` 12

Nng lng t trng:

2
1
2
=
L
W Li
Nng lng t trng cc i:
2
max 0
1
2
L
W LI =
Nng lng in t: W =W
C
+W
L


2 2
2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
W Cu Li
q
qu Li Li
C
= +
= + = +

2
max max 0
2
2 0
0 0 0
1
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
C L
W W W CU
Q
Q U LI
C
= = =
= = =

Nng lng in trng v nng
lng t trng bin thin iu ha vi
tn s gp i ca dng in v in tch:
(2f, 2e ,
2
T
)
GIAO THOA NH SNG
I) Giao thoa vi nh sng n sc:
Gi :
+a: Khong cch gia 2 khe S
1
S
2

+D: Khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
+ : Bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
+x: Khong cch t v tr vn ang xt
ti vn sng trung tm
+Khong vn:
a
D
i

=
+V tr vn sng: (Vn sng th k)
ki
a
D
k x = =


+V tr vn ti: (Vn ti th k+1)
1
( ) ( 0,5).
2
D
x k k i
a

= + = +

Khong cch gia 2 vn x
1
v x
2
:
Cng pha:
2 1
x x x = A
Khc pha:
2 1
x x x + = A
Xt ti v tr M cch vn trung tm
mt khong x, cho vn g:
k
i
x
= Vn sng th k
5 , 0 + = k
i
x
Vn ti th k + 1
Hai vn trng nhau: x
1
=x
2

Tm s vn sng, vn ti quan st
c trn b rng trng giao thoa L:
S khong vn trn na trng:
2
L
n
i
=

N
s
=(phn nguyn ca n)2 +1
N
t
=(phn lmtrn ca n)2
II) Giao thoa vi nh sng trng:
m m 75 , 0 4 , 0 s s
B rng quang ph bc 1: vi k = 1
) (
1 1 1 t d t d
a
D
k x x x = = A
B rng quang ph bc n:
1 n
x n x A = A
` 1
TI LIU HC TP MN VT L LP 12


TM TT

(CHNG TRNH CHUN)




sin
3

3
2

4
3

6
5

t
6
5
2

3
2
4
3
2
3
A
2
2
A
2
1
A
2 2 A
2
1
A
2 3 A
2 2 A -
2
1
A -
2 3 A -
2
3 A
2
2
A -
2
1
A - A
0
-A
0
W

=3W
t

W

=3W
t
W

=W
t

W
t
=3W

=W
t
2 / 2 v v
max
=
2 3 v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 2 v v
max
=
v < 0
2 3 v v
max
=
x
V > 0
W
t
=3W

+
cos

NGUYN ANH-T: 0979.879.702
` 2
CNG THC VT L 12

DAO NG V SNG C
I. DAO NG IU HA:
Chn gc ta ti v tr cn bng:
Phng trnh dao ng:
os( ) x Ac t e = +
Phng trnh vn tc:
sin( ) v A t e e = +
Phng trnh gia tc:

2 2
os( ) a Ac t x e e e = + =
x: Li dao ng (cm, m)
A: Bin dao ng (cm, m)
: Pha ban u ( rad)
e : Tn s gc (rad/s)
) ( e + t : Pha dao ng (rad)

Cc gitr
cc i

H thc c lp:
max
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
v
A x
a
v v
= +
e
= +
e


2 2
v A x e =
+Ti VTCB: x =0, v
max
= A e , a=0
+Ti bin: x
max
=A, v =0, a
max
= A
2
e
Qung ng
Trong 1 chu k: s 4A =
Trong na chu k: s 2A =
Thi gia nh hn na chu k tnh
ton bng hnh v
Qung ng:
m
min
t
s 2Asin
2
t
s 2A(1 cos )
2
ax
eA
=
eA
=
At <T/2
Vn tc v gia tc
Vn tc trung bnh:

