Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express. IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution the industrial transition from hand production to machine production in the 19th century, improved efficiency and the invention of new ideas such as the steamboat. Nativism The noisier American group who called for reform against foreigners, allowing them to express their prejudice , advocated for rigid restrictions on immigration and laws. Canal Age The age in the early 1800s where the north mainly built for transportation and use of trade such as the Erie Canal which profitted economically and commericially. Samuel Slater A genius British mechanic who would flee to America and create the first efficient cotton spinning machine. He is nicknamed the Father of the Factory System in America. Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin A mechanical genius from Massachusetts who would create the cotton gin which would kick start the industrial revolution in America. The cotton gin was a machine that could sort out the seeds from the cotton threads over 50 times faster than by hand. Elias Howe Inventor of the Sewing Machine, which made 250 stiches a minute ,which he combined to work with Issac M. Singer. Lowell/Waltham System Factory textile system whose idea was created by both Lowell and Waltham, mainly for the female factory workers in New England. Commonwealth v. Hunt A legal case presented by the toilers of factories. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts would

rule in favor of the toilers that creating a labor union was not an illegal conspiracy. Erie Canal A canal completed in 1825 that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River and the New York Harbor. It promoted farming in the Old Northwest and industrialization in the Northeast. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? Settlers of the frontier were young and energetic. They were always on the move and were incredibly restless. Although legend portrays these settlers as muscular men who created civilization out of nothing, in reality these settlers suffered greatly in new land. They often starved and lived in housing structures that could be built in a day. Worst of all, these new settlers suffered from great loneliness. Pioneering Americans also were superstitious, poorly educated, and individualistic. Ralph Waldo Emersons popular lecture-essay Self-Reliance found great fame and acclaim. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. This quote refers to what the settlers did to the land that they left. As many pioneers hurried to the west, they exhausted all the nutrients out of the soil in the tobacco regions and left behind dry, barren soil. In Kentucky however, the settlers discovered that when cane was burned off, Kentucky Bluegrass would thrive which would be ideal for raising livestock. Another large industry of the west was again beaver fur trading, each summer traders would rendezvous with the Indians to trade their respective goods. Buffalo robes were also popular, which would eventually lead to the extinction of the bison. To preserve all the beauty of America, George Catlin greatly advocated nature and would eventually create the first national park with Yellowstone Park in 1872. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860? America was growing at an extremely rate, as the original thirteen states had now grown to thirtythree and the population was doubling every 25 years. Big cities such as New York, New Orleans, and Chicago, also emerged as the central hub of their respective region. This influx of people also worsened the problems of garbage and filth however. Not only did people give birth now more than ever, but immigrants also flew in at an incredible rate. Europeans such as the Irish and Germans immigrated due to a lack of space in Europe. Many Europeans also received America Letters from relatives already in the US. These letters told of America as a heaven with equal opportunity and freedom.

The Emerald Isle Moves West

Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain. After reading this section, I am not surprised that an Irish-American became president in 1960. During the mid-1840s, conditions in were Ireland were dire and almost 2 million died of hunger and starvation. This prompted many Irish to leave for America where there was more land and opportunity. The Irish were treated very poorly however and were very unwelcome. This helped to spawn the Molly Maguires, which was an Irish miners union that rocked the coal districts in Pennsylvania. The tough, modest ways of the Irish soon paid off though. They quickly won over support in New Works Tammany Hall and before long ruled the police departments of many large cities, where they drove their Paddy Wagons. This hard working witty way of the Irish makes me believe that they could work their way to the top eventually. The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. Yes, the Germans made as large a contribution as the Irish did. Just like the Irish, many Germans fled their homeland in search for wealth and freedom. Over 1.5 million immigrated to America within a span of 30 years. Among these immigrants was Carl Schurz, who greatly contributed to the elevation of American politics. The Germans also contributed to America with the Conestoga wagon, the Kentucky rifle, and the Christmas tree. They also greatly supported public schools such as Kindergarten and helped to stimulate art and music. Last but not least, the Germans also brought over what would become one of Americas favorite drinks, beer. Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? This large scale immigration to America irritated the prejudices of American nativists. The most alarming issue to the native Americans was regarding religion. Most of the Irish and Germans that had come over were Roman Catholics. This Church of Rome was viewed as a foreign church and its rise was not accepted. By 1850 however the Catholics became the largest religious group in America. This angered many nativists who formed the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, later known as the American (Know-Nothing) Party. The group was determined to protest against the rise of the immigrating groups into America. Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? By about 1750, a group of British inventors had created the perfect machines needed for mass production of textiles. These machines used steam power and human strength to create products at an incredible rate. This would help to create what is now known as the factory system as well as kick off the great industrial revolution. America had other ideas on mind however. Many farmers

