + + = + +
=
= =
+ +

Vy c hai im M tha mn yu cu bi ton l ( )
1 2
2
0; ; 2;0 .
3
M M
| |

|
\

T nhng v d in hnh trn ta c mt s kt qu v tip tuyn hm phn thc bc nht:
Cho hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
+
=
+
0 0
: , ;
ax b
C y M x y C
cx d
.
Tip tuyn vi th ti M ct cc tim cn ti A, B. Khi
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M l trung im ca AB.
Tam gic IAB c din tch khng i, vi
| |
|
\
;
d a
I
c c
l giao im ca hai ng tim cn, hay IA. IB =
const.
Chu vi tam gic IAB t gi tr nh nht.
Bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic IAB ln nht.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Cho th hm s
5
3
x
y
x
=
+
v im M bt k thuc th. Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn, tip
tuyn ti M ct 2 tim cn ti A, B.
a) Chng minh rng M l trung im AB.
b) Chng minh rng din tch tam gic IAB khng i.
c) Tm M chu vi tam gic IAB nh nht.
Bi 2. Cho th hm s (C
m
):
2 3
.
+
=
mx
y
x m

Tm m tip tuyn bt k ca (C
m
) ct 2 ng thng tim cn to nn mt tam gic c din tch bng 8.
Bi 3. Cho hm s ( )
3 1
, 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
.
Tnh din tch ca tam gic to bi cc trc ta v tip tuyn vi th hm s (1) ti im A(1; 2).
Bi 4. Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
.
a) Tm im M thuc th sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti M ct cc trc ta Ox, Oy ti hai im A, B sao
cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng 4.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s, bit rng tip tuyn ct cc ng tim cn ti P, Q v tam
gic IPQ c bn knh ng trn ni tip ln nht.
Bi 5. Cho hm s
1
.
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y = x + m lun ct th (C ) ti 2 im phn bit A v B . Gi k
1
v k
2

ln lt l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A v B. Tm m tng k
1
+ k
2
t gi tr ln nht.
Bi 6. Tm hai im A, B thuc th hm s
3 2
3 1 = + y x x sao cho tip tuyn ti A, B song song vi nhau v
di 4 2. = AB
/s: ( ) ( ) 3;1 , 1; 3 . A B
Bi 7. Tm im M thuc th
3
3 2 = + y x x sao cho tip tuyn ti A ct th ti im N tha mn
2 6. = MN
Bi 8. Cho hm s
3
1 ( 1). = + + y x m x
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th ti giao im ca th vi trc Oy.
b) Tm m tip tuyn ni trn chn hai trc ta to thnh mt tam gic c din tch bng 8.

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I. M U V TNG GIAO CA HAI TH HM S
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th f = f(x) v y = g(x) l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0, 1 = = f x g x h x
S nghim ca phng trnh (1) tha mn iu kin tn ti chnh l s giao im ca hai th cho.
Vic bin lun s giao im ca hai th quy v vic bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh (1).
V d 2. Bin lun theo m s giao im ca hai th cho di y :
a)
( )
3
3 2
2
y x x
y m x
b)
2 1
2
2
+
=
+
= +
x
y
x
y x m
c)
( )
4 2
2
1
1 2
= + +
= +
y x x
y m x m

Hng dn gii:
a)
( )
3
3 2
2
y x x
y m x

Phng trnh honh giao im: ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 2 2 2 2 1 2 , 1 = + + = x x m x x x x m x
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 2 1 0, 2
=

+ = = + + =
x
x m h x x x m

S giao im ca hai th l s nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Do (1) l phng trnh bc ba nn c ti a ba nghim, khi s giao im ti a ca hai th l 3.
Hai th ct nhau ti 1 im khi (1) ch c mt nghim.
iu xy ra khi (2) v nghim, hoc c nghim kp x = 2.
T ta c iu kin tng ng
( )
0
1 1 0 0
0
0.
0
2 1 2
2
<
< <
<
=
= = =

o
m m
m
m
vn b
x
a

Hai th ct nhau ti 2 im khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
iu xy ra khi (2) c nghim kp khc x = 2, hoc c hai nghim phn bit v trong mt nghim l x = 2.
Ta c iu kin
( )
0
0
2
2
0
0
9
2 0 9
=
> >
= =

m
b
x
a
m
m
h m

Hai th ct nhau ti 3 im khi (1) c ba nghim phn bit.
iu xy ra khi (2) c hai nghim phn bit v u khc 2
( )
0 0
2 0 9
> >

m
h m

Kt lun:
+ Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi m < 0.
+ Hai th ct nhau ti hai im khi m = 0 hoc m = 9.
+ Hai th ct nhau ti ba im phn bit khi m > 0 v m 9.
b)
2 1
2
2
+
=
+
= +
x
y
x
y x m
. iu kin: x 2.
Phng trnh honh giao im: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
2 2 2 2 1 0 0, 1 .
2
+
= + + + + = =
+
x
x m x m x m h x
x

S giao im ca hai th l s nghim khc 2 ca phng trnh (1).
Do (1) l phng trnh bc hai nn c ti a hai nghim, khi s giao im ti a ca hai th l 2.
Hai th khng ct nhau khi (1) v nghim hoc c nghim kp x = 2.
Bi 3:
S TNG GIAO CA HAI TH HM S

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Ta c
( )
2
2
4 4 8 2 1 0 0
6 2 6 6 2 6
0
12 12 0
6 2 6 6 2 6.
6 2 6
2
2
6 2
2
4
+ + < <

< < +

= + =
< < + =

+
= =
= =

o
m m m
m
m m
m
m
vn b
m
x
m
a

Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi (1) c nghim kp khc 2 hoc c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt
nghim l x = 2.
Ta c iu kin:
( )
( )
2
2
12 12 0
6 2 6
0
6 2 6
2
6 2
4 2
2
6 2 6
0
12 12 0
6 2 6
2 0
8 2 2 2 1 0
3 0
+ =
=
=
=

+

> +
> + >
<
=
+ + =

=

o
m m
m
m
m
m
b
x
a
m
m m
vn
m
h
m m

Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v u khc 2
Ta c iu kin:
( ) ( )
2
6 2 6
0 12 12 0 6 2 6
6 2 6
2 0 8 2 2 2 1 0
6 2 6
3 0
> +
> + > > +

<
+ +
<
m
m m m
m
h m m
m

Kt lun:
+ Hai th khng ct nhau khi 6 2 6 6 2 6. < < + m
+ Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi 6 2 6. = m
+ Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi
6 2 6
6 2 6
> +
<
m
m

c)
( )
4 2
2
1
1 2
= + +
= +
y x x
y m x m

Phng trnh honh giao im: ( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 2 1 2 0 0, 1 . + + = + + + = = x x m x m x mx m h x
S giao im ca hai th l s nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Do (1) l phng trnh bc bn nn c ti a bn nghim, khi s giao im ti a ca hai th l 4.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
, 0 1 2 0, 2 = = + + = t x t h t t mt m
Hai th khng ct nhau khi (1) v nghim, iu xy ra khi (2) v nghim, hoc c nghim kp m, hoc
c hai nghim m phn bit.
+ (2) v nghim khi
( ) ( )
2
2 2
0 4 1 2 0 8 4 0 4 20 4 2 5 4 2 5 < < + < + < < < + m m m m m m
+ (2) c nghim kp m khi
2
0
8 4 0
4 2 5
4 2 5.
0 0 0
2
2
= + =
=
= +

= < > <

m m
m
m
b
m
t m
a

+ (2) c hai nghim m phn bit khi
2
1 2
1 2
4 2 5
4 2 5 0 8 4.0
1
0 0 0 4 2 5 .
2
1 2 0 1 0
2
> +
< > +

+ < < > + < <

> >

<
m
m m m
t t m m m
m t t
m

Hp ba kh nng li ta c iu kin hai th khng ct nhau l
1
4 2 5 .
2
< < m
Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi (1) c mt nghim, iu ch xy ra khi nghim l x = 0.
T ta c kin
1
1 2 0 .
2
= = m m
Hai th ct nhau ti hai im khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim, iu xy ra khi (2) c nghim kp
dng, hoc c hai nghim tri du.
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+ (2) c nghim kp dng khi
2
0
8 4 0
4 2 5
4 2 5.
0 0 0
2
2
= + =
=
=

= > < >

m m
m
m
b
m
t m
a

+ (2) c hai nghim tri du khi
1 2
1
0 1 2 0 .
2
< < > t t m m
Hp hai kh nng li ta c iu kin hai th ct nhau ti hai im l
4 2 5
1
2
>
m
m

Hai th ct nhau ti ba im khi (1) c ba nghim, iu xy ra khi (2) c mt nghim t = 0 v mt nghim
t > 0.
iu xy ra khi
( )
1 2
1
0 0 1 2 0
. 2
0 0
0
= = =

> + >

<
o
h m m
vn
m t t
m

Vy khng c gi tr no ca m hai th ct nhau ti 3 im.
Hai th ct nhau ti bn im khi (1) c bn nghim, iu xy ra khi (2) c hai nghim phn bit, v hai
nghim u dng.
iu xy ra khi
2
1 2
1 2
4 2 5
4 2 5 0 8 4 0
0 0 0 4 2 5.
1 2 0 1 0
2
> +
> > + >

+ > > < <

> >

<
m
m m m
t t m m m
m t t
m

Kt lun:
+ Hai th khng ct nhau khi
1
4 2 5 .
2
< < m
+ Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi
1
.
2
= m
+ Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi
4 2 5
1
2
>
m
m

+ Hai th ct nhau ti bn im phn bit khi 4 2 5. < m
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bin lun theo m s giao im ca hai th hm s cho di y?
a)
( )
3
3
3
3
= +
x
y x
y m x
b)
( )
3
2 1
1
= +
y x x
y m x
c)
1
1
2
+
=
= +
x
y
x
y x m

d)
4
2
2
1
3
2 2
1
= + +
= +
x
y x
y mx
e)
( )
4 2
2
2 3 1
2
= + +
y x m x
y x
f)
2
2
1
= +
x
y
x
y mx

II. S TNG GIAO HM BC BA
Xt bi ton tng giao ca hm bc ba v ng thng :
( )
( )
:
:
= + + +
= +
3 2
C y ax bx cx d
d y mx n

Xt phng trnh honh giao im ( )
3 2
0 1 y ax bx cx d mx n h( x ) , . = + + + = + =
trong h(x) l hm s bc 3.
DNG 1. TM IU KIN CA THAM S TN TI CC GIAO IM
Phng trnh honh giao im nhm c nghim
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S giao im ca th hm s (C) vi ng thng (d) chnh l s nghim ca phng trnh h(x) = 0.
Thng thng trong bi thi i hc th thng s nhm c nghim ca phng trnh. Cc nghim thng gp
l 1; 2; 3; m; 2m K thut nhm nghim y l c lp tham s m, cho h s cha m bng 0. Nu ta
nhm c mt nghim x = x
o
th ta c ( )( )
2
( )
( ) 0 Ax 0
( ) 0
=
= + + =

=
o
o
g x
x x
h x x x Bx C
g x

Th d: Vi phng trnh ( ) ( )
3 3
( ) 2 1 0 2 1 1 0. = + + = + + = h x x m x m x x m x
Cho x = 1 ta thy tha mn phng trnh, chia theo lc Hoorne ta c ( )( )
2
( ) 1 1 0. = + + = h x x x x m
Ta xt mt s trng hp thng gp:
TH
1
: (d) ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit h(x) = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
Phng trnh h(x) = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit khi
0
( ) 0
>
g
o
g x

TH
2
Phng trnh h(x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit khi phng trnh g(x) = 0 c nghim kp khc x
o
hoc phng trnh
g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit, trong c mt nghim bng x
o

Ta c iu kin:
0
( ) 0
0
( ) 0
=
>

g
o
g
o
g x
g x

TH
3
Phng trnh h(x) = 0 c 1 nghim phn bit khi phng trnh g(x) = 0 v nghim hoc c nghim kp chnh l
x
o
. iu tng ng vi
0
0
2
<

g
g
o
B
x
A

Ch :
Trong trng hp m ta khng th nhm c nghim ca h(x) = 0 th ta phi c lp tham s a v bi ton
bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th hoc da vo bng bin thin. c lp c m th hm s y
= h(x) phi l hm bc nht ca m, cn trong trng hp h(x) cha ly tha ca m bc cao hn (v d m
2
, m
3
)
th dng y
C
.y
CT
cc tr.
Th d:
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
3 2
2
3
3 3
1
2 1 0 1 1 0
1 0
1
2 1 0 2 1 1
2 1
=
= + + = + + =

= + =

= + + + + = + = = =
+
x
h( x ) x m x m x x x m
g( x ) x x m
x
h( x ) x m x m m x x m g( x )
x

Trn y l hai v d cho th loi nhm c nghim v khng nhm c nghim phi s dng c lp tham s.
V d 1. Cho hm s = +
3 2
6 9 6 y x x x , c th l (C)
Tm m ng thng = : 2 4 d y mx m ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit.
Hng dn gii:
PT honh giao im ca (C) v (d):
3 2 2
6 9 6 2 4 ( 2)( 4 1 ) 0 + = + = x x x mx m x x x m
2
2
( ) 4 1 0
=
= + =
x
g x x x m

(d) ct (C) ti ba im phn bit khi g(x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2
( )
0
3.
2 0
>
>
m
g

3
(m + 1)x
2
+ (m 1)x + 1, (1).
CMR khi m 0 th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th (1) v trc Ox l x
3
(m +1)x
2
+ (m 1)x + 1 = 0, (*)
// Gi chng ta th i nhm xem (*) c nghim no nh
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x = l mt nghim ca (*) th cc biu thc c nhn th chung l tham s m phi trit triu nhau, y ta
tch ra c mt nhn t c cha m l m(x
2
+ x). Cho x
2
+ x = 0 ta c x = 0 hoc x = 1
Thay vo phng trnh ch c x = 1 l nghim. Vy (*) c 1 nghim l x = 1 //
2
2
1 0
(*) ( 1)( 1) 0
( ) 1 0
x
x x mx
g x x mx
=
=

= =

Do g(x) = x
2
mx 1 = 0 c = m
2
+ 4 > 0 m v g(1) = m 0 (theo gi thit), khi g(x) = 0 lun c hai
nghim phn bit v khc 1.
3
3x + 2, c th l (C)
Gi d l ng thng i qua A(3; 20) v c h gc l k. Tm k ng thng d ct (C) ti 3 im phn
bit.
Hng dn gii:
d l ng thng qua A(3 ; 20) v c h s gc l k nn d c phng trnh d : y = k(x 3) + 20
Phng trnh honh giao im: x
3
3x + 2 = k(x 3) + 20 x
3
(k + 3)x + 3k 18 = 0, (*)
// nhm nghim ca (*) ta cho trit tiu i h s cha k : k(x 3) = 0 x = 3, thay x = 3 vo thy tha mn
(*). Vy (*) c 1 nghim l x = 3 //

( ) ( )( )
2
2
3 0
* 3 3 6 0
( ) 3 6 0
x
x x x k
g x x x k
=
+ + =

= + =

(*) c 3 nghim phn bit th phng trnh g(x) = 0 phi c 2 nghim phn bit v khc 3
iu xy ra khi
( )
15
0 9 4 6 0
4
(3) 0 6 0
6
> > >

g
k k
g k
k

Vy vi
15
4
6
>
k
k
th ng thng d ct th cho ti 3 im phn bit.
3
3x
2
+ 1, c th l (C)
Tm m ng thng ( ) = : 2 1 4 1 d y m x m ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th:
3 2 2
3 (2 1) 4 2 0 ( 2)( 2 1) 0 + + = = x x m x m x x x m
2
2
( ) 2 1 0, (1)
=
= =
x
g x x x m

(d) ct (C) ti ng 2 im phn bit khi phng trnh (1) c nghim kp khc x = 2 hoc c hai nghim phn
bit trong c mt nghim l x = 2.
Ta c cc iu kin tng ng
{ {
0 8 5 0
5
1
2 2
8
2 2
1
8 5 0 0
2
2 1 0 (2) 0
= + =

=

= + > >

+ = =

m
b
m
a
m m
m g

Vy
5 1
;
8 2
Phng trnh honh giao im khng nhm c nghim
Nu h(x) = 0 khng nhm c nghim th ta s dng phng php c lp tham s, phn tch h(x) = 0 thnh
dng ( ) ( ) ( ) , 0 h x m g x k m = = , trong g(x) l hm s ch cha x, cn k(m) l hm ch cha m (hay cn
gi l hm hng vi x).
Khi , s nghim ca (1) chnh l s giao im ca hai th
( )
( ) // Ox
=
y g x
y k m

Ta lp bng bin thin cho hm s y = g(x).
Khi , (1) c 3 nghim phn bit khi g
CT
< k(m) < g
C
Khi , (1) c 1 nghim khi k(m) < g
CT
hoc k(m) > g
C
3
3x
2
9x + m. Tm m th ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit.
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Hng dn gii:
Xt phng trnh honh giao im ca th vi trc Ox : x
3
3x
2
9x + m = 0, (1)
S nghim ca (1) chnh l s giao im ca hai th. th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit th (1) phi c 3
nghim phn bit. (1) x
3
3x
2
9x = m, (2).
S nghim ca (2) li chnh l s giao im ca hai th
3 2
( ) 3 9 y g x x x x
y m
= =

Ta c
2
1
( ) 3 6 9 0
3
x
g x x x
x
=
= =

=

Bng bin thin:
x 1 3 +
g + 0 0 +
g
5 +

27

T bng bin thin ta thy, (2) c 3 nghim phn bit khi 27 < m < 5 5 < m < 27.
3
3mx
2
+ 2m, (C
m
) Tm m th ct trc Ox ti ng 2 im phn bit.
Hng dn gii:
th ct trc honh ti ng hai im phn bit th (C
m
) phi c 2 im cc tr.
y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
2 2 2 2
3 3 0 0 = = x m x m m
Vy hm s c hai im cc tr khi m 0.
Khi ' 0 = = y x m .
(C
m
) ct Ox ti ng 2 im phn bit y
C
= 0 hoc y
CT
= 0
Ta c
3
3
( ) 0 2 2 0 0
( ) 0 2 2 0 0; 1
= + = =
= + = = =
y m m m m
y m m m m m

i chiu vi iu kin ta c m = 1 l gi tr cn tim.
BI TP LUYN TP:
Phng trnh honh giao im nhm c nghim
3
6x
2
+ 9mx. Tm m ng thng y = x ct th hm s cho ti
a) 1 im.
b) 3 im phn bit.
3
3x + 2, c th l (C).
Gi (d) l ng thng i qua A(3; 20) v c h gc l k. Tm k ng thng (d) ct th (C) ti 3 im phn
bit.
3

3x 2, c th l (C).
Gi A l im thuc th v c honh x
A
= 0, (d) l ng thng i qua A v c h s gc k. Xc nh k d
ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit.
3
+ 3x
2
+ 1, c th (C) v ng thng (d): y = m(x 1) + 3. Tm m
(C) v (d) ct nhau ti
a) 3 im phn bit.
b) 1 im.
3
+ mx
2
x m
Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit.
Bi 6. Cho hm s y = 2x
3
3x
2

1, c th l (C).
Gi (d
k
) l ng thng i qua M(0; 1) v c h s gc bng k. Tm k ng thng d
k
ct (C) ti
a) 3 im phn bit.
b) 3 im phn bit, trong hai im c honh dng.
3
(2m + 1)x
2
9x
Tm m th hm s ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh m.
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Bi 8. (A - 2010) Cho hm s y = x
3
2x
2
+ (1 m)x + m
Tm m th ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit c honh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
4. + + < x x x
Phng trnh honh giao im khng nhm c nghim
Tm m cc th hm s sau ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit
a) y = x
3
3x
2
m
2
+ 5m b)
3
1
3
= + y x x m c) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
9x + m
DNG 2. TNH CHT CC GIAO IM CA HAI TH
Cc bi ton hi v tnh cht giao im th thng thng phng trnh honh giao im s nhm c
nghim v hai th ct nhau ti ba im phn bit.
Ba im phn bit u c honh dng.
iu ny ch xy ra khi nghim x
o
> 0, v g(x) = 0 c hai nghim dng phn bit khc x
o

1 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
>
= + = >
= = >
g
o
B
S x x
A
C
P x x
A
g( x )

Ba im phn bit u c honh m.
Tng t ta c iu kin x
o
< 0, v g(x) = 0 c hai nghim m phn bit khc x
o

1 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
>
= + = <
= = >
g
o
B
S x x
A
C
P x x
A
g( x )

Ba im phn bit u c honh ln hn mt hng s cho trc.
iu ny xy ra khi x
o
> v phng trnh g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
khc x
o
v u ln hn .
Tc l ta c
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 2

0 0
0 0
2 2
0 0
o o
g g
o o
x x
g( x ) g( x )
B B
x x x x
x ; x A A *
x x x x
> >

> >

+ = > + = >

>

> >

n y cc em nn gii ring (*) :
( )( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2 2
B
0 0 0

+ = >
+ = > + = >

> + + > + + >

B
B B
x x
x x x x
A
A A
C
x x x x x x .
A A

Kt hp vi cc iu kin h ta thu c gi tr cn tm ca tham s.
Bnh lun: Cch gii trn lm tng minh hn cho dng bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
vi mt hng s cho trc, cc em khng nn t n ph t = x khin bi ton rc ri hn!
Ba im phn bit u c honh nh hn mt hng s cho trc.
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Tng t ta c iu kin
( )( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2

0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
B 0
0
0
o o o
o
g g g
g
o o o
o
x x x
x
g( x ) g( x ) g( x )
g( x )
B B B
x x x x x x
x ; x
A A A
C x x
x x x x
.
A A

< < <
<
> > >

>

+ = < + = < + = <
<

>
+ + >

+ + >

Bnh lun:
- Trong bi thi cc em nn tch h trn thnh cc bt phng trnh nh gii cho bi ton gn gng hn.
- Tng qut ha cho dng cu hi kiu ny, v d nh 3 im phn bit trong c 1 im c honh ln hn
(hay nh) , hai im ln hn (hay nh hn) th cc em ch yu da vo gi tr ca x
o
bit nh hng
bin lun cc trng hp c th xy ra nh.
- Dng cu hi trn l tng qut cho bi ton hi v ba im u c honh dng hay m xt trn.
Ba im phn bit u c honh x
1
; x
2
; x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
+ + =
+ + >
x x x k
x x x k

gii bi ton dng ny cc em thc hin nh sau :
+ Tm iu kin tn ti x
1
; x
2
; x
3
, l
0
0
>
g
o
g( x )

+ Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x
1
= x
o
, khi x
2
, x
3
l hai nghim ca g(x) = 0. T ta c
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2
| |
+ + = + = + = =
|
\
o o o
B C
x x x k x x k x x x x x k x k x
A A

Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c gi tr ca tham s, kt hp vi iu kin tn ti giao im ta c
gi tr cn tm ca tham s.
Ch : Cch gii trn p dng tng t cho bi ton c yu cu
2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
+ + >
+ + <
x x x k.
x x x k.

