LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.

HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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CHUYN 02:
LIN KT HA HC

A. LIN KT HA HC
Khi nim phn t v lin kt ha hc
Phn t l phn t nh nht ca cht, mang tnh cht c tr-ng cho cht, c th phn chia thnh cc
ht nh hn trong cc phn ng ho hc v c th tn ti c lp.
S kt hp gia cc nguyn t t ti trng thi bn vng hn -c gi l lin kt ha hc.
Cc khuynh h-ng hnh thnh lin kt ha hc - Qui tc bt t (Octet)
Ni dung ca qui tc bt t: Khi tham gia vo lin kt ha hc cc nguyn t c khuynh h-ng dng
chung electron hoc trao i t n cu trc bn ca kh him bn cnh vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi
cng.
V d:
H . + . Cl Cl :
.. ..
..
:
..
H H-Cl :
Na . . Cl
Na
+
Cl
-
(2/8) (2/8/8)
+
NaCl
:
..
..
(2/8/1) (2/8/7)

I. lin kt ion
1. S hnh thnh ion
Trong nguyn t, s proton bng s electron nn nguyn t trung ha in. Trong phn ng ha hc,
nu nguyn t mt bt hoc thu thm electron, n s tr thnh phn t mang in tch dng hoc
m.Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in c gi l ion.
a. Ion dng
Cc nguyn t kim loi d nhng 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng tr thnh cc ion
mang 1, 2, 3 n v in tch dng.
Th d: MgMg
2+
+2e AlAl
3+
+ 3e
Ion mang in tch dng c gi l ion dng hay cation.
Ngi ta gi tn cation kim loi bng cch t trc tn kim loi t "cation" nh cation liti (Li
+
),
cation magie Mg
2+
, cation nhm (Al
3+
), cation ng I (Cu
+
), cation ng II (Cu
2+
),...
b. Ion m
Cc nguyn t halogen khc v cc nguyn t phi kim nh O, S c th thu thm 1, 2 electron v
tr thnh cc ion m.
Th d: Cl + e Cl

O + 2e O
2
S + 2e S
2
Ion mang in tch m c gi l ion m hay anion.
Ngi ta thng gi tn cc anion bng tn gc axit tng ng, th d cc ion F

, Cl

, S
2
ln lt
c gi l ion florua, clorua, sunfua. Ion O
2
c gi l ion oxit.
c. Ion n v ion a nguyn t
Ion n nguyn t l ion c to nn t mt nguyn t.
Th d: Li
+
, Mg
2+
,Al
3+
,Cu
2+
,F

,Cl

,S
2
,...
Ion a nguyn t l ion c to nn t nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi nhau thnh mt nhm
nguyn t mang in tch dng hay m. Th d, ion amoni (
+
4
NH ), cc ion gc axit nh ion
nitrat (

3
NO ), ion sunfat (
2
4
SO ), ion photphat
3
4
PO ...
2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion


LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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nh ngha lin kt ion: lin kt ion l lin kt ho hc - c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
mang in ng- c du.
- Bn cht ca lc lin kt ion: l lc ht tnh in.
- Thng c hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.
Xt mng tinh th NaCl:
Mng tinh th NaCl c cu trc hnh lp phng. Cc ion Na
+
v Cl

nm cc nt ca mng tinh
th mt cch lun phin. Trong tinh th NaCl, c mt ion Na
+
c bao quanh bi 6 ion Cl

. Ngc li,
mt ion Cl

c bao quanh bi 6 ion Na

+


Tinh th NaCl c to bi rt nhiu ion Na
+
v Cl

, khng c phn t NaCl ring bit. Tuy vy

khi vit cng thc phn t mui natri clorua, n gin ngi ta ch vit NaCl.
Tnh cht ca cc hp cht lin kt ion:
+ Cc hp cht ion cng kh nng chy
+ Kh b ho tan trong dung mi phn cc hn.
+ Cng v d v
+ Hnh thnh tinh th, c dng rn
+ Tinh th ion thng khng mu
+ Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch, trng thi rn thng khng dn in.
Tm li: Kim loi cng d nh- ng electron, phi kim cng d nhn electron, cc ion - c to thnh ht nhau
cng mnh th cng thun li cho s to thnh lin kt ion.

