I S C BN

(N THI THC S TON HC)

Bi 13. Bi tp v khng gian vct
PGS TS M Vinh Quang
Ngy 10 thng 3 nm 2006
1. Xt xem R
2
c l khng gian vct hay khng vi php cng v php nhn v hng sau:
(a
1
, a
2
) + (b
1
, b
2
) = (a
1
+ b
1
, a
2
+ b
2
)
a

(a
1
, a
2
) = (aa
1
, 0)
Gii. Bn c c th kim tra trc tip rng 7 iu kin u ca khng gian vct u
tha mn, ring iu kin th 8 khng tha mn v vi = (1, 1), khi : 1

= 1

(1, 1) =
(1, 0) = .
Vy R
2
vi cc php ton trn khng l khng gian vct v khng tha mn iu kin
8.
2. Chng minh rng mt khng gian vct hoc ch c mt vct, hoc c v s vct.
Gii. Gi s V l khng gian vct v V c nhiu hn 1 vct, ta chng minh V cha
v s vct. Tht vy, v V c nhiu hn mt vct nn tn ti vct V , = 0. Khi
, V cha cc vct a vi a R. Mt khc:
a, b R, a = b (a b) = 0
a b = 0 ( v = 0)
a = b
Bi vy c v s cc vct dng a, a R, do V cha v s vct.
3. Xt s LTT, PTTT. Tm hng v h con LTT ti i ca cc h vct sau:
a
1
= (1, 0, 1, 0),
2
= (1, 2, 1, 1),
3
= (3, 2, 3, 2),
4
= (1, 1, 2, 1)
b
1
= (1, 0, 0, 1),
2
= (2, 1, 1, 0),
3
= (1, 1, 1, 1),
4
= (1, 2, 3, 4),
5
= (0, 1, 2, 3).
Gii. a. Lp ma trn A tng ng v tm hng ca ma trn A:
1
A =
_

_
1 0 1 0
1 2 1 1
3 2 3 2
1 1 2 1
_

_

_

_
1 0 1 0
0 2 2 1
0 2 6 2
0 1 3 1
_

_

_

_
1 0 1 0
0 1 3 1
0 2 2 1
0 2 6 2
_

_
1 0 1 0
0 1 3 1
0 0 4 1
0 0 0 0
_

_
Vy rankA = 3, t hn s vct, nn h trn l h PTTT. V 3 dng khc khng ca
ma trn ng vi cc vct
1
,
4
,
2
, nn h con LTT ti i ca
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
l

1
,
4
,
2
v rank{
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
} = 3.
b. Gii tng t cu a., bn c t gii.
4. Cho h vct
1
,
2
, . . . ,
m
LTT trong khng gian vct V . Chng minh
a. H vct
1
=
1
,
2
=
1
+
2
, . . .,
m
=
1
+
2
+ . . . +
m
cng LTT.
b. H vct:

1
= a
11

1
+ . . . +a
1m

2
= a
21

1
+ . . . +a
2m

m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

m
= a
m1

1
+ . . . +a
mm

m
LTT khi v ch khi detA = 0, trong
A =
_

_
a
11
a
12
. . . a
1m
a
21
a
22
. . . a
2m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
m1
a
m2
. . . a
mm
_

_
Gii. a. Gi s b
1

1
+ b
2

2
+ . . . + b
m

m
= 0 vi b
i
R
b
1

1
+ b
2
(
1
+
2
) + . . . + b
m
(
1
+ . . . +
m
) = 0
(b
1
+ . . . + b
m
)
1
+ (b
2
+ . . . + b
m
)
2
+ . . . + b
m

m
= 0
V
1
, . . . ,
m
LTT nn ta c:
_

_
b
1
+ b
2
+ . . . +b
m1
+b
m
= 0
b
2
+ . . . +b
m1
+b
m
= 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
b
m1
+b
m
= 0
b
m
= 0
Suy ngc t di ln, ta c: b
m
= b
m1
= . . . = b
1
= 0.
Vy
1
, . . . ,
m
LTT.
b Gi s c
1

1
+ c
2

2
+ . . . + c
m

m
= 0 vi c
j
R
(a
11
c
1
+a21c
2
+. . . +a
m1
c
m
)
1
+(a
12
c
1
+a
22
c
2
+. . . +a
m2
c
m
)
2
+. . . +(a
1m
c
1
+
a
2m
c
2
+ . . . + a
mm
c
m
)
m
= 0
2