Ba im phn bit u c honh x
1
; x
2
; x
3
lp thnh mt cp s cng.
gii bi ton dng ny cc em cn nh iu kin x
1
; x
2
; x
3
theo th t lp thnh cp s cng :
1 3 2
2 + = x x x .
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
+ Tm iu kin tn ti x
1
; x
2
; x
3
, l
0
( ) 0
>
g
o
g x

+ Gi s x
1
= x
o
, khi x
2
, x
3
l hai nghim ca g(x) = 0. T iu kin
1 3 2
2 + = x x x c vit li dng
( )
2
3 2
3 2 2 3 3
2 3
3
2
2
2
3
2
, *
3 3

+

+ = + = =

| || |
= +

| |
=
| |
| |
\ \
o
o
o
o
o o
B
x
A
x
x x x
B
x
B
A
x x x x x x
A
C
B B
x x x x
C
A A A
A

Gii (*) cc em thu c gi tr ca tham s.
Ch : Nu trong yu cu ca bi ton v cc nghim r rng hn, cng nh gi tr x
o
bit, cc em xc
nh c th c th loi tr gn gi tr no trong s x
1
; x
2
; x
3
l x
o
bit.
Ba im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh dng.
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+ Nu nghim x
o
> 0 th khi g(x) = 0 ch cn c hai nghim tri du u khc x
o
hoc c nghim kp
dng v khc x
o
. T ta c iu kin
0
0
o
AC
g( x )
<
hoc
1 2
1 2
0
0
2
2
g
o
B
x x
A
B
x x x
A

= = >

= =

+ Nu nghim x
o
< 0 th khi g(x) = 0 phi c hai nghim dng phn bit, v khc x
o

T ta c iu kin
1 2
1 2
0
0
0
>
= + = >
= = >
g
o
B
S x x
A
C
P x x
A
g( x )

Ch : Trong yu cu ca bi ton trn th chng ta mc nh hiu l trong 3 honh th c 1 honh m,
2 honh dng.
Ba im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh m.
+ Nu nghim x
o
< 0 th khi g(x) = 0 ch cn c hai nghim tri du u khc x
o
hoc c nghim kp
m v khc x
o
. T ta c iu kin
0
0
o
AC
g( x )
<
hoc
1 2
1 2
0
0
2
2
g
o
B
x x
A
B
x x x
A

= = <

= =

+ Nu nghim x
o
> 0 th khi g(x) = 0 phi c hai nghim m phn bit v khc x
o

T ta c iu kin
1 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
>
= + = <
= >
g
o
B
S x x
A
P x x
g( x )

V d 1. Cho hm s y = (x 1)(x
2
+ mx + m).
Tm m th hm s cho ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit
a) c honh dng.
b) trong c hai im c honh dng.
c) trong c hai im c honh m.
d) c honh ln lt l x
1
; x
2
; x
3
tha mn + + <
2 2 2
1 2 3
4. x x x
Hng dn gii:
Tm iu kin c 3 giao im:
Phng trnh honh giao im: ( )( )
2
2
1
1 0
( ) 0
=
+ + =

= + + =
x
x x mx m
g x x mx m

th ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 1.
iu xy ra khi ( )
2
4
0
4 0 0
*
1 2 0 (1) 0
1
2
>
> > <
g
m
m m m
m g
m

a) Ba giao im c honh dng khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
u dng.
Khi ta c
0 0 0
0 0 0
> > <

> > >

S m m
P m m
h v nghim. Vy khng tn ti gi tr ca m.
b) Trong ba giao im, c 2 giao im c honh dng khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
tri du
nhau.
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Khi ta c
1 2
0 0 0. < < < < x x P m
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c gi tr cn tm ca m l
0
1
2
<
m
m

c) Trong 3 giao im, c 2 giao im c honh m khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim m phn bit x
1
; x
2
Khi ta c
1 2
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
< < >
< <

< < <

S m m
x x
P m m
h v nghim. Vy khng tn ti gi tr ca m.
d) Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x
1
= 1, khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim x
2
; x
3
tha mn h thc
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
13
1 4 2 3 2 3 0 1 3.
4
+ + < + + < + < < < < x x x x x x x x x m m m
1 0
1
2
< <
m
m
l cc gi tr cn tm ca m.
3
(m + 1)x
2
+ (m 1)x + 1.
a) CMR khi m 0 th th hm s cho ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
b) Tm m th ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh ln hn 2.
c) Tm m th ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit, trong ch c 1 im c honh m.
Hng dn gii:
Tm iu kin c 3 giao im:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v Ox:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2 2
2
1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
( ) 1 0
=
+ + + = =

= =
x
x m x m x x x mx
g x x mx

a) th ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit khi g(x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit v khc 1.
iu ny xy ra khi
2
0
4 0
0.
1 1 0 (1) 0
> + >

g
m
m
m g

Vy vi mi gi tr m 0 th th hm s cho ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
b) Do nghim x = 1 < 2 nn th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh ln hn 2 th
phng trnh g(x) = 0 phi c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
v cng ln hn 2.
Ta c
( )( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
4 2 4
3
2 4. 2
2 4 0 1 2 4 0 2
2 2 0
+
+ > > >
< < < <

+ + > + >

>
x x
x x
m
x x m
x x x x m
x x

Vy
3
4
2
< < m l cc gi tr cn tm ca m.
c) Do nghim x = 1 > 0 nn th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit, trong c mt im c honh m th
phng trnh g(x) = 0 phi c hai nghim phn bit x
1
; x
2
v tri du nhau.
Ta c
1 2
0 0 1 0, . < < < < x x P m R
Vy vi mi gi tr m 0 th th hm s cho ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit v trong lun c mt
im c honh m.
V d 3. Cho hm s = + +
3 2
1 2
3 3
y x mx x m c th l (C
m
)
Tm m th ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c tng bnh phng cc honh ln hon 15.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v trc Ox :
3 2
1 2
0
3 3
+ + = x mx x m
( )
3 2 2
2
1
3 3 3 2 0 ( 1) (1 3 ) 2 3 0 0
( ) (1 3 ) 2 3 0, 1
=
( + + = + = =

= + =
x
x mx x m x x m x m
g x x m x m

th ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
iu tng ng vi
( ) ( )
2
2 9 6 9 0
0
1 3 4 2 3 0 1
.
1
6 (1) 0
1 6 0
6
+ + >
> + + >

g
m m
m m
m
g m m

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s 3 honh giao im l x
1
; x
2
; x
3
vi x
1
= 1 v x
2
; x
3
l hai nghim ca (1).
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Yu cu bi ton tr thnh ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
15 1 2 15 3 1 2(2 3 ) 14 + + > + + > + + > x x x x x x x m m
2
1
9 9 1
1
>
> >
<
m
m m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c
1
1
>
<
m
m
l cc gi tr tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 4. Cho hm s = + + + +
3 2
2 ( 3) 4 y x mx m x c th l (C
m
)
Cho ng thng d: y = x + 4 v im K(1; 3). Tm m d ct (C
m
) ti ba im phn bit A(0; 4), B v C
sao cho tam gic KBC c din tch bng 8 2.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v trc Ox :
( )
( )
3 2 2
2
0
2 ( 3) 4 4 2 2 0
( ) 2 2, 1
=
+ + + + = + + + + =

= + + +
x
x mx m x x x x mx m
g x x mx m

th ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit A, B, C khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 0.
iu tng ng vi ( )
2
1
0
2 0
* 2
2 0 (0) 0
2

> >

g
m
m m
m
m g
m

Do A(0; 4) nn x
B
; x
C
l hai nghim phn bit ca (1), theo Vi-t ta c
2
2
+ =
= +
B C
B C
x x m
x x m

Mt khc:
( , )
1 3 4
2
2
+
= =
K d
d . Do
2
( , )
1
8 2 . 8 2 16 256
2
= = = =
KBC K d
S BC d BC BC

[ ]
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 256 ( ) ( 4) ( 4) 256
1 137
2( ) 256 ( ) 4 128 4 4( 2) 128 34 0
2
+ = + + + =
= + = + = = =
B C B C B C B C
B C B C B C
x x y y x x x x
x x x x x x m m m m m

1 137
2
= m l gi tr tha mn.
V d 5. Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 4 y x x c th l (C)
Gi d
k
l ng thng i qua A( 1; 0) v c h s gc k. Tm k d
k
ct (C) ti ba im phn bit A, B v
C sao cho hai giao im B, C cng vi gc ta O to thnh mt tam gic c din tch bng 1.
Hng dn gii:
ng thng d
k
c phng trnh d
K
: y = k(x + 1).
Phng trnh honh giao im ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2
2
1
3 4 1 1 4 4 1
2
= =
+ = + + + = +

=
A
x x
x x k x x x x k x
x k

d
k
ct trc (C
m
) ti ba im phn bit A, B, C khi
0
9
>
k
k

Khi ta c
( )
( )
( )
1 1;0
2 2 ;3
2 2 ;3
= + +
= +
x A
x k B k k k k
x k C k k k k

Mt khc, ta li c
2
( , ) ( , )
2
2 1 ;
1
= + = =
+
k
O BC O d
k
BC k k d d
k

2 3
2
1
. .2 . 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
= + = = = =
+
OBC
k
S k k k k k k
k

Vy k = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 6. Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 2 y x x c th l (C)
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Gi E l tm i xng ca (C). Vit phng trnh ng thng qua E v ct (C) ti ba im phn bit E,
A, B sao cho din tch tam gic OAB bng 2 vi O l gc ta .
Hng dn gii:
th hm bc ba nhn im un lm tm i xng, do vy E(1; 0).
Phng trnh ng thng qua E c dng d: y = k(x 1).
Phng trnh honh giao im ca d v (C) l
( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 2 2
2
1
3 2 1 1 2 2 1
( ) 2 2 0
= =
+ = =

= =
E
x x
x x k x x x x k x
g x x x k

d ct trc (C) ti ba im phn bit E, A, B khi g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 1.
Tc l ( )
0 3 0
3 *
3 0 (1) 0
> + >
>

g
k
k
k g

Khi honh ca A, B l nghim ca phng trnh
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
;
( ) 0
;

A x kx k
g x
B x kx k
vi
1 2
1 2
2
2
+ =
x x
x x k

Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 4 1 12 4 2 1 3
(
= + = + + = + + = + +

AB x x k x x k x x x x k k k k
Ta c
( )( )
2
( , )
2
1 1 1
. 2 . .2 1 3 2 3 2
1 3 2 2
1
=
= = + + = + =
=
+
OAB O
k k
S d AB k k k k
k
k

Vy c 3 ng thng tho mn yu cu bi ton l
( )
1; 1 3 ( 1). = + = y x y x
MT S BI TP TNG GIAO BC BA CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho hs
3 2 2
( 3) 4 y x m x mx m = + + .
Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C sao cho
2 2 2
8
A B C
x x x + + = .
Gii:
th hm s ct trc honh :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2 2
2
3 4 3 0
3 0
A
x m
x m x mx m x m x x m
x x m
=
+ + = + =

+ =

th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C th ( ) c 2 nghim phn bit v m .
( )
( )
2
4
9 4 0 9
0
2
2
m
m
m
f m m m
m
>
= >

=

Khi theo Viet ta c:
3
.
B C
B C
x x
x x m
+ =

Vy honh 3 im A, B, C tha mn:
2 2 2
8
A B C
x x x + + =
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 . 9 2 8 1 0 1
A B C B C
x x x x x m m m m + + = + = = = (Tha mn K ( ) )
Vy 1 m= l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
3 2
3 3 3 2 y x mx x m = + + (C
m
)
Tm m (C
m
) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh l
1 2 3
, , x x x tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + + .
Gii:
th hm s( )
m
C ct trc honh:
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( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
3 2 2
2
1
3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 0
1 3 3 2 0
x
x mx x m x x x m m
x x m m
=
+ + = + = (

+ =

( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit th phng trnh( ) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1.

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 4 3 2 0 3 2 3 0
0
0
1 6 0
m m m m m
m
m
f m
= + + > + + >

Khi theo Viet ta c:
2 3
2 3
3 1
3 2
x x m
x x m
+ =

honh 3 im tha mn:
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3
2 1 3 1 2 3 2 9 6 4 9 2 x x x x x m m m m + + = + + + = + V l.
Vy khng c gi tr m no tha mn yu cu bi.
3
6x
2
+ mx.
Tm m ng thng y = 2x ct th hm s cho ti 3 im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh
dng.
Gii: TX:
Honh giao im ca hai th l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 2
2
0
6 2 6 2 0 6 2 0
6 2 0(*)
x
x x mx x x x m x x x x m
x x m
=
+ = + = + =

+ =

ng thng 2 y x = ct th ti 3 im phn bit trong c 2 im c honh dng (*) c 2 nghim
dng phn bit
( ) 9 2 0
' 0
0 6 0( ) 2 11
0 2 0
m
S ld m
P m
>
>

> > < <

> >

Vy 2 11 m < <
3
+ mx
2
x m
Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit v honh cc giao im lp thnh mt cp s
cng.
Gii:
Honh giao im ca ( ) C v Ox l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )( )
3 2 2
1
0 1 0
x
x mx x m x m x
x m
=
+ = + =

=

th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit v honh lp thnh mt cp s cng th d thy 0 m =
hoc 2 m =
Kt lun: 0 m = v 2 m = l cc gi tr cn tm.
3
3x
2

1, c th l (C).
Gi (d
k
) l ng thng i qua A(0; 1) v c h s gc bng k. Tm k ng thng d
k
ct (C) ti
a) 3 im phn bit.
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Gii:
PT ng thng : 1 d y kx = +
Hong giao im ca ( ) C v d l nghim ca PT:
( )
( )
3 2 2
2
0
2 3 1 1 2 3 0
2 3 0 *
x
x x kx x x x k
x x k
=
= + =

=

Vy ( ) C v d lun giao nhau ti ( ) 0; 1
a) ( ) C v d ct nhau ti 3 im phn bit th ( ) * c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0
Hay
9
9 8 0
8
0
0
k k
k
k

= + > >

b) ( ) C v d ct nhau ti 3 im phn bit, trong c 2 im hong dng th ( ) * c 2 nghim dng
phn bit khc 0.
Hay
9 8 0
0
9
3
0
0
8
2
0
2
k
k
k
k
= + >

< <
>
>

3
(2m + 1)x
2
9x
Tm m th hm s ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
Gii:
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
3 2 2
2
0
2 1 9 2 1 9 0
2 1 9 0
x
x m x x x x m x
x m x
=
+ = + =

+ =

th hm s ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit th phng trnh( ) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0.
Nhn xt: . 9 0 a c = < nn ( ) lun c 2 nghim tri du .
Vy m th hm s lun ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh
2 1 3
x x x < <
Khi theo Viet ta c:
2 3
2 3
2 1
9
x x m
x x
+ = +

th hm s ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng:
2 3 1
1
2 0 2 1 0
2
x x x m m + = = + = =
Th li:
1 2 3
1
0; 3; 3
2
m x x x = = = = tha mn
2 3 1
2 x x x + = .
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Vy
1
2
m = l gi tr cn tm
Bi 7. Cho hm s = + +
3 2
5 3 9 y x x x (1).
Gi l ng thng i qua ( 1; 0) A v c h s gc k. Tm k ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit A, B, C
sao cho tam gic OBC c trng tm G(2;2) ( O l gc to ).
Gii:
+ TX: R
+ l ng thng i qua ( ) 1, 0 A v c h s gc k nn phng trnh ca : ( ) ( ) : 1 y k x = +
+ Honh giao im ca v th hm s l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3 2
3
1 5 3 9 1 3
1 0
k x
k x x x x x x
x
=
+ = + + = +

+ =

ng thng ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit , , A B C
( )
( )
2
2
3 0
1 3 16
k x x R
k

Suy ra 0 k v 16 k ( )
Gi s
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
, , , ,
3 3
x x y y
B x y C x y G
+ + | |
|
\

( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 6 2
3 3 3
8
2 4 2
2 2
3
3 3
x x x x
x x
k TM
k
k x x y y
+ +
= + = =

=

+ + + =

= =

Vy
3
4
k =
Bi 8. Cho hm s
3 2
4 6 1 = + y x mx c th l (C)
Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng d y x : 1 = + ct th (C) ti 3 im A(0; 1), B, C phn bit sao cho B, C
i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht.

Gii:
+TX: R
+ Honh giao im ca th hm s ( ) C v ng thng d l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
( )
3 2 3 2 2
2
0
4 6 1 1 4 6 0 4 6 1 0
4 6 1 0
x
x mx x x mx x x x mx
x mx
=
+ = + + = + =

+ =

ng thng d ct th hm s ( ) C ti 3 im phn bit th
( ) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0 ( ) ( )
2
2
' 0
3
3 4 0
1 0 2
3
m
m
m
>
>
>

<

Khi ( ) c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x tha mn:
1 2
1 2
3
2
1
4
m
x x
x x
+ =

Gi s ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , B x y C x y . & B Ci xng qua ng phn gic th nht :
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 3 2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 3
x x y y x x x x m
x x m
+ + + +
= = + = = = (Khng TM( ) )
Vy khng tn ti m tha mn bi
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Bi 9. Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 4 y x x c th l (C).
Gi
k
d l ng thng i qua im ( 1; 0) A vi h s gc k. Tm k
k
d ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit
A, B, C v 2 giao im B, C cng vi gc to O to thnh mt tam gic c din tch bng 8.
Gii
+TX: R
+ Phng trnh ng thng
k
d : ( ) ( ) : 1
k
d y k x = +
+ Honh giao im ca ng thng
k
d v th (C) l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
3 2
2
1 0
1 3 4 1 2
2 0
x
k x x x x x
k x x R
+ =
+ = + = +

=

Suy ra
k
d ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit A, B, C
( )
2
0
1 2 9
k
k

Khi gi
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh ( )
2
1 2
1 2
4
2
4
x x
k x
x x k
+ =
=

=
(nh l Viete)
+ Gi s ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , B x y C x y . Ta c: ( )
2
/
1
k
k
d O d
k
=
+

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 4 1 4 BC x x y y k x x k x x x x k k = + = + = + + = +
Mt khc:
2 3
2
1 1
8 . 1 4 4
2 2
1
OBC
k
S d BC k k k k
k
= = = + = =
+

Vy 4 k =

Bi 10. Cho hm s = +
3 2
1 8
3
3 3
y x x x .
Lp phng trnh ng thng d song song vi trc honh v ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
tam gic OAB cn ti O (O l gc to ).
Gii
+ TX: R
+ Phng trnh ng thng ( ) : d y k =
Honh giao im ca ng thng ( ) : d v th hm s (C) l nghim ca phng trnh

3 2 3 2
1 8 1 8
3 3 0
3 3 3 3
x x x k x x x k + = + =
Do tam gic OABcn ti O A v B i xng vi nhau qua trc tung.
Gi ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , 0
m m
A m y B m y m . Ta c:
( )
3 2 3 2 3 2
1 8 1 8 2
3 3 6 0 9 0 3
3 3 3 3 3
m m m k m m m k m m m m m + = + + = = =
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s 3 m= khi
19 19
0
3 3
k k = + =
Vy
19
( ) :
3
d y =

Bi 11. Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 2 y x x c th l (C).
Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A(1; 0) v ct (C) ti ba im A, B, C phn bit sao cho din tch tam
gic OBC bng 2 5.
Gii
+ TX: R
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+ Phng trnh ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 d y k x = .Suy ra: ( )
2
/
1
k
d O d
k
=
+

+ Honh giao im ca th (C) v ( ) d l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 2
2
1 0
3 2 1 1 2 2 0
2 2 0
x
x x k x x x x k
x x k
=
+ = =

=

ng thng d ct (C) ti ba im A, B, C phn bit (*) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
' 0 1 2 0
3
3 0 3
k
k
k k
> + + >
>

Khi
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) * tha mn
1 2
1 2
2
2
x x
x x k
+ =

Gi s
1 1 2 2
( , ), ( , ) B x y C x y . Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 4 1 [4 4 2 ] 2 1 3 BC x x y y k x x x x k k k k
(
= + = + + = + + + = + +

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1
2 5 . 2 1 3 3 3 20 2
2 2
1
OBC
k
S d BC k k k k k k k Tm
k
= = = + + = + + = =
+
V
y ng thng( ) ( ) : 2 1 d y x =

/s : : 2 2 = d y x
Bi 12. Cho hs
3 2
6 9 y x x x = + . Tm m ng thng = y mx ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit O(0; 0),
A, B. Chng t khi m thay i, trung im I ca on thng AB lun nm trn cng mt ng thng song song
vi Oy.
Gii
+ TX: R
+ Honh giao im ca ng thng = y mx v th (C) l nghim ca phng trnh:

( )
( )
3 2 2
2
0
6 9 6 9 0
6 9 0
x
x x x mx x x x m
x x m
=
+ = + =

+ =

ng thng = y mx ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit (*) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0:
( )
( )
9 0
9
9 9 0 0
m
m
m m

> >

Vy 0, 9 m m > tha mn bi.

Khi gi
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh( )
1 2
1 2
6
9
x x
x x m
+ =

Gi s
1 1 2 2
( , ), ( , ) A x y B x y , I l trung im ca AB nn:
Ta im
( )
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, , 3, 3
2 2 2 2
m x x x x y y x x
I I I m
+ | | + + + | |

| |
\
\

Suy ra khi m thay i, trung im I ca on thng AB lun nm trn ng thng 3 x = (pcm)

Bi 13. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3( 1) 2 = + + + y x mx m x c th l C
m
.
Cho im M(3; 1) v ng thng d: x + y 2 = 0. Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng (d) ct th ti 3 im
A(0; 2); B, C sao cho tam gic MBC c din tch bng 2 6.
Gii:

+ TX: R
+ Honh giao im ca ng thng d v th C
m
l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 2
2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 0 2 3 2 0 x mx m x x x mx m x x x mx m + + + = + + = + + =
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( )
2
0
2 3 2 0 *
x
x mx m
=

+ + =

ng thng (d) ct th ti 3 im phn bit:
( ) * c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0
2
2
2
3 3 2 0
(**) 3
2
' 0
3 2 0
1
m
m m
m
m m
m

> >

+ >

<

Khi (*) c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x tha mn
1 2
1 2
2
3 2
x x m
x x m
+ =
(nh l Viete)
Gi s ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , B x y C x y
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2( ) 2 ( ) 4 2(4 12 8) BC x x y y x x x x x x m m ( = + = = + = +

Khong cch t im M n ng thng d: ( )
2 2
3 1 2
; 2
1 1
d M d
+
= =
+

( )
2 2 2
4
1 1
2 6 . 2 2 4 12 8 4 12 8 4 12 16 0
1 2 2
MBC
m
S d BC m m m m m m
m
=
= = = + = + =

=

i chiu (*) ta c { } 4, 1 m

Bi 14. Cho hm s :
3 2
1 1
2 3
3 3
= + y x x x
Tm m ng thng
1
:
3
= y mx ct (C) ti ba im phn bit A , B , C sao cho A c nh v din tch tam
gic OBC gp hai ln din tch tam gic OAB.
Gii
+ TX: R
+ Honh giao im ca ng thng v th (C) l nghim ca phng trnh:

( )
3 2 3 2 2
2
0
1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 0 2 3 0
1
3 3 3 3 3 2 3 0(*)
3
x
x x x mx x x m x x x x m
x x m
=
| |
+ = + = + =
|
+ = \

ng thng ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit th
( ) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0
( )
( )
3
3 0 3
1
' 0 0 1 3 0
3
m
m m
m m

> > >

Khi (*) c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x tha mn
1 2
1 2
6
9 3
x x
x x m
+ =
(1)
Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1
0, ; , , ,
3
A B x y C x y
| |
|
\
. 2 2
OBC OAB OAB OAC
Do S S S S BC AB = = =
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1
4 1 4 1 4
3
x x y y x y m x x m x x x x
(
| |
+ = + + + = + =
(
|
\
(

( ) ( )
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
3
3
2
3
0 1 9
2
x
x x
x x
x x loai do
x
=
=

=

+ =

T (1) ta c
27 3
9 3
4 4
m m = = (Tha mn ( ) )
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Vy
3
4
m =
BI TP LUYN TP:
3
6x
2
+ mx.
Tm m ng thng y = 2x ct th hm s cho ti 3 im phn bit, trong c hai im c honh
dng.
3

3x 2, c th l (C).
Gi A l im thuc th v c honh x
A
= 0, (d) l ng thng i qua A v c h s gc k.
a) Xc nh k d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit.
b) Xc nh k d v (C) ct nhau ti ba im phn bit trong c hai im c honh nh hn 1.
3
+ mx
2
x m
Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit v honh cc giao im lp thnh mt cp s
cng.
3
3x
2

1, c th l (C).
Gi (d
k
) l ng thng i qua A(0; 1) v c h s gc bng k. Tm k ng thng d
k
ct (C) ti
a) 3 im phn bit.
3
(2m + 1)x
2
9x
Tm m th hm s ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
3
2x
2
+ (1 m)x + m
Tm m th ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit c honh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
12. + + > x x x
III. S TNG GIAO HM BC BN TRNG PHNG
Xt s tng giao ca hm bc bn trng phng
4 2
= + + y ax bx c v ng thng y = m hoc (P)
2
= + x y m n

Xt phng trnh honh giao im
( )
4 2 4 2
1
4 2 4 2 2
2
0 0
0
0
+ + = = + + =

=
+ + = + + = +

ax bx c m h ( x ) ax bx c m
h ( x )
ax b m x c n ax bx c mx n

trong h
1
(x), h
2
(x) l cc hm trng phng.
y, ta ch xt mt phng trnh i din l ( )
4 2
1
0 1 = + + = h ( x ) ax bx c m , .
S giao im ca hai th chnh l s nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Tng t nh tng giao ca hm bc ba xt, chng ta cng c hai dng ton c bn vi hm trng phng.
DNG 1. TM IU KIN CA THAM S TN TI CC GIAO IM
t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 0 2 = = + + = x t t , h t at bt c m , .
TH
1
: Hai th khng ct nhau
Khi , (1) v nghim. Nhng do cch t t = x
2
nn chng ta ch cn bin lun theo (2). Cc kh nng c th xy
ra :
H s a = 0, (ch xy ra khi a cha tham s).
Khi (1) suy bin thnh phng trnh bc hai khuyt x :
2
0 + = bx c m .
T ta c iu kin hai th khng ct nhau l
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
= =

= =

= =

= < <

a a
b b
c m c m
a a
m c m c
x
b b

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H s a 0, v phng trnh (2) v nghim
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
0 0
0 4 0

< = <

a a
b a c m

H s a 0, v phng trnh (2) c nghim kp m
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
0
0
0 4 0
0 0
2 2

= = =

= = < <

a
a
b a c m
b b
t t
a a

H s a 0, v phng trnh (2) c hai nghim m phn bit
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 2
1 2
0 0
0 4 0
0 0
0 0

> = >

= + = < <

= = > >

a a
b a c m
b b
S t t
a a
c m c m
P t t
a a

TH
2
: Hai th ct nhau ti 1 im phn bit
Khi , (1) ch c mt nghim. Cc kh nng c th xy ra khi (1) c mt nghim:
Lc ny (1) suy bin thnh phng trnh bc hai
2
0 + = bx c m . Phng trnh ch c mt nghim duy nht khi x
= 0 (do tnh i xng ca nghim) c m = 0.
Vy ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l
0
0
=
a
c m

H s a 0.
Khi (2) l phng trnh bc hai n t, phng trnh ny ch c mt nghim khi l nghim kp t = 0 hoc hai
nghim phn bit, trong mt nghim t = 0 v mt nghim t < 0 ( x
2
= t < 0 v nghim x).
T ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
4 0
0
0
0
0 2
0
0
0
0
4 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
b a c m
b
b
t t
t t a
c m
c m
b
b
b a c m
a
t
b
c m
a t
b
a
= =
=