2 1
tb
2 1
x x
v
t t

Vn tc trung bnh trong 1 chu k =0
Tc trung bnh:
s
t
= v
Tc trung bnh trong 1 chu k v trong
na chu k l:

ax
2 4
= =
m
v A
v
T t

+Lin h v pha:
- v sm pha
2
t
hn x;
- asm pha
2
t
hn v; a ngc pha vi x
II. CON LC L XO:
Tn s gc:
m
k
= e

2
e m k = ; f t e 2 =
x
max
=A
v
max
= A e ( Ti VTCB)
a
max
= A
2
e ( Ti bin)
` 11
Sut in ng cm ng:

0
cos e E t e =
Vi S cc i: e NBS E =
0

T thng cc i: BS =
0
|
Nu cun dy c N vng: NBS =
0
|
+Mc hnh sao:
3
d p
U U = v
d p
I I =
+Mc hnh tamgic:
d p
U U = v 3
d p
I I =
My bin th:
Gi:
N
1
, U
1
, P
1
: S vng, in p hiu dng,
cng sut cun s cp
N
2
, U
2
, P
2
: S vng, in p hiu dng,
cng sut cun th cp
1 1 1 1
cos I U P = ;
2 2 2 2
cos I U P =
Hiu sut ca my bin th:
1
1
2
s =
P
P
H (%)
Mch th cp khng ti:
2
1
2
1
U
U
N
N
k = =
Mch th cp c ti: (l tng)
1
2
2
1
2
1
I
I
U
U
N
N
k = = =
Truyn ti in nng:
gim th trn dy dn:
d d
I R U = A
Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti
in:
2
2
2
.
U
P
R I R P
d d
= = A
Vi R
d
: in tr tng cng trn ng
dy ti in
I
d
: Cng dng in trn dy ti in
+Hiu sut ti in:
1
1
1
2
P
P P
P
P
H
A
= = %. Vi:
1
P : Cng sut truyn i
2
P : Cng sut nhn c ni tiu th
P A : Cng sut hao ph
DAO NG V SNG IN T
Tn s gc:
LC
1
= e
Chu k ring: LC T t 2 =
Tn s ring:
LC T
f
t 2
1 1
= =
Bc sng in t:
. .2
c
cT c LC
f
t = = =
Vi C
s
=3.10
8
m/s: Vn tc nh sng
Nng lng mch dao ng:
Nng lng in trng:
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
= = =
C
q
W Cu qu
C

Nng lng in trng cc i:
2
2 0
max 0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
C
Q
W CU QU
C
= =
` 10
Bi ton cng sut
L,C, =const, R thay i.
R,C, =const,
Lthay i
R,L, =const, C
thay i.
R,L,C,=const, f thay
i.
2 2
U U
P
max
2R 2 Z -Z
L C
R Z -Z
L C
= =
=

2
U
P
max
R
Z =Z
L C
=

2
U
P
max
R
Z =Z
L C
=

2
max
L C
U
P
R
Z =Z
=


in lng qua tit din S trong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
l q : q=i.t
2
1
t
t
q idt =
}

Thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
u U
1
.
4
t
A
A =
e
Vi
1 0

A = MOU ;
1
0
cos
U
U
A = , (0 <A <t/2)
Khi bi cho on mch ch c L , hoc C hoc LC ni tip
2 2
2 2 2
0 0
1
.
C
C
u i
I Z I
+ =

2 2
2 2 2
0 0
1
.
L
L
u i
I Z I
+ =

2 2
2 2 2
0 0
1
.
LC
LC
u i
I Z I
+ =
II. LIN H GIA CC IN P:
+Hai u R c in p hiu dng U
R

+Hai u L c in p hiu dng U
L

+Hai u C c in p hiu dng U
C

in p hiu dng 2 u mch:
2 2
) (
C L R
U U U U + =
lch pha ca u so vi i:
R
C L
U
U U
tg

