Chng 1: Mng ngang hng v ng dng trong cc dch v lung

1.1 Gii thiu mng ngang hng P2P 1.1.1 Khi nim Chng ta u bit hu nh mi dch v m Internet cung cp ngy nay u da trn m hnh client/server. Theo m hnh ny th mt my khch (client) s kt ni vi mt my ch (server) thng qua mt giao thc nht nh (WWW, FTP, Telnet, SMTP ...). My khch gi yu cu ti my ch, my ch x l v tr kt qu li cho client. Cc server thng c cu hnh mnh (tc x l nhanh, kch thc lu tr ln) hoc l cc my chuyn dng. Da vo chc nng c th chia thnh cc loi server nh: file server (phc v cc yu cu h thng tp tin trong mng), print server (phc v cc yu cu in n trong mng), application server (cho php cc ng dng chy trn cc server v tr kt qu cho client), mail server (cung cp cc dch v v gi nhn email), web server (cung cp cc dch v v web), database server (cung cp cc dch v v lu tr, tm kim thng tin), communication server (qun l cc kt ni t xa).

Hnh 1.1: M hnh client/server M hnh client/server c rt nhiu im u vit nh l: mi x l s nm trn server do s trnh cho clients nhng tnh ton nng n hoc do tt c d liu u tp trung ti

mt v tr nn vic d dng trong qun l h thng cng nh vn bo mt . Tuy nhin, khi m Internet pht trin vi tc chng mt nh ngy nay th m hnh client/server tn ti mt nhc im quan trng. Khi s lng clients tng n mt mc no th nhu cu v ti, bng thng tng ln v my ch khng c kh nng cung cp dch v cho cc my khch thm vo. M hnh mng ngang hng (Peer to Peer hay P2P) c xem nh mt gii php s khc phc nhc im ca m hnh mng client/server. Mng ngang hng thc ra khng phi l mt khi nim mi. Cc cng ty v cc trng i hc s dng cu trc ny hn 30 nm qua cho n khi c bit vi tn l mng ngang hng. Thc t, mng Internet c pht trin t cui nhng nm 1960 l h thng mng ngang hng. Mng ARPANET gc kt ni ti i hc California, Los Angeles UCLA, hc vin nghin cu Stanford, UC Santa Barbara v i hc Utah khng thuc nh dng client/server m tng ng vi cc peer my tnh. Vo nm 1979, Usenet c pht trin bi hai sinh vin i hc Duke v mt sinh vin n t i hc Bc Carolina trao i thng tin da trn truyn thng Unix. Da trn giao thc Unixto-Unix-copy, hoc UUCP, mt my tnh Unix c th t ng quay s ti mt my tnh khc, trao i file v ngt kt ni. Sinh vin ca hai trng i hc ny c th thng bo tin tc trong mt topic chung, c tin nhn trong topic , v c th trao i tin nhn gia hai trng. Trong mt vi nm Usetnet c m rng ra nhiu trng i hc khc nhau v nhiu cng ty phn mm. Usenet pht trin t 2 site gc thnh hng trm nghn site nhng vn gi nguyn m hnh c bn ca mng P2P. Usenet v c bn l tin thn ca cc ng dng mng ngang hng ngy ny nh Gnutella m trong cc my tnh copy d liu m khng cn n iu khin trung tm. Mng P2P c pht trin trong sut nhng nm 1990 v c s dng cho cc nhm, t chc, gia cc cng ty v trong gii hn trao i thng tin gia cc nh hp tc nghin cu. Ch n khi Internet bng n vo gia nhng nm 1990, cng vi s ra i ca cc dch v chia s file, m thanh, hnh nh trong thi gian gn y th mng ngang hng mi c ch n nh l mt cng ngh quan trng ca Internet. Hin nay cc ng dng P2P chim khong 50% (thm ch 75%) bng thng trn Internet. Vy mng ngang hng l g? Mng ngang hng l mng m trong cc my tnh chia s tp tin v truy cp ti nguyn (my in, b nh lu tr, chu trnh x l) m khng cn n my ch hay phn

mm my ch. dng n gin nht, mng P2P c to ra bi hai my tnh c kt ni vi nhau v chia s ti nguyn m khng phi thng qua mt my ch dnh ring. Mt mng ngang hng ng ngha khng c khi nim my ch v my khch, tt c cc my tham gia u bnh ng v c gi l peer, ng vai tr nh c my ch v my khch i vi cc my khc trong mng.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh mng ngang hng Ta cng nh ngha mng chng ph nh sau: Mng chng ph l mng my tnh c xy dng trn nn ca mt mng khc. Cc node trong mng chng ph c xem l ni vi nhau bng lin kt o (logical links), mi lin kt o c th bao gm rt nhiu cc lin kt vt l ca mng nn. Rt nhiu mng P2P c gi l mng chng ph bi v n c xy dng v hot ng da trn nn ca Internet.

Hinh 1.3: Mng chng ph P2P *c im ca hu ht cc h thng P2P l: + Chia s ti nguyn (resource sharing): mi peer gp phn vo ti nguyn h thng cho hot ng ca h thng P2P. + Networked: tt c cc node c lin kt vi cc node khc trong h thng P2P v tp cc node l thnh vin ca mt th lin kt. Khi th khng c k ni, mng chng ph c coi nh l b phn chia. + Phn quyn: trng thi ca h thng P2P c xc nh bi hot ng chung ca cc peer, v khng c im iu khin tp trung. Tuy nhin mt vi h thng m bo an ninh vn s dng mt login server trung tm. + Tnh i xng: cc node hot ng vi nguyn tc nh nhau trong h thng P2P. Trong rt nhiu thit k, tnh cht ny c th thay i do tn ti cc peer hot ng c bit nh l super peer hoc rely peer. + T tr: s tham gia ca cc peer trong h thng P2P c xc nh cc b, v khng c phm vi qun tr ring l trong h thng. + Phm vi: Mt h thng P2P c th c ti hng triu node hot ng ng thi, iu ny c ngha ti nguyn s dng ti mi peer tng theo kch c ca mng chng ph. + S n nh: h thng P2P c th c coi l n nh trong mt churn rate cho php. iu ny cho php duy tr th kt ni v c kh nng xc nh tuyn trong mt gii hn hop-count ph hp. *u, nhc im:

Tnh cht phn tn ca mng ngang hng to nn u im ca mng ngang hng, l: + Khng phi u t thm v phn cng v phn mm my ch. + D ci t, gi thnh r. + Khng cn ngi qun tr mng + Ngi s dng c th kim sot vic dng chung ti nguyn (my in, chu trnh x l, lu tr), tn dng c ti nguyn ca tt c cc my tnh trong mng, c phn b lu lng hp l trnh tc nghn. + Khng ph thuc vo cc my tnh khc trong hot ng ca mnh. Tnh cht phn tn ca mng ng ng cng gip cho mng hot ng tt khi mt s my gp s c. i vi cu trc tp trung, ch cn my ch gp s c th c h thng s ngng tr. + Tng cng kh nng cn bng ti trong mng. Trong m hnh mng ngang hng, ch c yu cu truy vn c thc hin gia my tnh tham gia mng vi my ch, cn vn truyn file c thc hin gia hai my tnh tham gia mng vi nhau, iu ny dn n vic phn b ti u trn h thng mng. Bn cnh mng ngang hng c nhng nhc im l: + My trm phi gnh thm vic phc v chia s ti nguyn. + My trm khng c kh nng kim sot nhiu lin kt nh mt my ch + Thiu tnh tp trung, rt kh tm kim d liu + Khng c kh nng lu tr tp trung + Mi ngi s dng trn my trm phi c kh nng qun tr trn chnh h thng ca mnh + Kh nng bo mt km, kh kim sot + Qun l thiu tp trung, cc mng ngang hng rt kh lm vic vi nhau. 1.1.2 Phn loi mng ngang hng C nhiu xut c a ra phn loi mng ngang hng. V d nh c th c phn loi theo mc ch s dng nh: Chia s file (file sharing)

in thoi VoIP (telephony) Lung a phng tin (audio, video) Din n tho lun (discussion forums)

Hoc xut phn chia mng ngang hng theo th h mng. Th h mng u tin c c im l vn da trn mt my ch tm kim trung tm v vy cn c gi l mng ngang hng tp trung (v d nh: Napster, Audiogalaxy, WinMX). Mt dng khc na ca th h mng th nht l mng ngang hng thun ty (v d nh: Gnutlla 4.0, FreeNet). Trong mng ny khng cn my ch tm kim tp trung, n khc phc c vn nt c chai trong m hnh tp trung. Tuy nhin vn tm kim trong mng ngang hng thun ty li s dng c ch Flooding, yu cu tm kim c gi ti tt c cc node mng hng xm, iu ny lm tng ng k lu lng trong mng. khc ph nhc im ca mng ngang hng thun ty, mt m hnh mng ngang hng mi c pht trin vi tn gi l mng ngang hng lai. y c coi nh l mng ngang hng th h th 2 (v d: Gnutella 0.6, Juxtapose JXTA, Skype). Phn loi theo th h c mt vi nhc im: n b qua mt s vn quan trng v khng gii thch c v cc th h tip sau gn nh ang c cung cp. Hn na, c hai th h mng ny u ang c ng thi s dng. kin khc cho rng chia mng ngang hng thnh mng chng ph c cu trc v mng khng c cu trc. Mng chng ph khng c cu trc thng c ch hn bi cch gi cc yu cu tm kim, phn b cc peer v s khc bit trong thng tin ng truyn vi cc peer hng xm. Mng chng ph c cu trc c phn bit da theo cc tnh cht nh: + S lng hop ti a cho yu cu tm kim (multi-hop, one-hop, s lng hop thay i) + Thut ton nh tuyn (nh tuyn tin t, XOR, khong cch hnh hc, s khc bit v khng gian a ch) + Dng chng ph + Vi kch c chng ph (v d: constant degree, logrithmic degree ) + Dng tra cu (lp li hoc quy, song song hoc ni tip)

Da trn cc dng c cu trc v khng c cu trc, cn c cc dng khc, nh mng chng ph phn cp (hierarchical overlays), mng chng ph lin kt (federated overlays), mng chng ph trin khai cc dch v mng c gi l mng chng ph dch v (service overlays), mng chng ph cho h thng cm bin c gi l mng chng ph cm bin (sensor overlays), mng chng ph vi truy vn tuyn bi mi quan h ng ngha (semantic ralationship) c gi l mng chng ph ng ngha (semantic overlays) v mng chng ph cung cp h tr cho cc node di ng trong mng IP v mng ad-hoc. Hnh 1.4 th hin cy phn loi cc dng mng P2P chng ph. Cc phn loi chng ph cho php di ng, chng ph dch v, chng ph ng ngha s c cp phn cui ca mc ny.

Hnh 1.4: Phn loi mng P2P 1.1.2.1 Mng chng ph khng c cu trc

Mng chng ph khng c cu trc l mt mng trong cc node ch lin kt vi cc node ln cn khi gi bn tin vi cc node khc trong mng chng ph. Tc l lin kt gia cc node mng c thit lp ngu nhin, khng theo quy lut no. Nhng mng nh th ny d dng c xy dng v mt my mi khi mun tham gia mng c th ly cc lin kt c sn ca mt my khc ang trong mng v sau dn dn t bn thn n s thm vo cc lin kt mi ca ring mnh. Khi mt my mun tm mt d liu trong mng ngang hng khng cu trc, yu cu tm kim s c truyn trn c mng tm ra cng nhiu my chia s cng tt. K thut tm kim ch yu l s dng flooding vi cc gii thut tm kim u tin theo chiu rng (breadth first), hoc u tin theo chiu su (depth-first) cho n khi ni dung c tm thy. Cc k thut khc phc tp hn gm bc nhy ngu nhin (random walk) v ch s routing (routing indices). H thng ny th hin r nhc im: khng c g m bo tm kim s thnh cng. i vi tm kim cc d liu ph bin c chia s trn nhiu my, t l thnh cng l kh cao, nhng ngc li, nu d liu ch c chia s trn mt vi my th xc sut tm thy l kh nh. Tnh cht ny l hin nhin v trong mng ng ng khng cu trc, khng c bt k mi tng quan no gia mt my v d liu n qun l trong mng, do yu cu tm kim c chuyn mt cch ngu nhin n mt s my trong mng. S lng my trong mng cng ln th kh nng tm thy thng tin cng nh. M hnh Thit k Freenet Hill climbing backtracking c im nh tuyn s dng tm kim a phng, h tr v cung cp an ninh, nc danh, kh nng t chi. L m rng ca Freenet, mi i tng lu tr ti cc peer c tm tt li v chia s vi cc hng xm.