II. Lin kt cng ha tr
1. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr.
- Khi hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr, cc nguyn t c khuynh h- ng dng chung cc cp electron
t cu trc bn ca kh him gn k ( vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng).
- Cc cp electron dng chung c th do s gp chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt (cng ha
tr thng th- ng) hoc ch do mt nguyn t b ra (lin kt cho nhn hay lin kt phi tr).
- S electron gp chung ca mt nguyn t th- ng bng 8 - n (n: s th t ca nhm nguyn t). Khi
ht kh nng gp chung, lin kt vi cc nguyn t cn li - c hnh thnh bng cp electron do mt
nguyn t b ra (th- ng l nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in nh hn).
V d: Cng thc phn t Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
H
2
O H :O: H H - O - H
SO
2
:O:: S: O:
O= SO
a. S hnh thnh phn t n cht

Cc phn t H
2
, N
2
to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t (c m in nh
nhau), nn cc cp electron chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no. Do , lin kt trong cc
phn t khng b phn cc. l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc.
..
..
..
..
..
..
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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b. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht

Lin kt cng ha tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t c gi l lin kt
cng ha tr c cc hay lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.

m in ca oxi (3,44) ln hn m in ca C (2,55) nn cp electron chung lch v
pha oxi. Lin kt gia hai nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc, nhng phn t CO
2
c cu to thng
nn phn cc ca hai lin kt i (C=O) trit tiu nhau, kt qu l ton b phn t khng b phn
cc.
2. Lin kt cng ho tr cho-nhn (lin kt phi tr).
a) nh ngha: Lin kt cng ho tr cho - nhn l lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung ch
do mt nguyn t cung cp gi l nguyn t cho, nguyn t cn li l nguyn t nhn.
VD:
N
H
H
H
+ H
+
N
H
H
H
H
+
hay N
H
H
H
H
+

N
O
O
N
O
O
hay

Trong cng thc cu to, ngi ta biu din cp electron chung bng mt gch ni, cp electron cho
- nhn bng mt mi tn c chiu hng v pha nguyn t nhn.

b) iu kin to ra lin kt cho nhn:
- Nguyn t cho phi c lp v e bo ho v cn t nht mt cp e t do (cha tham gia lin kt) c
bn knh nh, m in t- ng i ln.
- Nguyn t nhn phi c obitan trng.
3. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ha tr
Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt cng ha tr c th l cht rn nh ng, lu hunh, iot,..., c
th l cht lng: nc, ancol,... hoc cht kh nh kh cacbonic, clo, hiro,...
Cc cht c cc nh ancol etylic, ng,... tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc.
Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh iot, cc cht hu c khng cc tan trong dung mi khng cc nh
benzen, cacbon tetraclorua,...
Ni chung, cc cht ch c lin kt cng ha tr khng cc khng dn in mi trng thi.
MI QUAN H GIA LIN KT ION V LIN KT CNG HA TR
Vi lin kt A B th xt v c im ca lin kt ca A B, ngi ta da vo gi tr hiu m in
ca hai nguyn t A v B
4 , 0 < A
B A
_ => Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc
4 , 0 > A
B A
_ => Lin kt ion 7 , 1 4 , 0 < A s
B A
_ => Lin kt cng ha tr c cc
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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Dng lin kt V d c im lin kt
Lin kt cng
ha tr
Khng phn cc Cl : Cl Cp e dng chung nm gia hai nguyn t
Phn tc H : Cl
Cp e dng chung lch pha nguyn t c m in
ln hn
Cho nhn
(Phi tr)
H
3
N :
+
H
Cp e dng chung ch do mt nguyn t n phng
cung cp
Lin kt ion Na+Cl-
E chuyn hn v mt nguyn t trong phn t to thnh
cc ion
CC LOI TINH TH
Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th phn t Tinh th kim loi
Khi
nim
c hnh thnh t nhng
ion mang in tch tri du,
gm cac cation v anion
nt mng tinh th
c hnh thnh t
cc nguyn t
c hnh thnh t
cc phn t
c hnh thnh t
nhng ion nguyn
t kim loi v cc
electron t do
V d Mui n Kim cng Iot, nc Na, Fe, Cu ...
c
tnh
- Lin kt c bn cht tnh
in
- Rt bn
- Kh nng chy
- Khi bay gi
- Lc lin kt c bn
cht cng ha tr
- Nhit nng chy
v nhit si cao
- Lc lin kt l lc
tng tc tnh phn
t
- Km bn
- cng nh
- Nhit nng chy,
nhit soi thp
- nh kim
- Dn in
- Dn nhit
- Do d dt
mng