=
H s cng sut mch:
U
U
R
= cos
Khi cun dy c in tr trong:
2 2
) ( ) (
C L r R
U U U U U + + =
Cun dy c:
2 2
L r d
U U U + =
r
L
d
U
U
tg = ;
d
r
d
U
U
= cos
III. SN XUT V TRUYN TI
IN NNG
My pht in xoay chiu 1 pha:
Tn s: . f n p =
vi p: S cp cc ca nam chm.
n: S vng quay trong 1s
` 3
Chu k:
e
t 2
= T
k
m
T t 2 =
Tn s:
T
f
1
=
m
k
f
t 2
1
=
C Nu m =m
1
+m
2
2
2
2
1
2
T T T + =

C Nu m =m
1
- m
2
2
2
2
1
2
T T T =

C Nu trong thi gian t vt thc hin
c N dao ng:
Chu k
N
t
T =
Tn s
N
f
t
=

C Ct l xo:
1 1 2 2
. . . k l k l k l = =
C Ghp l xo:
+Nu k
1
ni tip k
2
:
1 2
1 1 1
k k k
= +

2
2
2
1
2
T T T + =
+Nu k
1
song song k
2
:
1 2
k k k = +

2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
= +
Lp phng trnh dao ng iu ha:
Phng trnh c dng:
cos( ) x A t e = +
+Tm e :
m
k
= e ,
2
T
t
e = , f t e 2 = ,
+Tm A:
2
2
2 2
e
v
x A + = , l =2A, v
max
= A e ,
+Tm : Chn t = 0 lc vt qua v tr x
0

0
os x Ac =

0
cos cos
x
A
u = =
u = Vt C theo chiu (-)
u = Vt C theo chiu (+)
Nng lng dao ng iu ha:
ng nng:
d
W =
2 2
2
sin ( )
2 2
mv kA
t e = +
Th nng:
t
W =
2 2
2
cos ( )
2 2
kx kA
t e = +
C nng:
W =
d
W

+
t
W =hng s
W =
2
2
kA
=
2 2
2
m A e
=
2
max
2
mv

ng nng v th nng: W

=nW
t

2
A
2
x
n 1
=
+


2
tan ( t ) n e + =

2 2
n
v ( A) ( )
n 1
= e
+

Con lc l xo treo thng ng:
Gi l
0
: Chiu di t nhin ca l xo
l A : dn ca l xo khi vt VTCB
l
b
: Chiu di ca l xo khi vt VTCB

cb 0
l l l = + A
Khi vt VTCB: F
h
=P
` 4
mg l k = A

l
g
m
k
A
= = e
Chu k ca con lc
g
l
k
m
T
A
= = t t 2 2
Chiu di ca l xo li x: l =l
cb
+x
Chiu di cc i
(Khi vt v tr thp nht) l
max
=l
cb
+A
Chiu di cc tiu
(Khi vt v tr cao nht) l
min
=l
cb
- A

2
min max
l l
A

=

max min
cb
l l
l
2
+
=
Lc n hi ca l xo li x:
F
h
=k( l A +x)
Lc n hi cc i:
F
hmax
=k( l A +A)
Lc n hi cc tiu:
F
hmin
=k( l A - A) Nu l A >A
F
hmin
=0 Nu l A s A
F
nnmax
=k(A- l A ) Nu A> l A
Lc ko v:
L lc tng hp tc dng ln vt
( c xu hng a vt v VTCB)
ln kx F
hp
=
Lc hi phc cc i
hp
F kA =
L xo nn, gin trong 1 chu k
2
cos
A
= =

=
n
g n
l
t
A
t T t
o
o
e

Lu : Trong cc cng thc v lc
v nng lng th A, x, l A c n v l (m).
III. CON LC N
Tn s gc:
l
g
= e
Chu k:
g
l
T t 2 = l(m), g(m/s
2
)
Tn s:
l
g
f
t 2
1
= (Hz)
Phng trnh dao ng:
Theo cung lch:
0
cos( ) s s t e = +
Theo gc lch:
0
cos( ) t o o e = +
Vi o l s =
Ghp chiu di dy:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
T T T
T T T
= + = +
= =
l l l
l l l