=
= = =

= =
=
=

>
>
= >

= <

<

<

Vy ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l
0
0
0
a
c m
b
a

TH
3
Khi (1) c 2 nghim phn bit, tng ng vi (2) c th c hai nghim tri du, hoc mt nghim kp dng.
Tuy nhin chng ta vn phi xt n trng hp a = 0, khi (1) b suy bin thnh phng trnh bc hai khuyt
x.
Ta c ( )
2
1 0 + = bx c m . phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit khi
2
0 0
0 0

= > >

b b
m c m c
x
b b

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Vy ta c iu kin (1) c hai nghim phn bit trong trng hp ny l
0
0
0

>
a
b
m c
b

H s a 0, v phng trnh (2) c nghim kp dng
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
0
0
0 4 0
0 0
2 2
a
a
b a c m
b b
t t
a a

= = =

= = > >

H s a 0, v phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim tri du
( )
0
0

<
a
a c m

TH
4
Khi (1) c 3 nghim phn bit. Lc ny ta khng th xt trng hp a = 0 c na, v s nghim ca
phng trnh yu cu vt qu hai nghim. (1) c 3 nghim th (2) phi c mt nghim t = 0 v mt
nghim t > 0.
T ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
4 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
b a c m
c m
c m
t
b
b
t
a
a

= >

>

=

=
=

>
>
>

TH
5
Khi , (1) c 4 nghim phn bit, iu xy ra khi (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit.
Ta c iu kin xy ra trng hp ny l
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
0 0
0 4 0
0 0
0 0
a a
b a c m
b b
S t t
a a
c m c m
P t t
a a

> = >

= + = > >

= = > >

Ch : Trong chng trnh thi, thng dng ton ny bi ch yu cu ct ti 2 hay 4 im phn bit !!!
V d 1: Cho hm s y = 2x
4
+ mx
2
3, (C) v ng thng d : y = 2m.
Tm gi tr ca tham s m
a) (C) v d ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit.
b) (C) v d ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit.
Hng dn gii :
Phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th : ( ) ( )
4 2 4 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 0 0, 1 + = + = = x mx m x mx m f x
S giao im ca hai th cho l s nghim ca (1).
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 3 2 0, 2 = = + = t x t f t t mt m
a) Hai th ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit. iu ch xy ra khi (2) c mt
nghim kp dng, hoc c hai nghim phn bit tri du.
+ (2) c nghim kp dng khi
( )
2
2
1 2
0 4 3 2 0
8 12 0
0 0
0
2
2
= + + =

+ + =

= = > < >

m m
m m
b
m
t t m
a

2
2
6
6
0
=
=
=

=
<
m
m
m
m
m

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+ (2) c hai nghim tri du khi
1 2
3
0 3 2 0 .
2
< < > t t m m
Vy hai d th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi
6; 2
3
2
= =
>
m m
m

b) Hai th ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit khi (1) c bn nghim phn bit. iu ch xy ra khi (2) c hai
nghim dng phn bit.
T , ta c iu kin
( )
2
2
1 2
1 2
4 3 2 0
2
0 8 12 0
6
0 0 0 6
2
3
3 0
3 2 0
2
2
+ + >
>
> + + >

<
+ > > < <

>
<
> <

m m
m
m m
m m
t t m m
t t
m
m m

Vy hai th ct nhau ti 4 dim phn bit khi m < 6.
4
+ 2(1 + m)x
2
1, (C) v ng cong (P) : y = 2x
2
.
a) (C) v (P) ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit.
b) (C) v (P) ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit.
Hng dn gii :
a) Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( ) ( ) & : C P
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2 4 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 1 x m x x x m x + + = + + = . t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 2 1 0 x t t t m t = + + =
( ) ( ) & C P ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit th ( ) c ng 1 nghim dng, hoc 2 nghim tri du hoc
nghim kp dng.
M ta c: 1 0
c
P
a
= = < . Nn phng trnh ( ) lun c 2 nghim tri du.
Vy ( ) 1 lun c hai nghim phn bit.
Suy ra vi mi gi tr m th ( ) ( ) & C P lun ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit.
b) ( ) ( ) & C P ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit th phng trnh ( ) c hai nghim phn bit tha
mn
1 2
0 t t < < .
M d thy 1 0
c
P
a
= = < . Nn khng c gi tr m no tha mn yu cu bi.
V d 3: Tm m th cc hm s
a)
4 2
2 1
y x x
y m
ct nhau ti bn im phn bit.
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im:
4 2 4 2
2 1 2 1 0 x x m x x m = =
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 1 0 x t t f t t t m = = =
4 2
2 1 y x x = ct y m = ti 4 im phn bit th ( ) c hai nghim tha mn
1 2
0 t t < < .
Cch 1: Theo Vi-t ta c:
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' 0 2 0
0 2 0 2 1
0 1 0
m
S m
P m
> + >

> > < <

> >

.
Vy vi 2 1 m < < th tha mn yu cu bi.
Cch 2: S nghim dng ca phng trnh ( ) bng s giao im ca ng thng y m = vi th hm s
2
2 1 y t t = trn( ) 0; + .
Kho st s bin thin hm s
2
2 1 y t t = trn( ) 0; + . ' 2 2 0 1 y t t = = = .
BBT:
t
0 1 +
' y 0 +
y
1 +

2

T BBT suy ra 2 1 m < < th
4 2
2 1 y x x = ct y m = ti 4 im phn bit.
b) ( ) ( )
4 2 3
1 y x m m x m C = + + ct trc honh ti bn im phn bit.
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im: ( )
4 2 3
1 0 x m m x m + + = .
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
0 1 x t t y t m m t m = = + +
( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit th phng trnh ( ) c hai nghim phn bit tha mn:
1 2
0 t t < < . Vy theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
3
3 2 2
3 2 2 0
6 1 0
0
0 3 2 2
0 1 0
1
0 3 2 2
0
0
0
m
m m
m m m
m m
S m m
m
m
P
m
m
> +
<

+ >
>

> > +
> + >

<
< <

>
>

>

Vy gi tr m tha mn yu cu bi l:
( ) ( )
0;3 2 2 3 2 2; m + +
c) ( )
4 2 2
2 3 3 = + y x m x m m ct trc honh ti bn im phn bit.
( ) ( )
4 2 2
2 3 3 y x m x m m C = + ct trc honh ( )
4 2 2
2 3 3 0 x m x m m + = .
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 2 3 3 0 x t t t m t m m = + =
( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit th phng trnh ( ) phi c 2 nghim phn bit tha mn:
1 2
0 t t < < . Theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
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( )
( )
2
2
2
9 0
2 3 4 3 0
0
3 3
0 2 3 0
2 2
0
3 0
3
0
m m m
S m m m
P
m m
m
m
>
>

>

> > > >

>
>
>
<

Vy vi
3
2
m > th tha mn iu kin bi.
DNG 2. TNH CHT CC GIAO IM CA HAI TH
Cc dng cu hi lin quan n tnh cht gio im ca hm trng phng, thng thng khi hai th ct nhau
ti 4 im phn bit.
Do php t
2
= = t x x t , tc l khi (2) c mt nghim t > 0 th (1) cho hai nghim x tri du nhau.
Vy nu (1) c 4 nghim phn bit th s c hai nghim dng, hai nghim m v i du nhau.
Gi s hai nghim dng ca (2) l t
1
, t
2
vi t
1
< t
2

Khi 4 nghim ca phng trnh (1) ln lt l
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t
Tnh cht 1: Cc giao im c honh lp thnh mt cp s cng
4 nghim lp thnh cp s cng th ta c
( ) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 9 , (3) = = = t t t t t t t t
Mt khc, t
1
, t
2
l nghim ca phng trnh (2) nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
1 2
1 2
, (4)
. , (5)
+ =
b
t t
a
c
t t
a

T (3) v (4) ta gii ra t
1
, t
2
. Th vo (5) ta c phng trnh n m gi tr ca tham s m.
i chiu vi iu kin tn ti 4 giao im ta c gi tr m cn tm.
V d 1. Cho th hm s (C
m
): y = x
4
mx
2
+ m 1
Tm m (C
m
) ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
Hng dn gii :
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im: x
4
mx
2
+ m 1 = 0, (1)
t x
2
= t, (t 0). Khi (1) t
2
mt

+ m 1 = 0, (2)
Hai th ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit khi (1) phi c 4 nghim phn bit. iu xy ra khi (2) c hai
nghim dng phn bit (tc l 0 < t
2
< t
2
)
( )
2
4 1 0
0
2
0 0 , (*)
1
0 1 0
>
>

> >

>

> >

m m
m
S m
m
P m

Gi s hai nghim dng ca (2) l t
1
, t
2
vi t
1
< t
2

Khi 4 nghim ca phng trnh (1) ln lt l
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t
( ) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 9 , (3) = = = t t t t t t t t
Mt khc, t
1
, t
2
l nghim ca phng trnh (2) nn theo nh l Vi-et ta c:
1 2
1 2
, (4)
. 1, (5)
+ =
t t m
t t m

T (3) v (4) ta gii c h phng trnh
1
2 1
1 2
2
9
10
9
10

+ =
m
t
t t
t t m m
t

Khi
2
10
9
(5) . 1 9 100 100 0
10
10 10
9
=
= + =
m
m m
m m m
m

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C hai gi tr trn u tha mn (*) nn
10
10;
9
V d 2. Cho th hm s ( ) ( ) = + + +
4 2
: 2 1 2 1
m
C y x m x m
Tm m (C
m
Hng dn gii :
Xt phng trnh honh giao im: ( ) ( )
4 2
2 1 2 1 0, 1 + + + = x m x m
t x
2
= t, (t 0). th (1) tr thnh: ( )
2
( ) 2 1 2 1 0 = + + + = f t t m t m .
(C
m
) ct Ox ti 4 im phn bit th f(t) = 0 phi c 2 nghim dng phn bit
Tc l ( ) ( )
2
0
1
2 1 0 , * 2
0
2 1 0
= >

>

= + >

= + >
m
m
S m
m
P m

Gi t
1
; t
2
vi t
1
< t
2
l 2 nghim ca f(t) = 0, khi bn nghim ca (1) ln lt l
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t
( ) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 9 = = = t t t t t t t t
( ) ( )
4
5 4 4
1 9 1 5 4 1
4
5 4 4
9
=
= +

+ + = + = +

= + =
m
m m
m m m m m m
m m m

Vy
4
4;
9
= = m m l cc gi tr cn tim.
V d 3. Cho th hm s ( ) = + +
4 2
: 2( 2) 2 3
m
C y x m x m
Tm m (C
m
p s:
13
3, .
9
= = m m
Tnh cht 2: Cc giao im c honh cng ln hn hoc nh hn mt s cho trc
TH1: Cc giao im c honh cng ln hn
+ Nu t
1
< t
2
th bi ton tr nn n gin, khi yu cu bi ton tr thnh
1 2
> > t t
+ Nu cha xc nh c mi quan h ca t
1
v t
2
th ta phi chia hai trng hp.
TH2: Cc giao im c honh cng nh hn
+ Nu t
1
< t
2
th ta c iu kin
1 2
< < t t
+ Nu cha xc nh c mi quan h ca t
1
v t
2
th ta phi chia hai trng hp.
4
mx
2
+ m 1, vi m l tham s.
a) Gi A, B l cc im thuc th hm s cho m ta ca chng khng ph thuc vo tham s m.
Tm m tip tuyn ca th hm s ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
b) Xc nh gi tr ca m th hm s ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit c honh ln hn 2.
Hng dn gii :
a) Gi (x
o
; y
o
) l im thuc th m ta khng ph thuc vo m.
Khi
4 2
1,
o o o
y x mx m m = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 2
4
1 0 1 1; 0
1 1 , 1;0 , 1;0
1; 0
1
o o o o
o o o
o o
o o
x x x y
y x m x m A B
x y
y x
= = = =
+ =

= =
=

Do
3
4 2 y x mx = tip tuyn ti A, B c h s gc l
( )
( )
1
1
4 2
4 2
= +
y m
y m

Tip tuyn ti A, B vung gc vi nhau khi
( ) ( )
( )( )
1 1
3
4 2 1
2
. 1 4 2 4 2 1
4 2 1 5
2
=
= + =
=

=
m
m
y y m m
m
m

Vy, vi
3 5
;
2 2
= = m m th tip tuyn vi th ti A v B vung gc vi nhau
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b) Phng trnh honh giao im ca th v trc Ox: ( )
4 2
1 0, 1 x mx m + =
S giao im ca hai th cho l s nghim ca phng trnh (1).
t ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 0, 2 t x t t mt m = + =
Hai th ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit khi (1) c bn nghim phn bit.
iu ch xy ra khi phng trnh (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit
T , ta c iu kin
2
1 2
1 2
( 2) 0
0 2
1
0 0 0
2 2
1 0
1 0
m
m
m
m
t t m
m
m t t
m
>
>
>
+ > > >

> >

>

Vy hai th ct nhau ti 4 dim phn bit khi m > 1 ; m 2.
Vi m > 1 ; m 2 th (2) c hai nghim
2
1
2
( 2)
1
2
m m
t m
m m
t
+
= =
= =

Khi , 4 nghim ca phng trnh (1) l 1; 1. m
4 nghim ny u ln hn 2 th c hai kh nng sau xy ra:
Kh nng 1: 1 1 1 1 2. m m m < < < Kt hp vi iu kin ta c 1 < m < 2.
Kh nng 2:
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 5.
1 4
1 2
m m
m m
m
m
> >
< < < <

<
<

Vy vi 1 < m < 5; m 2 th th cho ct trc Ox ti bn im c honh ln hn 2.
V d 2: Cho hm s ( ) ( ) = + + +
4 2
: 2 1 2 1
m
C y x m x m , vi m l tham s.
Xc nh gi tr ca m th hm s ct trc Ox sao cho c bai giao im c honh nh hn 3.
Hng dn gii :
4 2
2 1 2 1 0, 1 + + + = x m x m
t ( ) ( )
2 2
1
0 ( ) 2 1 2 1 0
2 1
=
= = + + + =

= +
t
t x t f t t m t m
t m

(C
m
) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh nh hn 3 th ta c hai kh nng xy ra:
Kh nng 1:
1
2 1 0 .
2
+ = = m m
Kh nng 2: 2 1 3 2 1 9 4 + > + > > m m m
Vy:
1
; 1
2
= > m m l cc gi tr tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Tnh cht 3: Cc giao im c honh x
1
; x
2
; x
3
; x
4
tha mn + + + =
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
. x x x x k
Gi t
1
, t
2
l cc nghim ca (2) th bn nghim ca (1) l
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t
Khi ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
2
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
(
+ + + = + = + =

t t t t k t t k t t t t k
V d: Cho hm s ( ) = +
4 2
1 2 3 y x m x m , vi m l tham s.
Tm m ng th ct ng thng y = 3 ti bn im phn bit
a) c honh cng ln hn 2
b) c honh tha mn x
1
; x
2
; x
3
; x
4
tha mn + + + =
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
10 x x x x
Hng dn gii :
2
4 2 4 2
2
2
1 2 3 3 1 2 6 0
3
=
+ = + =

=
x
x m x m x m x m
x m

hai th ct nhau ti 4 im phn bit th ( )
3 0 3
*
3 2 5
> >

m m
m m

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Vi iu kin (*) th ta c 4 nghim ca phng trnh l 2; 3 = = x x m
a) Cc giao im c honh u ln hn 2 khi
3 2 5 7
5 7 5
2 3 2
< < <

< <
< <
m m m
m m
m

3 7
5
< <
m
m

b) Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
2
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
4
10 2 2 3 10 4 3 5
2
=
(
+ + + = + = + =

(
=

m
x x x x m m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c m = 4 l gi tr cn tm.

MT S BI TON TNG GIAO HM TRNG PHNG CHN LC
Bi 1. Cho hm s:
4 2
(3 2) 3 y x m x m = + + c th ( )
m
C .
Tm m th hm s ( )
m
C ct ng thng 1 y = ti 4 im phn bit c honh
1 2 3 4
; ; ; x x x x tha mn
iu kin:
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4 x x x x x x x x + + + + = .
Gii:
th ( )
m
C ct ng thng y = 1 ( )
4 2
3 2 3 1 x m x m + + =
( )
2
4 2
2
1
3 2 3 1 0
3 1
x
x m x m
x m
=
+ + + =

= +

th ( )
m
C ct ng thng y = 1 ti bn im phn bit th:
( )
1
3 1 0
3
3 1 1
0
m m
m
m

+ > >

+

Vy
1
0
3
m m
> th th ( )
m
C ct ng thng y = 1 ti 4 im phn bit c honh :
1 2 3 4
1; 1; 3 1; 3 1 x x x m x m = = = + = +
4 im phn bit c honh tha mn iu kin:
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4 x x x x x x x x + + + + =
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
1
2 1 3 1 3 1 4 3 3 1 2
9
m m m m
(
+ + + + = + = =
(

Kt hp iu kin( ) th
1
9
m = l gi tr cn tm
Bi 2. Cho hm s: ( ) ( )
4 2
: 1 C y x m x m = + +
Xc nh gi tr m sao cho th hm s cho ct trc honh ti 4 im, to thnh ba on thng c di
bng nhau.
Gii:
th ( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im, to thnh 3 on thng c di bng nhau tc l th hm s ct trc
honh ti 4 im phn bit vi honh lp thnh mt cp s cng.
Honh giao im ca th ( ) C vi trc honh l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
2
4 2
2
1
1 0
x
x m x m
x m
=
+ + =

=

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( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit
( )
2
2
0
0 1
1
x m
m
x m
= >
<

Khi 4 giao im c honh tng ng l:
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t
Bn honh trn lp thnh cp s cng
2 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 2 1
2
3 9
2
t t t
t t t t
t t t
+ =
= =
+ =

Theo Vi-t ta c:
1 1 1 1 2
2
1 1 1
1
9 1 1
9 82 9 0 9
9
9
t t m t t m m
m m
t t m t m
m
+ = + + = + =

+ =

= =

=

Kt hp vi iu kin( ) , gi tr
1
9
m =

hoc 9 m=

tha mn yu cu bi.
p s:
1
; 9
9
m

`
)

Bi 3. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
( 1) 2 5 y x m x m C = + .
Tm m th hm s ct Ox ti 4 im phn bit
a) c honh nh hn 2.
b) c honh tha mn
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
17
.
2
x x x x + + + =
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im l: ( )
4 2
1 2 5 0 x m x m + =
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 2 5 0 x t t t m t m = + =
( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit th phng trnh ( ) phi c 2 nghim phn bit tha mn:
1 2
0 t t < < . Theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
( )
2
7
3 0 10 21 0
7
0 1 0 1
5
3
0 2 5 0 5
2
2
m
m m m
m
S m m
m
P m
m
>
< > + > >

> > >

< <

> >

>

Vi iu kin ( ) phng trnh ( ) c 2 nghim phn bit:
2
1
2
2
1 10 21
2
1 10 21
2
m m m
t
m m m
t
+
=
+ +

a) ( ) C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit c honh nh hn 2:
w
w
w
.
V
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T
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.
c
o
m
81
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1 10 21
4 1
2
1 10 21
4 2
2
m m m
t
m m m
t
+
= <

+ +
= <

Gii ( )
2
1 10 21 9 m m m + >
Xt cc TH:
( ]
5
; 3 7; 9
2
m
| |
+
|
\
lun ng
( ]
5
;3 7;9
2
m
| |

|
\

15
9 9
2
m m m + > > >
( )( )
5
; 3 7;
2
m i
| |
+
|
\

Gii ( )
2
2 10 21 9 m m m + <
Xt cc TH:
( )
5 15 5 15
; 3 7;9 ; 3 7;
2 2 2 2
m m m
| | | | | |
+ <
| | |
\ \ \

9 0 m VP + < V l.
( )
5 15
;3 7;
2 2
m ii
| | | |

| |
\ \

Kt hp cc iu kin ( ) ( ) & i ii suy ra gi tr m cn tm l:
5 15
; 3 7;
2 2
m
| | | |

| |
\ \

b) Vi iu kin( ) th ( ) C ct ng thng trc honh ti bn im c honh l:
1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2
; ; ; x t x t x t x t = = = =
Theo Vi-t ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 3 4
1 2 2 5 1
2 5
2 5
t t m m x x x x t t m
t t m
t t m x x x x
+ = + = + = + + =

=

= = =

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4 2
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 4 2 4 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
(
+ + + = + = + + +

bn im phn bit c honh tha mn
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
17
2
x x x x + + + = suy ra:
( ) ( )
4 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 8 16 17 x x x x x x x x + + + =
( )
( )
( )
2
4 1 2 2 5 8 2 5 16 2 5 1 2 2 5 17 m m m m m m + + + =
2
9
2
4 24 27 0
3
2
m
m m
m
+ =
. Hai gi tr ny khng tha mn iu kin( )

Vy khng c gi tr m no tha mn iu kin bi.
Bi 4. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
1 2 3 y x m x m = + , vi m l tham s.
w
w
w
.
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82
Tm m ng th ct ng thng y = 3 ti bn im phn bit
a) c honh cng ln hn 2
b) c honh tha mn x
1
; x
2
; x
3
; x
4
tha mn
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
10 x x x x + + + =
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im: ( )
4 2
1 2 3 3 x m x m + =
( )
2
4 2
2
2
1 2 6 0
3
x
x m x m
x m
=
+ =

=

th ( ) C ct ng thng y = 3 ti bn im phn bit
3 0 3
3 2 5
m m
m m
> >

Vi iu kin trn th ( ) C ct ng thng y = 3 ti bn im c honh l:
1 2 3 4
2; 2; 3; 3 x x x m x m = = = =
a)Nhn xt:
1,2
2 2 x = < .mu thun yu cu bi.
Vy khng c gi tr m no tha mn.
b) 4 im c honh tha mn:
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
10 + + + = x x x x
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
2
4
2 2 3 10 6 8 0
2 3
m
m m m
m loai do m
=
(
+ = + =

(
= >

Vy 4 m= l gi tr cn tm.
Bi 5. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
4 2
: 2 1 2 1
m
C y x m x m = + + + , vi m l tham s.
Xc nh gi tr ca m th hm s ct trc Ox sao cho c ba giao im c honh nh hn 3.
Gii:
4 2
2 1 2 1 0, 1 + + + = x m x m
t ( ) ( )
2 2
1
0 ( ) 2 1 2 1 0
2 1
=
= = + + + =

= +
t
t x t f t t m t m
t m

(C
m
) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh nh hn 3 th ta c hai kh nng xy ra:
Kh nng 1:
1
2 1 0 .
2
+ = = m m
Kh nng 2: 2 1 3 2 1 9 4 + > + > > m m m
Vy:
1
; 4
2
m m = > l cc gi tr tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi 6. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
: 4
m
C y x x m = + .
Xc nh m th ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit sao cho honh ca 4 im lp thnh mt
cp s cng.
Gii: Phng trnh honh giao im:
4 2
4 0 x x m + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 4 0 x t t f t t t m = = + =
w
w
w
.
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A
T
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.
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83
Cch 1: S nghim dng ca phng trnh ( ) bng s giao im ca y m = vi th ( )
2
4 f t t t = + trn
( ) 0; + .
Xt: ( ) ' 2 4 0 2 f t t t = + = = .

BBT:
t 0 2 +
( ) ' f t
0 +
( ) f t
C

0 4

T BBT ta suy ra c iu kin ca m l 0 4 m < <
Cch 2: th ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit khi phng trnh( ) c 2 nghim tha mn:
1 2
0 t t < < .
Theo Vi-t ta c: ( )
' 0 4 0
0 4 0 0 4
0 0
m
S m
P m
> >

> > < <

> >

Vi iu kin( ) th ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit c honh tng ng l:
2 1 1 2
; ; ; t t t t . 4 honh ny lp thnh mt cp s cng khi:
2 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 2 1
2
3 9
2
t t t
t t t t
t t t
+ =
= =
+ =

Theo Vi-t ta li c:
1 1 2 1 1
2
1 2 1 1 1
5 2 4 9 4
36
.9 25 9
t t t t t
m
t t m t t m t m
= + = + =
=

= = =

Vy vi
36
25
m = th th ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit vi honh lp thnh cp s cng.