III. Lin kt kim loi
1. nh ngha: Lin kt kim loi l lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do cc electron t do gn kt cc ion d- ng
kim loi trong mang tinh th kim loi hay trong kim loi lng.
- Bn cht ca lc lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion (+) kim loi.
2. nh h- ng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi
Do cu trc c bit ca mng tinh th kim loi m cc kim loi rn c nhng tnh cht vt l chung: tnh
dn in, tnh dn nhit, tnh do, nh kim. Cc tnh cht vt l chung u do electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.
Ngoi ra c im ca lin kt kim loi: Mt nguyn t (hay c kht), mt electron t do, in
tch ca cation kim loi cng nh h- ng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh- : cng, nhit
nng chy, nhit si, t khi.

IV. Lin kt hiro
1. Khi nim
- Lin kt hyro l lin kt ho hc - c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in yu gia mt nguyn t hyro
linh ng vi mt nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, mang in tch m ca phn t khc hoc trong
cng phn t.
C
O
O
O
H
H
VD
O
H H
O
H
H
O
H
H

2. Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro.
- Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro l lc ht tnh in.
- Lin kt hiro thuc loi lin kt yu, c nng l- ng lin kt vo khong 10-40 kJ/mol, yu hn nhiu
so vi lin kt cng ha tr m nng l- ng lin kt vo khong v trm n vi ngn kJ/mol, nh- ng li
gy nn nhng nh h- ng quan trng ln tnh cht vt l (nh- nhit si v tnh tan trong n- c) cng
nh- tnh cht ha hc (nh- tnh axit) ca nhiu cht hu c.
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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+


o o
H X ... :

1
o
Y
3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hyr.
+ X phi c m in cao, bn knh nguyn t phi t-ng i nh( O, N, F)
+ Y: c t nht mt cp e ch-a s dng, c r nh (O, N, F)
C 2 loi lin kt H
+ Lin kt H gia cc phn t ( lin kt H lin phn t)
VD:

O H
R

O H
R

C th c loi lin kt H lin phn t to thnh vng khp kn (dng ime) rt bn rt kh tch nhau ra
ngay c khi bay hi
+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c
+


o o
H X v :

1
o
Y
v chng phi
t- ng i gn nhau khi hnh thnh lin kt H to thnh - c vng 5-6 cnh ( th- ng th vng 5 cnh
bn hn)
VD
CH
2
H
2
C
O
H
O
H
C
O
OH
O H
;

- Trong phn t c lin kt H ni phn t: ngoi ra cn c lin kt H lin phn t nh-ng v cng kh
khn v n to ra lin kt H ni phn t d dng hn v bn hn lin kt H lin phn t
4. nh h- ng ca lin kt H
+) nh h-ng n si, nhit nng chy
- Lin kt hyro lin phn t lm tng nhit nng chy, nhit si, sc cng b mt v kh nng ho
tan vo n- c ca cht.
- Cc cht c lin kt hyro ni phn t s gim kh nng to lin kt hyro lin phn t, lm gim nhit
nng chy, nhit si, kh nng ho lng so vi hp cht c khi l- ng phn t t- ng - ng nh- ng
c lin kt hyro lin phn t.
C
O O
O
H
H
(I)
C
O O H
O
H
(II)
VD

(II) c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn(I).
+) nh h-ng n tan: Xt nh h- ng ca lin kt H gia phn t v dung mi
- Nu c lin kt H gia phn t hp cht v dung mi th tan ln
- Nhng cht c kh nng to lin kt H ni phn t d tan trong dung mi khng phn cc, kh tan trong
dung mi phn cc hn so vi nhng cht c lin kt H lin phn t
VD: Do c lin kt hyro nn H
2
O, NH
3
, HF c nhit si cao hn cc hp cht c khi l- ng phn t
t- ng - ng(hoc ln hn) nh- ng khng c lin kt hyro nh- H
2
S, HBr, HI... Lin kt hyro ca C
2
H
5
OH
vi H
2
O lm cho r- u etylic tan v hn trong n- c.
o
+

o
-

o
+

o
-

o
+

o
-


LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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...
O - H
C
2
H
5
...
H- O
C
2
H
5
...
O - H
C
2
H
5
...
O - H
H
...
O - H
H
... ...