S bin thin ca chu k con lc khi chu
tc dng ca ngoi lc:
nn
l
T 2
g'
P' P F
= t
= +

g l gia tc biu kin
l l chiu di dy treo (m);
0 0
,s o l gc
lch , cung lch khi vt bin (rad).
l A
k
0
l
m
cb
l
m
` 9
i
lng
bin
thin

Gi tr cc tr cn tm
Mi lin h vi cc
phn t cn li trong
mch

Ch :
R ( )
ax
R
m
U U = L C
Z Z =
Hin tng cng hng
R
2
max
2.
U
P
R
=
L C
R Z Z =
2
2
cos = hay =
4
t

L
hoc
C
( )
2
max
; 1
ax
os
m
U
P c
R
= =
L C
Z Z =
Hin tng cng hng
L
( )
2 2
.
ax
U
=
R
L C
m
U R Z +
2 2
.
L C C
Z Z R Z = +
2
l ech pha vi
RC
u so u
t

cho cng gi tr U
L
, gitr L
U
Lmax

1 2
1 2
2
=
+
L L
L
L L


C hai gitr L
1
= L
2
cho cng
gi tr cng sut
1 2 2
2
+ = L L
C e


C
( )
2 2
.
ax
U
=
R
C L
m
U R Z +
2 2
.
L C L
Z Z R Z = +
2
l ech pha vi
RL
u so u
t

Nu c hai gi tr C
1
, C
2
th P <
P
max
c cng gitr

1 2
0
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 1
2
=
+
= +

C C
C
C C
L
C C
e

C
0
lgitr lmcho cng sut
mch cc i

Khi C =C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr

1 2
C C
C
2
+
=

2 2 2 2
ax
= + +
Cm R L
U U U U


2UL
U
Lma
2 2
R 4LC R C
=

x

1 1
2
C
L R
C 2
e =

1
2
LC
e =

2UL
U
Cma
2 2
R 4LC R C
=

x

2
1 L R
L C 2
e =
Gi tr e lmcho I
Max
; U
Rmax
;
P
Max
cn U
LCMin
(L v C mc
lin tip nhau)
1
=
LC
e

Mch cng hng
C hai gitr e
1
= e
2
cho cng
cng sut v gitr e lmcho
P
max
tnh theo e
1
v e
2

1 2
1
LC
ee =

2
0 1 2
1
e ee = =
LC

vi e
0
l gi tr cng hng
in.
` 8
Cng sut cun dy:
2
.I r P
d
=
H s cng sut cun dy:

d
d
Z
r
= cos
Mch RLC khi cun dyc in tr r:
Tng tr:
2 2
) ( ) (
C L
Z Z r R Z + + =
lch pha ca u so vi i:
r R
Z Z
tg
C L
+

=
Cng sut mch:
P=(R+r).I
2

H s cng sut mch:

Z
r R +
= cos
Ghp t in:
Khi C ghp vo C to thnh C
b

+Nu C
b
<C: C ghp nt C

'
1 1 1
C C C
b
+ =
+Nu C
b
>C: C ghp // vi C
C
b
=C +C
Bi ton cc tr:
Thay i R P
max
:
Cng sut P =RI
2
=
R
Z Z
R
U
Z Z R
U
R
C L C L
2
2
2 2
2
) ( ) (
.