_
a
11
c
1
+ a
21
c
2
+ . . . + a
m1
c
m
= 0
a
12
c
1
+ a
22
c
2
+ . . . + a
m2
c
m
= 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
1m
c
1
+ a
2m
c
2
+ . . . + a
mm
c
m
= 0
() H vct
1
,
2
, . . . ,
m
LTT khi v ch khi h phng trnh tuyn tnh () c nghim duy nht (0, 0, . . . , 0)
khi v ch khi ma trn cc h s ca h () khng suy bin khi v ch khi detA = 0.
5. H vct
1
,
2
, . . . ,
m
biu th tuyn tnh c qua h vct
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
. Chng minh
rank{
1
, . . . ,
m
} rank{
1
, . . . ,
n
}.
Gii. Gi s
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
v
j
1
, . . . ,
j
l
ln lt l h con LTT ti i ca cc h vct

1
, . . . ,
m
v
1
, . . . ,
n
. V h
1
, . . . ,
m
biu th tuyn tnh c qua h
1
, . . . ,
n
nn
h
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
biu th tuyn tnh c qua h
j
1
, . . . ,
j
l
, mt khc h
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
c lp
tuyn tnh nn theo B c bn ta c k l tc l rank{
1
, . . . ,
m
} rank{
1
, . . . ,
n
}.
6. Cho 2 h vct cng hng, h u biu th tuyn tnh c qua h sau. Chng minh 2 h
vct tng ng.
Gii. Gi s
1
, . . . ,
m
(),
1
, . . . ,
n
() tha mn ra. V hai h vct cng hng
nn ta c th gi s rank() = rank() = k, ng thi
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
v
j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
ln
lt l h con LTT ti i ca cc h vct () v (). V h () biu th tuyn tnh
c qua h () nn h
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
biu th tuyn tnh c qua h
j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
, li do h

i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
LTT nn theo B c bn, ta c th thay k vct
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
, cho k vct

j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
c h vct mi
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
tng ng vi h vct
j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
, tc l

i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
tng ng vi
j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
. Mt khc,
i
1
, . . . ,
i
k
tng ng vi h (),

j
1
, . . . ,
j
k
tng ng vi h (), do ta c h () tng ng vi h ().
7. Trong R
4
cho h vct
u
1
= (1, 1, 1, 1), u
2
= (2, 3, 1, 0), u
3
= (1, 1, 1, 1)
Tm iu kin cn v h vct u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) biu th tuyn tnh c qua h
u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
Gii. Vct u biu th tuyn tnh c qua h u
1
, u
2
, u
3
khi v ch khi phng trnh
u = y
1
u
1
+ y
2
u
2
+ y
3
u
3
c nghim khi v ch khi h sau c nghim:
_

_
1 2 1 x
1
1 3 1 x
2
1 1 1 x
3
1 0 1 x
4
_

_

_

_
1 2 1 x
1
0 1 0 x
1
+ x
2
0 3 2 x
1
+ x
3
0 3 2 x
1
+ x
4
_

_
1 2 1 x
1
0 1 0 x
1
+ x
2
0 0 2 4x
1
+ 3x
2
+ x
3
0 0 2 3x
1
+ 2x
2
+ x
4
_

_

_

_
1 2 1 x
1
0 1 0 x
1
+ x
2
0 0 2 4x
1
+ 3x
2
+ x
3
0 0 0 x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
4
_