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1: Tm m cc th hm s sau ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng:
a) y = x
4
+ 2mx
2
2m 1.
b) y = x
4
+ (2m + 1)x
2
3m.
c) y = x
4
(2m + 4)x
2
+ m
2
.
Bi 2: Cho hm s y = x
4
mx
2
+ m 1.
Xc nh m sao cho th hm s
a) ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit.
b) ct trc Ox ti 4 im phn bit c honh lp thnh cp s cng.
4
+ 2mx
2
2m + 1.
a) Tm m hm s c 3 cc tr.
b) Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit.
Bi 4: Cho hm s
4 2 2 4
2 2 . = + + y x m x m m
Chng minh th hm s cho lun ct trc Ox ti t nht hai im phn bit, vi mi m < 0.
w
w
w
.
V
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84
Bi 5: Cho hm s ( )
4 2
3 2. = + + + + y x m x m Tm m th ct Ox sao cho c 3 giao im c honh nh
hn 2.
4
(3m + 2)x
2
+ 3m.
Tm m ng thng y = 1 ct th hm s cho ti 4 im phn bit
a) u c honh nh hn 2.
b) u c honh ln hn 3.
c) c honh l x
1
; x
2
; x
3
; x
4
sao cho
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
12 + + + < x x x x
IV. S TNG GIAO CA HM PHN THC BC NHT
Xt s tng giao ca hm phn thc bc nht
( )
( )
:
:
+
=
= +
ax b
C y
cx d
d y mx n

Ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th : ( )
2
0 ( ) 0, 1
+
= + + + = =
+
ax b
mx n Ax Bx C g x
cx d

Trong g(x) = 0 l mt phng trnh bc hai.
S giao im ca hai th l s nghim
d
x
c
ca phng trnh (1).
DNG 1. TM IU KIN CA THAM S V S GIAO IM
Hai th khng ct nhau khi (1) v nghim hoc c nghim kp . =
d
x
c

iu xy ra khi
2
2
1 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
2
< <
= =
= = =

g
g
B AC
B AC
B d
x x
A c

Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi (1) c nghim kp
d
x
c
, hoc c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt
nghim l =
d
x
c
.
Ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l
2
2
2
0 4 0
2
2
0 4 0
0 0
g
g
B AC
B d
B d
A c
A c
B AC
d d d
g A B C
c c c
= =

> >

| | | | | |

= + + =
| | |

\ \ \

Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi (1) c 2 nghim phn bit v
d
x
c

Ta c iu kin trong trng hp ny l
2
2
0 4 0
0 0
g
B AC
d
d d
g A B C
c c c
> >

| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ \ \

V d 1: Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m ng thng (d): y = 2x + m ct th ( )
+
=
2
:
2 1
x
C y
x

a) ti mt im.
b) ti hai im phn bit.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin :
1
.
2
x
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
85
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 4 2 3 2 0 0, 1
2 1
x
x m x m x m g x
x
+
= + + = =

S giao im ca hai th l s nghim
1
2
x ca phng trnh (1).
a) Hai th ct nhau ti mt im khi (1) c nghim kp
1
2
x hoc c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt
nghim l
1
.
2
x =
(1) c nghim kp
1
2
x khi
( ) ( )
2
2
1 2
0 4 4 41 0 2 3 16 2 0
1 1
3 2 1
2 2 2
8 2
o
m m m m
vn
b
m
x x m
a
= + + = + + =

= =

(1) c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt nghim l
1
2
x = khi
( )
2
0
4 4 41 0,
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 0
2
2
o
m m x
vn
g
m m
> + + >

| |
=
+ =
|

\

b) Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v
1
.
2
x
iu xy ra khi khi
( )
2
0
4 4 41 0,
.
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 0
2
2
m m x
m R
g
m m
> + + >

| |
+
|

\

Vy vi mi gi tr ca m th hai th lun ct nhau ti hai im phn bit.
V d 2: Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m ng thng (d): y = x + 2m v th ( )
+
=
+
1
:
3
x
C y
x

a) khng ct nhau.
b) ct nhau ti hai im phn bit.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin : x 3.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
2 2 1 6 1 0 2 1 1 6 0 0, 1
3
x
x m x m x m x m x m g x
x
+
= + + + = + = =
+

S giao im ca hai th l s nghim x 3 ca phng trnh (1).
a) Hai th khng ct nhau khi (1) v nghim hoc c nghim kp x = 3.
Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 1 6 0
0
4 0 4 0
0
1 1 6 0
4 0. 0; 4
4 0
2 1
2 3 2
3
2
2
o
m m
m m m
m m
m m m
m m
vn
b
m
m x x m
a
+ <
<
+ < < <
=
+ =
< < = = + =

= = = = = =

Vy hai th khng ct nhau khi 4 < m < 0.
b) Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v 3. x
iu xy ra khi khi
( ) ( )
2
0
0 4 0 0
4
3 0 4 9 6 1 1 6 0
4 0
m
m m m
m
g m m m
>
> + > >
<

< + +

Vy hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi
0
.
4
m
m
>
<

BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1: Cho hai th hm s ( ) ( )
2
: 2 , : .
2 1
x
d y x m C y
x
+
= + =
a) hai th khng ct nhau.
w
w
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.
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.
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o
m
86
b) hai th ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit.
3 1
: ; : 2 .
4
x
C y d y x m
x
+
= = +
a) hai th khng ct nhau.
b) hai th ct nhau ti 2 im phn bit.
4 1
: ; : .
2
x
C y d y x m
x
= = +
Tm gi tr ca tham s m hai th hm s
ct nhau ti hai im phn bit.
DNG 2. TNH CHT GIAO IM CA HAI TH
Ta ch xt bi ton trong trng hp hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit M, N.
Gi s ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, ; , M x y N x y x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim phn bit ca phng trnh g(x) = 0.
Theo nh l Vi-t cho (1) ta c
1 2
1 2
B
x x
A
C
x x
A
+ =

Do M, N cng thuc (d) nn ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2
, ; ,
y mx n
M x mx n N x mx n
y mx n
= +
+ +
= +

Ch : gii cc bi ton lin quan n tnh cht giao im, bao gi trc tin ta cng i tm iu kin tn
ti cc hai giao im M, N. Gi s c iu kin (*).
Sau khi gii xong phn iu kin c lin quan n tnh cht giao im, ta phi kt hp vi iu kin (*) thu
c gi tr cui cng ca tham s m.
Ta xt mt s tnh cht cc giao im thng gp nht trong cc bi ton thi v hm bc nht.
Tnh cht 1: Hai im M, N c honh dng, m, tri du, cng ln hn , cng nh hn
+ Hai im phn bit c honh dng.
Khi ta c
1 2
2 1
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
B
S x x
A
x x
P x x C
A

>
= + >

> >

= >

>

+ Hai im phn bit c honh m.
Khi ta c
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
B
S x x
A
x x
P x x C
A

<
= + <

< <

= >

>

+ Hai im phn bit c honh tri du.
Khi ta c
1 2 1 2
0 0 0
C
x x P x x
A
< < = < <
+ Hai im phn bit c honh u ln hn .
Khi ta c
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
0 0
0
2 2
2
C B
x x x x
x x
A A
x x
B
x x B
A
A
| |
+ > + + >
|
>

\
> >

+ > >

>

+ Hai im phn bit c honh u nh hn .
Khi ta c
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0 0
0
2 2
2
C B
x x x x
x x
A A
x x
B
x x B
A
A
| |
+ > + + >
|
>

\
< <

+ < <

<

Tnh cht 2: Hai im M, N c MN = k, hoc MN ngn nht.
+ Hai im M, N tha mn MN = k, vi k > 0 cho trc.
w
w
w
.
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87
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
, ; , ; M x mx n N x mx n MN x x mx mx MN x x mx mx + + = = +

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 . 1 . 4 x x m x x m x x m x x m x x x x = + = + = + = + +
Thay cc gi tr
1 2
1 2
B
x x
A
C
x x
A
+ =
vo h thc trn ta c phng trnh xc nh gi tr ca tham s.

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 . 4 1 4 .
B C B C
m k m k m
A A A A
(
| | | |
+ = + = (
| |
\ \
(

i chiu gi tr tm c vi iu kin (*) ta c kt qu cui cng.
+ Hai im M, N tha mn MN
min

Tng t ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 1 1 2
1 . 4 1 . 4
B C
MN m x x x x m f m
A A
| |
= + + = + =
|
\

nh gi tam thc bc hai f(m) ta c gi tr ca m cho MN
min
.
Tnh cht 3: Hai im M, N c OM ON,
2 2
, OM ON k + = vi k > 0 cho trc v O l gc ta .
+ Hai im M, N tha mn OM ON, vi O l gc ta .
Ta c ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2
,
, ; , . 0
,
OM x mx n
M x mx n N x mx n OM ON OM ON
ON x mx n
= +
+ + =
= +

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, . , 0 0 1 0 x mx n x mx n x x mx n mx n m x x mn x x n + + = + + + = + + + + =
Gii phng trnh trn, kt hp vi nh l Vi-t ta c gi tr ca tham s m, i chiu vi (*) thu c
nghim.
+ Hai im M, N tha mn + =
2 2
. OM ON k
Ta c ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
,
, ; ,
,
OM x mx n OM x mx n
M x mx n N x mx n
ON x mx n
ON x mx n
= + = + +

+ +

= +
= + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
OM ON k x mx n x mx n k x x mx n mx n k + = + + + + + = + + + + + =
Gii phng trnh trn, kt hp vi nh l Vi-t ta c gi tr ca tham s m, i chiu vi (*) thu c
nghim.
Tnh cht 4: Hai im M, N nm cng mt nhnh, nm hai nhnh khc nhau ca th (C), nm i xng
nhau qua mt ng thng cho trc.
+ Hai im M, N nm v cng mt nhnh ca (C).
Khi ta c cc iu kin tng ng cho nhnh tri v nhnh phi :
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
2
0
2
d d
x x
c c
d d
x x x x
c c
d
d d
x x
x x
c
c c
d
x x
c
| || |
+ + >
| |
\ \

+ < < <

| || |
< <
+ + >
| |

\ \
+ >

+ Hai im M, N nm v hai pha ca (C).
Khi cc im M, N nm hai bn ca tim cn ng, ta c
( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
0 0
d d d d d
x x x x x x x x
c c c c c
| || |
< < + + < + + + <
| |
\ \

+ Hai im M, N nm i xng nhau qua ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 cho trc.
w
w
w
.
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88
M, N i xng nhau qua () khi
( )
( )
MN
I

, vi I l trung im ca MN.
Khai trin h thc trn ta c
ax 0
I I
MN u
by c
+ + =

Tnh cht 5: Qu tch trung im I ca MN.
Gi I(x
I
, y
I
) l trung im ca MN
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
I I I
I I I
x x x x x x
x x x
y y mx n mx n x x
y y y m n
+ + +
= = =

+ + + + +

= = = +

Ta kh tham s t mt trong hai biu thc s c phng trnh lin h ca x
I
v y
I
m khng ph thuc tham
s. Phng trnh chnh l qu tch ca im I.
Ch : Trong trng hp bi iu kin hai th ct nhau ti hai im M, N th da vo phng trnh ca x
I

theo tham s m ta c gii hn qu tch.
V d 1: Cho hm s
+
=
2 3
1
x
y
x
c th l (C) v ng thng d : y = x + 2m.
Tm gi tr ca m
a) hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit.
b) hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit c honh m.
c) hai th ct nhau ti hai im A, B. Tm qu tch trung im I ca AB.
d) hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B tha mn
OA OB, vi O l gc ta .
. = 3 AB
A, B i xng nhau qua ng thng : x y + 2 = 0.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin : x 1.
( ) ( )
2
2 3
2 ( ) 1 2 3 2 0, 1
1
x
x m g x x m x m
x
+
= + = + + + =

S giao im ca hai th l s nghim khc 1 ca phng trnh (1).
a) Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
Ta c iu kin
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3 2 5
0
4 12 11 0 1 2 4 3 2 0
2
*
1 0 5 0
1 1 2 3 2 0 3 2 5
2
g
m
m m m m
g
m m
m
+
>
> > + >

+ + +
<

b) Gi s honh cc giao im l x
1
v x
2
, khi x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim phn bit ca (1).
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
2 1
3 2
x x m
x x m
+ =
= +

Theo bi,
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
0 2 1 0
3
2
0 .
0 3 2 0 3 2
2
m
x x m
x x m
x x m
m
<
+ < <
< < <

< + <

<

Gi tr ny tha mn iu kin (*) nn l gi tr cn tim.
c) Vi gi tr m tha mn h thc (*) th hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit l A, B.
Gi s A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) l cc giao im
Do A, B cng thuc d nn ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2
2
, 2 ; , 2 .
2
y x m
A x x m B x x m
y x m
= +
+ +
= +

Trong , x
1
, x
2
l cc nghim ca phng trnh g(x) = 0. Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
2 1
, (**)
3 2
x x m
x x m
+ =
= +

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Gi I(x
I
, y
I
) l trung im ca AB, khi
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 2 1 2 1
2
2 2 2 2
I I
I I
x x m m
x x
y y x m x m m m
y m y
+
= = =

+ + + +

= = = =

2 2 1
( ') : 2 1.
2 2
1
2
I
I
I I
m x
I d y x
x
y x
= +
= +
+
= = +

Gii hn qu tch:
Do
3 2 5
2 1 3 2 5 1 5 2 3 2 5
2
3 2 5 2 3 2 5 2 1 3 2 5 1 5
2
I I
I I
m
x x m
m x x
m
+
>

+ > + > + > +
< + < <

<

Vy qu tich trung im I ca AB l ng thng
d: y = 2x + 1 b i phn 1 5;1 5 . x
(
+

(l phn ng thng c bi m trn hnh v)

d) Theo cu b ta c ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, 2 ; , 2 A x x m B x x m + +

( )( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
. 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 4 0 OA OB OAOB x x y y x x x m x m x x m x x m = + = + + + = + + =

( ) ( )
2
2 3 2 2 2 1 4 0 6 6 0 1. m m m m m m + + = + = =
Gi tr trn ca m tha mn iu kin (*). Vy vi m = 1 th hai th ct nhau ti A, B tha mn OA OB.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
3 3 3 3 2 3 AB AB x x y y x x x x x x = = + = + = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 2
12 2 86
2 4 3 2 2 1 4 3 2 3 8 24 25 0
8
x x x x m m m m m

( (
+ = + = = =

C hai gi tr m trn u tha mn (*) v l gi tr cn tm ca m.
A, B i xng nhau qua () khi
( ) . 0, (1)
( )
x 2 0, (2)
I I
AB AB u
I
y

+ =

, vi I l trung im ca AB.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2
, 2 ; , 2 ;
1;1
A x x m B x x m AB x x x x
u
+ + =

Khi (1) x
2
x
1
+ x
1
x
2
= 0, ng thc lun ng vi mi m.
Do I l trung im ca AB nn
1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1
; ;
2 2 2 2
x x x x m m
I m
+ + + | | | |

| |
\ \

Khi
2 1 2 1
(2) 2 0,
2 2
m m +
+ = phng trnh trn v nghim.
Vy khng c gi tr no ca m A, B i xng nhau qua ng thng () : x y + 2 = 0
V d 2 : Cho hm s ( ) :

=
+
1
2
x
C y
x
v ng thng d : y = 2x + m.
Tm gi tr ca m hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B. Khi
a) tm qu tch trung im I ca AB.
b) hai im A, B thuc hai nhnh ca (C).
c) . = 2 2 AB
d) . + =
2 2
20 OA OB
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e) . + = 2 8
A B A B
x x y y
f) ( ) ( )
+
A B
y x y x t gi tr nh nht.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 2.
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca hai th ( ) ( )
2
1
2 ( ) 2 3 2 1 0, 1
2
x
x m g x x m x m
x
= + = + + + + =
+

Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 2.
iu xy ra khi
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
5 21
0
3 8 2 1 0 10 1 0
2
*
2 0 3 0
8 2 3 2 1 0 5 21
2
g
m
m m m m
g
m m
m
+
>
> + + > + >

+ + +

<

Gi s A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) l cc giao im. Ta c ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2
2
, , 2 ; , 2 .
2
y x m
A B d A x x m B x x m
y x m
= +
+ +
= +

Trong , x
1
, x
2
l cc nghim ca phng trnh g(x) = 0. Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
3
2
2 1
2
m
x x
m
x x

+ =

a) Gi I(x
I
, y
I
) l trung im ca AB
1 2
1 2 1 2
3 3
2 4 4
2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2
I I
I I
x x m m
x x
y y x m x m m m
y m y
+
= = =

+ + + +

= + = = =

4 3
( ') : 2 3.
4 3 3
2 3
2
I
I
I I
m x
I d y x
x
y x
=
=

= =

Gii hn qu tch:
Do
11 21 5 21 5 21
4 3
8 11 21
8 2 2
5 21 5 21 8 11 21 11 21
4 3
2 2 8
I I
I
I
I I
x m x
x
x
m x x

+ + +
> > >

<

> +
< < <

Vy qu tich trung im I ca AB l ng thng d: y = 2x 3 b i phn
11 21 11 21
; .
8 8
x
(
+
(

b) Hai im A, B hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C) khi chng nm v hai bn ca ng tim cn ng.
Khi ta c ( )( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 3
2 2 2 0 2 4 0 2. 4 0
2 2
m m
x x x x x x x x
+ | |
< < + + < + + + < + + <
|
\

1 1
3 4 0 0
2 2
m m + + < < v l.
Vy khng tn ti gi tr ca m th ct d ti hai im nm v hai nhnh khc nhau.
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 8 8 2 2 8 5 8 AB AB x x y y x x x x x x = = + = + = =
( )
2
2
2
2 1 1 2
3 2 1 6 9 16 8
5 4 8 5 4. 8 5 8
2 2 4
m m m m m
x x x x
(
| | + + + | |
(
+ = = =
(
| |

\
( \

2
2 190
5
5
5 50 27 0
2 190
5
5
m
m m
m
= +

d) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
20 20 2 2 20 OA OB x y x y x x x m x m + = + + + = + + + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
5 4 2 20 5 20 4 2 20 x x m x x m x x x x m x x m + + + + = + + + + =
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2
2 2
3 2 1 3 37 4 109
5 20. 4 2 20 5 74 75 0
2 2 2 5
m m m
m m m m m
+ | |
+ + = = =
|
\

e) ( )( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 8 2 2 2 8 9 4 2 8
A B A B
x x y y x x x m x m x x m x x m + = + + + = + + + =
2
2 1 3 7
9. 4 . 2 8 6 7 0 .
2 2 6
m m
m m m m
+
+ + = = =
f) Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
A B
y y x y x
x x x
= + = +
+ + +

t
( )
1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
3 5
4 4
2
2 2
2 2 1 3
2 4 3 4
2 2
m m
t t x x
t x
t x m
t t x x x x m

+ = + + = + =
= +

= + +

= + + + = + =

Khi ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
5
3
2 5 12
3 3 10 13 2
3 3 4
9
3 3
4
A B
m
t t t t m
m m
y x y x
t t
t t
| |

|
+
+
\
+ = + = = = =
Vy ( ) ( )
A B
y x y x + t gi tr nh nht bng 4 khi m = 5.
V d 3: Cho hm s ( ) :
+
=
+
2 1
2
x
C y
x
v ng thng d : y = x + m.
Tm gi tr ca m hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B v di AB t gi tr nh nht.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 2.
Phng trnh honh giao im ( )
2
2 1
( ) (4 ) 1 2 0, 1
2
+
= + = + + =
+
x
x m f x x m x m
x

Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit khc 2.
iu tng ng vi
2
0
1 0
( 2) 0
3 0
> + >

m
f
vi mi m th hai th lun ct nhau ti A, B.
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; + + A x x m B x x m l cc giao im, vi
1 2
1 2
4
1 2
+ =
x x m
x x m

Khi
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2( ) 2 ( ) 4 2 ( 4) 4(1 2 ) = + = = + = = AB x x y y x x x x x x m m
2
min
2 ( 12) 2. 12 2 6 2 6 0. = + = = = m AB AB m
V d 4: Cho hm s ( ) :

=
+
3
1
C
x
y
x
v ng thng d i qua I( 1 ; 1) c h s gc k. Tm k d ct (C) ti
hai im A, B sao cho I l trung im ca AB.
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 2.
ng thng d c phng trnh d: y = k(x +1) + 1
Phng trnh honh giao im
2
3 4
( 1) 1 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 4 0
1 1
= + + = + + + + =
+ +
x
k x k x k x
x x

( )
2
( ) 2 4 0, 1 = + + + = g x kx kx k
d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
Ta c iu kin tng ng
0
4 0 0
( 1) 4 0

= > <
k
k k
g

Mt khc 2 2 + = =
A B I
x x x I l trung im AB vi mi k < 0.
Vy phng trnh ng thng cn tm l y = kx + k + 1 vi k < 0.
V d 5: Cho hm s ( ) :
+
=
2 4
1
x
C y
x
v ng thng d i qua A(1 ; 1) c h s gc k. Tm k d ct (C) ti
hai im M, N sao cho = 3 10. MN
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Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 1.
ng thng d c phng trnh d: y = k(x 1) + 1
2
2 4
( 1) 1 ( ) (2 3) 3 0, 1
1
+
= + = + + =
x
k x g x kx k x k
x

d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit M, N khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc 1.
Tc l
2
0
0
0
0
0 4 12 9 4 ( 3) 0
3
24 9 0
(1) 0 (1) 6 0 8

> + + >

+ > <

k
k
k
k
k k k k
k k
g g

Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 1 , ; 1 + + M x kx k N x kx k l cc giao im, vi
1 2
1 2
2 3
3

+ =
k
x x
k
k
x x
k

Khi
( )( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 1 1 ( ) 4 = + = + = + + AB x x y y k x x k x x x x
2
2 3 2 2
2 3 3
1 4 3 10 8 27 8 3 0 ( 3)(8 3 1) 0
+ | | | |
+ = + + = + + =
| |
\ \
k k
k k k k k k k
k k

3 41 3 41
3; ; .
16 16
+
= = = k k k
Vy c 3 gi tr k tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 6: Cho hm s ( ) :

=
+
2 2
1
x
C y
x

Tm m dng thng d : y = 2x + m ct th ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho = 5. AB
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 1.
2
2 2
2 ( ) 2 2 0, 1
1
= + = + + + =
+
x
x m g x x mx m
x

Tc l ( )
2
0 4 4 2 8 16 0
*
( 1) 0 ( 1) 4 0
4 4 2
> > + >

=
<

m m m
g g
m

Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
;2 , ;2 + + A x x m B x x m l cc giao im, vi
1 2
1 2
2
3
2
+ =
m
x x
m
x x

Khi ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 5 5 ( ) 4 5 = + = = + = AB x x y y x x x x x x
2 2
1 2 1 2
10
( ) 4x 1 8 20 0
2
=
+ = =
m
x x x m m
m

i chiu vi iu kin ta c m = 10; m = 2 l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 7: Cho hm s ( ) :

=
+
1 x
C y
x m

Tm m dng thng d : y = x + 2 ct th ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho = 2 2. AB
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x m.
2
1
2 ( ) ( 1) 2 1 0, 1
= + = + + + + =
+
x
x g x x m x m
x m

d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit v khc m.
Ta c iu kin ( )
2
3 2 3
0 6 3 0
*
3 2 3
( ) 0 1
1

> +
> >

<
m
m m
m
g m m
m

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Khi gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1), ta c
1 2
1 2
( 1)
2 1
+ = +
= +
x x m
x x m

Cc giao im ca d v th hm s (C) l
1 1 2 2
( ; 2), ( ; 2) + + A x x B x x .
Suy ra ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 4 2 6 3
(
= = + =

AB x x x x x x m m
Theo gi thit ta c
2 2
1
2( 6 3) 8 6 7 0
7
=
= =
m
m m m m
m

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c m = 7 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 8: Cho hm s ( ) :

=
2 1
1
x
C y
x

Tm m dng thng d : y = x + m ct th ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho OAB vung ti O, vi
O l gc ta .
Hng dn gii :
iu kin: x 1.
2
2 1
( ) ( 3) 1 0, 1
1
= + = + + =
x
x m g x x m x m
x

Ta c iu kin
2
0 2 5 0
(1) 0 1 0
> = + >

m m
m R
g
th hai th lun ct nhau ti A, B.
Khi gi x
1
; x
2
l cc nghim ca (1), ta c
1 2
1 2
3
1
+ =
x x m
x x m

Cc giao im ca d v th hm s (C) l
1 1 2 2
( ; 2), ( ; 2) + + A x x B x x .
Suy ra ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 4 2 6 3
(
= = + =

AB x x x x x x m m
Khi : ( ) ( ) ; , ; + +
A A B B
A x x m B x x m l cc giao im.
OAB vung ti O th ( )( ) ( )
2
. 0 0 2 0 2 = + + + = + + + = =
A B A B A B A B
OAOB x x x m x m x x m x x m m

V d 9: Cho hm s
2 1
( )
1
x
y f x
x
+
= =
. Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho ng thng (d): y x m = + ct (C) ti

2 im phn bit M, N sao cho din tch tam gic IMN bng 4 (vi I l tm i xng ca (C)).
Hng dn gii :
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d l:

2
1
2 1
1 ( ) ( 3) 1 0
x
x
x m
x g x x m x m

+
= +

= + =

d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit M,N ( ) 0 g x = c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1

2
( )
0
2 13 0
3 0 (1) 0
g x
m m
m R
g
> + >

Khi gi
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) M x x m N x x m + + . Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
3
1
x x m
x x m
+ =

Ta c: (1; 2) I , ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 MN x x x x x x x x
(
= + = +

( )
2
2 2 13 MN m m = +
Mt khc:
( )
2
1
1 1
( , ). ( ; ). . 2 2 13 4
2 2 2 2
IMN
m
S d I MN MN d I d MN m m
+
= = = + =
2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) 12 64 ( 1) 4 3, 1 m m m m m ( + = = = =

Vy m = 3; m = 1 l gi tr cn tm
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V d 10: Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
c th l (C). Tm cc gi tr m ng thng : 3 y x m = + ct (C) ti

A v B sao cho trng tm ca tam gic OAB thuc ng thng : 2 2 0 d x y = (vi O l gc ta ).
Hng dn gii :
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v l:

2
1
2 1
3
1 ( ) 3 ( 1) 1 0
x
x
x m
x g x x m x m

+
= +

= + + =

ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A,B ( ) 0 g x = c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1

2
( )
0
10 13 0
(1)
3 0 (1) 0
g x
m m
g
> >

Khi gi
1 1 2 2
( ; 3 ), ( ; 3 ) A x x m B x x m + + . Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
1
3
1
3
m
x x
m
x x
+
+ =

Gi G l trng tm tam gic OAB ta c:
1
3 9
2 1 1
3 3 3
O A B
G
G A B
G
x x x m
x
y y y m m m
y
+ + +
= =
+ +
= = =