+
=
+

P
max

min
2
) (
(

+
R
Z Z
R
C L

R
Z Z
R
C L
2
) (
=

C L
Z Z R =
R
U
P
2
2
max
=
Thay i L U
Lmax
:

L L
Z I U . = =
2 2
) (
.
C L
L
Z Z R
Z U
+
=
y
U
Z
Z
Z
Z R
U
L
C
L
C
=
+ + 1
1
. 2
1
) (
2
2 2

U
Lmax
th y
min
y =0

C
C
L
Z
Z R
Z
2 2
+
=

2 2
max C L
Z R
R
U
U + =
Thay i C U
Cmax
:
Tng t:
L
L
C
Z
Z R
Z
2 2
+
= ;
2 2
max L C
Z R
R
U
U + =

Tac bng tmtt nh sau:



` 5
+Cng thc lin h:
2
2 2
0 2
v
S s
e
= +
V
2 2
0
v S s e =
Vn tc:
Khi dy treo lch gc o bt k:
) cos (cos 2
0
o o = gl v
Khi vt qua VTCB:
) cos 1 ( 2
0
o = gl v
Khi vt bin: v =0
Lc cng dy:
Khi vt gc lch o bt k:
0
mg(3cos 2cos ) = o o
Khi vt qua VTCB
= ) cos 2 3 (
0
o mg
Khi vt bin: T =
0
coso mg
Khi
0
10 s o C th dng
1- cos
0
o =
2 2
sin 2
2
0 0 2
o o
~
T
max
= ) 1 (
2
0
o + mg ;
T
min
= )
2
1 (
2
0
o
mg
Nng lng dao ng:
W =
d
W

+
t
W =hs
2
0 0
1
(1 cos )
2
W mgl mgl o o = ~

E Chu k tng hay gim theo %:

2 1
1
.100%
T T
T

E Chiu di tng hay gim theo %:

2 1
1
.100%
l l
l

E Giatc tng hay gim theo %:

2 1
1
.100%
g g
g

IV. TNG HP DAO NG
Xt 2 dao ng iu ha cng phng cng
tn s:

1 1 1
cos( ) x A t e = +
v
2 2 2
cos( ) x A t e = +
lch pha:
2 1
A| = | |
Phng trnh dao ng tng hp c dng:
os( ) x Ac t e = +
) cos( 2
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
+ + = A A A A A
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin

A A
A A
tg
+
+
=

Nu 2 dao ng cng pha:
t k 2 = A
1 2
A A A = +
Nu 2 dao ng ngc pha:
t ) 1 2 ( + = A k
1 2
A A A =
Tng qut
1 2 1 2
A A A A A s s +
V. SNG C HC
` 6
Gi ls nguyn ln nht nh hn x
V d:[6 ] =5; [5,9] =5; [3,01] =3
Sng do 1 ngun
Xt sng ti ngun O c biu thc
os
o
u Ac t e =
Biu thc sng ti M cch O khong d:
2
os( )
M
d
u Ac t
t
e

=
+Bc sng: T v
f
v
. = =
+Vn tc truyn sng:
s
v
t
=

lch pha gia 2 im trn phng
truyn sng cch nhau 1 khong d:

d 2
= A
Nu 2 dao ng cng pha:
2k A| = t d k =
Nu 2 dao ng ngc pha:
t ) 1 2 ( + = A k
1
( )
2
d k = +
Giao thoa sng:
Xt sng ti 2 ngun S
1
v S
2
l 2 sng kt
hp c biu thc: os u Ac t e =
+Xt im M cch ngun A mt khong d
1
,
cch ngun B mt khong d
2
+Biu thc sng ti M do S
1
truyn ti:

1
1
2
os( )
d
u Ac t
t
e

=
+Biu thc sng ti M do S
2
truyn ti:

2
2
2
os( )
d
u Ac t
t
e

=
Biu thc sng tng hp ti M :
u
M
=u
1
+u
2

Bin :
2 1
2 cos .
d d
A A t

| |
=
|
\ .

