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Burris Chapter 10
By: Angela Karow and Jason McLead
Objectives:
List and describe the van Hiele levels and classify the level of a given geometric activity Use correct terminology and notations in describing and working with plane figures such as points, lines, rays, segments, angles, and polygons Plot points and determine the coordinates of plotted points in the Cartesian coordinate system Use correct terminology and notations in describing and working with space figures and nets of space figures Determine whether figures are similar or congruent Discuss and describe motions and symmetry Plan lessons and activities that incorporate geometric ideas into the early childhood classroom
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Visualization: Level 0
Students can name and recognize shapes by their appearance, but cannot specifically identify properties of shapes. Although they may be able to recognize characteristics, they do not use them for recognition and sorting. Suggestions for instruction using visualization sorting, identifying, and describing shapes manipulating physical models seeing different sizes and orientations of the same shape as to distinguish characteristics of a shape and the features that are not relevant building, drawing, making, putting together, and taking apart shapes
Analysis: Level 1
The student analyzes figures in terms of their components and relationships between components and discovers properties/rules of a class of shapes empirically by folding measuring using a grid or diagram, ... He/she is not yet capable of differentiating these properties into definitions and propositions
Its a rectangle, because it has one long set of sides and one short set of sides, and opposite sides are parallel, and...
Deduction: Level 3
Students can go beyond just identifying characteristics of shapes and are able to construct proofs using postulates or axioms and definitions. A typical high school geometry course should be taught at this level.
Rigor: Level 4
This is the highest level of thought in the van Hiele hierarchy. Students at this level can work in different geometric systems Would most likely be enrolled in a college level course in geometry.
If the students in this class are functioning at Level 0 (visualization), where they recognize a figure by its appearance, they will not be able to play the game focused in level 1 (analysis).
Angle Measurement
An angle is the union of 2 rays with a common endpoint The rays are called sides of the angle The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle You measure an angle by determining how far one side must be rotated about the vertex to coincide with the other side of the angle. The measurement of an angle is given in degrees
Types of Angles
Right Angle Obtuse Acute Straight Reflex
Preliminary Ideas
Using the ideas of parallel and perpendicular allow us define a rectangular coordinate system for locating points on a plane. Introduce the concept of a grid Children first need to understand the terms row and column Row of stars: Column of smiles:
Ordered Pairs
Introduced in 3rd or 4th grade A pair of numbers used to locate a point where lines intersect on a grid
These two line segments intersect at a point called the origin Negative Coordinates are generally not introduced until the 5th and 6th grades
Negative Coordinates
Quadrant II (first coordinate negative, second coordinate positive) Quadrant I (First and second coordinate are both positive)
Polygons
A polygon is a simple closed curve made up of line segments joined at their endpoints Segments of a polygon are called sides The endpoints of at which these segments are joined and called vertices A polygon must have at least 3 sides
Example Polygons Non Polygons
Types of Polygons
Examples:
Classifying Triangles
3 sides 3 interior angles Sum of the interior angles= 180 degrees Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle Acute Triangle
Classifying Quadrilaterals
Also classified in terms of side lengths, angles, and whether sides are parallel or not 4 sided polygon
Space Figures
These Not These
Figures that are not flat, and cannot be drawn in the plane Can be first introduced as solids Examples: Spheres, Rectangular Prisms, Pyramids, Cones...
Translations (Slides)
Rotations (Turns)
Reflections (Flips)
Fin