+) nh h-ng n bn ca ng phn
VD: Hin t- ng ng phn tautome:





+) nh h-ng n tnh axit baz
- Ngoi ra lin kt hyro cn nh h- ng n kh nng cho v nhn proton(H
+
), tc nh h- ng n tnh
axit-baz ca cht.
VD: HF to lin kt hyro mnh trong dung dch nn tnh axit ca HF gim mnh so vi cc axit HCl, HBr,
HI.








CH
3
C CH
2
C CH
3

|| ||
O O

CH
CH
3
C C CH
3

|| ||
O - H . . . O
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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MT S BI TP T LUN
Cu 1:
Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M
2
X. Cho bit:
- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.
- Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.
- Trong hp cht M
2
X, nguyn t X chim
47
8
khi lng.
1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.
2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X.
3. Lin kt trong hp cht M
2
X l lin kt g? Ti sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt trong hp cht .
Cu 2:
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng:
- Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in
l 10.
- K hiu ca nguyn t B l
19
9
B.
2. Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit cng thc ca hp cht
to thnh .
Cu 3:
Mt hp cht c cng thc XY
2
trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X c n =
p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t XY
2
l 32.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn cht lin kt v cng thc
cu to ca phn t XY
2
.
Cu 4:
X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H
2
X, trong X c s oxi ha
thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t ca R.
3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H
2
X
tc dng vi nc Cl
2
, dung dch FeCl
3
, dung dch CuSO
4
.
Cu 5:
R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2.
Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn
t ca X v Y.
3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO
2
; RO
3
; H
2
RO
4
.
Cu 6:
Cation X
+
do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton trong X
+
l 11.
1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X
+
.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X
+
. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
Cu 7:
Anion Y
2-
do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron trong Y
2-
l 50.
1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y
2-
, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y
2-
thuc cng mt phn nhm
v thuc hai chu k lin tip.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y
2-
. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
Cu 8:
Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va thu c 206,75 gam dung dch
A.
1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.
2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch HNO
3
2M (long, va
) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).
Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
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Cu 9:
Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra
vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan
ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H
2
(ktc).
1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng (d) c
dung dch X v c kh SO
2
bay ra.
Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.
Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)
Cu 10:
kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H
2
. Ha tan ht lng kim
loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H
2
. Bit cc kh o ktc.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.
P N HNG DN
Cu 1:
1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M
2
X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46. (1)
Trong hp cht M
2
X, nguyn t X chim
47
8
khi lng nn:
39
8
2M
M
M
X
=
39
8
p) 2(n
p n
, ,
=
+
+

39
8
1) 2(2p
p 2
,
=
+
39p = 8(2p + 1). (2)
T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8.
2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O).
3. Lin kt trong hp cht K
2
O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l phi kim in hnh.
S hnh thnh lin kt:
O + 2e O
2-

2K 2K
+
+ 21e
Cc ion K
+
v O
2-
to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh
hp cht K
2
O:
2K
+
+ O
2-
K
2
O
Cu 2:
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong P = E).
Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.
T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12.
K hiu ca nguyn t B l
19
9
B nn Z
B
= 9
Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A (Z = 11) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

B (Z = 9) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

2. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kim
in hnh (nhm VIIA).
S hnh thnh lin kt:
A A
+
+ 1e B + 1e B
-

Cc ion A
+
v B
-
to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh
hp cht AB: A
+
+ B
-
AB.
Cu 3:
a. Trong hp cht XY
2
, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:
50
50
M
2M
X
Y
= 1
n) (p
) n 2(p
, ,
=
+
+
p = 2p.
Tng s proton trong phn t XY
2
l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.
T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .
Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
v ca Y: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cn tm l SO
2
.
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
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S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO
2
:








Tng ng vi cng thc cu to:


Cu 4:
1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hidro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI.
Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.
2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit cao nht c dng RO
3
.
Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn:
60
40
16 3
M
R
=