Mt khc G thuc d nn ta c:
1 2 2 11
2 0 ( )
9 3 5
m m
m tm
+
= =
Vy
11
5
m = l gi tr cn tm
V d 11: Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
c th l (C) v im ( 2; 5) A . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) ct (C)

ti 2 im phn bit B, C sao cho tam gic ABC u.
Hng dn gii :
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
c
: 1
: 2
TCD x
TCN y
=
do ng thng : 3 y x = + l phn gic ca 2 tim cn

D thy A l trc i xng ca (C) nn ng thng (d) cn tm phi vung gc vi nn (d): y x m = + .
Gi
3 3
( ) ( ) ;
2 2
m m
I d I
+ | |
=
|
\


2
1
2 1
1 ( ) ( 3) 1 0
x
x
x m
x g x x m x m

+
= +

= + =

d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A,B ( ) 0 g x = c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1

2
( )
0
2 13 0
3 0 (1) 0
g x
m m
m R
g
> + >

Khi gi
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) B x x m C x x m + + . Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
3
1
x x m
x x m
+ =

w
w
w
.
V
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A
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H
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c
o
m
95
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 BC x x x x x x x x
(
= + = +

( )
2 2
2 2 13 BC m m = +
Do tam gic ABC u nn ta c:
2
2
3 4
2 3
BC AI
AI BC = =
2 2
1 ( ) : 1
3( 2 13) (7 )
5 ( ) : 5
m d y x
m m m
m d y x
= = +
+ =

= =

V d 12: Gi (d) l ng thng i qua (1; 0) A v c h s gc k. Tm k (d) ct th
2
1
x
y
x
+
=
ti 2 im
phn bit B, C thuc 2 nhnh khc nhau ca th v AB = 2AC.
Hng dn gii :
Gi (d) :
qua (1; 0)
( ) : ( 1)
k
A
d y k x
hsg


2
1
2
( 1)
1 ( ) (2 1) 2 0
x
x
k x
x g x kx k x k

+
=

= + + =

d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit B,C thuc 2 nhnh khc nhau ca th ( ) 0 g x = c 2 nghim phn bit
1 2
; x x tha mn
1 2
1 x x < <

( )
1 2
0
0
0
12 1 0 0
(1) 0
2 2 1
1 0
( 1)( 1) 0
g x
k
k
k k
g
k k
x x
k k
>

+ > >

+
+ <
<

Khi gi
1 1 2 2
( ; ( 1), ( ; ( 1)) B x k x C x k x . Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
2 1
2
k
x x
k
k
x x
k
+
+ =
(1)
Ta c im A lun nm trong on BC v AB=2AC do :
1 2
2 2 0 AB AC x x = + =

(2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c: ( )
2
3
k tm = l gi tr cn tm
V d 13: Cho hm s ( )
2
1
x m
y C
mx
=
+
. Chng minh rng vi mi 0 m th hm s (C) ct (d) :
2 2 y x m = ti 2 im phn bit A,B . ng thng (d) ct cc trc Ox, Oy ln lt ti M,N . Tm m
3
OAB OMN
S S =
Hng dn gii :
2
1
2
2 2
1
( ) 2 2 1 0
x
x m
x m m
mx
g x x mx

=

+
= =

w
w
w
.
V
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m
96
d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A,B ( ) 0 g x = c 2 nghim phn bit khc
1
m
( )
' 0
0(1)
1
0
>

| |
|
\
g x
m
g
m

Vy vi mi 0 m th hm s (C) ct (d) ti
1 1 2 2
( ; 2 2 ), ( ; 2 2 ) A x x m B x x m phn bit.
Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
1
2
x x m
x x
+ =

Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 5 5 4 AB x x x x x x x x x x
(
= + = = +

2
5 10 AB m = +
V M,N l giao im ca d vi Ox,Oy nn ( ; 0), (0; 2 ) M m N m
Theo gi thit bi ton ta c:
2 2
1 3 1
3 ( ; ). ( ; ). 3 5 10 45
2 2 2
OAB OMN
S S d O AB AB d O MN MN AB MN m m m = = = + = =
Vy
1
2
m = l gi tr cn tm
V d 14: Cho hs
2 1
1
x
y
x
. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua gc ta O v ct (C) ti hai im phn

bit A, B sao cho O l trung im ca AB
Gii:
Nu ng thng cn tm c PT: 0 : x L d y kx = =
Honh giao im ca d v ( )
2 1
1
x
y C
x

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
1 2 1 0 *
1
x
kx x kx k x
x
= + + =

( ) d C ti hai im phn bit ; A B th ( ) * phi c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1.
Hay ( )
( )
2
0
2 1 0 0
2 4 0
+ +
= + >
k
k k k
k k

Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x kx B x kx (Vi
1 2
; x x l nghim ca ( ) * )
O l trung im ca AB th ( ) ( )
1 2
2
0 0 2
k
x x vite k TM
k
+
+ = = =
Vy : 2 d y x =
V d 15: Cho hm s
1
x
y
x
=
. Tm m ng thng y x m = + ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A v

B sao cho tam gic OAB c bn knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 2 2 .
Gii:
Honh giao im ca : d y x m = + v ( ) :
1
x
C y
x
=

( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
1 1 0 *
1
x
x m x x x m x x mx m
x
+ = = + + =

ng thng d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A v B th ( ) * c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1.
Hay
2
1 0 0
4 4 0
m m m
m m m
+ <

> = >

w
w
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c
o
m
97
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x x m B x x m + + (Vi
1 2
Theo Vite ta c:
1 2 1 2
x x x x m = + =
Li c: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 1 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
= = + + =

OAB
S OA OB x x m x x m m x x
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 = + + + = AB x x x m x m x x
( )
1 2
1 2
. . 2
. . 1
. 4
4 2 4.2 2
= = = =
OAB
OAOB x x
OAOB AB
S m x x OAOB m
R

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
.
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4
( (
= + + + + = + + + + + + + (

( (
= + + + = + + + + = +

OAOB x x m x x m x x x x mx x x mx x m x m
m m x x m m m x x x x x x m m m

T ta c: ( )
6
2 4
2
m
m TM
m
=
=

=

Vy 6; 2 m m = = l gi tr cn tm.
V d 16: Cho hm s
1
=
x
y
x
c th (C). Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng = + y x m ct th
(C) ti hai im phn bit A v B sao cho gc gia hai ng thng OA v OB bng
0
60 (vi O l gc ta ).
Gii:
Honh giao im ca : d y x m = + v ( ) :
1
x
C y
x
=

( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
1 1 0 *
1
x
x m x x x m x x mx m
x
+ = = + + =

Hay
2
1 0 0
4 4 0
m m m
m m m
+ <

> = >

Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x x m B x x m + + (Vi
1 2
Theo Vite ta c:
1 2 1 2
x x x x m = + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
2 2
2 2
1 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
.
1 1 2 2 2 2
4 4 2
( (
= + + + +

= + + + + + + + (

( (
= + + + = + + + +

= + =
OAOB x x m x x m
x x x x mx x x mx x m x m
m m x x m m m x x x x x x
m m m m m

( )
( )( )
( )
1 2 1 2
.
2 1
os ;
. 2 2 2
+ + +
= = = =

OAOB
x x x m x m
c OA OB
OAOB m m m
( )
6
2 4
2
=
=

=
m
m TM
m

Vy 6; 2 m m = = l gi tr cn tm.
V d 17: Cho hm s
2 3
2
x
y
x
+
=
c th (C). Xc nh m ng thng : d y x m = + ct th (C) ti hai

im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng 2 3 (vi O l gc ta ).
Gii:
Honh giao im ca d v ( ) C l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3
2 2 3 2 4 2 3 0 *
2
x
x m x x x m x x m x m
x
+
= + + = + + =

w
w
w
.
V
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A
T
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c
o
m
98
Hay
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 2 2 3 0
3 0
28 0
4 4 2 3 0
m m
m
m m
+

+ >
+ + >

(Lun ng)
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x x m B x x m + + (Vi
1 2
Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1
4
2 2 2
OAB
S x x m x x m m x x m x x x x = + + = = +
Theo Vite ta c: ( ) ( )
2 1 2 2
1 2
4
1 1
4 4 2 3 28 2 3
2 3 2 2
+ =
= + + = + =
OAB
x x m
S m m m m m
x x m

( )
2 61 7 = m
V d 18: Cho hm s
3 2
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
c th (C). Tm m ng thng : 1 d y x m = + + ct (C) ti hai im
phn bit A, B sao cho gc
AOB t.
Gii:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2
1 2 3 2 2 1 4 2 0 *
2
x
x m x x x x m x m x m
x
+
= + + + = + + + + =
+

ng thng d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A v B th ( ) * c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2 .
Hay
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3 8 0
2 2 3 2 0
m m
m m
= + >
(Lun ng)
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 1 ; ; 1 A x x m B x x m + + + + (Vi
1 2
Theo Vite ta c:
1 2
1 2
4
2
x x m
x x m
+ =
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
cos 0 1 1 0
1 . 1
+ + + + +
= + + + + +
+ + + + + +
x x x m x m
AOB x x x m x m
x x m x x m

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1 0 4 1 4 1 0 5 x x m x x m m m m m m + + + + + + +
V d 19: Cho hm s
1
2
x
y
x
+
=
. Gi (d) l ng thng qua M(2; 0) c h s gc k. Tm k (d) ct (C) ti hai

im phn bit A, B sao cho 2 . MA MB =

Gii:
Ta c: ( ) : 2 d y k x =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 2 1 2 ( ) 4 1 4 1 0 *
2
+
= + = = + + =
x
k x x x k x g x kx k x k
x

Hay ( ) ( )
( )
2
0
0
4 1 4 4 1 0
1
8
4 2 4 1 4 1 0

= + >

>

+ +
k
k
k k k
k
k k k

Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 2 ; ; 2 A x k x B x k x (Vi
1 2
w
w
w
.
V
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c
o
m
99
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
2; 2 ; 2; 2 MA x k x MB x k x = =

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2
2 . 2 2 2 0 2 6 1 MA MB x x dok x x = = + =

Theo Vite ta c:
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
4 1
2
4 1
3
+
+ =
k
x x
k
k
x x
k

T ( ) 1 v ( )
1
2
2 2
2
2 1
+
=
k
x
k
k
x
k
Thay vo ( ) 3 ta c:
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 4 1 2
2 2 2 1 4 1
3
+ | || |
= + = =
| |
\ \
k k k
k k k k k
k k k

BI TP LUYN TP:
Bi 1. Cho hm s
1
1
+
=
x
y
x
, c th (C).
a) Cho ng thng (d): y = 2x + m. Gi s (d) ct (C) ti hai im M v N. Tm tp hp trung im I ca MN.
b) Tm m ng thng (d): y = x + m ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B tha mn:
OA OB, vi O l gc ta .
2, = AB vi O l gc ta .
AB ngn nht, tnh gi tr AB
min
Bi 2. Cho hm s
1
.
2 4
x
y
x

a) Chng minh rng ng thng (d): y = x + m lun ct (C) ti hai im M, N.
b) Gi P, Q l giao im ca (d) vi hai tim cn. Chng minh rng MP = NQ.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
1
2
+
=
x
y
x
, c th l (C).
a) CMR ng thng (d): y = 2x + m lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A v B. Tm m 2 tip tuyn ti A, B
song song nhau.
b) Gi I l giao im hai tim cn. Tm M trn (C) di IM l ngn nht.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
2 1
.
1
+
=
+
x
y
x

Chng minh rng ng thng (d): y = x + m lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A v B. Tm m
a) OA OB, vi O l gc ta .
b) 3, = AB vi O l gc ta .
c) AB ngn nht, tnh gi tr AB
min
d) tam gic OAB cn, vi O l gc ta .
Bi 5. Cho hm s
3
2
+
=
+
x
y
x
, c th l (C).
Chng minh rng ng thng
1
:
2
d y x m = lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B. Xc nh m sao cho
di on AB l nh nht.
Bi 6. Cho hm s
2 4
1
+
=
+
x
y
x
, c th l (C). Chng minh rng ng thng d: y = 2x + m lun ct (C) ti hai
im phn bit A, B. Xc nh m sao cho di on AB l ngn nht.
Bi 7. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
, c th l (C). Chng minh rng ng thng d: y = x + m lun ct (C) ti hai
/s: m = 2.
Bi 8. Cho hm s
1
2
=
x
y
x
, c th l (C). Chng minh rng ng thng d: y = x + m lun ct (C) ti hai
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
100
/s: =
1
.
2
m

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
101

I. KHONG CCH T MT IM TRN TH TI HAI TRC TA , HAI TIM CN
Cho hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) : , ; ;
o
o o o
o
ax b ax b
C y M x y C M x
cx d cx d
| | + +
=
|
+ +
\

Khong cch t M n trc Ox l
1
+
= =
+
o
o
o
ax b
d y
cx d

Khong cch t M n trc Oy l
2
=
o
d x
Khong cch t M n tim cn ng
d
x
c
= l
3
= +
o
d
d x
c

Khong cch t M n tim cn ngang
a
y
c
= l
4
=
o
a
d y
c

Khong cch t M n ng thng
5
2 2
: 0
+ +
+ + = =
+
o o
Ax By C
d Ax By C d
A B

Khong cch gia hai im ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
; , ;
A A B B A B A B
A x y B x y AB x x y y = +
V d 1: Cho hm s( )

=
+
2
: .
1
x
C y
x

Tm im M thuc th hm s sao cho
a) khong cch t M n Oy bng ba ln khong cch t M n Ox.
b) khong cch t M n tim cn ng bng hai ln khong cch t M n tim cn ngang.
Hng dn gii:
Gi ( ) ( )
2 2
; : ;
1 1
o
o o o
o
x x
M x y C y M x
x x
| |
=
|
+ +
\

a) Khong cch t M n cc trc ta ln ln lt l
1 2
; . = =
o o
d x d y
Theo bi ta c
2
1 2
2
3 6
2 6 0 1
2
3 3 3
3 6 1
4 6 0 2 10
1

=

+ = +
= = =
+
+ = =
o
o
o o o o
o
o o o
o o
o o o
o
o
x
x
x x vn x
x
d d x y x
x x
x x x
x
x

Vy c hai im M vi honh l 2 10
o
x = tha mn yu cu bi ton.
b) th hm s c tim cn ng l x = 1 v tim cn ngang l y = 1.
Khong cch t M n tim cn ng l
1
1. = +
o
d x
2
2 3
1 1
1 1
= = =
+ +
o
o
o o
x
d y
x x

Theo bi ta c
1 2
6
2 1 1 6 1 6
1
= + = + = =
+
o o o
o
d d x x x
x

o
V d 2: Cho hm s( )
+
=
2 1
: .
3
x
C y
x

Tm im M thuc th hm s sao cho khong cch t M n im I ngn nht, vi I l giao im ca
hai ng tim cn.
Hng dn gii:
Gi ( ) ( )
2 1 7 7
; : 2 ; 2
3 3 3
o o o
o
x
M x y C y M x
x x x
| | +
= = + +
|

\

th c tim cn ng l x = 3 v tim cn ngang l y = 2 nn giao im ca hai tim cn l I(3 ; 2).
Bi 4:
KHONG CCH TRONG HM S

w
w
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.
V
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o
m
102
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
7 49
3 2 3 3
3
3
M I M I o o o o
o
o
MI x x y y x y x x
x
x
| |
= + = + = + = +
|
\

p dng bt ng thc C-si ta c ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
49 49
3 2 3 . 14 14
3 3
o o
o o
x x MI
x x
+ =

Vy ( )
( )
( )
2 2
min
2
49
14 3 3 7 3 7 3 7
3
o o o o
o
MI x x x x
x
= + = + = + = =
+

o
V d 3. Tm M thuc th hm s
+
=
+
2 3
1
x
y
x
sao cho
a) khong cch t M n tim cn ng bng hai ln khong cch t M n tim cn ngang.
b) khong cch t M n tim cn ng bng ba ln khong cch t M n trc Oy.
c) tng khong cch t M n cc tim cn nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l im thuc th
0
0
0
2 3
; .
1
x
M x
x
| | +
|
+
\

th c tim cn ng l x + 1 = 0 v tim cn ngang l y 2 = 0
Khong cch t M n tim cn ng l d
1
= |x
0
+ 1|
Khong cch t M n tim cn ngang l d
2
= |y
0
2|
Theo bi ta c
0 0
1 2 0 0
0 0
3
2 1 2
1
y x
d d x y
y x
= +
= + =

= +

Vi
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 3
2 3
3 3 2 0
2 1 1
x y
x
y x x x x
x y x
= = +
= + = + + =

= = +

Vi
2 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
2 3
1 1 2 2 0,
1
x
y x x x x
x
+
= + = + + + =
+
phng trnh v nghim.
Vy trn th c hai im M tha mn bi l M(0; 3) v M(2; 1).
b) Khong cch t M n tim cn ng l d
1
= |x
0
+ 1|
Khong cch t M n trc Oy l d
2
= |x
0
|
Theo bi ta c
0 0
1 2 0 0
0 0
1 8
2 3
3 1 3
1 10
4 3
x y
d d x x
x y
= =
= + =
= =

Vy trn th c hai im M tha mn l
1 8 1 10
; , ; .
2 3 4 3
M M
| | | |
| |
\ \

c) Ta c
2 3 2 2 1 1
2
1 1 1
x x
y
x x x
+ + +
= = = +
+ + +

Gi M(x
0
; y
0
) l im thuc th
0
0
1
; 2 .
1
M x
x
| |
+
|
+
\

Khong cch t M n tim cn ng l h
1
= |x
0
+ 1|
Khong cch t M n tim cn ngang l
2 0
0
1
2
1
h y
x
= =
+

Tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l
o-s
1 2 0 0
0 0
1 1
1 2 1. 2 2
1 1
BDT C i
d h h x x d
x x
= + = + + + =
+ +

Du bng t c khi ( )
2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0 0
7
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 3
1
1 1 2 1
x x y
x x
x
x x y
+ = = =
+ = + =
+
+ = = =

Vy trn th c hai im M tha mn yu cu l ( )
7
0; , 2;1 .
3
M M
| |

|
\

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
103
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s ( )
2 1
: .
1
x
C y
x
+
=

Tm im M trn (C) sao cho
a) khong cch t M n tim cn ng bng hai ln khong cch t M n trc Ox.
b) khong cach t M n hai tim cng bng nhau.
c) khong cch MI ngn nht, vi I l giao ca hai tim cn.
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
1
: .
2 3
x
C y
x
+
=
+

a) tip tuyn ti M vung gc vi ng thng IM, vi I l giao im ca hai tim cn
b) khong cach t M n hai tim cng bng nhau.
II. TNG KHONG CCH N HAI TIM CN
Gi s c th hm s
( )
,
( )
f x
y
g x
= trong f(x) v g(x) l cc hm bc nht.
im M thuc th nn
( )
; .
( )
f a
M a
g a
| |
|
\

th c tim cn ng l x = hay x = 0 v c tim cn ngang l y = hay y = 0.
Khong cch t M n cc tim cn ln lt l
1
1 2
( )

( )
d a
k
d d d a k
f a
a d
g a a
=
= + = +
= =

Theo bt ng thc C-si ta c 2 . 2

k k
d a a k
a a
= + =

min
2
k
d k a a k a k M
a
= = = =

V d 1: Cho hm s ( ) =
+
, .
2
x
y C
x
Tm im M thuc th sao cho
a) M c ta l s nguyn.
b) tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
a) Ta c
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
x x
y
x x x
+
= = =
+ + +

Gi M(x; y) thuc th, M c ta l s nguyn th ( )
2 1
2 2
2 2
x
x
x
+ =
+

+ =

( ) 2 1 1 1 1; 1 x x y M + = = =
( ) 2 1 3 3 3;3 x x y M + = = =
( ) 2 2 0 0 0;0 x x y M + = = =
( ) 2 2 4 2 4; 2 x x y M + = = =
Vy trn th hm s c 4 im M c ta l nhng s nguyn.
b) Gi s ( ) ;
2
a
M a C
a
| |
|
+
\
l im cn tm.
th c tim cn ng x + 2 = 0 v tim cn ngang y 1 = 0.
1
2 d a = + , khong cch n tim cn ngang l
2
2
1
2 2
a
d
a a
= =
+ +

Khi , tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l
1 2
2 2
2 2 2 . 2 2
2 2
d d d a a
a a
= + = + + + =
+ +

w
w
w
.
V
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A
T
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.
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o
m
104
Vy
min
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
d a a a
a
= + = + = =
+

T ta c hai im M tha mn l
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2; , 2 2; .
2 2
| | | |
+ +
+
| |
| |
\ \
M M
V d 2: Cho hm s ( )
+
=
2 1
, .
3
x
y C
x
Tm im M thuc th sao cho
a) tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l nh nht.
b) tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn bng 8.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
2 1 2( 3) 7 7
2 .
3 3 3
+ +
= = = +

x x
y
x x x
Gi s ( )
7
; 2
3
| |
+
|
\
M a C
a
l im cn tm.
th c tim cn ng x 3 = 0 v tim cn ngang y 2 = 0.
1
3 = d a , khong cch n tim cn ngang l
2
7 7
3 3
= =

d
a a

a) Tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l
1 2
7 7
3 2 3 . 2 7
3 3
= + = + =

d d d a a
a a

Vy
min
7
2 7 3 3 7 3 7
3
= = = =
d a a a
a

T ta c hai im M tha mn yu cu bi ton.
b) Theo bi ta c ( )
2
1 2
4
3 1
2
7
3 8 3 8 3 7 0
10 3 3 7
4
=
=
=
= + = + = + =
= =
a
a
a
d d d a a a
a a a
a

Tng ng trn th c 4 im M tha mn l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
4;9 , 2; 5 , 10;3 , 4;1 . M M M M
V d 3: Cho hm s ( )
+
=
2
, .
1
x m
y C
x
Gi M l mt im thuc th hm s.
Tm m tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn t gi tr nh nht bng 10.
Hng dn gii:
b) Gi s ( )
2
;
1
a m
M a C
a
+ | |
\
l im cn tm.
th hm s c tim cn ng x 1 = 0 v tim cn ngang l y 2 = 0.
1
1 d a = v khong cch n tim cn ngang l
2
2 2
2
1 1
a m m
d
a a
+ +
= =

Khi , tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l
1 2
2 2
1 2 1. 2 2
1 1
m m
d d d a a m
a a
+ +
= + = + = +

min
23
2 2 10 2 25
27
m
d m m
m
=
= + = + =

=

Vi m = 23 ta c iu kin cho d
min
:
( )
( )
6 6;7
25
1 1 5
1 4 4; 3
a M
a a
a a M
=
= =
=

Vi m = 27 ta c iu kin cho d
min
:
( )
( )
6 6; 3
25
1 1 5
1 4 4;7
=
= =
=
a M
a a
a a M

Vy c hai gi tr ca m tha mn v tng ng c hai im M tha mn yu cu bi ton.
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s ( )
1
: .
2 1
+
=
x
C y
x

w
w
w
.
V
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M
A
T
H
.
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o
m
105
a) khong cch t M n tim cn ng bng hai ln khong cch t M n trc Oy.
b) tng khong cch t M n cc tim cn nh nht.
d) tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn bng 2.
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
3 2
: .
2 3
=
+
x
C y
x

b) khong cach t M n hai trc ta bng nhau.
III. TNG KHONG CCH N HAI TRC TA
Gi s c th hm s y = f(x) trong f(x) hm phn thc bc nht.
Bi ton t ra l tm im M thuc th c tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta Ox, Oy nh nht.
Gi s ( ) ; ( ) , M a f a tng khong cch t M n cc trc ta l ( ) d a f a = +
Gi
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
0;
;0
M y
M x
l giao im ca th v trc Ox hoc Oy (thng thng ta ly giao vi trc Ox).