Pha ban u:
1 2
( ) d d t

+
=
Cc i giao thoa:
A
max
=2A k d d =
1 2

Cc tiu giao thoa:
A
min
=0 )
2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d
Trng hp sng pht ra t hai ngun lch
pha nhau A =
2
-
1
th s cc i v cc
tiu trn on thng S
1
S
2
l s cc gi tr ca
k ( z) tnh theo cng thc:
Cc i:
1 2 1 2
2 2
A A
+ < < +
S S S S
k

t t

Cc tiu:
1
1 2
2 2
S S
t
A
+ <k <
1
1 2
2 2
S S
t
A
+
Sng dng:
Gi l lchiu di ca dy, k s b sng:
+Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip dy dui
tng l t T / 2 =
+Nu u A c nh, B c nh:

2
l k

=
` 7
+Nu u A c nh, B t do:

1
( )
2 2
l k

= +
DNG IN XOAY CHIU
I. I CNG IN XOAY CHIU
Biu thc cng dng in v in p
0
cos( )
i
i I t e = +
v
0
cos( )
u
u U t e = +
lch pha ca u so vi i:
u i
=
+ > 0: u nhanh pha hn i
+ <0: u chm pha hn i
+ =0: u, i cng pha
Mch ch c R:
=0, u
R
, i cng pha
R I U
R 0 0
= ; R I U
R
. =
Mch ch c cun cm L:
Cm khng L Z
L
e =
=
2
t
u
L
nhanh pha hn i :
2
t

0L 0 L
U I .Z = ;
L L
Z I U . =
Mch ch c t in C:
Dung khng
C
Z
C
e
1
=
=
2
t
u
C
chm pha hn i :
2
t

C C
Z I U .
0 0
= ;
C C
Z I U . =
on mch R, L ,C ni tip:
Tng tr:
2 2
) (
C L
Z Z R Z + =
lch pha ca u so vi i:

R
Z Z
tg
C L

=
nh lut Ohm :
Z I U .
0 0
= ; Z I U . =
Lu : S ch Ampe k: 0
2
I
I =

S ch vn k:
2
0
U
U =
Cng sut mch RLC:
cos UI P = ; P=RI
2
=U
R
.I
H s cng sut mch:
Z
R
= cos
Mch RLC cng hng:
Thay i L, C, e n khi
C L
Z Z =
Khi Z
min
=R
min
max
Z
U
I =

R
U
I R P
2
2
max max
. = =
iu kin cng hng:
+Cng sut mch cc i
+H s cng sut cc i
+ Cd, s ch ampe k cc i
+u, i cng pha
Cun dy c in tr trong r:
Tng tr cun dy:
2 2
L d
Z r Z + =
lch pha gia u
d
v i:
r
Z
tg
L
d
=
` 16

` 13
M cch VS trung tm 1 khong x cho
bao nhiu vn sng, bao nhiu vn ti:
+Ti M cho vn sng:
a
D
k x
M

=

D k
ax
M
.
= ( m )
0,38 0,76
.
M
ax
m m
k D
s s
Cc gi tr ca k ( k nguyn),
+Ti M cho vn ti:
a
D
k x
M

)
2
1
( + =

D k
ax
M
). 5 , 0 ( +
=
0,38 0,76
( 0,5).
M
ax
m m
k D
s s
+

Cc gi tr ca k ( k nguyn),
LUNG T NH SNG
Gi
+ : Bc sng nh sng kch thch
+
0
: Bc sng gii hn ca kim loi
iu kin xy ra hin tng
quang in:
0
s
Nng lng ca phtn nh sng:
hc
hf c = =

(J)
Cng thot ca electron :
0

hc
A = (J)
Phng trnh Anhxtanh:
max 0 d
W A+ = c
Vi W
0max
=
2
max 0
2
1
mv
Cc hng s:
h =6,625.10
-34
J.s; c =3.10
8
m/s,
e=1,6.10
-19
C ; m
e
=9,1.10
-31
kg
Cng dng quang in bo ha:
t
e n
I
e
bh
.
= (A)
Cng sut ngun bc x:
t
n
P
p
c .
= (W)
Hiu sut lng t:
p
e
n
n
H = (%)
Vi: n
e
: S electron bc ra khi Catt
n
p
: S phtn n p vo Catt
Quang ph nguyn t hyr:
Nng lng bc x hay hp th :

hc
=E
cao
E
thp
,
2
13,6
E
n
= (eV)
1eV =1,6.10
-19
J
Bc sng bc x hay hp th:
31 32 21
c c c = + ;
31 32 21
1 1 1