Fast freenet

Trn lt (Flooding)

Small world Mt dng ca Freenet c b sung thm cc link m phng m hnh small world Freenet Cc supper peer s dng cc yu cu trn lt thay Gnutella cho m hnh thng xuyn. FastTrack Giao thc ring vi kin trc super peer s dng kt ni thay i

S dng k thut nh p ng lin kt ng, iu Bc nhy ngu nhin (Random walk) Gia khin lung, ti to one-hop, v bc nhy ngu nhin khng i xng ci thin hiu nng. LMS Cc vng mng thc hin tm kim cc i tng s dng bng bm thng nht ca nhn dng i tng nhn bit v tr i tng gn node Kt hp cc node vo mt bng DHT nh, nh tuyn gia cc DHT s dng cc lin kt khng cu trc Mi peer c t chc da trn mi quan h ni dung ng ngha, truy vn c gi theo cc topic lin kt, tnh ton da theo hm ph hp ng ngha Tribler Cc peer trao i danh sch u tin khai thc mi quan h gia cc peer vi cc u tin tng T chc ti nguyn P2P bng cch hiu bit chung v mi quan h ng ngha gia cc peer tng ng qun l lin kt gia chng

Hybrid

Yappers

nh tuyn ng ngha Truy vn c hng u tin Truy vn hng thch hp

INGA

PROSA

Bng 1.1: Mt s mng chng ph khng c cu trc Mt nhc im khc ca h thng ny l do khng c nh hng, mt yu cu tm kim thng c chuyn cho mt s lng ln my trong mng lm tiu tn mt lng ln bng thng ca mng, dn n hiu qu tm kim chung ca mng thp. Nhc im khc na l kh nng m rng mng thng b hn ch bi cc k thut trong vic xy dng mng, chng hn nh: k thut Flooding dn ti vic tng lu lng mng khi m rng mng. Cc h thng khng cu trc thng ph hp trong trng hp cc node ra vo mng thng xuyn, ty . 1.1.2.2 Mng ngang hng lai (Hybird) khc phc nhc im ca mng ngang hng thun ty, mt m hnh mang ngang hng mi c pht trin vi tn gi l mng ngang hng lai. y c gi l mng ngang hng th h 2.

Phn mm tiu biu cho mng ngang hng kiu ny l Gnutella 0.6 v JXTA (Juxtapose). JXTA c bt u pht trin bi SUN t 2001 (y l giao thc P2P m ngun m). JXTA c s dng cho PCs, mainframes, cell phones, PDAs giao tip theo cch khng tp trung. Skype cng c xy dng da trn cu trc ny.

Hnh 1.5: M hnh mng ngang hng hybrid Trong m hnh mng ngang hng lai tn ti mt trt t phn cp bng vic nh ngha cc Super Peers. Cc SupperPeer to thnh mt mng khng cu trc, c s khc nhau gia SupperPeers v ClientPeers trong mng, mi SupperPeer c nhiu kt ni n cc ClientPeers. Mi SupperPeer cha mt danh sch cc file c cung cp bi cc ClientPeer v a ch IP ca chng v vy n c th tr li ngay lp tc cc yu cu truy vn t cc ClientPeer gi ti. u im ca mng hybrid l hn ch Flooding cc truy vn, lm gim lu lng trong mng, nhng vn trnh c hin tng nt c chai (do c nhiu SuperPeers) v khc phc c nhc im v s khc nhau v CPU power, bandwidth mng ngang hng thun ty, cc SuperPeer s chu ti chnh, cc node khc chu ti nh. 1.1.2.3 Mng chng ph c cu trc Mng chng ph c cu trc l mt mng chng ph trong cc node hp tc duy tr thng tin nh tuyn tm ra tt c cc node trong mng chng ph. So snh vi

mng chng ph khng c cu trc, mng chng ph c cu trc c gii hn s lng bn tin cn thit tm bt c i tng no trong mng chng ph. y l iu quan trng khi tm kim cc i tng t ph bin hoc t xut hin. iu quan trng i vi nhng h thng c cu trc l cung cp s lin kt (mapping) gia ni dung (v d: ID ca file) v v tr node (v d: a ch node). Vic ny thng da trn mt cu trc d liu bng bm phn tn DHT. Do , a s mng chng ph c cu trc c h tr tnh nng bng DHT, nh tuyn da trn cc key. Mi peer c mt DHT, c s dng cho thut ton chuyn tip. Bng nh tuyn ca cc peer c to khi peer tham gia vo mng chng ph, nh s dng mt th tc khi to c bit. Cc peer thng trao i thng tin trong bng nh tuyn nh l mt phn ca qu trnh duy tr mng chng ph. Cc file trong mng c rng buc vi cc key v d c to ra bng cch bm cc tn file v mi node trong h thng c trch nhim lu gi mt di cc key no . C mt ton t c bn trong cc DHT ny l tm kim lookup (key), n s tr li nhn dng (v d nh a ch IP) ca node lu gi i tng vi key . Ton t ny cho php cc node a v ly cc file trn c s key ca chng. Do khng gian a ch o v a ch cc peer thng c gn ngu nhin, cc peer v cc hng xm trong mng chng ph c th xa nhau trong mng c s. iu ny lm tng kh nng chu li ca mng chng ph, nhng li lm suy gim hiu nng. Do , chng ph nhn dng topo (topology-aware overlays) s dng cc gi tr ca peer trong mng c s to cc peer hng xm trong mng chng ph. Trong chng ph c cu trc, topo mng c kim sot cht ch, kh nng m rng mng c nng cao r rt. Tuy nhin vic qun l cu trc topo mng gp kh khn c bit trong trng hp t l join/leave ca cc node cao. M hnh nh tuyn theo tin t Thit k PRR SPRR Tapestry Pastry Z-Ring Logarithmic degree Chord c im Thut ton DOLR u tin, s dng nh tuyn da trn tin t Thm c ch join/leave v duy tr vo PRR Da trn PRR kt hp vi c ch duy tr v join/leave nh tuyn theo tin t vi last hop s dng bng hng xm Khng gian a ch phn cp vi s base ln gim tr S dng mt khng gian ID vng trn predecessorsuccessor kch thc N, yu cu n hng

Symphony Kademlia CAN Fixed degree Koorde Cycloid Kelips EpiChord O(1)-hop OneHop D1HT Accordion

nh tuyn song hng kt hp vi long-link lm gim s hop-count tm kim Hm khong cch XOR, yu cu song song D-torus vi h ta cc De Bruijn, da trn Chord Chu trnh kt ni lp phng, nh tuyn kiu tin t Giao thc Epidemic multicast duy tr mng Tm kim song song lp li Cc peer c t chc thnh cc nhm v cc n v, yu cu gi qua cc trng nhm v n v S dng thut ton duy tr hot ng EDRA khi cc s kin join/leave c chuyn tip ti tt c cc peer trong thi gian loga Tm kim song song quy, kt hp vi c ch duy tr p ng bng thng Dng lai ca EpiChord v D1HT Nhiu mng chng ph kt ni ti mt super-ring, v s dng nh tuyn phn cp nh tuyn gia cc mng chng ph Cc peer l thnh vin ca cc cluster lin tip, v tm kim s dng bng DHT

S lng hop thay i Chameleon Dng lai ca EpiChord v D1HT Tork Multiple Phn cp rings Coral

Bng 1.2: Mt s mng chng ph c cu trc 1.1.2.4 Chng ph phn cp v chng ph lin kt Chng ph phn cp l mt kin trc chng ph s dng nhiu mng chng ph sp xp trong mt tp c lng vo nhau, v c ni lin vi nhau trong mt cy. Mi bn tin gi ti mt peer trong mng chng ph khc c chuyn tip ti mng chng ph cha chung gn nht trong phn cp. Khi phm v mng phn tn rng, cu trc phn cp c th gim hiu nng tng th. Mng chng ph phn cp th hin t chc phn cp trong nh a ch v nh tuyn. Cc min chng ph khc nhau trong phn cp c th s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau. Yu cu quan trng cho hiu qu hot ng ca mng chng ph phn cp gm c trnh hin tng nghn c chai v gi cn bng cu trc phn cp.