in America acquired land for cheap and preferred to farm for a living instead. Raw materials needed to produce goods were also scarce and undiscovered which drove prices up. Lastly, British manufacturing was so superior to American manufacturing that the British could sell goods of higher quality at a lower price as well compared to those of Americans. This British monopoly scared off the few American manufacturers. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney will forever be known as the two men who changed America by starting the industrial revolution here. Slater created the first spinning machine while Whitney created the very first cotton gin. The spinning machine would quickly spin cotton thread while the gin quickly separated the seed from the cotton fiber. With the invention of these two machines, the South would now bow down to King Cotton. While the north boomed with manufacturing due to increase in cotton, the south continued to toil in slavery. Local consumers were all poor farmers and therefore could not purchase the goods. While the North industrialized and improved, the south stayed mainly the same. Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain. Changes in business forms and legal status were more important because they lead to the revolution. From the idea of Limited Liability and Free Incoporation Laws, this prevented companies from having unlimited power and rather give the labor unions some rights. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? As the factory systems became increasingly common in America, working conditions for these wage slaves got worse and worse. These workers often toiled in long hard days for a low wage and a skimpy meal. They also had to work in unsanitary buildings that were unfit for human to work in. These laborers eventually started to strike in order to obtain their demands of higher wages, tolerable working conditions, and a ten hour day. Many employers avoided this issue by simply replacing their workers with strikebreakers fresh off the Old World however. In 1842, the workers won a promising case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, where the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that it is not unconstitutional to form a workers union. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)

With the boom of the industrial revolution, the jobs previously done by women were now replaced by machines. They still found jobs however working these machines for long, hard hours at factories such as Lowell Mills. Other opportunities for women included nursing, domestic service, and teaching, which Catherine Beecher greatly urged other women to do. Most of these working women were single however. When women married, they quit their jobs and took up their jobs at home while enshrining in a cult of domesticity. Women would play a very large role in the development of America. Due to them, the fertility rate grew much smaller and thus there were fewer children to a household. This would lead to an increase in child-centered homes. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? As more and more families migrated west, the face of it would quickly change as well. Many farmers quickly hacked down their land In order to plant corn. Corn was an extremely versatile crop that could be used for almost everything. These farmers became hungry for more land and wealth, so inventors came to solve their problems. The largest problem of the farmers was the thickly matted soil of the West, which was extremely hard to plow. John Deere of Illinois created a steel plow that was able to break the soil. Next, Cyrus McCormick created a mechanical mowerreaper, which allowed one man to do the jobs of five. All these inventions powered the cash-crop agriculture that soon dominated the West. Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?

At the time of 1789, when the Constitution was first amended, travel within the states was dangerous. Travel by water was uncertain and dangerous while road travel was tiring and dangerous as well. To industrialize completely, America needed a steady, efficient way of transporting goods. A big improvement came in the 1790s when the Lancaster Turnpike was established. It was a long highway of 62 miles that charged toll for every passage. Another major road that was built was the National Road, or Cumberland Road. It stretched from Maryland to Illinois. As for waterways, Robert Fulton changed transportation forever with the installation of a power steam engine in the Clermont. It made water traveling safe and efficient. "Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Lake Erie was now linked to the Hudson River and then the New York harbor. This had a monumental impact on the economy as the price to ship a ton of grain from Buffalo to New York fell from $100 to $5. The time for the same transaction also fell from 20 to 6 days. This changed both the economy of the Old Northwest and the Northeast. In the Old Northwest, farming became a much larger business and it attracted thousands of