_
Do h c nghim khi v ch khi x
1
x
2
x
3
+x
4
= 0. Bi vy vct u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
)
biu th tuyn tnh c qua u
1
, u
2
, u
3
khi v ch khi x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
4
= 0.
3
8. Trong R
3
[x] cho cc h vct:
u
1
= x
3
+ 2x
2
+ x + 1
u
2
= 2x
3
+ x
2
x + 1
u
3
= 3x
3
+ 3x
2
x + 2
Tm iu kin vct u = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d biu th tuyn tnh c qua h u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
Gii. Cch gii bi ny tng t nh bi tp 7. Chi tit cch gii xin dnh cho bn
c.
9. Trong R
3
cho cc h vct:
u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (2, 2, 1), u
3
= (3, 2, 2) (U)
v
1
= (1, 1, 1), u
2
= (1, 1, 0), v
3
= (1, 0, 0) (V )
a. Chng minh (U), (V ) l c s ca R
3
b. Tm cc ma trn i c s t (U) sang (V ) v t (V ) sang (U).
Gii. a. Lp ma trn U m cc dng ca U l cc vct u
1
, u
2
, u
3
U =
_
_
1 2 1
2 2 1
3 2 2
_
_
, ta c detU = 2 = 0.
Do h vct u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp tuyn tnh v dimR
3
= 3 nn u
1
, u
2
, u
3
l c s ca
R
3
. Tng t v
1
, v
2
, v
3
l c s ca R
3
.
b. Gii tng t nh v d 1, bi 11, sau y l chi tit cch gii:
tm ma trn T
UV
ta gii 3 h sau:
_
_
1 2 3 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 0
1 1 2 1 0 0
_
_

_
_
1 2 3 1 1 1
0 6 4 1 1 2
0 1 1 0 1 1
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 6 4 1 1 2
_
_

_
_
1 2 3 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 2 1 5 4
_
_
H 1: a
3
=
1
2
, a
2
= a
3
=
1
2
, a
1
= 1 2a
2
3a
3
=
3
2
H 2: b
3
=
5
2
, b
2
= 1 a
3
=
3
2
, b
1
= 1 2b
2
3b
3
=
7
2
H 3: c
3
= 2, c
2
= 1 c
3
= 1, c
1
= 1 2c
2
c
3
= 3
Vy T
UV
=
_
_
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
3
b
3
c
3
_
_
=
_
_
3
2
7
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
5
2
2
_
_
Vic tm ma trn T
V U
xin dnh cho bn c.
10. Trong R
2
cho cc c s (), (), (). Bit T

=
_
1 1
2 1
_
, T

=
_
3 1
2 1
_
v c s
() :
1
= (1, 1),
2
= (1, 0). Tm c s ().
4
Gii. u tin ta tm c s ():
Do T

=
_
3 1
2 1
_
nn
1
= 3
1
+ 2
2
= (5, 3),
2
=
1
+
2
= (2, 1). Mt khc ta c
T

=
_
1 1
2 1
_
nn T

= T
1

=
_
1 1
2 1
_
do :

1
=
1
+ 2
2
= (1, 1)

2
=
1

2
= (3, 2)
Vy c s () =
1
= (1, 1),
2
= (3, 2).
11. Cho R
+
l tp cc s thc dng. Trong R
+
ta nh ngha 2 php ton
(a) x, y R
+
: x y = xy
(b) a R, x R
+
: a x = x
a
Bit rng, (R
+
, , ) l KGVT. Tm c s, s chiu ca KGVT R
+
.
Gii. Vi mi vct x R
+
ta c:
x 1 = x.1 = x do vct khng trong KGVT R
+
l 1.
Vi mi vc t R
+
, khc vct khng (tc l = 1) ta chng minh {} l h
sinh ca R
+
. Tht vy x R
+
ta c: x =
log

x
= (log

x) = a trong
a = log

x R. Vy x lun biu th tuyn tnh c qua h gm 1 vct {}.

Mt khc v khc vct khng nn h {} l h vct c lp tuyn tnh. Vy dim
R
+
= 1 v c s ca R
+
l h gm 1 vct {} vi l s thc dng, khc 1.
12. Cho V =
__
a b
b a
_
, a, b R
_
bit rng V cng vi php cng 2 ma trn v php nhn 1 s vi ma trn l KGVT.
Tm c s, s chiu ca V .
Gii. Xt 2 vct trong V :
A
1
=
_
1 0
0 1
_
, A
2
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
Khi , vi mi vct X =
_
a b
b a
_
V ta lun c X = a.A
1
+ b.A
2
. Vy {A
1
, A
2
} l
1 h sinh ca V .
Mt khc, vi mi a, b R ta c
a.A
1
+ b.A
2
= 0 a.A
1
+ b.A
2
=
_
0 0
0 0
_

_
a b
b a
_
=
_
0 0
0 0
_
a = 0, b = 0
do h vct {A
1
, A
2
} c lp tuyn tnh.
Vy {A
1
, A
2
} l c s ca V v dim V = 2
1
1
nh my: LM HU PHC, Ngy: 15/02/2006
5