Hnh 1.6: Mng chng ph phn cp Mt mng chng ph lin kt l chng ph c to thnh t tp hp cc chng ph c lp, bng cch chia thnh cc min qun tr ring r, trong mi min c th s dng cc thut ton nh tuyn v c ch nh a ch khc nhau. Mi chng ph l mt min t tr, v hot ng thng bo gia cc chng ph yu cu s sp xp ngang hng. Mi min qun l nhn thc, phn quyn v cc nhim v qun l khc cho mng ca mnh. Chng ph lin kt a ra mt c ch hot ng xp chng, c th a ra cc dch v c bit ti ngi dng trong khi vn m bo phm v mng. Mt yu cu quan trng cho mng lin kt l mi quan h tin cy gia mi min. Tng t nh mi quan h ngang hng gia cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ng trc, cc l hng an ninh trong mt mng c th lan ra cc mng chng ph khc nh cc peering points. Do an ninh trong mt mng chng ph tr thnh mt vn nhy cm cho cc mng chng ph cn li.

Hnh 1.7: Mt mng chng ph lin kt Hnh 1.7 l m hnh mt mng chng ph lin kt. Mi mng chng ph hot ng c lp, v cc cp mng chng ph kt ni nh cc gateway peer. Gateway peer c th tm ra cc gateway peer khc trong cc mng chng ph khc bng nhiu cch nh tm kim trong lin mng hoc s dng DNS. Mt peer gi bn tin ti mng chng ph t xa (remote overlay) u tin cn pht hin ra gateway peer v gi bn tin ti gateway peer chuyn tip. H thng a ch nhiu lp c s dng phn bit i tng v cc peer trong cc mng chng ph. 1.1.2.5 Chng ph dch v Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca Internet, cc dch v mng mi cng pht trin theo. Tuy nhin li xut hin nhiu tr trong trin khai cc dch v mi hoc m rng cc dch v ang tn ti nu nh c yu cu thay i cc giao thc lp mng, router hoc h tng mng. V cn thit phi m bo s lin kt v trnh cc vn an ninh nhy cm, nhanh chng trin khai cc dch v mng v trnh s thay i h tng mng, rt nhiu dch v mng c trin khai nh l cc giao thc lp ng dng. V d nh multicasting, VoIP v mng phn b ni dung CDN. Khi mng chng ph c s dng c bn nh l cc dch v lp ng dng, chng c coi l cc mng chng ph dch v service overlay. Thm vo , hng dch v l mt mu mi cho kin trc ng dng web v h thng phn tn. Mt thiu st ca ng dng P2P l mi mt ng dng li i hi thit k chng ph ring bit. tng p dng hng dch v vo mng chng ph P2P cng

c xem xt nh l mt mng chng ph dch v. Theo , cc ng dng P2P c modul ha nh cc dch v hot ng lp trn ca mng trng ph, mi giao din dch v s dng mt m t dch v. Khi s lng ng dng P2P tng ln th cng lm tng kh nng ti s dng cng mt h tng mng P2P cho mt tp cc ng dng. Trn mt nn tng P2P m c th trin khai rt nhiu cc ng dng mi ca mt bn th 3.

Hnh 1.8: Phn loi mng chng ph dch v 1.1.2.6 Mng chng ph ng ngha Mt mng chng ph ng ngha semantic overlay l mt mng chng ph trong m hnh nh tuyn c t chc theo s lin kt ng ngha v mi quan h gia cc thng tin c lu tr trong mng chng ph. Tng t nh semantic web (web c ng ngha), ni dung c th c lu tr v truy nhp s dng m hnh ng ngha, kh thun li cho ngi s dng. Trong mng chng ph ng ngha, kt ni cc node chu nh hng ca ni dung. Cc peer c ni dung tng t, c quan h ng ngha s c nhm li (clustered), v d nh, cc peer c cha cc file Jazz s c kt ni vi cc peer cha ni dung tng

t. Khi mng ng ngha lm tng c hi tm kim nhanh chng cc file ph hp v gim s tm kim cc node khng c ni dung ph hp. V d nh trong hnh 1.9, cc peer t A-H c kt ni bi cc ng lin nt. Cc peer c ni dung quan h ng ngha s c lin kt vi nhau, v d, cc peer A, B v C u c cc bi ht rock, nn thit lp lin kt gia cc peer ny. Tng t, cc peer C, E v F c cha cc bi nhc Rap, cho nn nhm chng li vi nhau.

Hnh 1.9: Mng chng ph ng ngha Cc mng thuc dng ny nh: EZSearch, pSearch, Google SON. 1.1.2.7 Chng ph cm bin Mng chng ph cm bin l mt mng chng ph kt ni cc thnh phn ca c s h tng cm bin. Mc ch ca chng ph cm bin l lm n i lp vt l rng buc vi ng dng, lm lit kit d liu vi iu khin logic phn bit vi nh tuyn lp vt l. Thm vo , trong mng li cm bin rng ln, c nhiu t bo vi lp nh tuyn vt l v lin kt d liu khc nhau, mng chng ph cm bin c th thng nht v tch hp vi cc mng chng th thng thng.

V d cho mng chng ph cm bin ny l PIAX (P2P Interactive Agent eXtensions) 1.1.2.8 Chng ph cho mng MANET v Ad-hoc Mt mng MANET l mt tp cc node di ng hot ng ng thi nh c router v host trong mt mng ad-hoc khng dy. Cc node gi cc bn tin ti cc node khc m khng s dng h tng mng. Do gii hn cng sut v dung lng, cc node MANET gi bn tin broadcast trong mt khong gii hn. Topo MANET c th thay i nhanh chng v khng th d on c. S tng t gia MANET v m hnh P2P ti c lp ng dng v lp mng c ngha quan trng gip mng chng ph P2P lm vic hiu qu vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET . Bng 1.3 sau lit k mt s c im ca mng chng ph P2P i vi MANET. H thng MHT Ekta MPP XL-Gnutella MADPastry FastTrack qua AODV Ngun ng ISPRP nh tuyn ngun ng P2P ORION Thut ton nh tuyn MANET GPSR DSR Extended DSR OLSR AODV Neutral, AODV, SMB DSR DSR DSR Chng ph P2P None Pastry Gnutella Gnutella Pastry Khng c cu trc Pastry Chord Pastry Tm kim Key maps to nodes path D theo tin t Flooding Flooding vi cc super peer Da trn key vi cc nhm gii hn Flooding Da trn key Da trn key DP2PSR

Neutral, AODV v Khng c Flooding SMB cu trc Bng 1.3: c im ca chng ph P2P i vi MANET

1.2 P2P network v cc dch v lung (streaming services) Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh truy nhp Internet bng rng v k thut m ha, dch v video streaming tr nn thng dng. V d nh dch v YouTube, mt dch v chia s video theo yu cu ti ngi s dng, c ti 100 triu video clip c xem hng ngy trn trang ch YouTube, cng thm 65.000 video mi c ti ln mi ngy. Trang web c trung bnh 20 triu lt truy cp mi thng, theo nh Nielsen/NetRating, v YouTube lm ch ti 64% th phn video online Anh. Lu lng video c mong i s chim u th trn mng Internet trong tng lai gn.