M
R
= 32.
3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
H
2
S + 2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ S+ + 2HCl
H
2
S + CuSO
4
CuS+ + H
2
SO
4
Cu 5:
1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n.
S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron.
S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron bo ha ca kh
him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron.
Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.
T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.
S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu
hunh.
2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H
2
S.
Gi cng thc oxit Y l SO
n
.
Do %S = 50% nn
16n
32
=
50
50
n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO
2
.
3. Cng thc cu to ca SO
2
; SO
3
; H
2
SO
4
:




Cu 6:
1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X
+
l
5
11
= 2,2. Vy mt nguyn t trong X
+
c in
tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1). Ta loi trng hp He (Z = 2) v He l kh him khng to
c hp cht.
Vy cng thc ion X
+
c dng: [A
5-n
H
n
]
+
. Trong : (5-n).Z
A
+ n = 11.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3 4
Z
A
(A) 2,5 (loi) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 7 (N)
O
O
S
O:
O:
S:
Lin kt

Lin kt cho nhn

O
O
S O
O
S
O
O
S
S
S
O HO
HO
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
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Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X
+
tng ng khng tn ti.
Trng hp A l nit tha mn v ion amoni tn ti. Vy X
+
l ion NH
+
4
.
2. Cng thc electron ca ion NH
+
4
nh sau:







Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
Cu 7:
Gi cng thc ca Y
2-
l

2
m m 5
] F [E .
Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y
2-
bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y
2-
bng 48.
Ta c: (5-m)Z
E
+ mZ
F
= 48. (1)
Ta nhn thy:
S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y
2-
l
5
48
= 9,6 nn E thuc chu k 2, F chu
k k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3.
Mt khc, hai nguyn t E v F thuc cng mt phn nhm nn Z
F
- Z
E
= 8. (2)
T (1), (2) ta c: 5Z
E
+ 8m = 48.
Ta lp bng sau:
M 1 2 3
4
Z
E
(E) 8 (O) 6,4 (loi) 4,8 (loi) 3,2 (loi)
Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y
2-
cn tm l ion sunfat SO
2
4
.
2. Cng thc electron ca ion SO
2
4
nh sau:








Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
Cu 8:
1. Gi ha tr kim loi l n v s mol l a mol. Ta c: Ma = 7.
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2 |
(mol): a a 0,5na
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn: 7 - 0,5na2 = 6,75 hay na = 0,25.
Lp t l: 28
na
Ma
n
M
= = . Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
2. Gi s mol: Fe = b v Fe
x
O
y
= c mol. Ta c 56b + (56x + 16y)c = 6,28.
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO| + 2H
2
O
(mol): b 4b b
H
H
H H
..
.
.
.
.
N
..
H H
H
N
H
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
O
O
O O S
2-
O
O
O
S
O
2-
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
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3Fe
x
O
y
+ (12x - 2y)HNO
3
3xFe(NO
3
)
3
+ (3x - 2y)NO| + (6x - y)H
2
O
(mol): c
3
2y)c (12x

3
2y)c (3x

Ta c: 4b +
3
2y)c (12x
= 0,34 v b +
3
2y)c (3x
= 0,055.
T y tnh c: b = 0,05 mol; xc = 0,045 mol v yc = 0,06 mol.
Lp t l:
4
3
yc
xc
y
x
= = . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +
3
8
, ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe
2
O
3
).
Cu 9:
Gi cng thc oxit l: M
x
O
y
= a mol. Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 4,06.
M
x
O
y
+ yCO
0
t
xM + yCO
2

(mol): a ax ay
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
(mol): ay ay
Ta c: ay = 0,07. T y suy ra: Max = 2,94.
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2 |
(mol): ax 0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,0525 hay nax = 0,105.
Lp t l: 28
nax
Max
n
M
= = . Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
Lp t l:
4
3
ay
ax
y
x
= = . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.
Cu 10:
Gi cng thc oxit l M
x
O
y
= a mol.
M
x
O
y
+ yH
2

0
t
xM + yH
2
O
(mol): a ay ax
Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6.
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2 |
(mol): ax 0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2.
Lp t l: 28
nax
Max
n
M
= = . Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
Lp t l:
3
2
ay
ax
y
x
= = . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
2
O
3
.
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3, ha tr ca st l III.
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BI TP TRC NGHIM CNG C KIN THC