Khi
0
0 d y k = = >
tm cc im M khc M
0
thuc th m c d < k ta ch cn tm cc im m c ( ) 1
( )
a k
f a k
<
<

Gii (1) ta c m < a < n, khi ta cng xc nh c du ca biu thc f(a).
T ( ) ( )
min

( ) 2 2

d a f a a d a a M
a a
| | | |
= + = + + + + = + + =
| |
+ +
\ \

Bnh lun: Ngoi cch gii s dng bt ng thc C-si nh trn, chng ta c th dng o hm gii bi
ton. Tuy nhin, vi phng n ny, ta phi quan st th hm s kho st c nh gi v du ca y.
V d 1: Cho hm s ( )
=
+
1
, .
3 1
x
y C
x

Tm im M l thuc th sao cho tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1
; ;
3 1 3 1
o o
o o o o
o o
x x
M x y C y M x
x x
| |
=
|
+ +
\

Tng khong cch t M n cc trc ta l
1
3 1
o
o o o
o
x
d x y x
x
= + = +
+

Xt ti mt im ( ) ( ) 1;0 1. A C d =
tm im M cho tng khong cch n cc trc ta nh hn 1, ta ch cn xt hm d khi |x
o
| < 1, (v khi |x
o
|
> 1 th ta lun c d > 1).
Khi
( )
2 2
2
1
1 3 1 9 6 3
0 1 0
1
3 1 3 1
3 1
3
o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o
x
x x x x
x d x d
x x x
x
=
+ +

< = = = =
+ + =
+

Lp bng bin thin ta c
1 2
3 3
min
d d .
| |
= =
|
\

Khi
( )
2
2
1 3 2 1 4
1 0 0
3 1 3 1
3 1
o o o
o o
o o
o
x x x
x d x d
x x
x
+
< < = = = <
+ +
+

Trng hp ny d khng t gi tr nh nht.
Kt lun: im M cn tm
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
o o
x , y M ; .
| |
= =
|
\

V d 2: Cho hm s ( )
=
+
2 4
, .
1
x
y C
x

Tm im M l thuc th sao cho tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
106
Gi ( )
2 4
1
a
M a; C
a
| |

|
+
\
Tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta :
2 4
1
= +
+
a
d a
a

Ta c: Vi a = 2 d = 2, (1)
Nu
2 4
2 2 2, 2
1
> = + > > >

+
a
a d a a d a
a

Nu
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
2 2 2, 2
1 1 1 1

> = + > > >
+ + + +
a a a a
d a d
a a a a

Do , tm GTNN ca d, ta ch xt :
2
1
2
2 4
2 2
1
a
a .
a
a

, (*)
Vi
1 4 2 6 6
2 2 1 3 2 6 3
2 1 1 1
< < = + = + = + +
+ + +
a
a d a a a
a a a
, (2)
Du = xy ra khi 6 1 a = (tha mn (*)).
T (1), (2) suy ra
( )
2 6 3 6 1 6 1 2 6 = =
min
d a M ;
Vy im M cn tm l
( )
6 1 2 6 M ; =
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s ( )
2 3
: .
2
+
=
x
C y
x

b) tng khong cch t M n cc tim cn nh nht.
d) tng khong cch t M n cc trc ta Ox, Oy nh nht.
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
2
: .
2 3
+
=
x
C y
x

b) khong cach t M n hai tim cn bng nhau.
d) tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.
IV. KHONG CCH GIA HAI IM TRN HAI NHNH CA TH
Gi s c th hm s
( )
( )
( )
= = = +
g x k
y f x
h x x a
.
th c tim cn ng x = a, khi phn th nm bn phi x = a c gi l nhnh tri ca th, phn
th nm bn phi ng x = a c gi l nhnh phi ca th.
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; M x y N x y tng ng l cc im thuc nhnh tri v nhnh phi ca th.
Khi
1
1 2
2
0
0
>
< <

>
a x
x a x
x a

Khong cch gia hai im MN c cho bi ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
| |
= + = +
|

\
k k
MN x x y y x x
x a x a

t
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
0
0
= > =

= > =

t a x t x a t
t x a t x a t

Thay vo biu thc tnh MN v dng C-si nh gi ta thu c MN
min
.
V d 1: Cho hm s ( )
+
=
3
, .
3
x
y C
x

Tm trn (C) hai im A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau sao cho di AB ngn nht .
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
3 6
1
3 3
+
= = +

x
y
x x

w
w
w
.
V
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A
T
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.
c
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m
107
Gi
1 2
1 2
6 6
;1 ; ;1
3 3
| | | |
+ +
| |

\ \
A x B x
x x
l cc im thuc th hm s
( )
2
2
2
2 1
2 1
6 6
3 3
| |
= +
|

\
AB x x
x x

Gi s M thuc nhnh tri v N thuc nhnh phi, khi
1
1 2
2
3 0
3
3 0
>
< <

>
x
x x
x

t
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 0 3
3 0 3
= > =
= +

= > =

t x t x t
x x t t
t x t x t

Ta c
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 6 36 36 72 36 36 72
2 2
| | | | | | | |
= + + + = + + + + + = + + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
AB t t t t t t t t t t
t t t t t t t t t t

Theo bt ng thc C-si ta c
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
36 36
2 . 12
36 36
2 . 12
72 72
2 2 2 . 24
+ =
+ =
+ =
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t t

Khi
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
36 36 72
2 12 12 24 72 6 2
| | | | | |
= + + + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \
AB t t t t AB
t t t t

( )
( )
2
1 2
1
1
1 1 2
min 2 2 2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
36
6
3 6;1 6
6 3 6
36
6 2 6
6 3 6 3 6;1 6
6
72
2
t
t
t
A
t x
AB t t
t
t x B
t t
t t
t t

= =

= = =

= = + + +

=

V d 2: Cho hm s ( )
=
+
3
, .
1
x
y C
x

Tm trn (C) hai im A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau sao cho di AB ngn nht .
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
3 4
1
1 1
x
y
x x
= = +
+ +

Gi s
4 4
1 ;1 , 1 ;1 A a B b
a b
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
(vi a, b > 0) l 2 im thuc 2 nhnh ca (C)
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 16 16 64
( ) 16 ( ) 1 4 1 4 32 AB a b a b ab ab
a b ab a b a b
| | ( (
= + + + = + + + = +
|
( (
\

AB nh nht
4
4
4 2 4 16
4 4
a b
a b
AB a b
ab a
ab
=
=
= = =

= =

Khi : ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
1 4;1 64 , 1 4;1 64 . A B + + .
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s ( )
1
: .
2
+
=
x
C y
x

a) tng khong cch t M n hai tim nh nht.
b) khong cch MI ngn nht, vi I l giao ca hai tim cn.
c) tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.
d) Tm trn (C) hai im MN thuc hai nhnh khc nhau sao cho MN ngn nht.
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
1
: .
2 2
=
+
x
C y
x

Tm im M, N trn (C) v thuc hai nhnh khc nhau sao cho di MN nh nht.
w
w
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.
V
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M
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T
H
.
c
o
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108
Bi 3. Cho hm s ( ) : .
1
=
+
x
C y
x

Tm im A, B trn (C) v thuc hai nhnh khc nhau sao cho di MN nh nht.
V. MT S BI TON KHONG CCH KT HP VI TNG GIAO
Cho hm s ( ) :
ax b
C y
cx d
+
=
+
v ng thng d : y = mx + n.
Hai th ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A, B khi phng trnh
ax b
mx n
cx d
+
= +
+
c hai nghim phn bit khc
.
d
c

Gi s ( ) ( ) ; , ;
A A B B
A x y B x y l cc giao im, khi ( ) ( ) ; , ;
A A B B
A x mx n B x mx n + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
1 4
1
A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B
m x x x x
AB x x y y x x m x x
x x m
(
+ +

= + = + =
+

S dng Vi-t cho phng trnh honh giao im ta c kt qu ca bi ton.
Ngoi cch bin i trn ta c th thc hin nh sau :
2
2
2
A
A B
B
b
x
a
x x
a a
b
x
a
+
=

= =

Khi
( )
2 2 2
2
1 . 1 . 1
A B
AB x x m m m
a a

= + = + = +
V d 1. Cho hm s ( )
+
=
2 4
: .
1
x
C y
x

Gi d l ng thng i qua M(1; 1) c h s gc l k .Tm k d ct (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho
= 3 10. AB
Hng dn gii:
ng thng d qua M(1; 3) v c h s gc k nn d : y = k(x 1) + 1.
Phng trnh honh giao im: : ( ) ( )
2
2 4
1 ( ) 3 2 3 0, 1
1
x
kx k g x kx k x k
x
+
= + = + + + =

hai th ct nhau ti hai im A, B phn bit th (1) c hai nghim phn bit khc 1.
Ta c iu kin: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
0
0
3 2 4 3 0 *
9
9 24 0
24 (1) 6 0
k
k
k
k k k
k k
g

= + >

> <

Vi iu kin (*) th d ct (C) ti hai im A, B.
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c
1 2
1 2
3 3 3
3
3 3
1
k
x x
k k
k
x x
k k

+ = =
= = +

Gi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
; 3 ; ; 3 1 4 A x kx k B x kx k AB x x k x x k x x x x
(
+ + = + = + +

Theo gi thit ta c
( )
2
2 2
3 12
3 10 90 1 3 4 90 AB AB k
k k
(
| |
= = + =
(
|
\
(

( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 3 2 2
9 24 1 90 24 81 24 9 0 3 3 8 3 1 0 k k k k k k k k k + = + + + = + + =
( )
2
3
3
**
3 41
8 3 1 0
16
k
k
k k k
=
=

+ = =

Vy vi k tha mn (**) th d ct (C) ti A, B v 3 10. AB =
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
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109
V d 2: Cho hm s ( )

=
3 2
: .
1
x
C y
x

Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua M(1; 3) ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho = 2 3. AB
Hng dn gii:
ng thng d qua M(1; 3) v c h s gc k nn d : y = k(x 1) + 3.
2
3 2
3 ( ) 2 1 0, 1
1
x
kx k g x kx kx k
x
= + = + =

Ta c iu kin: ( ) ( )
2
0
0
' 1 0 0 *
0
(1; ) 1 0
k
k
k k k k
k
g k

= > >

>

Gi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
; 3 ; ; 3 1 A x kx k B x kx k AB x x k x x x x k + + = + = + .
Trong x
1
; x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1).
T ta c
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 ' 2
. 1 . 1 2 3 1 3 1 3
= + = + = + = + =
k
AB k k k k k k k k
a k

2 2
3 5
1 3 3 1 0
2
k k k k k

+ = + = = .
i chiu vi (*) ta c
3 5
2
k

= l gi tr cn tm.
V d 3: Cho hm s ( ) =
2
: .
1
x
C y
x

Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng d : y = mx m + 2 ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
on AB c di nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
2
2
2 ( ) 2 2 0, 1
1
x
mx m g x mx mx m
x
= + = + =

Ta c iu kin: ( ) ( )
2
0
0
' 2 0 0 *
2 0
(1) 2 0
m
m
m m m m
m
g

= > >

>

Gi s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
; 2 ; ; 2 1 A x mx m B x mx m AB x x m x x x x m + + = + = +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 1 2 1
2 ' 2 2
. 1 . 1 2 2 2 4 4
m m m
m
AB m m
a m m m
+ +
= + = + = = = .
Vy AB
min
= 4 khi m = 1.
V d 4. Cho hm s ( )
+
=
+
2 1
: .
2
x
C y
x

Tm m ng thng d : y = x + m ct (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho AB nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im: : ( )
2
2 1
( ) (4 ) 1 2 0, 1
2
x
x m g x x m x m
x
+
= + = + + =
+

Ta c iu kin:
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 12 0
4 4 1 2 0 3
*
3
2
( 2) 2 3 0
2
m
m m
m
m g m
+ >
= >

=

Gi s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
; ; ; 2 A x x m B x x m AB x x x x x x + + = + =
2
2 1
2 2 2. 12 2 12 2 6 0 AB x x m m = = = + = = .
Khi m = 0 th AB nh nht bng 2 6.
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BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s ( )
1
: ,
3
x
C y
x
+
=
v ng thng d : y = 2x + m. Tm m d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B

v
a) AB = 1.
b) di AB ngn nht.
c) Tm qu tch trung im ca AB.
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
2 1
: ,
2
x
C y
x
=
+
ng thng d i qua M(2 ; 1) v c h s gc k. Tm k d ct (C) ti hai
im phn bit A, B v
a) 2 2. AB =
b) di AB ngn nht.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
3
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
, (C).
CMR ng thng
1
:
2
d y x m = lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B. Xc nh m sao cho di on AB
l nh nht.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
, c th l (C).
CMR ng thng d: y = 2x + m lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B. Xc nh m sao cho di on AB l
ngn nht.
Bi 5. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
+
, (C).
CMR ng thng d: 2x + y + m = 0 lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C).
Xc nh gi tr ca m sao cho di on AB l ngn nht.
VI. MT S BI TON KHONG CCH KT HP VI TIP TUYN
V d 1: Cho hm s ( )
+
= = +

2 1 5
: 2 .
2 2
x
C y
x x

Gi d l tip tuyn ca (C) ti M(0; 1). Hy tm trn (C) nhng im c honh x > 1 m khong cch t
n d l ngn nht.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c :
( )
2
5 5
(0) .
4
2
= =
y y
x

Phng trnh tip tuyn d ti M : ( )
5 5
0 1 1 5 4 4 0
4 4
= + = + + = y x x x y
Gi ( ) ; ( ) M x y C vi x > 1. Khong cch t M n d l d
(M; d)
th
( ; )
5 4 4 1 1 5 1 20
5 4 4 5 4 2 4 5 4
2 2 25 16 41 41 41
+
| |
= = + = + + = + +
|
+ \
M d
x y
d x y x x
x x

( )
( )
2
0
20 20
( ) 5 4 , 1 ; '( ) 5 0
4 2
2
=
= + + > = =

=

x
g x x x g x
x x
x

Lp bng bin thin, ta thy min g(x) = g(4) = 34
Kt lun :
( ; )
34
min
41
=
M d
h khi
9 9
4; 4; .
2 2
| |
= =
|
\
x y N
V d 2: Cho hm s ( )
+
=
2 1
: .
2
x
C y
x

Tm hai im M, N thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M, N song song vi nhau v khong cch gia hai tip
tuyn l ln nht.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
( )
2
2 1 5 5
2 .
2 2
2
+
= = + =

x
y y
x x
x

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Gi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1 1 2 2 1 2
2
2
5
2
; ; ; ,
5
2
M
N
k
x
M x y N x y C x x
k
x

Nu hai tip tuyn song song vi nhau th
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
1 2
5 5
2 2 0 4 0
2 2
= = = + =

M N
k k x x x x x x
x x

1 2 1 2
4 0 2 2 + = = x x x x
Khong cch hai tip tuyn ngn nht khi MN vung gc vi hai tip tuyn ( ) . 1 * =
MN M
k k
Trong
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
5 1 5 5 5
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( | | | |
= = + + = =
( | |

\ \
MN
x x y y
k
x x x x x x x x x x x x

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
2 1 1 1
1 1
5 5 5 5
. 1 1
2 2 2
2 2
= = =

MN M
k k
x x x x
x x

( )
3
4 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
2 25 150 400 200 1 0
25
= + = x x x x x x x
V d 3: Cho hm s = +
3
3 2. y x x
Tm hai im M, N thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct (C) N sao cho = 2 6. MN
Hng dn gii:
o hm
2
1
' 3 3 0
1
=
= =

=
x
y x
x

Gi ( ) ( )
3
0 0 0 0 0
; 3 2 = + M x y C y x x
Tip tuyn ti M c phng trnh
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
: 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2
(
= + + = + + +

d y x x x x x x x x x x x
Nu d ct (C) ti N th ta c phng trnh honh giao im:
( )( )
3 2 3
0 0 0 0
3 2 3 3 3 2 + = + + x x x x x x x
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0
(
= + + =

x x x x x x x x x x xx x x
0
0 0
0
2 2
0 0 0
0
0
4
4 2 0
=
= =
= + =

=
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x xx x
x x
.
Nh vy, im N l im c honh l ( ) ( )
( )
2
0 0 0 0
4 4 ; 4 1 4 2 = +
N
x x N x x x
Ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
5 4 1 4 2 1 2
(
= + +

MN x x x x x
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 65 15 5 1 3 13 5 169 78 10 = + + = + = + MN x x x x x x x x
Theo gi thit
( )( )
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 169 78 10 2 6 25 169 78 10 24 + = + = x x x x x x
V d 4: Cho hm s = +
3 2
3 1. y x x
Tm hai im A, B thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti A, B song song vi nhau v = 4 2. AB
Hng dn gii:

Ta c
2
1 1 2
2
2 2
3 6
' 3 6
3 6
=
=

=
A
B
k x x
y x x
k x x

Nu hai tip tuyn ti A, B song song nhau th :
( )( )
( )
1 2
2 2
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
1 2
3 6 3 6 ; 3 2 0
2 *

= + =

+ =
x x
x x x x x x x x
x x

- Do ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
, ( ) 3 1; 3 1 3
(
= + = + = + + +

A B C y x x y x x y y x x x x x x x x
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
3 4 3.2 2 **
(
= + + = = +

y y x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 = + = + + = + + AB x x y y x x x x x x x x x x
Theo gi thit ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 4 2 1 2 32 4 1 2 32
( ( (
+ + = + + = + + + =

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
t
1 2
= t x x , v thay
1 2
2 + = x x (do *) ta c :
( )( ) ( )( )
2 3 2 2
4 4 5 4 32 0; 3 3 0 1 3 0 3 + + = + + + = + + = = t t t t t t t t t
Vy ta c h
1
2 1 2 2
1 2 1
2
1
3 2 1
2 3 0
3 3 3
1
=

= + = =

= = =

=

x
x x x X
X X
x x X x
x

Do tn ti hai im
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1; 3 ; 3;1
3;1 ; 1; 3

A B
A B
tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 5: Cho hm s
=
+
2 1
.
1
x
y
x

Tm hai im M thuc (C) sao cho khong cch t I( 1; 2) ti tip tuyn vi (C) ti M ln nht.
Gi s
0
0
3
; 2 ( )
1
M x C
x
| |

|
+
\
. Khi phng trnh tip tuyn ca th ti M c dng
( )
2
0 0 0 0 2
0 0
3 3
: ( ) 2 3( ) ( 1) ( 2) 3( 1) 0
( 1) 1
y x x x x x y x
x x
= + + + =
+ +

Khong cch t ( 1; 2) I ti tip tuyn () l
( )
0 0 0
4 4
2
0
0
0 2
0
3( 1 ) 3( 1) 6 1
6
9
9 ( 1)
9 1
( 1)
( 1)
x x x
d
x
x
x
x
+ +
= = =
+ +
+ +
+ +
+

Theo BT C-si:
2
0 2
0
9
( 1) 2 9 6 6
( 1)
x d
x
+ + =
+
.
Khong cch d ln nht bng 6 khi ( )
2
2
0 0 0 2
0
9
( 1) 1 3 1 3
( 1)
x x x
x
= + + = =
+
.
Vy c hai im cn tm l:
( )
1 3; 2 3 M + hoc ( ) 3 2 ; 3 1 + M
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I. IM C NH CA TH HM S
Cho hm s y = f(x; m). tm im c nh ca th hm s ta bin i hm s v mt trong hai dng sau :
( )
( )
2
( ; ) 0, 1
( ; ) 0, 2
y f x m Am B
y f x m Am Bm C
= + =
= + + =

im ( )
0 0
; M x y uc gi l im c nh ca th hm s khi ta ca M lun tha mn (1) hoc (2) vi
mi gi tr ca m.
T ta c iu kin tung ng cho (1) v (2) :
( )
( )
1 0
2 0
A B
A B C
= =
= = =

Ch : Tung t im c nh, tp hp cc im m th hm s lun khng i qua tha mn cc h thc
tung ng
( )
( )
0
1
0
0
2
0
A
B
A B
C
=
= =

V d 1: Tm cc im c nh ca cc th hm s sau
a) = + + +
3 2
( 1) 2 4 y x m x mx b) = +
4 2
2 4 1 y x mx m
c)
+
=
2 x m
y
m x
d)
( )
= + + + +
3 2 2 2
( 1) 1 y x m x m m x m
Hung dn gii:
a) Ta c
( )
3 2 2 3 2
( 1) 2 4 2 4 y x m x mx m x x y x x = + + + + = +
Gi ( )
0 0
; M x y l im c nh ca th hm s
( )
2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 4, m x x y x x m + = +
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
3 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0; 2 2 0 0; 4
2; 8 4 4 0
x x x x x y
x y y x x y x x
= = + = = =

= = = + + =

Vy th c hai im c nh l ( ) ( ) 0; 4 , 2; 8 .
b) Ta c
( )
4 2 2 4
2 4 1 4 2 1 y x mx m m x y x = + = +
Gi ( )
0 0
( )
2 4
0 0 0
4 2 1, m x y x m = +
2
0 0 0 0 0
4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
2; 2 4 0 2; 31
2; 31 2 1 2 1 0
x x x x y
x y y x y x
= = = = =

= = = + =

Vy th c hai im c nh l ( ) ( ) 2;31 , 2;31 .
c) Ta c ( )
2
2 2
x m
y my xy x m m y x xy
m x
+
= = + = +

Gi ( )
0 0
; M x y l im c nh ca th hm s, khi ( )
0 0 0 0
2 , m y x x y m = +
0 0
0 0 0 0
2 0 2
0
y y
x x y x
= =

+ =

trn th c duy nht mt im c nh l M(0 ; 2).
d) Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
( 1) 1 1 1 0 y x m x m m x m m x x m x x x y = + + + + + + + =
Gi ( )
0 0
( ) ( )
2 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0, m x x m x x x y m + + + + =
( )
2
0 0
0
0
0
3 2
0 0 0
0
1
1 0 1; 1 .
1
1 0
x x
x
x M
y
x x y
+ =
=
+ =

=

+ =

Bi 5:
TM IM THUC TH HM S

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V d 2: Tm cc im m th hm s = + +
3
(1 ) 1 y mx m x khng bao gi i qua vi mi gi tr ca
m ?
Hung dn gii:
Ta c
( )
3 3
(1 ) 1 1 0 y mx m x m x x x y = + + + + =
Tp hp cc im m th hm s khng bao gi i qua tha mn
3
0; 1; 1 0
1 1 0
x x x x x
y x x y
= = = =

+ +

0 1 1
; ;
1 2 0
x x x
y y y
= = =

Vy th hm s khng bao gi i qua cc im
( )
( )
( )
0; , 1
1; , 2
1; , 0
M a a
M b b
M c c

V d 3: Cho hm s
( )
=
1 2 m x
y
x m

Chng minh rng th lun i qua hai im c nh khi m thay i, ngoi tr mt vi gi tr m ta phi
xc nh.
Hung dn gii:
iu kin : x m
Ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 2 0
m x
y y x m m x x y m xy x
x m

= = + + + =

1
1
1 0
2 0
2
2
2
x
m
y x y
xy x
x
m
y
=

= + =

+ + =
=

=

Vy khi m thay i, vi 1; 2 m m th th hm s lun i qua hai im c nh.
V d 4: Cho hm s = + +
4 2
(1 ) 4 1 y x m x m
a) Tm m hm s cho c ba im cc tr.
b) Chng minh rng th c hai im c nh, tm m tip tuyn vi th ti hai im vung gc
vi nhau.
Hung dn gii:
a) Ta c
4 2 3 2
2
0
(1 ) 4 1 4 2(1 ) 2 2 1 0
1
2
x
y x m x m y x m x x x m y
m
x
=
( = + + = + = + =

=

Hm s c ba im cc tr khi y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit, tc l
1
0 1.
2
m
m
> >
b) Ta c
( )
4 2 2 4
(1 ) 4 1 4 1 y x m x m m x y x = + + = +
Gi ( )
0 0
( )
2 4
0 0 0
4 1, m x y x m = +
2
0 0 0 0 0
4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
2; 2 4 0 2; 15
2; 15 1 1 0
x x x x y
x y y x y x
= = = = =

= = = + =

Vy th c hai im c nh l ( ) ( )
1 2
2;15 , 2;15 . M M
Tip tuyn vi th ti M
1
v M
2
c h s gc ln lt l
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
32 4 1 4 36
32 4 1 4 36
M
M
k y m m
k y m m
= = + = +
= = =

Tip tuyn ti M
1
v M
2
vung gc vi nhau khi ( )
2
1 2
. 1 4 36 1
M M
k k m = =
4 36 1
37 35
;
4 36 1 4 4
m
m m
m
=
= =

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Vy
37 35
;
4 4
m m = = l cc gi tr cn tm.
BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Tm cc im c nh ca cc th hm s sau
a)
4 2
(3 2 ) 2 5 y x m x m = + + + b)
3 2
1
(2 3) 4 1
3
y x m x mx = + + + +
c)
3 2
(1 ) 2 3 y mx m x m = + + + d)
2
3
mx
y
x m
+
=

Bi 2. Tm im c nh ca th hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1 2 3 2 2 2 1 y x m x m m x m m = + + +
Bi 3. Chng minh rng hm s y = (m + 1)x
3
2mx
2
(m 2)x + 2m + 1 lun i qua ba im c nh khi m
thay i.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
4 2
(1 2 ) 1 y x m x m = + + +
a) Tm m th ct trc Ox ti bn im phn bit c honh lp thnh mt cp s cng.
b) Tim m hm s c ba cc tr, ng thi tam gic to bi ba im cc tr la tam gic vung.
c) Tm m tip tuyn ti cc im c nh ca th hm s vung gc vi nhau.
II. IM C TA L S NGUYN
Gi s ta c hm phn thc ( ) : .
ax b
C y
cx d
+
=
+
im ( ) ( ) ; M x y C c ta l s nguyn khi , . x y Z
Trng hp 1 : a c
Chia a thc ta c
ax b k
y m
cx d cx d
+
= = +
+ +

( )
1
2
...
cx d k
y Z k cx d
cx d k
+ =
+

+ =

V d 1: Tm cc im c ta nguyn thuc cc th hm s sau
a)
+
=
1
2
x
y
x
b)
+
=
+
2 3
1
x
y
x

Hung dn gii:
a) Ta c
1 2 3 3
1
2 2 2
x x
y
x x x
+ +
= = = +

Gi M (x; y) thuc th l im c ta nguyn.
M c ta nguyn th
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1 3 4 3; 4
2 1 1 2 1; 2
2 1
2 3
2 3 5 2 5; 2
2 3 1 0 1;0
x x y M
x x y M
x
x
x x y M
x x y M
= = =
= = =
=

=
= = =
= = =

Vy trn th c 4 im c ta l cc s nguyn nh trn.
b) Ta c
( ) 2 1 1 2 3 1
2
1 1 1
x x
y
x x x
+ + +
= = = +
+ + +

Gi M (x; y) thuc th l im c ta nguyn.
M c ta nguyn th
( )
( )
0 3 0;3
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 1 2;1
x y M
x
x
x
x y M
= =
+ =
+ =
+ =
= =

Trng hp 2 : a < c
Nhn c hai v ca hm s vi a, ri chia a thc ta quy v trng hp xt.
V d 2: Tm cc im c ta nguyn thuc cc th hm s sau
a)
+
=
5
2 1
x
y
x
b)
+
=
2 3
3 1
x
y
x

Hung dn gii:
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a)
( ) 2 1 11 5 2 10 11 11
2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
x x x
y y y y
x x x x x
+ + +
= = = + =

Gi M (x; y) thuc th l im c ta nguyn
2 1 1
2 1 11
x
x
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1 1 1 6 1;6
2 1 1 0 5 0; 5
2 1 1
2 1 11
2 1 11 6 1 6;1
2 1 11 5 0 5;0
x x y M
x x y M
x
x
x x y M
x x y M
= = =
= = =
=

=
= = =
= = =

b)
( ) 2 3 1 11 2 3 6 9 11 11
3 2 3 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
x x x
y y y
x x x x x
+ + +
= = = = + =

Gi M (x; y) thuc th l im c ta nguyn
2
3 1 1 ( )
3
3 1 1 3 1 1 0 3 (0; 3)
3 1 11
3 1 11 4 1 (4;1)
10
3 1 11 ( )
3
x x L
x x x y M
x
x x y M
x x L
= =
= = = =

=
= = =

= =

III. IM C TNH CHT I XNG
Cc im A, B i xng nhau qua ( )
( )
( )
1 1
0 0
0 1 0 1
;
;
2 ; 2
A x y
I x y
B x x y y

Cc im A, B i xng nhau qua gc ta ( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
;
0;0
;
A x y
O
B x y

Cc im A, B i xng nhau trc Ox
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
;
;
A x y
B x y

Cc im A, B i xng nhau trc Oy
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
;
;
A x y
B x y

Cc im A, B i xng nhau trc d
. 1
,
AB d
k k AB d
I d I d
=

vi I l trung im ca AB.
Bai 1. Cho hm s y x x
3
3 2 = + + (C).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2) Tm 2 im trn th hm s sao cho chng i xng nhau qua tm M(1; 3).
Gi
( )
A x y
0 0
; , B l im i xng vi A qua im M( 1;3)
( )
B x y
0 0
2 ;6
A B C , ( )
y x x
y x x
3
0 0 0
3
0 0 0
3 2
6 ( 2 ) 3( 2 ) 2
= + +
= + +

( ) ( )
x x x x x x
3
3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
6 3 2 2 3 2 2 6 12 6 0 = + + + + + + = x y
0 0
1 0 = =
Vy 2 im cn tm l: ( 1; 0) v ( 1;6)

Bai 2. Cho hm s
x
y x x
3
2
11
3
3 3
= + + .
2) Tm trn th (C) hai im phn bit M, N i xng nhau qua trc tung.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
117
Hai im M x y N x y C
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) ( ) i xng nhau qua Oy
x x
y y
2 1
1 2
0 =

x x
x x
x x x x
2
2 1
3 3
2 3 1 2
1 1 2
0
11 11
3 3
3 3 3 3
=
+ + = + +

x
x
1
2
3
3
=
hoc
x
x
1
2
3
3
=

Vy hai im thuc th (C) v i xng qua Oy l: M N
16 16
3; , 3;
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ \
.