Thng thng c nhiu phng php c th c s dng phn b video streaming ti ngi s dng. Chng ta c th xp cc phng php tuyn thng vo 2 dng: da trn unicast (thng tin c gi t mt im ny n mt im khc) v da trn multicast (thng tin c gi t mt im ti mt tp cc im khc). Trong phng php da trn unicast, mi mt phin unicast c thit lp cho mi ngi dng. C 3 phng php unicast phn phi video streaming qua Internet: tp trung, proxy v mng phn phi ni dung CDN (Content Delivery Network). Trong phng php tp trung, mt server vi bng thng ln c s dng phn b cc video streaming ti ngi dng. Phng php ny n gin trong trin khai v qun l. Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c nhng hn ch nht nh. u tin, s c nhng li nguy him xut hin trn server khi ng thi c nhiu ngi dng gi yu cu ti server. Th hai l khng c kh nng m rng. Server phn b bng thng c nh cho tng ngi s dng, do khi s lng ngi s dng tng ln mc no , server s khng c kh nng cung cp. V d, nu nh mt video c m ha vi nh dng MPEG-4 (tc gn 1,5 Mbps), streaming server kt ni Internet nh ng truyn T3 (tc gn 45 Mbps) th ch c th cung cp c cho 30 ngi s dng ng thi. Trong phng php proxy, proxy server c t gn vi min client lu tr mt phn nh ca mi video. Ngi s dng c th c nhn mt phn video t proxy server gn h. Do , phng php ny lm gim gnh nng ca streaming server v ti lu lng qua mng WAN (Wide Area Network). Tuy nhin, phng php ny yu cu trin khai v qun l proxy ti rt nhiu a im do lm tng gi thnh. Trong phng php CDN, video streaming c phn phi bi mt i tc th ba, c gi l CDN. Cc mng phn b ni dung, nh Akamai, trin khai rt nhiu cc server ti bin ca mng Internet. Ngi dng c th yu cu video t server thch hp nht. CDN lm gim lu lng qua mng WAN v lm gim tr. Tuy nhin, gi ca phng php CDN ny kh cao do gi thnh c tnh theo lu lng. Phng php da trn multicast phc v nhiu ngi dng ng thi vi hiu qu bng thng cao. Network-layer multicast dng router thit lp mt cy m ngi s dng nh l cc l ca cy. Mc d s dng network layer multicast hiu qu, nhng phng php ny khng c trin khai rng do cc l do sau. Network layer multicast yu cu cc router qun l v duy tr trng thi ca cc nhm peer, iu ny lm tng phc tp ti lp IP. Th hai, kh khn trong lp truyn ti iu khin lung v iu khin

tc nghn trong network layer multicast. Do network layer multicast khng phi l gii php ph hp phn phi video streaming ti cc ngi dng. Cng ngh Peer to peer (P2P) gn y tr thnh mt phng php ha hn xy dng cc ng dng mng phn b v phm vi rng. P2P cho php ngi dng hot ng c hai ch client v server. Trong mng P2P, mt peer khng ch c th download d liu t cc peer khc ang lu tr d liu m cn c th upload cc d liu c yu cu bi cc peer khc. Bng thng upload ca ngi dng cui c s dng hiu qu chia s gnh nng bna thng vi server. Cng ngh P2P c pht trin cung cp cc dch v video streaming. Mt vi h thng P2P streaming c trin khai cung cp Video on Demand (VoD) hoc cc dch v live video streaming trn Internet. Ngy 28/1/2006 c hn 200.000 ngi dng cng lc xem trc tip L hi ma xun Trung Quc trn PPLive vi tc t 400800 kb/s. Bng thng yu cu t ti 100 Gb/s. H thng mng P2P c th c phn loi thnh h thng chia s file P2P v h thng P2P streaming. Trong h thng chia s file P2P, ngi s dng phi download ton b file trc khi c th s dng. Mt file c chia ra thnh nhiu phn (c gi l chunk hoc block) v c lu tr ti cc peer. Mi ngi dng download cc block c php t cc peer ny. Khng c rng buc v thi gian download cc block ca file. Trong h thng P2P streaming , ngi dng c th bt video cng lc vi qu trnh download. Gii hn thi gian l vn quyt nh i vi cc dch v streaming, khi m cc gi n sau gii hn thi gian playback ca mnh s khng c gi tr s dng. H thng P2P streaming c th phn loi thnh h thng P2P live streaming v P2P VoD. Trong h thng P2P live streaming, video trc tip c phn b ti cc ngi dng trong thi gian thc. Video c pht ng b ti mi ngi dng, tc l mi ngi dng u xem ti cng mt v tr ca cng mt video. Mt v d in hnh cho h thng P2P live streaming l P2P IPTV, c s dng qung b cc chng trnh TV ti mi ngi dng tham gia. Trong h thng P2P VoD, ngi dng c th la chn bt k video no h thch v xem bt c thi gian no, mi ngi dng c th xem bt c on no ca video. Mt file video c to nn t nhiu cc block. S trao i cc block trong cc h thng mng P2P khc nhau c so snh trong hnh 1. 10.

Trong h thng chia s file P2P, file khng th c s dng cho n khi tt c cc block ca file c download xong, do cc peer nhn c th download bt c cc block c php t cc peer cung cp c lu gi cc block, nh trong hnh 1.10 (a). Cc block c download s c lu tr li trn a v s c s dng phc v cc peer khc. Trong h thng P2P streaming, mi peer duy tr mt b m lu tr cc block c download trc v sau v tr playback. Trong h thng P2P streaming, ngi dng c th trao i cc block trong b m vi cc ngi dng khc, c th hin hnh 1.10 (b). S thay i nh ca thi gian playback l do s khc bit v tr phn b. Trong h thng P2P VoD, mi ngi dng khc nhau c v tr playback khc nhau cho cng mt video. Peer vi v tr playback sm hn c th chuyn cc block va c s dng vo b m cho cc peer khc c v tr playback mun hn, nh hnh 1.10 (c).