Cu 1: X, A, Z l nhng nguyn t c s n v in tch ht nhn l 9, 19, 8. Lin kt c th c gia 2
nguyn t ca nguyn t no l lin kt cng ha tr?
A. X v Z B. A v Z C. Khng c trng hp ny xy ra D. X v A
Cu 2: Nguyn t X c 20 proton, nguyn t Y c 17 proton. Cng thc hp cht hnh thnh t hai nguyn
t ny l:
A. X
2
Y vi lin kt ion B. X
2
Y vi lin kt cng ho tr.
C. XY
2
vi lin kt cng ho tr D. XY
2
vi lin kt ion.
Cu 3: Lin kt ha hc trong NaCl c hnh thnh do
A. hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron rt mnh.
B. mi nguyn t Na v Cl gp chung mt electron.
C. nguyn t clo nhng electron, nguyn t Na nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn
phn t NaCl
D. nguyn t Na nhng electron, nguyn t clo nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn
phn t NaCl.
Cu 4: m in ca nit bng 3,04; ca clo l 3,16 khc nhau khng ng k nhng iu kin thng
kh nng phn ng ca N
2
km hn Cl
2
l do
A. Cl
2
l halogen nn c hot tnh ha hc mnh. B. in tch ht nhn ca N nh hn ca Cl.
C. N
2
c lin kt ba cn Cl
2
c lin kt n. D. trn tri t hm lng nit nhiu hn clo.
Cu 5: Cho tinh th cc cht sau: iod (1), kim cng (2), nc (3), mui n (4), silic (5). Tinh th nguyn
t l cc tinh th
A. (1), (2), (5). B. (1), (3), (4). C. (2), (5). D. (3), 4).
Cu 6: Ha tr ca nit trong cc cht: N
2
, NH
3
, N
2
H
4
, NH
4
Cl, NaNO
3
tng ng l
A. 0, -3, -2, -3, +5. B. 0, 3, 2, 3, 5. C. 2, 3, 0, 4, 5. D. 3, 3, 3, 4, 4.
Cu 7: Dy no trong s cc dy sau y ch cha cc lin kt cng ha tr?
A. BaCl
2
; CdCl
2
; LiF. B. H
2
O ; SiO
2
; CH
3
COOH.
C. NaCl ; CuSO
4
; Fe(OH)
3
. D. N
2
; HNO
3
; NaNO
3
.
Cu 8: Cho cc tinh th sau:





Kim cng (C) Iot (I
2
) H
2
O
Tinh th no l tinh th phn t:
A.Tinh th kim cng v It B.Tinh th kim cng v nc .
C.Tinh th nc v It. D.C 3 tinh th cho.
Cu 9: Mt phn t XY
3
c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn
t l 76. XY
3
l cng thc no sau y ?
A. SO
3
B. AlCl
3
C. BF
3
D. NH
3
Cu 10: X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit tng s electron
trong anion XY
2
3
l 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v XY
2
3
trong s cc phng n sau
A. Be, Mg v MgBe
3
B. S, O v
2
3
SO C. C, O v
2
3
CO D. Si, O v
2
3
SiO
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Cu 11: Cp cht no sau y u c c ba loi lin kt: lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt ion , lin kt phi tr?
A. NaCl , H
2
O B. NH
4
Cl , Al
2
O
3
C. K
2
SO
4
, KNO
3
D. SO
2
, SO
3

Cu 12: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t.
B. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt cng ha tr.
C. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt yu.
D. Tinh th iot l tinh th phn t.
Cu 13: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Kim cng l mt dng th hnh ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn t.
B. Trong mng tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t c phn b lun phin u n theo mt trt t nht
nh. C. Lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong tinh th nguyn t l lin kt yu.
D. Tinh th nguyn t bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao.
Cu 14: Chn mnh ng:
A. Trong lin kt cng ha tr, cp electron lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn.
B. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc c to thnh gia 2 nguyn t c hiu m in t 0,4 n nh hn 1,7.
C. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc c to nn t cc nguyn t khc hn nhau v tnh cht ha hc.
D. Hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ln th phn t phn cc yu.
Cu 15: Cho cc nguyn t K,Na,Ca,Al, F,O, Cl. C bao nhiu phn t hp cht ion to thnh t 2 nguyn
t trong cc nguyn t trn c cu hnh electron ca cation khc cu hnh electron ca anion ?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
Cu 16: Anion XY
3
2
c tng s ht mang in l 62. S ht mang in trong ht nhn ca Y nhiu hn s
ht mang in trong ht nhn ca X l 2. Nhn nh no sau y l sai?
A. Y l nguyn t thuc chu k 2.
B. X l nguyn t cacbon.
C. Trong phn t hp cht gia Na, X,Y va c lin kt ion va c lin kt cng ha tr.
D. Nu Z l nguyn t cng phn nhm vi Y chu k k tip th phn t hp cht gia X v Z c tng s
ht mang in l 48.
Cu 16: Nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 115 trong s ht khng mang in chim
39,13% tng s ht. Trong hp cht ion gia M v X s ht mang in ca M chim 14,63% tng s ht
mang in ca phn t. M l :
A. Na B. Mg C. Na D. K
Cu 17: Anion X