3
3 2 = + + (C).
2) Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng d: x y 2 2 0 + = .
Gi
( ) ( )
M x y N x y
1 1 2 2
; ; ; thuc (C) l hai im i xng qua ng thng d
I l trung im ca AB nn
x x y y
I
1 2 1 2
;
2 2
| | + +
|
\
, ta c I d
C:
( ) ( )
x x x x
y y x x
3 3
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
3 2 3 2
2. 2
2 2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
= = +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x
3
1 2
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
0
3 3 2
1
+ =
+ + + + + = +

+ =

Mt khc:
( ) ( )
MN d x x y y
2 1 2 1
.1 .2 0 + =

( ) ( )
( )
x x x x x x x x x x x x
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
7
7 2 0
2
+ + = + + =
- Xt x x
1 2
0 + = x x
1 2
7 7
;
2 2
= =
- Xt
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
9
1
4
7
5
2
4
+ = + =

+ + =

=
v nghim
Vy 2 im cn tm l:
7 1 7 7 1 7
;2 ; ;2
2 2 2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ | |
| |
\ \

Bai 4. Cho hm s y x x x
3 2
1 5
3
3 3
= + + .
2) Gi A, B l cc giao im ca (C) vi trc Ox. Chng minh rng trn th (C) tn ti hai im cng
nhn on AB di mt gc vung.
PT honh giao im ca (C) vi trc honh:
x
x x x
x
3 2
1 5
1
3 0
5
3 3
=
+ + =

A B ( 5; 0), (1; 0) . Gi M a a a a C M A B
3 2
1 5
; 3 ( ), ,
3 3
| |
+ +
|
\

AM a a a a
3 2
1 5
5; 3
3 3
| |
= + + +
|
\
, BM a a a a
3 2
1 5
1; 3
3 3
| |
= + +
|
\

AM BM AM BM . 0 =

a a a a
2 4
1
( 5)( 1) ( 5) ( 1) 0
9
+ + + =
a a
3
1
1 ( 1) ( 5) 0
9
+ + = a a a a
4 3 2
2 12 14 4 0 (*) + + + =
t y a a a a
4 3 2
2 12 14 4 0 = + + + = , c tp xc nh D = R.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
118
y a a a
3 2
4 6 12 14 = + + ; y 0 = c 1 nghim thc a y
0 0
7 2043
2 16

Da vo BBT ta suy ra (*) lun c 2 nghim khc 1 v 5.
Vy lun tn ti 2 im thuc (C) cng nhn on AB di mt gc vung.

4 2
2 1 = + .
2) Tm to hai im P, Q thuc (C) sao cho ng thng PQ song song vi trc honh v khong cch t
im cc i ca (C) n ng thng PQ bng 8.
im cc i ca (C) l A(0;1) . PT ng thng PQ c dng: y m m ( 0) = .
V d A PQ ( , ) 8 = nn m 9 = . Khi honh cc im P, Q l nghim ca phng trnh:
x x x
4 2
2 8 0 2 = = .
Vy: P Q ( 2;9), (2;9) hoc P Q (2;9), ( 2;9) .

Bai 6. Cho hm s y x mx m
4 2
1 = + (C
m
).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = 2.
2) Chng minh rng khi m thay i th (C
m
) lun lun i qua hai im c nh A, B. Tm m cc tip
tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau.
Hai im c nh A(1; 0), B(1; 0). Ta c: y x mx
3
4 2
= + .
Cc tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc vi nhau y y (1). ( 1) 1

= m
2
(4 2 ) 1 + =
m m
3 5
;
2 2
= = .

Bai 7. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2
2 1
+
=
.
2) Tm nhng im trn th (C) cch u hai im A(2; 0) v B(0; 2).
PT ng trung trc an AB: y x = .
Nhng im thuc th cch u A v B c honh l nghim ca PT:

x
x
x
2
2 1
+
=
x x x x
2
1 5 1 5
1 0 ;
2 2
+
= = =
Hai im cn tm l:
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
, ; ,
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \

Bai 8. Cho hm s
x
y
x
3 4
2
(C).
2) Tm cc im thuc (C) cch u 2 tim cn.
Gi M x y ( ; ) (C) v cch u 2 tim cn x = 2 v y = 3.
Ta c:
x x
x y x x
x x
3 4
2 3 2 2 2
2 2
= = =

x
x
x
x
x
1
( 2)
4
2
=
=

Vy c 2 im tho mn bi l : M
1
( 1; 1) v M
2
(4; 6)

Bai 9. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
+
=
+
(C).
2) Tm trn (C) nhng im c tng khong cch n hai tim cn ca (C) nh nht.
Gi M x y
0 0
( ; ) (C), ( x
0
1 )

th
x
y
x x
0
0
0 0
2 1 1
2
1 1
+
= =
+ +

Gi A, B ln lt l hnh chiu ca M trn TC v TCN th:
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
119
MA x MB y
x
0 0
0
1
1 , 2
1
= + = =
+

p dng BT C-si ta c: MA MB MA MB x
x
0
0
1
2 . 2 1. 2
1
+ = + =
+

MA + MB nh nht bng 2 khi
x
x
x
x
0
0
0
0
0 1
1
2
1
=
+ =

=
+

.
Vy ta c hai im cn tm l (0; 1) v (2; 3).
Cu hi tng t:
a)
x
y
x
2 1
1
=
+
S: x
0
1 3 = b)
x
y
x
3 5
2
S: M M (1;2), (3; 4)

Bai 10. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
=
+
(C).
2) Tm im M thuc th (C) tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vi ng thng i qua M v giao im hai
ng tim cn c tch cc h s gc bng 9.
Giao im 2 tim cn l I( 1;2) .
Gi
M I
IM
M I
y y
M x C k
x x x
x
0
2
0
0
3 3
;2 ( )
1
( 1)
| |
= =
|
+
+
\

+ H s gc ca tip tuyn ti M:
( )
M
k y x
x
0
2
0
3
( )
1
= =
+

+ YCBT
M IM
k k . 9 =
x
x
0
0
0
2
=
. Vy c 2 im M tha mn: M(0; 3) v M(2; 5)

Bai 11. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2
1
+
=
.
2) Tm im M trn (C) sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng d x y : 2 2 0 + = bng k
6 5
5
= .
Gi
m
M m C
m
2
; ( )
1
| | +
|
\
. Ta c: d M d m m m
2
6 5
( , ) 2 3 4 6 1
5
= + =
m m m m
5 1
2; ; 2;
2 2
= = = = M M M M
5 1
(2; 4); ;3 ; ( 2; 0); ; 5
2 2
| | | |

| |
\ \
.
Cu hi tng t:.
a)
x
y d x y k
x
3 1 12
; : 3 4 1 0;
2 5
= + = =
. S: M M M M
16 15 7 11
(1; 2); ; ; 2; ; ;6
3 4 4 3
| | | | | |

| | |
\ \ \
.

Bai 12. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
+
=
+
.
2) Tm im M trn th (C) sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng d x y : 4 8 0 + = l ngn nht.
Gi l tip tuyn ca (C) song song vi d
PTTT ca (C) l
x
y
1
5
:
4 4
= + hoc
x
y
2
13
:
4 4
= +
Cc tip im tng ng: M M
1 2
3 5
1; , 3;
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ \
. Ta tnh c d M d M
1 2
( , ) ( , ) < .
M
1
3
1;
2
| |
|
\
l im cn tm.
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
120
Cch 2: Gi s
x
M x C
x
2 1
; ( )
1
| | +
|
+ \
. Tnh f d M d ( , ) = . S dng phng php hm s tm f min .

Bai 13. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 1
1
=
+
.
2) Tm ta im M (C) sao cho khong cch t im I( 1; 2) ti tip tuyn ca (C) ti M l ln nht.
Gi s M x C
x
0
0
3
; 2 ( )
1
| |

|
|
+
\
. PTTT ca (C) ti M l:
y x x
x
x
0
2
0
0
3 3
2 ( )
1
( 1)
+ =
+
+
x x x y x
2
0 0 0
3( ) ( 1) ( 2) 3( 1) 0 + + =
Khong cch t I( 1;2) ti tip tuyn l:

( )
x x x
d
x
x
x
x
0 0 0
4 4
2
0
0
0
2
0
3( 1 ) 3( 1) 6 1
6
9
9 ( 1)
9 1
( 1)
( 1)
+ +
= = =
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
.
Theo BT Csi: x
x
2
0
2
0
9
( 1) 2 9 6
( 1)
+ + =
+
d 6 .
Khong cch d ln nht bng 6 khi x x x
x
2 2
0 0 0
2
0
9
( 1) ( 1) 3 1 3
( 1)
= + + = =
+
.
Vy c hai im cn tm l: ( ) M 1 3;2 3 + hoc ( ) M 1 3;2 3 +

Bai 14. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2 4
1
=
+
.
2) Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit M(3; 0) v N(1; 1).
MN (2; 1) =
Phng trnh MN: x y 2 3 0 + + = .

Phng trnh ng thng (d) MN c dng: y x m 2 = + .
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v (d):

x
x m
x
2 4
2
1
= +
+
x mx m x
2
2 4 0 ( 1) + + + = (1)
(d) ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B m m
2
8 32 0 = > (2)
Khi A x x m B x x m
1 1 2 2
( ;2 ), ( ;2 ) + + vi x x
1 2
, l cc nghim ca (1)
Trung im ca AB l
x x
I x x m
1 2
1 2
;
2
| | +
+ +
|
\
m m
I ;
4 2
| |
|
\
(theo nh l Vi-et)
A, B i xng nhau qua MN I MN m 4 =
Suy ra (1)
x
x x
x
2 0
2 4 0
2
=
=
A(0; 4), B(2; 0).

Bai 15. Cho hm s
x
y
x
2
1
=
.
2) Tm trn th (C) hai im B, C thuc hai nhnh sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti nh A vi A(2;
0).
Ta c C y
x
2
( ) : 2
1
= +
. Gi B b C c
b c
2 2
; 2 , ; 2
1 1
+ +

| | | |
| |
\ \
vi b c 1 < < .
Gi H, K ln lt l hnh chiu ca B, C ln trc Ox.
Ta c:

AB AC BAC CAK BAH CAK ACK BAH ACK
0 0
; 90 90 + = + = = = =
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
121
v:

{
AH CK
BHA CKA ABH CAK
HB AK
0
90
=
= = =
=

Hay:
{
b
b c
c
c
b
2
2 2
1 1
2
3
2 2
1
= +
=
=
+ =
.
Vy B C ( 1;1), (3;3)

Bai 16. Cho hm s
x
y
x
3
1
=
+
.
2) Tm trn hai nhnh ca th (C) hai im A v B sao cho AB ngn nht.
Tp xc nh D = R { \ 1} . Tim cn ng x 1 = .
Gi s A a B b
a b
4 4
1 ;1 , 1 ;1
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
(vi a b 0, 0 > > ) l 2 im thuc 2 nhnh ca (C)
AB a b a b ab ab
a b ab
a b a b
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 16 16 64
( ) 16 ( ) 1 4 1 4 32
| | ( (
= + + + = + + + = +
|
( (
\

AB nh nht
a b
a b
AB a b
ab a
ab
4
4
4 2 4 16
4 4
=
=
= = =

= =

Khi :
( ) ( )
A B
4 4 4 4
1 4;1 64 , 1 4;1 64 + + .
Cu hi tng t:
a)
x
y
x
4 9
3
. S:
( ) ( )
A B 3 3; 4 3 , 3 3; 4 3 + +

Bai 17. Cho hm s
x
y
x
1
2
+
=
.
2) Tm trn th (C), cc im A, B sao cho di on AB bng 4 v ng thng AB vung gc vi
ng thng d y x : = .
PT ng thng AB c dng: y x m = + . PT honh giao im ca (C) v AB:

x
x m
x
1
2
+
= +
g x x m x m x
2
( ) ( 3) 2 1 0 (1) ( 2) = + + + =
c 2 im A, B th (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2
g
g
0
(2) 0
>

m m
m m
2
( 3) 4(2 1) 0
4 ( 3).2 2 1 0
+ + >
+ + +
m .
Ta c:
A B
A B
x x m
x x m
3
. 2 1
+ = +
= +
. Mt khc
A A B B
y x m y x m ; = + = +
Do : AB = 4
B A B A
x x y y
2 2
( ) ( ) 16 + = m m
2
2 3 0 =
m
m
1
3
=
.
+ Vi m 3 = , thay vo (1) ta c:
x y
x x
x y
2 3 2 2
6 7 0
3 2 2
= + =
+ =

= =

A B (3 2; 2), (3 2; 2) + hoc A B (3 2; 2), (3 2; 2) +
+ Vi m 1 = , thay vo (1) ta c:
x y
x x
x y
2 1 2 2 2
2 1 0
1 2 2 2
= + =
=

= = +

A B (1 2; 2 2); (1 2; 2 2) + + hoc A B (1 2; 2 2); (1 2; 2 2) + +

H K
B
A
C
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
122
Bai 18. Cho hm s
x x
y
x
2
3 5 14
6 1
+ +
=
+
c th (C).
Tm tt cc cc im trn (C) c to nguyn.
Ta c: y x
x
1 53
2 3
4 6 1
| |
= + +
|
+ \
.
im M x y C ( ; ) ( ) c to nguyn
x Z
y x Z
x
1 53
2 3
4 6 1

| |
= + +
|
+ \

x Z
x Z
x
x
x
53
2 3
6 1
53
2 3 4
6 1

| |
+ +
|
+ \
| |
+ +
|
+ \

x Z
Z
x
x
x
53
6 1
53
2 3 4
6 1

| |
+ +
|
+ \

x Z
x x
x
x
6 1 1 6 1 53
53
2 3 4
6 1

+ = + =
| |
+ +
|
+ \

x y
x y
0 14
9 4
= =
= =
. Vy c hai im tho YCBT: (0;14), ( 9; 4) .

Bai 19. Cho hm s
x x
y
x
2
3 6
2
+
=
c th (C).
Tm nhng cp im trn th (C) i xng nhau qua im I
1
;1
2
| |
|
\
.
Gi M x y N x y C
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) ( ) i xng nhau qua im I
1
;1
2
| |
|
\
.
Khi ta c:
x x x x
N x y
y y y y
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1
1 1
(1 ; 2 )
2 2
+ = =

+ = =

.
V M x y N x y C
1 1 2 2
( ; ), ( ; ) ( ) nn ta c:
x x
y
x
x x
y
x
2
1 1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
3 6
2
4
2
1
+
=

x y
x y
1 1
1 1
2; 4
3; 6
= =
= =
.
Vy trn (C) c ng mt cp im tho YCBT: M N ( 2; 4), (3; 6) .

Bai 20. Cho hm s
x x
y
x
2
1
1
+ +
=
+
c th (C).
Tm nhng cp im trn th (C) i xng nhau qua ng thng d x y : 16 17 33 0 + + = .
S: A B
21 13
5; , 3;
4 4
| | | |

| |
\ \
.

BI TP LUYN TP :
Bi 1. Cho hm s
3 2
3 y x x m = +
Tm m th hm s c hai im phn bit i xng vi nhau qua gc to .
Bi 2. Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + +
Tm 2 im trn th hm s sao cho chng i xng nhau qua I(1; 3).
/s: (0; 2) v ( 2; 4)
Bi 3. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x =
Tm 2 im trn th hm s sao cho chng i xng nhau qua I(1; 1).
/s: (0; 1) v (2; 3)
Bi 4. Cho hm s
3
2
11
3x
3 3
x
y x = + +
w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
123
Tm trn th (C) hai im phn bit M, N i xng nhau qua trc tung
/s:
| | | |
| |
\ \
16 16
3; , 3; .
3 3
M N
Bi 5. Cho hm s ( )
2 4
: .
1
x
C y
x
=
+

Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng MN bit M(3; 0) v N(1; 1).
/s: A(0; 4), B(2; 0).
Bi 6. Cho hm s ( )
2
: .
2 1
x
C y
x
+
=

Tm nhng im trn th (C) cch u hai im A(2; 0) v B(0; 2).
/s:
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
, ; , .
2 2 2 2

w
w
w
.
V
N
M
A
T
H
.
c
o
m
124

I. PHNG TRNH KHNG CHA TR TUYT I
3
mx
2
+ 3x + m 1
a) Tm m hm s c cc tr.
b) Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s khi m = 3.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc ng thng y = 3x 15.
d) Dng (C) bin lun phng trnh: x
3
3x
2
+ 3x + m = 0, ty theo gi tr ca m.
Bi 2. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s y = (x + 1)
2
(2 x)
a) Dng th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh: x
3
3x 2 + m = 0.
b) Tm k phng trnh: x
3
3x +1 2k = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
3
+ 3x + 2
a) Kho st hm s cho, gi th l (C).
b) Tm m phng trnh : x
3
3x + 2
m
6 = 0 c ba nghim phn bit.
4
+ 2x
2

a) Kho st hm s.
b) Tm m phng trnh x
4
2x
2
+ m = 0 c 4 nghim phn bit
4
+ 2x
2
+ 2

a) Kho st hm s.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi m < 2, phng trnh : x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 2 m = 0 c 2 nghim.
Bi 6. Cho hm s
2 1

2
x
y
x
=
+

a) Kho st v v th hm s.
b) Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 2 nghim x [0; ] :
2sin 1

sin 2
x
m
x
=
+

Bi 7. Cho hm s y = 3 + 2x
2
x
4

a) Kho st hm s cho.
b) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh x
4
2x
2
= m
4
2m
2

II. PHNG TRNH C CHA TR TUYT I
Bi 1. Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
=

a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
b) T th (C) v, hy suy ra th cc hm s sau:

1
1
x
y
x
+
=

1
1
x
y
x
+
=

1
1
x
y
x
+
=

1
1
x
y
x
+
=

3
6x
2
9x 2
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
b) T th (C) v, hy suy ra th cc hm s sau:

3 2
1
( ) : 6 9 2 C y x x x = + + +

3 2
2
( ) : 6 9 2 C y x x x =

3
2
3
( ) : 6 9 2 C y x x x =
3
6x
2
+ 9x
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s.
b) T th ca hm s cho hay suy ra th hm s
3 2
6 9 y x x x = +
c) Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
3 2
6 9 3 0 x x x m + + =
Bi 4. Cho hm s
2 2
2
x
y
x

Bi 6:
BIN LUN S NGHIM PHNG TRNH

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a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s, t suy ra th hm s
2 2
2
x
y
x
.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi k 0, ng thng y = kx lun ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit.
Bi 5. Cho hm s
4 2
1 3
3
2 2
y x x = +
a) Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi
1
: 1
4
d y x = + .
c) Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh:
4 2
6 3 0 x x m + =
Bi 6. ( thi TSH khi B 2009)
Cho hm s y = 2x
4
4x
2

a) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s cho.
b) Vi cc gi tr no ca m, phng trnh
2 2
2 x x m = c ng 6 nghim thc phn bit.
4
6x
2
+ 5
a) Kho st hm s cho.
b) Tm m phng trnh sau c 4 nghim phn bit x
4
6x
2
m = 0
c) Tm k phng trnh c 8 nghim phn bit
4 2
6 5 x x k + =
3
3x
2
6
a) Kho st v v th ca hm s cho.
b) Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh
3 2
3 6 x x m =
Bi 9. ( thi TSH khi A 2006)
Cho hm s y = 2x
3
9x
2
+ 12x 4

a) Kho st v v th ca hm s cho.
b) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh 2x
3
9x
2
+ 12x 4 m = 0
c) Tm m phng trnh sau c 6 nghim phn bit
3
2
2 9 12 x x x m + =
3
3x
2
2
a) Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s.
b) Tm m phng trnh sau c 6 nghim phn bit
3 2
2
3 2 log 0 x x m + =

3
+ mx
2
+ 7x + 3
a) Kho st v v th ca hm s cho vi m = 5, gi th l (C).
b) Da vo th hm s (C) bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 7x m = 0
c) Da vo th hm s (C) bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
3
2
5 7 0 x x x m + + =
MT S V D GII MU:
3 2
3 1 = + + .
2) Tm m phng trnh x x m m
3 2 3 2
3 3 = c ba nghim phn bit.
PT x x m m
3 2 3 2
3 3 = x x m m
3 2 3 2
3 1 3 1 + + = + + . t k m m
3 2
3 1 = + +
S nghim ca PT bng s giao im ca th (C) vi ng thng d: y k =
Da vo th (C) ta c PT c 3 nghim phn bit k 1 5 < < m { ( 1;3) \ 0;2}

3 2
3 2 = + .
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
m
x x
x
2
2 2
1
=
.
Ta c
( )
m
x x x x x m x
x
2 2
2 2 2 2 1 , 1.
1
= =
Do s nghim ca phng trnh bng s

giao im ca
( )
y x x x C
2
2 2 1 , ( ') = v ng thng y m x , 1. =
Vi
( )
f x khi x
y x x x
f x khi x
2 ( ) 1
2 2 1
( ) 1
>
= =

<
nn
( )
C' bao gm:
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+ Gi nguyn th (C) bn phi ng thng x 1. =
+ Ly i xng th (C) bn tri ng thng x 1 = qua Ox.
Da vo th ta c:
m < 2 m = 2 2 < m < 0 m 0
v nghim 2 nghim kp 4 nghim phn bit 2 nghim phn bit

4 2
5 4 = + c th (C).
2) Tm m phng trnh x x m
4 2
12
5 4 log + = c 6 nghim.
Da vo th ta c PT c 6 nghim m m
9
4
4
12
9
log 12 144 12
4
= = = .