immigrants. In the Old Northeast, farmers could no longer compete with farmers from other regions so they gave up and became mill workers, speeding up industrialization once again. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads. The industrialization of America would not have been possible without railroads. Although the Erie Canal was a major success, railroads were still much better than canals. They were faster, more reliable, cheaper, and not frozen during the winter. Regardless of time and place, the railroads allowed people to go anywhere. By 1860, there were already 30,000 miles of railroad track. Railroads did have certain disadvantages though. They were considered dangerous because of their flying sparks which could set things on fire. Brakes were also very feeble and the lack of railroads meant multiple changes of train to go anywhere. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. As railroads and canals improved transportation in America, Cyrus Field created a Trans-Atlantic Cable which would connect America to Ireland. American naval designers also created a new type of ships called clipper ships. These ships were long, narrow, and majestic. Although they were much faster than steamboats, their lack of storage space, reliability, and steadiness limited their profits. In the Far West, Americans were traveling from Missouri to California on dusty old stagecoaches. Also in the west was the Pony Express, which carried mail from Missouri to California in just 10 short days. This process lost money heavily and soon failed however. With all three of these inventions, the Americans tried to stay true to their muscles and raw strength. This would also cause them to fail however as they failed to look into the future where an era of technology and innovation would soon prevail. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. On a national basis, more and more people moved from their rural households and into the factories. This sucks out most of the farmers and make the factory owners very wealthy. Personally, traditional womens work is devalued and the home is now a refuge for work. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? Social mobility was possible before the civil war with more oppurtunites to people in general. Several people, such as John Jacob Astor, built massive fortunes on fur-trading. However rags to riches stories were few and far between.

Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening of religion across the United States in about 1800. It started as a boiling reaction toward new, liberal religious ideas of the time. Shakers One of the longest-surviving groups of hopeful Utopian societies. They were lead by Mother Ann Lee and reached a membership of 6,000 before marriage and sexual relation prohibitions lead to their extinction. Mormons The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. It was a new religion found by Joseph Smith at the time of the Second Great Awakening. Brigham Young The savior of the Mormons who took control of the religion after Joseph Smiths murder in 1844. He led his oppressed Mormons to Utah in 1846-1847 where they thrived and found religious prosperity. Transcendentalists Supporters of the transcendentalist movement of the 1830s. Transcendentalists believed that truth could not be found through observation alone, but it had to illuminated by God. Ralph Waldo Emerson A leading thinker of the transcendentalism who was trained as a Unitarian minister. He was a famed lecturer and essayist of his times as well.

Henry David Thoreau A famed leader of the transcendentalist movement. He was a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his poems and essays both had a strong influence on Americas mind.

Utopia An imaginary place where everything is perfect. Many reformers of the 19th century tried to build Utopias such as the Oneida Community.

Brook Farm A Utopian community of two hundred acres started by 20 intellectuals of the transcendentalism movement. They prospered until a large fire burnt down a large new community building in 1846.

New Harmony A city in Indiana where Robert Owen would try to build one of the first Utopian communities. The community found little success as groups of radicals, theorists, and scoundrels gathered there.

Oneida Community A hopeful Utopian community led by John Humphrey Noyes. They thrived in New York for years due to success in silver tableware production. Temperance Crusade The movement against the consumption of alcohol and other intoxicating beverages. Groups such as the American Temperance Society led the Temperance Crusade. Seneca Falls Convention A large womans rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton would read the Declaration of Sentiments which stated all men and women are created equal. American Colonization Society A group established in 1816 by Robert Finley that tried to help free African Americans return back to Africa. William Lloyd Garrison A famous social reformer from Massachusetts. He was one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement in America. David Walker A famous anti-slavery movement leader of the 19th century. His book An Appeal to the

Coloured Citizens of the World brought much attention to the mistreatment of African Americans. Hudson River School A movement during the 1850s when painters focused more on Romantic landscape portraits rather than human portraits. A leader of the Hudson River School would be Thomas Cole.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? In the early decades of the 19th century, attending church was still a regular activity or most Americans. Alexis de Tocqueville declared that there was no other country where Christianity had a bigger influence on lives than in America. The religion of this time was much different than the ones of before however. Widespread books such as The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine had contradicted old-time religious ideas. Many of Americas Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin embraced the Deism Paine promoted. Deism would inspire the Unitarian faith, which stated that God existed in only one person. All these new-religion ideas would lead to the Second Great Awakening, which was spread to the masses by huge camp meetings. One of the greatest preachers of the awakening was Charles Grandison Finney, who preached old style religious ideas with innovation. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? The Second Great Awakening continued the splitting of religious faiths. In Western New York, many descendants of Puritans were so stirred by the preaching of hellfire and damnation that the area eventually came to be known as the Burned-Over-District. Millerites (Adventists) came to life from the soil of the Burned-Over-District. They believed that Christ would come back to earth on October 22, 1844. When he did not, their beliefs still remained strong however. The Second Great Awakening would lead to the split of churches, which lead to the split of political parties, which would eventually lead to the split of the union. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? The Burned-Over-District would produce one exquisite visionary in 1830, Joseph Smith. He had reported that he had received gold plates from an angel and he would go on to create the Book of Mormon. This would create the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, also known as Mormons. Smith and his religion soon ran into problems with neighbors such as