Hnh 1.10: Trao i cc block gia hai peer trong cc h thng P2P khc nhau (a) H thng chia s file P2P (b) H thng P2P live streaming (c) H thng P2P VoD

1.2.1 H thng P2P live streaming Da trn cu trc chng ph, h thng P2P live streaming c th c phn loi thnh h thng P2P live streaming dng cy v dng mesh. 1.2.1.1 H thng P2P live streaming dng cy Mc d network layer multicast hiu qu trong vic broadcast video ti tt c ngi dng, nhng khng c chp nhn rng ri do cn cc router qun l cc nhm multicast v phc tp trong iu khin truyn ti cho cc phin multicast. Do chc nng multicast b loi khi lp mng v a ln lp ng dng. H thng P2P live streaming dng cy c th c chia thnh cy n lp ng dng hoc a cy lp ng dng. * H thng P2P live streaming cy n Trong h thng P2P live streaming cy n, ngi dng tham gia vo phin live video streaming c th to thnh cy ti lp ng dng. Gc ca cy l server, mi ngi dng tham gia vo cy ti mc nht nh. Cc mc nhn video t cc peer cha mc cao hn v chuyn tip cc video nhn c ti cc peer con mc thp hn. ESM (End System Multicast) l mt v d in hnh cho h thng P2P live streaming dng cy n. H thng P2P live streaming dng cy n vi 10 peer c th hin hnh 1.11. mc 1, c 2 peer (peer 1 v peer 2) nhn video trc tip t server. Ti mc 2, c 4 peers (peer 3-6) nhn video t peer cha mc 1 v chuyn tip cc video c nhn ti cc peer con ti mc 3. Ti mc 3, c 4 peer (peer 7-10). Cc peer khng c bt c peer con no c gi l cc node l. Trong hnh 1.11, cc node l bao gm c peer 4 v peer 710. Cc node c t nht mt node con c gi l cc internal node.

Hnh 1.11: h thng P2P live streaming dng cy n Trong xy dng cy lp ng dng cho live streaming, c hai iu cn xem xt l su ca cy v s phn nhnh ca internal node. Trong cy n, cc peer nhn video streams t cc peer cha ti mc cao hn. gim tr cho cc peer mc thp nht i hi cy phi c su nh. Vi su nh, phn nhnh ca internal node tng ln. Hay cch khc, internal node cn upload video stream cho nhiu peer con gim su ca cy. Tuy nhin, m rng ti a ca peer b rng buc bi bng thng upload ca mi peer. Cc peer c th tham gia hoc ri khi phin live streaming bt c lc no. Do duy tr (maitainance) cy l mt vn quan trng. Vic xy dng v duy tr c th c qun l bng cch tp trung hoc phn tn. Trong gii php tp trung, server trung tm iu kin xy dng v khi phc cy. Khi c mt peer tham gia vo h thng, peer ny cn phi lin lc vi server. Da trn cu trc hin ti v tnh nng ca peer va mi gia nhp (v tr v kh nng truy nhp mng), server quyt nh v tr cho peer mi trong cy v thng bo peer cha peer ny kt ni ti. Mt peer c th ri khi phin bt c thi gian no. Sau khi peer ri khi, tt c cc peer con ca peer trong cy u b tch bit ra khi server v khng th nhn video. Trong trng hp ny, peer b tch bit c th lin

lc vi server trung tm, c gn nh peer cha mi trong cy. Hn ch ca qun l tp trung l hin tng nghn c chai v cc im li n ti server trung tm. trnh iu ny, mt vi thut ton phn phi cho xy dng v duy tr cy c pht trin. Trong ZIGZAG, mt peer tham gia khng cn phi hi nhiu hn O(logN) peer tn ti (N l s peer), li c th c khi phc nhanh chng v phn vng vi mt s lng kt ni c nh v khng nh hng ti server. Cha ni n qun l phn tn C hai hn ch chnh ca h thng P2P live streaming dng cy n. l khi mt peer ri i gy ra s tch bit ca tt c cc peer con khi ngun video. Th hai, tt c cc node l khng th phn b bng thng upload ca mnh, iu ny lm gim hiu nng s dng bng thng peer. Gii php b li cc hn ch ny l h thng P2P streaming a cy. *H thng P2P live streaming dng a cy tng cng phc hi ca cy v hiu nng bng thng ca peer, phng php da trn a cy c a ra. Trong h thng P2P live streaming da trn a cy, video c m ha thnh nhiu sub-streams, v mi sub-stream ny c phn ti mi cy. Cht lng mi peer thu c ph thuc vo s lng sub-stream m peer nhn c. Gii php ny to ra hai u im. Th nht, nu nh c mt peer b li hoc ri i, tt c cc peer con ca n b mt cc sub-stream c phn b t cc peer , nhng chng vn c th nhn c cc sub-stream c phn b nh cc cy khc. Do , cc peer con c th nhn c mt phn video trong trng hp mt sub-stream. Th hai, mi peer c vai tr khc nhau trong mi cy, c th l internal node ca cy ny, nhng li cng c th l node l ca cy khc. Khi mt peer l internal node ca mt cy, bng thng upload ca n c th c dng upload sub-stream c phn b qua cy . t c hiu nng s dng bng thng cao, peer vi bng thng upload ln c th cung cp sub-stream trong nhiu cy. Hnh 1.12 th hin mt h thng P2P live streaming dng a cy vi 7 peers. Server m ha video thnh 2 sub-streams v sau phn b chng ti cy 1 v cy 2. Mi substream c tc bit s/2, vi s l tc ngun. Peer 1, 2 v 3 l cc internal node trong cy bn tri v l node l trong cy bn phi. Cc peer 5, 6 v 7 l cc internal trong cy bn phi v l node l trong cy bn tri. Mi peer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7 upload sub-stream c tc s/2 ti cc peer con. Peer 4 l node l trong c hai cy. Do khng ng gp

bng thng upload ti h thng. Nu c mt peer ri khi h thng, cc peer con vn c th nhn c sub-stream t cy khc. V d, nu Peer 1 ri i, cy bn tri b mt kt ni ti server. Tuy nhin cc peer con ca peer 1 (peer 2-7) c th nhn sub-stream c phn phi bi cy bn phi. Cc peer c th xem video m khng b ngt trong trng hp peer ri i.

