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Chuyn iii Hm s v th
i.Kin thc c bn
1.Hm s
a. Kh nm hm s
- Nu ng y ph thuc vo ng thay x sao cho v m g tr
ca x ta un xc nh c ch mt g tr tng ng ca y th y c g
hm s tng ng ca x v x c g bn s
- Hm s c thO cho b bng hoc cng thc
b. th hm s
- th hm s y = f(x) tp hp tEt c nhng Om M trong mt phVng ta
c ta tha mn phng trnh y = f(x) (Nhng Om M(x, f(x)) trn mt
phVng ta )
c. Hm s ng bn, hm s nghch bn
* Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh v m g tr ca x thuc R
- Nu x
1
< x
2
m f(x
1
) < f(x
2
) th hm s y = f(x) ng bn trn R
- Nu x
1
< x
2
m f(x
1
) > f(x
2
) th hm s y = f(x) nghch bn trn R
1.1Hm s bc nht
a. Kh nm hm s bc nhEt
- Hm s bc nhEt hm s c cho b cng thc y = ax + b. Trong a, b
cc s cho trc v a 0
b. TYnh chEt
Hm s bc nhEt y = ax + b xc nh v m g tr ca x thuc R v c tYnh
chEt sau:
- ng bn trn R kh a > 0
- Nghch bn trn R kh a < 0
c. th ca hm s y = ax + b (a 0)
th ca hm s y = ax + b (a 0) mt ng thVng
- Ct trc tung t Om c tung bng b
- Song song v ng thVng y = ax, nu b 0, trng v ng thVng y = ax,
nu b = 0
* Cch v th hm s y = ax + b (a 0)
Bc 1. Cho x = 0 th y = b ta c Om P(0; b) thuc trc tung Oy.
Cho y = 0 th x = -b/a ta c Om O(-b/a; 0) thuc trc honh
Bc 2. V ng thVng qua ha Om P v O ta c th hm s y = ax +
b
d. V trY tng ca ha ng thVng
Cho ha ng thVng (d): y = ax + b (a 0) v (d): y = ax + b (a 0). Kh
+
'
// '
'
a a
d d
b b
=
+ ' . ' 1 d d a a =
e. H s gc ca ng thVng y = ax + b (a 0)
Gc to b ng thVng y = ax + b v trc Ox.
- Gc to b ng thVng y = ax + b v trc Ox gc to b ta Ax v ta AT,
trong A gao Om ca ng thVng y = ax + b v trc Ox, T Om
thuc ng thVng y = ax + b v c tung dng
H s gc ca ng thVng y = ax + b
- H s a trong phng trnh y = ax + b c g h s gc ca ng thVng
y = ax +b
f. Mt s phng trnh ng thVng
- ng thVng qua Om M
0
(x
0
;y
0
)c h s gc k: y = k(x - x
0
) + y
0
- ng thVng qua Om A(x
0
, 0) v B(0; y
0
) v x
0
.y
0
0
0 0
1
x y
x y
+ =
1.2 Hm s bc hi
a. nh ngha
- Hm s c dng y = ax
2
(a 0)
b. TYnh chEt
- Hm s y = ax
2
(a 0) xc nh v m g tr ca c thuc R v:
+ Nu a > 0 th hm s nghch bn kh x < 0, ng bn kh x > 0
+ Nu a < 0 th hm s ng bn kh x < 0, nghch bn kh x > 0
c. th ca hm s y = ax
2
(a 0)
- th hm s y = ax
2
(a 0) mt Parabo qua gc ta nhn trc Oy
m trc xng
+ Nu a > 0 th th nm phYa trn trc honh, O Om thEp nhEt ca
th
+ Nu a < 0 th th nm phYa d trc honh, O Om cao nhEt ca
th
2.Kin thc b! "un#
2.1 C$n# thc t%nh t&' ( t)un# i*m c+ &'n th,n# v ( -i &'n
th,n#
Cho ha Om phn bt A v B v A(x
1
, y
1
) v B(x
2
, y
2
). Kh
- d on thVng AB c tYnh b cng thc
2 2
( (
B A B A
AB x x y y = +
- Ta trung Om M ca AB c tYnh b cng thc
!
2 2
A B A B
M M
x x y y
x y
+ +
= =
2.2 .un h/ #i0 1)b&2 y 3 "
2
4 56 v 7n# th,n# y 3 m" 8 n 4m
56
Cho Parabo (P): y = ax
2
(a 0) v ng thVng (d): y = mx + n. Kh
GV: Mai Ngc Li
2
Gio n n thi vo THPT nm 2011
- Ta gao Om ca (P) v (d) nghm ca h phng trnh
2
y ax
y mx n
=
= +