Missouri and Illinois however. His cooperative sect antagonized Americans who were individualistic. They also ran out their welcome by voting as a unit and drilling their militia for defensive purposes. In 1844, Joseph Smith was murdered. The religion seemed destined for doom until a striking young man by the name of Brigham Young rose up. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? For much of the early years of America, tax-supported public schools were largely ignored and considered unnecessary. Americans gradually began to see the benefits of public education however. A tax-supported education system soon started to triumph bwteen 1825 and 1850. The first public schools still were not all that great though. Many teachers often only taught the three Rs : readin, ritin, and rithmetic. Heroes for the education system would eventually come to the rescue, as Horace Mann campaigned for better schools as well as higher pay for teachers and Noah Webster would create an elaborate system of reading lessons. William H. McGuffey would publish a series of readers called McGuffeys Readers which taught lessons in morality, idealism, and patriotism. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? The Second Great Awakening lead to the birth of many small liberal arts colleges that had no real intention of promoting real higher level education. The first state supported colleges started to spring up in 1795. The famed University of Virginia would be found in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. Womans schools would also start to find development in the 1820s. Oberlin College in Ohio would shock many when they allowed woman to classes as well as men. Mary Lyon would establish the womans school Mount Holyoke Seminary in the same year as well. Traveling lecturers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson would use the lyceum lecture associations which provided topics for them to speak about. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements? The time of the Second Great Awakening was also a great time of reform. Many Americans still dreamed of the Puritan vision of a utopian society. In the society there would be no cruelty, war, intoxication, slavery, and discrimination. One of the reformers would be Sylvester Graham, who would promote vegetarianism and other dietary reforms. Another popular topic facing reform was the harshness of the law. Soon prisons werent as tough on its prisoners an d they believed that they should reform as well as punish, hence the name penitentiaries (for penance). Dorthea Dix participated in the reform movements to find compassion for the mentally ill. Her persistent prodding resulted in better conditions for the mentally-ill as well as a new idea that they were not willfully perverse but actually just mentally-ill.

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. Although the members of the American Temperance Society were not able to completely abolish alcohol, they still succeeded greatly by reducing the amount of it consumed in America. One of the most popular books of the time would even be about alcohol, as T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw there became the second best-seller in the 1850s. One of the great political reformers of alcohol was Neil S. Dow of Maine. He would sponsor the Law of 1851, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquor within Maine. The law was repealed shortly, but the anti-alcohol movement still dissuaded many against it. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.

Despite still being the lesser sex in America, American woman still had better conditions than in Europe. Alexis de Tocqueville of France stated that rape was only punished lightly in Europe whereas in America it was a heavy offense. At this time, many woman also chose to remain single and stay spinsters. Women were expected to remain the keepers of conscience and to raise children in their home. The home was a womans Cult of Domesticity to the point that Even Catherine Beecher lauded a good homemaker. many female reformers also started to appear from this time. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, and Amelia Bloomer were all among the leaders of the womans suffrage movement. In 1848 a memorable Womans Rights Convention gathered at Seneca Falls, New York where they declared that all men and women are created equal. The speech which she made was called the Declaration of Sentiments. Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Utopias were mostly set up by men seeking for a community of a cooperative, communistic, or communitarian nature. One of these first societies of these type would be set up by Robert Owen in New Harmony, Indiana. Brook Farm in Massachusetts was started by a group in 20 intellectuals determined to transcendentalism but the community failed with the start of a large fire which burned down a large community building. The most radical Utopian society would be the Oneida Community. Their unusual practices included ones such as Complex Marriage and male continence. The longest-lasting Utopian societies would turn out to be the Shakers, led by Mother Ann Lee. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement

Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. Yes the United States was a leader in the world in scientific pursuits. Although Americans often borrowed from the scientific discoveries of the Europeans, there was still a couple that stood out worldwide. Among these would be Benjamin Silliman, who was a pioneer chemist and geologist who taught and wrote brilliantly at Yale College for more than fifty years. Professor Louis Agassiz, a French Swiss immigrant, would teach for 25 years at Harvard College. American bird lovers were able to explore their passions thanks in large part to the naturalist John J. Audubon. He illustrated Birds of America which portrayed wildfowl in their natural habitat. A society for the protection of birds called the Audubon Society would be named in his honor. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. Yes, the Oneida Community did fit this definition for a while. John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida community, was a man who believed in the sweetness of human nature. Noyes also believed that the key to happiness was through suppression of selfish desires. The ideals of Noyes were called Bible Communism. Although the Ondeidans started up in Vermont, their weird and unusual practices scared off many other. One such practice was Mutual Criticism, in which one person being criticized would sit in silence while other members criticized about him or her. After the Oneidans moved to New York, they started to thrive and all lived in the same house called Mansion House. In the Mansion House the people lived in great peace and it was very reminiscent of a Utopian society. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.

This statement is true. In the first half of the century, the Americans had very little innovation and continued to borrow from the Europeans. Thomas Jefferson would emerge as an architectural leader of America with the quadrangle at the University of Virginia. The art of painting still suffered greatly however, as very few cared about art to even pay for it. Good painters such as Gilbert Stuart and Charles Wilson Peale still emerged however. They both were famous for paintings of George Washington at war. John Trumbull meanwhile recaptured the scenes of the Revolutionary War in which he fought in. All at the same time, the focus of American art was shifting from portraits to romantic paintings of landscapes. The Hudson River School was especially good at this type of art. Portrait painters were also heavily opposed by the invention of the daguerreotype.

The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? The start of American literature started with the Knickerbocker Group in New York. One of the first great American writers to win international fame was Washington Irving, who would publish his Knickerbockers History of New York in 1809. His combination of charm and humor made him special. His use of English as well as American themes also made his style truly unique. James Fenimore Cooper was another famed American novelist. His second novel, The Spy, would launch his career into the spotlight with its tales of the American Revolution. William Cullen Bryant of Massachusetts would at age 16 write Thanatopsis. It was an extremely high quality poem that people could not believe was not written in Europe. His style was dignified, liberal, and conscientious. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. I believe that Ralph Waldo Emerson was the best illustrator of the transcendentalism movement. The transcendentalism movement was based off the idea that truth cannot be found by observation alone. Truth can only be found when the inner light within oneself comes into direct contact with God. His essays of fresh and vibrant tone are why i believe he was the best. His agreeable writing to the public is another reason why he was so good as well. Another great member of the transcendentalism movement was Henry David Thoreau, who was a close friend of Ralph Emerson. He would go on to write Walden: Or Life in the Woods and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience which would both command strong influence in America and Europe. A third great transcendentalist would be Walt Whitman, whose 1855 collection of poems Leaves of Grass would expose his genius. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of the most successful poets of the US and a professor of language for many years Harvard College. His best poems were based on American traditions and he is the only American ever to be honored with a bust on the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey. John Greenleaf Whittier was an underappreciated poet laureate of the antislavery movements. His poems were not as beautifully composed but they called for great change in social action. Professor James Russell Lowell was a distinguished essayist, editor, diplomat, and literary critic. He is best remembered as a political satirist in his Biglow Papers, which condemned the slavery-expansion of the Polk Presidency. Oliver Wendell Holmes taught at Harvard Medical School and was a great poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and most of all wit.

Two popular women writers were Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson. Alcott would find great fame with Little Woman and Emily Dickson by poems which explored themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? Edgar Allen Poe would be one of the most talented writers in the history of America. His poor childhood would reflect greatly in his writing. Through his short stories, Poe shared tales of ghastly and ghostly things. His brilliant writing was not appreciated as much however because of its pessimistic and morbid tone, which opposed the usually popular upbeat style in America. Another author bound to the idea of sin and evil was Nathaniel Hawthorne. His most famous work of art would be the Scarlett Letter. Herman Melville was another American author who grew up unpleasantly and would be influenced so. His masterpiece of Moby Dick revolves around the central idea of revenge and nature. Melville was not as appreciated however because of his stories slow moving pace and ambiguous themes. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? A group of distinguished American historians emerged at the same time as American writers gained international recognition. One was George Bancroft, who helped find the Naval Academy in 1845. He would write a history of the United States up to 1789. William H. Prescott would publish works of the conquest in Mexico and Peru while Francis Parkman would write about the struggle between France and Britain. Unsurprisingly, these historians largely came from New England, where literary tradition was abundant. This caused a great bias in their recounts of American history. Southerners would regard much of these history books with disgust as they were largely biased. Historic bias would only start to disintegrate at the close of the nineteenth century.