Hnh 1.12 H thng P2P live streaming dng a cy 1.2.1.2 H thng P2P live streaming dng mesh Trong h thng P2P live streaming dng n cy, mi peer nhn cc stream t mt peer cha. Nu nh peer cha ri i, peer s khng c nhn g cho n khi c kt ni ti peer cha mi. Trong h thng P2P live streaming a cy, peer nhn sub-stream t peer cha tng ng trong cy. Nu peer cha ri khi cy, cht lng video nhn c ti peer s b gim. Do , cc peer ng to nn thch thc trong duy tr cy v gi thnh trong h thng P2P live streaming dng cy. trnh cc peer ng, nhiu h thng P2P streaming gn y s dng phng php da trn mng li. Trong h thng ny, mi peer trao i d liu vi mt tp hng xm. Nu nh mt hng xm ri i, peer vn c th download video t cc hng xm cn li. trong khi , peer s add cc peer khc vo tp hng xm. Mi peer c th nhn d liu t nhiu peer cung cp trong h thng streaming dng mesh, thay th cho mt peer cha

trong h thng dng n cy. Thch thc ln nht ca h thng P2P live streaming dng mesh l thit lp hng xm v lp lch d liu. 1.2.2 H thng P2P VoD Dch v Video on demand VoD cho php ngi dng xem ti bt c im no ca video ti bt c thi gian no. So snh vi live streaming, VoD a ra tnh nng linh ng v tin li i vi ngi dng v thc s thc hin mc ch xem bt c g bn mun bt c khi no bn cn. VoD c xc nh nh l cha kha tng lai thu ht khch hng ti dch v IPTV. Khc vi cc h thng live streaming trong mi ngi dng xem cng ti mt v tr ca video, dch v VoD cho php mi ngi dng xem ti bt c v tr no ca video ti bt c thi gian no. VoD cung cp linh ng v tng tc ti ngi dng, do ngy cng thu ht c s quan tm. Trong dch v VoD, mi ngi dng xem video ti thi gian khc nhau, v ngi dng c th thay i v tr xem video bt c thi gian no. Do khng c s ng b gia ngi dng, cu trc chng ph trong h thng P2P VoD khc bit vi h thng P2P live streaming. Trong h thng P2P live streaming, mi peer c th l mt peer cung cp (v d nh l peer cha trong h thng dng cy hoc l hng xm trong h thng dng mesh) ca mt peer khc. Mt peer trong mt h thng P2P VoD phi la chn peer cung cp t cc peer c ni dung c yu cu. 1.2.2.1 H thng P2P VoD theo phng php chuyn tip d liu Ph thuc vo phng php chuyn tip d liu, h thng P2P VoD hin ti c th phn chia thnh 3 dng: m-chuyn tip (buffer-forwarding) P2P VoD, lu gi-chuyn tip (storage-forwarding) P2P VoD v lai-chuyn tip (hybrid-forwarding) P2P VoD. Trong h thng m-chuyn tip, mi peer m cc ni dung va nhn c, v chuyn tip chng ti cc peer con ca mnh. Trong h thng lu gi-chuyn tip, cc block video c phn b nh b lu tr ca cc peer. Khi mt peer mun xem video, n cn phi tm kim peer cung cp m hin ti ang lu tr ni dung, v sau gi yu cu n. Trong h thng lai-chuyn tip, mt peer c th c nhiu peer cha thuc dng mchuyn tip v lu tr-chuyn tip v nhn d liu t c hai loi peer cha. 1.2.2.1.1 H thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip

Trong h thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip, mi peer duy tr mt b m lu gi cc ni dung video xung quanh v tr playback va nhn c. Ni dung c m c th c s dng phc v cc peer khc c v tr ang xem gn .

Hnh 1.13: Chng b m gia peer cung cp v peer nhn trong h thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip Hnh 1.13 th hin b m ti mt peer. Thi gian bt u ca b m ti peer k c k hiu l t kS , thi gian k thc ca b m c k hiu l t kE , v thi gian playback c k hiu l t kP . Gi s rng l mt peer cung cp, gi cc gi c m ti peer nhn l
I peer j, vi tr playback ban u T jI , peer j yu cu packet vi thi gian ln hn ( t P j + T j ).

Do , ch c cc packet trong ca s trt truyn dn transmission sliding window ti peer k mi c gi ti peer j. Do , l peer cung cp ca peer j, peer k cn c thi gian playback ln hn peer j v c chng b m (buffer overlap) vi peer j. Hnh 1.14 th hin cu trc chng ph trong h thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip. Mi peer xem video t v tr bt u v lu gi cc ni dung trong b m 10 pht. Hnh 1.14 (a) th hin cu trc chng ph da trn dng cy, mi peer ch kt ni ti mt peer cha. hnh 1.14 (a), peer 1 ang pht th nht, v nhn video trc tip t server. Peer 2 v 3 ang pht th 4 v 7. C hai peer khm ph ra rng peer 1 c th lm peer cha, do thit lp lin kt ti peer 1 nhn d liu. Tng t i vi peer 4 v 5. Khi peer 6 tham gia vo h thng pht th 40, n khng th tm c peer cung cp. Do peer 6 phi yu cu video trc tip t server. Nh hnh 1.14 (a), kin trc cy c hnh thnh nu nh mi peer ch kt ni ti 1 peer cha. Nu nh mi peer kt ni vi nhiu peer cha, chng ph dng mesh c hnh thnh.

Hnh 1.14 Cu trc chng ph trong h thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip (a) Dng cy v (b) Dng mesh

Nh hnh 1.14 (b), mi peer c hai peer cha (tr peer 1 v peer 6 ch c 1 cha l server). Tc lung cung cp ln nht trong kin trc ny c ci thin hn so vi cu trc dng cy, do bng thng upload ca mi peer c s dng theo cch tt nht. Thm vo , chng ph dng mesh c kh nng phc hi nhanh i vi cc peer ng do peer c th nhn c ni dung t nhiu ngun. 1.2.2.1.2 H thng P2P VoD lu tr-chuyn tip Trong h thng P2P VoD m-chuyn tip, mi peer nhn ni dung video t cc peer cha ca mnh. Nu nh peer cha chuyn n mt v tr khc trong video th peer con cn

phi tm kim mt peer cha mi. Trong h thng P2P VoD lu tr-chuyn tip, video c chia ra thnh nhiu segment, v c phn phi gia cc peer. Mt peer s nhn ni dung video t cc peer lu tr. Cc peer lu tr s khng thay i video segment lu tr trong sut thi gian tn ti, do cc hot ng ca peer ny s khng nh hng ti peer con. VMesh l mt v d cho h thng P2P VoD lu tr-chuyn tip. Trong Vmesh, mt peer lu tr ngu nhin mt hay nhiu video segment trong b nh ca mnh. Segment c th c phc v cho cc peer khc nhau. Nu nh mt peer tham gia vo h thng, n cn phi thc hin cc th tc sau: 1-Tm kim segement mun xem s dng bng bm DHT 2-Lin h danh sch peer tr li 3-Peer c lin lc, nu nh bng thng, tr thnh peer cha cung cp cc segement c yu cu. Nhiu peer cha c th c s dng cho mc ch chu ng li. 4-Khi cc peer gn nh dng ht segement hin ti, n lin lc vi cc peer khc ang lu tr cc segment tip theo. 5-Nu nh peer thc hin tm kim ngu nhin cho mt v tr khc gn vi v tr hin ti, n c th n gin iu khin con tr forward/backward trong video mesh lin lc vi cha mi. Nu nh v tr mi qu xa, n khi ng mt bng DHT khc tm kim segment ch. 1.2.2.1.3 H thng P2P VoD lai-chuyn tip Trong h thng P2P m-chuyn tip, cc peer phn phi li ni dung m ti cc peer con, do gim gnh nng cho server. Tuy nhin, h thng ny km linh hot i vi cc peer ng. Nu nh peer cha ca mt peer thc hin tm kim ngu nhin v chuyn khi v tr hin ti, peer con ny cn tm kim peer cha mi. Trong h thng lu tr-chuyn tip, peer lu tr khng thay i segment c lu tr. Tuy nhin, throughput c th t c trong h thng thp do gii hn tng dung lng upload. khc phc nhng nhc im ny, h thng P2P VoD lai-chuyn tip c xut, n lm tng throughput bng cch kt hp c phng php m-chuyn tip v lu tr-chuyn tip. Trong h thng lai-chuyn tip, cc peer xem cng video t mt mng ph s dng phng php m-chuyn tip.