v cation M
2+
(M khng phi l Be) u c chung 1 cu hnh electron R. Khng nh no
sau y l sai?
A. Nu M chu k 3 th X l Flo.
B. Nu R c n electron th phn t hp cht ion n gin gia X v M c 3n electron.
C. X l nguyn t p v M l nguyn t s.
D. S ht mang in ca Ms ht mang in ca X = 4.
Cu 18: Cho cc phn t : H
2
, CO
2
, HCl, Cl
2
, CH
4
. C bao nhiu phn t c cc ?
A.1 B.2 C.3 D. 4
Cu 19 (B-07): Cho cc cht: axit propionic (X), axit axetic (Y), ancol (ru) etylic (Z) v imetyl ete (T).
Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l
A. T, Z, Y, X. B. T, X, Y, Z. C. Z, T, Y, X. D. Y, T, X, Z.
Cu 20: Dy no sau y sp xp ng theo th s oxi ho tng dn ca nit trong cc cht?
A. N
2
, NO, N
2
O, NO
2
, NH
3
, NaNO
3
. B. NO, N
2
, N
2
O, NH
3
, NO
2
, NaNO
3
.
C. NH
3
, N
2
, N
2
O, NO, NO
2
, NaNO
3
. D. NH
3
, N
2
, N
2
O, NO, NaNO
3
, NO
2
.
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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Cu 21: Cho cc nguyn t v m in tng ng : oxi 3,5 ; hiro 2,1 ; natri 0,9 ; lu hunh 3,0.
a) phn cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t tng dn theo dy:
A. SO
2
, H
2
O, H
2
S, Na
2
O. B. SO
2
, H
2
O, Na
2
O, H
2
S.
C. SO
2
, H
2
S, H
2
O, Na
2
O. D. H
2
S, Na
2
O, SO
2
, H
2
O.
Cu 22: Cho cc phn t cc cht CaO, CH
4
, CO
2
, NH
3
, Na
2
O, KCl. Tng s cc cht c lin kt ion l
A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 2
Cu 23: Cho
6
C,
7
N,
1
H,
17
Cl. S phn cc cc cht c sp xp theo th t tng dn nh sau:
A. NH
3
< CH
4
< HCl. B. HCl < NH
3
< CH
4
.
C. CH
4
< NH
3
< HCl. D. CH
4
< HCl < NH
3
.
Cu 24 : Ch ra ni dung sai :
A. S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong cc hp cht bng ho tr ca nguyn t .
B. Trong mt phn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng.
C. S oxi ho ca ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
D. Tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong ion a nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
Cu 25 : S oxi ho ca nguyn t nit trong cc hp cht : NH
4
Cl, HNO
3
, NO, NO
2
, N
2
, N
2
O ln lt l :
A. 4, +6, +2, +4, 0, +1. B. 4, +5, 2, 0, +3, 1. C. 3, +5, +2, +4, 0, +1. D. +3, 5, +2, 4, 3, 1
Cu 26 : Hon thnh ni dung sau: S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l ...(1) ca nguyn t
nguyn t trong phn t, nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l ...(2)..
A. (1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt ion. B. (1): in tch; (2): lin kt ion.
C. (1): cng ho tr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr. D. (1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr.
Cu 27 : cc nt mng ca tinh th natri clorua l
A. phn t NaCl. B. cc ion Na
+
, Cl

