Th Ta (Th qu kh - Vta/da)

Dng c bn l kt thc bng / , nhng phi thay i nhiu v ng m, ph thuc vo m tit

cui ca ng t. Th hon thnh kh tng ng vi th qu kh ca chng ta v thng c gi
l th qu kh.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc

(benky suru, hc) (benky shita)

(kuru)

(kita)

Khng c

Khng c

(ika)

(itta)

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc

(ikimashita)

Th -

- (tsukau, dng)

(tsukatta)

- (xem cch dng)

- (tou, hi)

(tta)

- (yaku, nng)

(yaita)

- (oyogu, bi)

(oyoida)

- (shimesu, trng by) (shimeshita)

- (matsu, i)

(matta)

- (shinu, cht)

(shinda)

- (yobu, gi)

(yonda)

- (yomu, c)

(yonda)

- (gc ph m)

- (hashiru, chy)

(hashitta)

- (gc nguyn m) - (kuiru, tic)

(kuita)

- (gc nguyn m) - (kotaeru, tr li)

Tnh t

(kotaeta)

Tnh t - (yasui, r)

(yasukatta)

Tnh t - (kantan, n gin) (kantan datta)

Th ph nh (V-nai)
Cch chuyn: ng t u chuyn thnh a+nai.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc

(benky suru, hc) (benky shinai)

(aisuru, yu)

(aisanai)

(kuru) (konai) Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Th - -

(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc

(ikimasen)

- (tsukau, dng)

(tsukawanai)

- (yaku, nng)

(yakanai)

- (oyogu, bi)

(oyoganai)

- (shimesu, trng by) (shimesanai)

- (matsu, i)

(matanai)

- (shinu, cht)

(shinanai)

- (yobu, gi)

(yobanai)

- (yomu, c)

(yomanai)

- (gc ph m)

- (hashiru, chy)

(hashiranai)

- (gc nguyn m) -- (kotaeru, tr li)

(kotaenai)

- (gc nguyn m) - (kuiru, tic)

Tnh t

(kuinai)

Tnh t -

(yasui, r)

(kantan de wa nai)

-
Tnh t

(yasukunai)

(kantan, n gin)
(kantan ja nai)

-
ui c chia theo 2 cch:

Nh mt tnh t i. V d, th qu kh ca (tabenai) l (tabenakatta)

cn th te l (tabenakute).
To th te c bit bng cch thm . V d, (tabenaide). V d s dng:
(tabenaide kudasai, xin ng n).

Th Te (V-te/de)
Th te ca ng t ting Nht (c khi c gi l "phn t") c s dng khi ng t c lin kt vi
nhng t theo sau. Vi tt c cc ng t, n c to ra bng cch thay ui a th hon thnh
sang e. Tnh t hi khc mt cht.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc

(benky suru, hc) (benky shite)

(kuru)

(kite)

Khng c

Khng c

(ika)

(itte)

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

Khng c

(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc

(itte)

Th -
-

- (tsukau, dng)

- (xem th hon thnh) - (tou, hi)

-

- (yaku, nng)

(tsukatte)
(toute)
(yaite)

- (oyogu, bi)

- (shimesu, trng by) (shimeshite)

- (matsu, i)

(matte)

- (shinu, cht)

(shinde)

- (yobu, gi)

(yonde)

- (yomu, c)

(yonde)

- (gc ph m)

- (hashiru, chy)

(hashitte)

- (gc nguyn m)

- (kuiru, tic)

(kuite)

- (gc nguyn m)

- (kotaeru, tr li)
Tnh t

(kotaete)

Tnh t -B (yasui, r)
Tnh t -B

(oyoide)

(yasukatta)

(kantan, n gin) (kantan de)

Th thng thng (th ngn V ru)

ng t
V -> V
(Th khng nh)

(kimasu)

(kuru)

(ikimasu)

(iku)
V ->V

(Th ph nh)

(tabemasen)

(Ikanai,khng i)

(tabnai, khng n)
V ->V
(Th qu kh)

V ->V
(Th ph nh ca qu kh)

Tnh t

Tnh t
a.Th khng nh hin ti ca tnh t:
A
1b.Th khng nh trong qu kh:
A
2a. Th ph nh:
A
2b. Th ph nh trong qu kh:
A
Tnh t N:
(Khng nh hin ti)
/
(Ph nh hin ti)
(Khng nh qu kh)

(Ph nh qu kh)

(yasui, r)

(yasukatta)

2.A

3.A

1.A

4.A

1.
(kantan da)
1.(kantan
1.A/N
2.
desu, n gin)
2.A/N
2.
3.A/N
3.
3.
4.A/N
4.

4.