= +
+Dy Laiman:
Nm trong vng t ngoi
S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2
I
O
x
M
a
` 14
+Dy Banme:
Nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy v
mt phn vng t ngoi
+Dy Pasen:
Nm trong vng hng ngoi

VT L HT NHN
Cu to ht nhn:
Ht nhn X
A
Z
,
c A nuclon; Z prtn; N =(A Z)ntrn.
Lin h gia nng lng vkhi lng:
E =mc
2
.
ht khi ca ht nhn :
Am=Zm
p
+(A Z)m
n
m
hn
.
Nng lng lin kt: W
lk
=Am.c
2
.
Nng lng lin kt ring:W
lkr
=
A
W
lk

Phng x:
X Y + Ht phng x
Gi T: L chu k bn r
t: Thi gian phng x
Hng s phng xa:
T
2 ln
=
Gi
m
0
: Khi lng cht phng x lc u (g)
m: Khi lng cht phng x cn li
N
0
: S ht nhn (nguyn t) ban u
N: S ht nhn (nguyn t) cn li
A: S khi ht nhn
H
0
: phng x lc u (Bq)
H: phng x lc sau (Bq)
Lin h gia s ht v khi lng
A
N
A
m
N .
0
0
=
A
N
A
m
N . =
nh lut phng x
t
T
t
e m m m

= = . 2 .
0 0


t
T
t
e N N N

= = . 2 .
0 0

0 0
. .2 .2
t t
T T
H N N H

= = =
Ch : Trong cng thc v phng xa,
T tnh bng giy ; 1Ci =3,7.10
10
Bq
T l ht nhn cn li:
0
N
N
= 2
t
T

(%)
T l ht nhn b phn r:
0
N
N A
=1 2
t
T

(%)
Khi lng ht nhn m b phn r sau
thi gian t:
0
(1 2 )
t
T
m m

A =
S ht nhn con mi c to thnh
bng s ht nhn m b phn r sau thi
gian t:
N =AN =N
0
N =N
0
(1
T
t
2
)
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
` 15
Khi lng ht nhn con to thnh
0
(1 2 )
t
Y T
Y X
X
A
m m
A

=
Cc loi ht c bn:
+Ht o : He
4
2

+Ht
+
| : e
0
1
; +Ht

| : e
0
1

+Ht n tron: n
1
0

+Ht prtn: p
1
1
hay H
1
1

Phn ng ht nhn:
Trong phn ng ht nhn:

1
1
A
Z
X
1
+
2
2
A
Z
X
2

3
3
A
Z
X
3
+
4
4
A
Z
X
4
.
S nucln v s in tch c bo ton:
A
1
+A
2
=A
3
+A
4
v Z
1
+Z
2
=Z
3
+Z
4

Nng lng ta ra hoc thu vo trong
phn ng ht nhn:
W =(m
1
+m
2
- m
3
- m
4
)c
2

W =(m
1
+m
2
- m
3
- m
4
).931,5MeV
W =(Am
3
+Am
4
- Am
1
- Am
2
).c
2

=A
3
W
lkr3
+A
4
W
lkr4
- A
1
W
lkr1
- A
2
W
lkr2
3 4 1 2
( ) W K K K K = +

+Nu m
1
+ m
2
> m
3
+ m
4
W > 0
th phn ng ht nhn ta nng lng.

+Nu m
1
+ m
2
< m
3
+ m
4
W < 0
th phn ng ht nhn thu nng lng.
n v khi lng nguyn t:
1u =931,5
2
MeV
c

Khi lng prtn: m
p
=1,0073u
Khi lng ntron m
n
=1,0087u
ng lng
1 2 3 4
+ = + p p p p


Lin h ng nng
2
2 p mK =
Thuyt tng i
2 2
0
mc m c K = +