Bai 24. Cho hm s: y x x
4 2
2 1 = + .
2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh: x x m
4 2
2
2 1 log 0 + + = (m > 0)
x x m
4 2
2
2 1 log 0 + + = x x m
4 2
2
2 1 log + = (*)
+ S nghim ca (*) l s giao im ca 2 th y x x
4 2
2 1 = + v y m
2
log =
+ T th suy ra:
m
1
0
2
< < m
1
2
= m
1
1
2
< < m 1 = m 1 >
2 nghim 3 nghim 4 nghim 2 nghim v nghim

Bai 25. Cho hm s y f x x x
4 2
( ) 8 9 1 = = + .
2) Da vo th (C) hy bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
x x m
4 2
8cos 9cos 0 + = vi x [0; ]
Xt phng trnh: x x m
4 2
8cos 9cos 0 + = vi x [0; ] (1)
t t x cos = , phng trnh (1) tr thnh: t t m
4 2
8 9 0 + = (2)
V x [0; ] nn t [ 1;1] , gia x v t c s tng ng mt i mt, do s nghim ca phng trnh (1)
v (2) bng nhau.
Ta c: t t m
4 2
(2) 8 9 1 1 + = (3)
Gi (C
1
): y t t
4 2
8 9 1 = + vi t [ 1;1] v (d): y m 1 = . Phng trnh (3) l phng trnh honh giao
im ca (C
1
) v (d).
Ch rng (C
1
) ging nh th (C) trong min x 1 1 .
Da vo th ta c kt lun sau:
m 0 < m 0 = m 0 1 < < m
81
1
32
< m
81
32
= m
81
32
>
v nghim 1 nghim 2 nghim 4 nghim 2 nghim v nghim

Bai 26. Cho hm s
x
y
x
3 4
2
(C).
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c 2 nghim trn on
2
0;
3
(
(

:
x x m ( x x
6 6 4 4
sin cos sin cos ) + = +
Xt phng trnh: x x m ( x x
6 6 4 4
sin cos sin cos ) + = + (*)
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x m x
2 2
3 1
1 sin 2 1 sin 2
4 2
| |
=
|
\
x m x
2 2
4 3sin 2 2 (2 sin 2 ) = (1)
t t x
2
sin 2 = . Vi x
2
0;
3
(
(

th [ ] t 0;1 . Khi (1) tr thnh:
t
m
t
3 4
2
2
vi t 0;1 (

Nhn xt : vi mi t 0;1 (

ta c :
x t
x t
x t
sin2
sin2
sin2
=
=

(*) c 2 nghim thuc on
2
0;
3
(
(

th t t
3 3
;1 ;1
2 4
|
|
|
|
|

Da vo th (C) ta c: y m y m
3 7
(1) 2 1 2
4 5
| |
< <
|
\
m
1 7
2 10
< .

Bai 27. Cho hm s
x
y
x
1
.
1
+
=

2) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
x
m
x
1
.
1
+
=

S nghim ca
x
m
x
1
1
+
=
bng s giao im ca th (C):

x
y
x
1
1
+
=
v y m. =
Da vo th ta suy ra c:
m m 1; 1 < > m 1 = m 1 1 <
2 nghim 1 nghim v nghim

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BI 7. TNH N IU CA HM S
A. Kin thc c bn
Gi s hm s y f x ( ) = c tp xc nh D.
Hm s f ng bin trn D y x D 0, v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im thuc D.
Hm s f nghch bin trn D y x D 0, v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im thuc D.
Nu y ax bx c a
2
' ( 0) = + + th:
+)
a
y x R
0
' 0,
0
>

+)
a
y x R
0
' 0,
0
<

nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai g x ax bx c a
2
( ) ( 0) = + + :
+) Nu < 0 th g x ( ) lun cng du vi a.
+) Nu = 0 th g x ( ) lun cng du vi a (tr
b
x
a 2
= )
+) Nu > 0 th g x ( ) c hai nghim x x
1 2
, v trong khong hai nghim th g x ( ) khc du vi a, ngoi
khong hai nghim th g x ( ) cng du vi a.
So snh cc nghim x x
1 2
, ca tam thc bc hai g x ax bx c
2
( ) = + + vi s 0:
+) x x P
S
1 2
0
0 0
0

< >
<

+) x x P
S
1 2
0
0 0
0

< >
>

+) x x P
1 2
0 0 < < <

a b
g x m x a b g x m
( ; )
( ) , ( ; ) max ( ) ;
a b
g x m x a b g x m
( ; )
( ) , ( ; ) min ( )
B. Mt s dng cu hi thng gp
1. Tm iu kin hm s y f x ( ) = n iu trn tp xc nh (hoc trn tng khong xc nh).
Hm s f ng bin trn D y x D 0, v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im thuc D.
Hm s f nghch bin trn D y x D 0, v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im thuc D.
Nu y ax bx c a
2
' ( 0) = + + th:
+
a
y x R
0
' 0,
0
>

+
a
y x R
0
' 0,
0
<

2. Tm iu kin hm s y f x ax bx cx d
3 2
( ) = = + + + n iu trn khong ( ; ) a b .
Ta c: y f x ax bx c
2
( ) 3 2 = = + + .
a) Hm s f ng bin trn ( ; ) a b y x 0, ( ; ) a b v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im
thuc ( ; ) a b .
Trng hp 1:
Nu bt phng trnh f x h m g x ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (*)
th f ng bin trn ( ; ) a b h m g x
( ; )
( ) max ( )
a b

Nu bt phng trnh f x h m g x ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (**)
th f ng bin trn ( ; ) a b h m g x
( ; )
( ) min ( )
a b

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Trng hp 2: Nu bt phng trnh f x ( ) 0 khng a c v dng (*) th t t x = a . Khi ta c:
y g t at a b t a b c
2 2
( ) 3 2(3 ) 3 2 = = + + + + + .
Hm s f ng bin trn khong a ( ; ) g t t ( ) 0, 0 <
a
a
S
P
0
0 0
0 0
0
>
> >

>

Hm s f ng bin trn khong a ( ; ) + g t t ( ) 0, 0 >
a
a
S
P
0
0 0
0 0
0
>
> >

<

b) Hm s f nghch bin trn ( ; ) a b y x 0, ( ; ) a b v y 0 = ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im
thuc ( ; ) a b .
Trng hp 1:
Nu bt phng trnh f x h m g x ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (*)
th f nghch bin trn ( ; ) a b h m g x
( ; )
( ) max ( )
a b

Nu bt phng trnh f x h m g x ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (**)
th f nghch bin trn ( ; ) a b h m g x
( ; )
( ) min ( )
a b

Trng hp 2: Nu bt phng trnh f x ( ) 0 khng a c v dng (*) th t t x = a . Khi ta c:
y g t at a b t a b c
2 2
( ) 3 2(3 ) 3 2 = = + + + + + .
Hm s f nghch bin trn khong a ( ; ) g t t ( ) 0, 0 <
a
a
S
P
0
0 0
0 0
0
<
< >

>

Hm s f nghch bin trn khong a ( ; ) + g t t ( ) 0, 0 >
a
a
S
P
0
0 0
0 0
0
<
< >

<

3. Tm iu kin hm s y f x ax bx cx d
3 2
( ) = = + + + n iu trn khong c di bng k cho
trc.
f n iu trn khong x x
1 2
( ; ) y 0 = c 2 nghim phn bit x x
1 2
,
a 0
0

>
(1)
Bin i x x d
1 2
= thnh x x x x d
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 + = (2)
S dng nh l Viet a (2) thnh phng trnh theo m.
Gii phng trnh, so vi iu kin (1) chn nghim.
4. Tm iu kin hm s
ax bx c
y a d
dx e
2
(2), ( , 0)
+ +
=
+

a) ng bin trn ( ; ) .
b) ng bin trn ( ; ) + .
c) ng bin trn ( ; ) .
Tp xc nh:
e
D R
d
\

=
`
)
,
( ) ( )
adx aex be dc f x
y
dx e dx e
2
2 2
2 ( )
'
+ +
= =
+ +

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5. Tm iu kin hm s
ax bx c
y a d
dx e
2
(2), ( , 0)
+ +
=
+

a) Nghch bin trn ( ; ) .
b) Nghch bin trn ( ; ) + .
c) Nghch bin trn ( ; ) .
Tp xc nh:
e
D R
d
\

=
`
)
,
( ) ( )
adx aex be dc f x
y
dx e dx e
2
2 2
2 ( )
'
+ +
= =
+ +

Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2
Nu: f x g x h m i ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) Nu bpt: f x ( ) 0 khng a c v dng (i)
th ta t: t x = .
Khi bpt: f x ( ) 0 tr thnh: g t ( ) 0 , vi:
g t adt a d e t ad ae be dc
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) 2 = + + + + +
a) (2) ng bin trn khong ( ; )

e
d
g x h m x ( ) ( ),
<

e
d
h m g x
( ; ]
( ) min ( )


e
d
g t t ii ( ) 0, 0 ( )
<

a
a
ii
S
P
0
0 0
( )
0 0
0
>
> >

>

b) (2) ng bin trn khong ( ; ) +

e
d
g x h m x ( ) ( ),
>

e
d
h m g x
[ ; )
( ) min ( )


e
d
g t t iii ( ) 0, 0 ( )
>

a
a
iii
S
P
0
0 0
( )
0 0
0
>
> >

<

c) (2) ng bin trn khong ( ; )

( )
e
d
g x h m x
;
( ) ( ), ( ; )

( )
e
d
h m g x
[ ; ]
;
( ) min ( )

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Bai 1. Cho hm s y m x mx m x
3 2
1
( 1) (3 2)
3
= + + (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1) khi m 2 = .
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s (1) ng bin trn tp xc nh ca n.
Tp xc nh: D = R. y m x mx m
2
( 1) 2 3 2
= + + .
(1) ng bin trn R y x 0,
m 2

Bai 2. Cho hm s y x x mx
3 2
3 4 = + (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m 0 = .
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s (1) ng bin trn khong ( ; 0) .
Tp xc nh: D = R. y x x m
2
3 6
= + . y c m 3( 3) = + .
+ Nu m 3 th 0 y x 0, hm s ng bin trn R m 3 tho YCBT.
+ Nu m 3 > th 0 > PT y 0 = c 2 nghim phn bit x x x x
1 2 1 2
, ( ) < . Khi hm s ng bin
trn cc khong x x
1 2
( ; ),( ; ) + .
Do hm s ng bin trn khong ( ; 0) x x
1 2
0 < P
S
0
0
0
>
>

m
m
3
0
2 0
>
>
(VN)
Vy: m 3 .

Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2
Nu f x g x h m i ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) Nu bpt: f x ( ) 0 khng a c v dng (i)
th ta t: t x = .
Khi bpt: f x ( ) 0 tr thnh: g t ( ) 0 , vi:
g t adt a d e t ad ae be dc
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) 2 = + + + + +
a) (2) nghch bin trn khong ( ; )

e
d
g x h m x ( ) ( ),
<

e
d
h m g x
( ; ]
( ) min ( )


e
d
g t t ii ( ) 0, 0 ( )
<

a
a
ii
S
P
0
0 0
( )
0 0
0
<
< >

>

b) (2) nghch bin trn khong ( ; ) +

e
d
g x h m x ( ) ( ),
>

e
d
h m g x
[ ; )
( ) min ( )


e
d
g t t iii ( ) 0, 0 ( )
>

a
a
iii
S
P
0
0 0
( )
0 0
0
<
< >

<

c) (2) ng bin trong khong ( ; )

( )
e
d
g x h m x
;
( ) ( ), ( ; )

( )
e
d
h m g x
[ ; ]
;
( ) min ( )

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Bai 3. Cho hm s y x m x m m x
3 2
2 3(2 1) 6 ( 1) 1 = + + + + c th (C
m
).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 0.
2) Tm m hm s ng bin trn khong (2; ) +
Tp xc nh: D = R. y x m x m m
2
' 6 6(2 1) 6 ( 1) = + + + c m m m
2 2
(2 1) 4( ) 1 0 = + + = >

x m
y
x m
' 0
1
=
=
= +
. Hm s ng bin trn cc khong m m ( ; ), ( 1; ) + +

Do : hm s ng bin trn (2; ) + m 1 2 + m 1

Bai 4. Cho hm s y x m x m x m
3 2
(1 2 ) (2 ) 2 = + + + + .
2) Tm m hm ng bin trn khong K (0; ) = + .
Hm ng bin trn (0; ) + y x m x m
2
3 (1 2 ) (2 2 ) 0
+ = + vi x 0 ) ( ; +

x
f x m
x
x
2
2 3
( )
4 1
2 +
=
+
+
vi x 0 ) ( ; +
Ta c:
x x
x x x x f x
x
2
2
2
6( 1) 1
1
2
( ) 0 2
( )
0 1;
2
4 1
=
+
+ = = = =
+

Lp BBT ca hm f x ( ) trn (0; ) + , t ta i n kt lun: f m m
1 5
2 4
| |

|
\
.
Cu hi tng t:
a) y m x m x m x
3 2
1
( 1) (2 1) 3(2 1) 1
3
= + + + m ( 1) , K ( ; 1) = . S: m
4
11

b) y m x m x m x
3 2
1
( 1) (2 1) 3(2 1) 1
3
= + + + m ( 1) , K (1; ) = + . S: 0 m

c) y m x m x m x
3 2
1
( 1) (2 1) 3(2 1) 1
3
= + + + m ( 1) , K ( 1;1) = . S: m
1
2

Bai 5. Cho hm s y m x m x x
2 3 2
1
( 1) ( 1) 2 1
3
= + + (1) m ( 1) .
2) Tm m hm nghch bin trn khong K ( ;2) = .
Tp xc nh: D = R; y m x m x
2 2
( 1) 2( 1) 2 = + .
t t x 2 = ta c: y g t m t m m t m m
2 2 2 2
( ) ( 1) (4 2 6) 4 4 10 = = + + + +
Hm s (1) nghch bin trong khong ( ;2) g t t ( ) 0, 0 <
TH1:
a 0
0
<

m
m m
2
2
1 0
3 2 1 0
<
TH2:
a
S
P
0
0
0
0
<
>
>

m
m m
m m
m
m
2
2
2
1 0
3 2 1 0
4 4 10 0
2 3
0
1
<
>
>
+

Vy: Vi m
1
1
3
< th hm s (1) nghch bin trong khong ( ;2) .

Bai 6. Cho hm s y m x m x x
2 3 2
1
( 1) ( 1) 2 1
3
= + + (1) m ( 1) .
2) Tm m hm nghch bin trn khong K (2; ) = + .
Tp xc nh: D = R; y m x m x
2 2
( 1) 2( 1) 2 = + .
t t x 2 = ta c: y g t m t m m t m m
2 2 2 2
( ) ( 1) (4 2 6) 4 4 10 = = + + + +
Hm s (1) nghch bin trong khong (2; ) + g t t ( ) 0, 0 >
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TH1:
a 0
0
<

m
m m
2
2
1 0
3 2 1 0
<
TH2:
a
S
P
0
0
0
0
<
>
<

m
m m
m m
m
m
2
2
2
1 0
3 2 1 0
4 4 10 0
2 3
0
1
<
>
<
+

Vy: Vi m 1 1 < < th hm s (1) nghch bin trong khong (2; ) +

Bai 7. Cho hm s y x x mx m
3 2
3 = + + + (1), (m l tham s).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m = 3.
2) Tm m hm s (1) nghch bin trn on c di bng 1.
Ta c y x x m
2
' 3 6 = + + c m 9 3 = .
+ Nu m 3 th y x R 0, hm s ng bin trn R m 3 khng tho mn.
+ Nu m < 3 th y 0 = c 2 nghim phn bit x x x x
1 2 1 2
, ( ) < . Hm s nghch bin trn on x x
1 2
; (

vi
di l x x
1 2
= . Ta c:
m
x x x x
1 2 1 2
2;
3
+ = = .
YCBT l 1 = x x
1 2
1 = x x x x
2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 1 + = m
9
4
= .

Bai 8. Cho hm s y x mx
3 2
2 3 1 = + (1).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1.
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s (1) ng bin trong khong x x
1 2
( ; ) vi x x
2 1
1 = .
y x mx
2
' 6 6 = + , y x x m ' 0 0 = = = .
+ Nu m = 0 y x 0, hm s nghch bin trn m = 0 khng tho YCBT.
+ Nu m 0 , y x m khi m 0, (0; ) 0 > hoc y x m khi m 0, ( ; 0) 0 < .
Vy hm s ng bin trong khong x x
1 2
( ; ) vi x x
2 1
1 =

x x m
x x m
1 2
1 2
( ; ) (0; )
( ; ) ( ; 0)
=
v x x
2 1
1 =
m
m
m
0 1
1
0 1
=
=
.

Bai 9. Cho hm s y x mx m
4 2
2 3 1 = + (1), (m l tham s).
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m = 1.
2) Tm m hm s (1) ng bin trn khong (1; 2).
Ta c y x mx x x m
3 2
' 4 4 4 ( ) = =
+ m 0 , y x 0, (0; )
+ m 0 tho mn.
+ m 0 > , y 0
= c 3 nghim phn bit: m m , 0, .

Hm s (1) ng bin trn (1; 2) m m 1 0 1 < . Vy
(
m ;1(
.
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi y x m x m
4 2
2( 1) 2 = + ; y ng bin trn khong (1;3) . S: m 2 .

Bai 10. Cho hm s
mx
y
x m
4 +
=
+
(1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m 1 = .
2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m hm s (1) nghch bin trn khong ( ;1) .
Tp xc nh: D = R \ {m}.
m
y
x m
2
2
4
( )
=
+
.
Hm s nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh y m 0 2 2
< < < (1)

hm s (1) nghch bin trn khong( ;1) th ta phi c m m 1 1 (2)
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Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c: m 2 1 < .

Bai 11. Cho hm s
x x m
y
x
2
2 3
(2).
1
+
=

Tm m hm s (2) ng bin trn khong ( ; 1) .
Tp xc nh: D R { \ 1} = .
x x m f x
y
x x
2
2 2
2 4 3 ( )
' .
( 1) ( 1)
+
= =

Ta c: f x m x x
2
( ) 0 2 4 3 + . t g x x x
2
( ) 2 4 3 = + g x x '( ) 4 4 =
Hm s (2) ng bin trn ( ; 1) y x m g x
( ; 1]
' 0, ( ; 1) min ( )

Da vo BBT ca hm s g x x ( ), ( ; 1] ta suy ra m 9 .
Vy m 9 th hm s (2) ng bin trn ( ; 1)

Bai 12. Cho hm s
x x m
y
x
2
2 3
(2).
1
+
=

Tm m hm s (2) ng bin trn khong (2; ) + .
Tp xc nh: D R { \ 1} = .
x x m f x
y
x x
2
2 2
2 4 3 ( )
' .
( 1) ( 1)
+
= =

Ta c: f x m x x
2
( ) 0 2 4 3 + . t g x x x
2
( ) 2 4 3 = + g x x '( ) 4 4 =
Hm s (2) ng bin trn (2; ) + y x m g x
[2; )
' 0, (2; ) min ( )
+
+
Vy m 3 th hm s (2) ng bin trn (2; ) + .

Bai 13. Cho hm s
x x m
y
x
2
2 3
(2).
1
+
=

Tm m hm s (2) ng bin trn khong (1;2) .
Tp xc nh: D R { \ 1} = .
x x m f x
y
x x
2
2 2
2 4 3 ( )
' .
( 1) ( 1)
+
= =

Ta c: f x m x x
2
( ) 0 2 4 3 + . t g x x x
2
( ) 2 4 3 = + g x x '( ) 4 4 =
Hm s (2) ng bin trn (1;2) y x m g x
[1;2]
' 0, (1;2) min ( )
Vy m 1 th hm s (2) ng bin trn (1;2) .

Bai 14. Cho hm s
x mx m
y
m x
2 2
2 3
(2).
2
+
=

Tm m hm s (2) nghch bin trn khong ( ;1) .
Tp xc nh: D R { m} \ 2 = .
x mx m f x
y
x m x m
2 2
2 2
4 ( )
' .
( 2 ) ( 2 )
+
= =

t t x 1 = .
Khi bpt: f x ( ) 0 tr thnh: g t t m t m m
2 2
( ) 2(1 2 ) 4 1 0 = +
Hm s (2) nghch bin trn ( ;1)
m
y x
g t t i
2 1
' 0, ( ;1)
( ) 0, 0 ( )
>

<

i
S
P
' 0
' 0
( )
0
0
=
>

>

m
m
m
m m
2
0
0
4 2 0
4 1 0
=

>

+

m
m
0
2 3
=

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Vy: Vi m 2 3 + th hm s (2) nghch bin trn ( ;1) .

Bai 15. Cho hm s
x mx m
y
m x
2 2
2 3
(2).
2
+
=

Tm m hm s (2) nghch bin trn khong (1; ) + .
Tp xc nh: D R { m} \ 2 = .
x mx m f x
y
x m x m
2 2
2 2
4 ( )
' .
( 2 ) ( 2 )
+
= =

t t x 1 = .
Khi bpt: f x ( ) 0 tr thnh: g t t m t m m
2 2
( ) 2(1 2 ) 4 1 0 = +
Hm s (2) nghch bin trn (1; ) +
m
y x
g t t ii
2 1
' 0, (1; )
( ) 0, 0 ( )
<
+

>

ii
S
P
' 0
' 0
( )
0
0
=
>

<

m
m
m
m m
2
0
0
4 2 0
4 1 0
=

<

+

m 2 3
Vy: Vi m 2 3 th hm s (2) nghch bin trn (1; ) +

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TRCH THI TUYN SINH I HC TRONG MT S NM GN Y
Bi 1: Cho hm s
3 2
4 6 1 y x x = + (1)
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit rng tip tuyn i qua im ( 1; 9) M .
Bi 2: Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = +
Chng minh rng mi ng thng i qua im I(1; 2) vi h s gc k ( 3) k > u ct th hm s (1) ti ba
im phn bit I, A, B ng thi I l trung im ca on thng AB.
Bi 3: Cho hm s
3 2
3 ( 1) 1 y x mx m x = + + + + (1), m l tham s thc.
Tm cc gi tr ca tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) ti im c honh x = 1 i qua im A(1; 2).
Bi 4: Cho hm s
4 2
8 7 y x x = + (1)
Tm cc gi tr thc ca tham s m ng thng y = mx 9 tip xc vi th hm s (1).
Bi 5: Cho hm s
3 2
3 3 ( 2) 1 y x x m m x = + (1) , m l tham s thc
Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s (1) c hai cc tr cng du.
Bi 6: Cho hm s
3 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
(1).
Tnh din tch ca tam gic to bi cc trc ta v tip tuyn vi th hm s (1) ti im ( 2;5) M .
Bi 7: Cho hm s
2
2 3
x
y
x
+
=
+
(1)
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) bit tip tuyn ct trc honh ,trc tung ln lt ti hai
im phn bit A, B v tam gic OAB cn ti gc ta O.
Bi 8: Cho hm s
4 2
2 4 y x x = (1).
Vi cc gi tr no ca m, phng trnh
2 2
2 x x m = c ng 6 nghim thc phn bit.
Bi 9: Cho hm s
4 2
(3 2) 3 y x m x m = + + c th l (C
m
), m l tham s.
Tm m ng thng y = 1 ct th (C
m
) ti 4 im phn bit u c honh nh hn 2
Bi 10: Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
.
Tm m ng thng y = 2x + m ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch
bng 3
Bi 11: Cho hm s
4 2
6 y x x = +
Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th, bit tip tuyn vung gc ng thng
1
1.
6
y x =
Bi 12: Cho hm s
3 2
2 (1 ) y x x m x m = + +
Tm m th ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
1 2 3
, , x x x tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
4. x x x + + <
3
+ 3x
2
1, (C)
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im c honh x = 1.
Bi 14: Cho hm s
3 2
(2 1) (2 ) 2 y x m x m x = + +
Xc nh m hm s c hai cc tr c honh dng.
Bi 15: Cho hm s
1
.
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y = x + m lun ct th (C) ti 2 im phn bit A v B. Gi k
1
v k
2

ln lt l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A v B. Tm m tng k
1
+ k
2
t gi tr ln nht.
Bi 16: Cho hm s
4 2
2( 1) y x m x m = + + (1), m l tham s.
Tm m th hm s (1) c ba im cc tr A, B, C sao cho OA = BC, O l gc ta , A l cc tr thuc trc
tung, B v C l hai im cc tr cn li.
Bi 17: Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

Tm k ng thng y = kx + 2k +1 ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho khong cch t A v B
n trc honh bng nhau.
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(Vnmath - Com) - Bai Giang Trong Tam Ve Ham So Thay Dang Viet Hung

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th (1) c 2 nghim phn bit

> > + >

th phng trnh cho c 3 nghim phn bit.

> + > + + >

< < = + > < <

v s dng yu cu ca bi gii ra tham s.

+ = > < <

ti cc giao im ca (C) vi trc honh, trc tung.

> + + > >

> > <

> > <

. Vy: M( 2;2) hoc M(2; 2) .

c th k c 3 tip tuyn vi (C).

= < > <

= > < >

> > + >

> > >

> > <

Vy 0, 9 m m > tha mn bi.

= = > < >

+ > > < <

< < <

< > + > >

. Hai gi tr ny khng tha mn iu kin( )

vo h thc trn ta c phng trnh xc nh gi tr ca tham s.

> > + >

< + < <

> + + > + >

< < <

> > + >

. Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho ng thng (d): y x m = + ct (C) ti

c th l (C). Tm cc gi tr m ng thng : 3 y x m = + ct (C) ti

c th l (C) v im ( 2; 5) A . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) ct (C)

do ng thng : 3 y x = + l phn gic ca 2 tim cn

. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua gc ta O v ct (C) ti hai im phn

l nghim ca phng trnh:

. Tm m ng thng y x m = + ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A v

l nghim ca phng trnh:

l nghim ca phng trnh:

c th (C). Xc nh m ng thng : d y x m = + ct th (C) ti hai

. Gi (d) l ng thng qua M(2; 0) c h s gc k. Tm k (d) ct (C) ti hai

l giao im ca th v trc Ox hoc Oy (thng thng ta ly giao vi trc Ox).

> = + > > >

v ng thng d : y = 2x + m. Tm m d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B

. Vy c 2 im M tha mn: M(0; 3) v M(2; 5)

Phng trnh MN: x y 2 3 0 + + = .

A(0; 4), B(2; 0).

. Vy c hai im tho YCBT: (0;14), ( 9; 4) .

Do s nghim ca phng trnh bng s

bng s giao im ca th (C):

. Hm s ng bin trn cc khong m m ( ; ), ( 1; ) + +

< th hm s (1) nghch bin trong khong ( ;2) .

= c 3 nghim phn bit: m m , 0, .

< < < (1)

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