.
C. cc nguyn t Na, Cl. D. cc nguyn t v phn t Na, Cl
2
.
Cu 28 : Trong tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng
A. lin kt cng ho tr. B. lin kt ion. C. lin kt kim loi. D. lc ht tnh in.
Cu 29 : Trong tinh th kim cng, cc nt mng tinh th l
A. nguyn t cacbon. B. phn t cacbon. C. cation cacbon. D. anion cacbon.
Cu 30 : Trong tinh th iot, cc im nt ca mng tinh th l :
A. nguyn t iot. B. phn t iot. C. anion iotua D. cation iot.
Cu 31 : Trong tinh th nc , cc nt ca mng tinh th l :
A. Nguyn t hiro v oxi. B. Phn t nc. C. Cc ion H
+
v O
2
. D. Cc ion H
+
v OH

.
Cu 32 : Trong phn t amoni clorua c bao nhiu lin kt cng ho tr ?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
Cu 33 : Trong mng tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na
+
v Cl

c phn b lun phin u n trn cc nh ca

cc
A. hnh lp phng. B. hnh t din u. C. hnh chp tam gic. D. hnh lng tr lc gic u.
Cu 34 : Ch ra ni dung sai khi xt phn t CO
2
:
A. Phn t c cu to gc. B. Lin kt gia nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc
C. Phn t CO
2
khng phn cc D. Trong phn t c hai lin kt i.
Cu 35 : Trong phn ng ho hc, nguyn t natri khng hnh thnh c
A. ion natri. B. cation natri. C. anion natri. D. ion n nguyn t natri.
Cu 36 : Trong phn ng : 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl, c s hnh thnh
A. cation natri v clorua. B. anion natri v clorua.
C. anion natri v cation clorua. D. anion clorua v cation natri.
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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Cu 37 : Hon thnh ni dung sau : Bn knh nguyn t...(1) bn knh cation tng ng v ... (2) bn knh anion
tng ng.
A. (1) : nh hn, (2) : ln hn. B. (1) : ln hn, (2) : nh hn.
C. (1) : ln hn, (2) : bng. D. (1) : nh hn, (2) : bng.
Cu 38 : Trong tinh th NaCl, xung quanh mi ion c bao nhiu ion ngc du gn nht ?
A. 1 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
Cu 39 : Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh thnh bi
A. s gp chung cc electron c thn.
B. s cho nhn cp electron ho tr.
C. lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tri du.
D. lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v electron t do.
Cu 40 : Ch ra ni dung sai khi ni v tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion :
A. Kh nng chy, kh bay hi. B. Tn ti dng tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc.
C. Trong tinh th cha cc ion nn dn c in. D. Cc hp cht ion u kh rn.
Cu 41: Lin kt cng ha tr:
A. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ha
B. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo ha
Cu 42: Lin kt ion
A. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ha
B. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo ha
Cu 43: Trong phn t Cl
2
, xc xut c mt cc electron tp trung ln nht:
A. ti khu vc gia hai ht nhn nguyn t
B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t
C. ti khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t
D. ti mi ni trong phn t
Cu 44: lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh:
A. bi cp electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t lin kt
B. bi cp electron dng chung gia mt kim loi in hnh v mt phi kim in hnh
C. bi lc ht ht nhn gia hai nguyn t
D. bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
Cu 45: Cho m in ca cc nguyn t : C (2,55) ; H (2,20) ; S (2,58) ; Na (0,93) ; O (3,44) ; N (3,04) ;
P (2,19) ; Cl (3,16) ; K (0,82) ; Ba (0,89). Nhm cc hp cht c cng bn cht lin kt l
A. CO
2
, H
2
S, Na
2
O, SO
2
, SO
3
, B. CO
2
, N
2
, H
2
S, PCl
5
, BaCl
2
.
C. CO
2
, H
2
O, KOH, NaCl, H
2
SO
4
. D. SO
2
, H
2
S, HCl, PCl
3
, H
2
O.
Cu 46: Nhn xt no sau y khng ng?
A. Kim cng l tinh th nguyn t nn nhit nng chy rt cao
B. Nc l tinh th ion nn nhit nng chy rt thp
C. Iot l tinh th phn t nn d ha hi khi un nng
D. NaCl l tinh th ion nn d b ha tan trong nc
P N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 45 45 46