V d nh hnh 1.15, peer 1-6 thuc chng ph m-chuyn tip video-1, v peer 913 v peer 1 thuc chng ph m-chuyn tip video-2. Server (peer 1) tham gia trong tt c cc chng ph do n cha tt c ni dung ca video. Trong kin trc lai-chuyn tip, mi peer chia s hoc yu cu mt hay nhiu segment ca video ti to trong b lu tr. Cc segment c s dng phc v cc peer khc. Do , bng thng up load ca cc idle peer c th c s dng do c th phn phi cc segment c lu tr ca mnh ti cc peer khc. Trong kin trc lai-chuyn tip, peer c th c c lin kt mchuyn tip v lu tr-chuyn tip. V d, peer 10 trong hnh chuyn tip cc ni dung ti peer 11 v peer 12 trong chng ph video-2, trong khi n cng chuyn tip ni dung ti peer 4 trong chng ph video-1. C hai loi lin kt c gng t bng thng upload gii hn.

Hnh 1.15: H thng P2P VoD lai-chuyn tip Bng cnh gn bng thng upload ln hn cho peer ang xem c u tin cao hn (v d: chng trnh tr tin so vi chng trnh min ph) c th thc hin c s khc bit dch v gia cc video. Hn na, kin trc lai-chuyn tip thit thc tm kim ngu nhin bi v ni dung lu tr c gi n nh tr khi cc peer ra khi ng dng P2P. V d, khi cc peer cha thuc m-chuyn tip (peer 2 v 3) ca peer 4 ng thi chuyn sang v tr khc, peer 4 vn c c ni dung t peer cha thuc lu tr-chuyn tip, iu ny lm duy tr playback lin tc. 1.2.2.2 H thng P2P VoD dng cy Nhiu ngi dng s dng mng che ph dng cy c ng b v nhn ni dung theo th t cc my ch s gi i. iu ny v c bn l khc nhau t cc yu cu

c t ra bi dch v VoD.Vn chnh c a ra trong h thng dng cy l vic thit k cc th tc thch hp cho nhng ngi khng ng b v vic iu tit( sc cha) trong h thng. P2Cast v P2VoD l hai v d ca h thng P2P VoD dng cy. 1.2.2.2.1 P2Cast P2Cast l mt m hnh v li(patching) ban u cho h thng VoD. N c hnh thnh trn m hnh patching c xut h tr dch v VoD ci m s dng IP multicast ring. P2cast cp hai vn k thut quan trng nh l xy dng mt lp ph ng dng thch hp cho streaming v cung cp mt dng pht li lin tc khi gp phi s dn on khi mt khch hng ri i sm. Cc khch hng n trong vng mt ngng to thnh mt phin. Vi mi phin, my ch, cng vi nhng khch hng P2Cast, to thnh mt cy multicast lp ng dng thng qua mng ch c unicast. Nhng khch hng trong P2Cast c th chuyn lung video ti cc khch hng khc, v cng lu tr v phc v cc phn u ca mt video ti cc khch hng khc. Mi khch hng ng gp tch cc khng gian lu tr v bng thng ca n vo h thng, ng thi tn dng cc ngun ti nguyn ti cc khch hng khc. Ton b video c truyn thng qua cy multicast lp ng dng, do vy n c th c chia s gia cc khch hng. i vi khch hng nhng ngi m n mun hn so vi nhng khch hng u tin trong phin v do b l mt phn on ban u ca video. P2Cast c th phc v nhiu khch hng hn dch v unicast client-server truyn thng. Cc m hnh (scheme) phc hi trong P2Cast l cho cc peer nhn d liu trc tip t server khi vic peer cha ri i xy ra. Tuy nhin, iu ny lm tng khi lng cng vic ca my ch. 1.2.2.2.2 P2VoD P2VoD l mt m hnh video theo yu cu (P2P VoD) dng cy ci m c gng gii quyt cc vn ca vic kt ni nhanh, cung cp nhanh chng v phc hi tht bi cc b m khng c jitter, x l hiu qu cc yu cu khng ng b ca khch hng v cung cp chi ph iu khin nh so vi P2Cast. Mi khch hng trong P2VoD c mt b m FIFO kch thc thay i lu tr cc ni dung gn y nht ca dng video nhn c. Tn ti nhng khch hng trong P2VoD c th chuyn tip cc lung video ti mt khch hng mi min l h c bng thng rng buc u ra v vn gi khi u tin ca tp tin video trong b m. Nhng tht bi c qun l vi khi nim ca generation v m hnh b nh m (caching scheme). M hnh b nh m cho php mt nhm cc khch hng, n vi h thng ti cc thi im khc nhau, lu tr cc ni

dung video ging nhau trong tin t ca cc b m ca h. Nh vy nhm to thnh mt h (generation). Khi mt thnh vin ca mt h ri khi h thng, mt vi thnh vin cn li ca h c th cung cp lung video m khng c bin ng (jitter) ti cc peer con b b ri ca cc thnh vin ri i vi iu kin l bng thng rng buc u ra l . Trong P2VoD, mt s kt ni streaming c gi nh l tc bt khng i ci m bng vi tc playback ca video player. Qu trnh phc hi trong VoD l phc tp hn. Ngoi ra, P2VoD khng xem xt cc bng thng khng ng nht ca cc peer. B nh m v chuyn tip l mt cch tip cn da trn cy, l ni m mt khch hng VoD thng da trn ni dung ci m c lu trong b m ca cc peer cha ca n. Trong m hnh ny, cc b nh tuyn khng thc hin chc nng multicast. Do , cc host cui chu trch nhim cho vic lu tr v phn b ca cc dng truyn thng (streaming media). Cc host cui c th l cc my khch hng hoc cc proxy ca n v cc h thng ny duy tr cc i tng truyn thng truy xut (and these systems maintain retrieved media objects) trong b nh cc b tm thi ca h. Nu mt khch hng khc yu cu cc i tng truyn thng v sau, my ch gc c th chuyn tip cc yu cu ti cc host cui, ngi m c th cht(physically) gn gi hn vi khch hng. oStream tn dng li th ca kh nng m ca cc host cui bng cch p dng phng php lu tr v chuyn tip. M hnh s dng mt thut ton cy m rng cho cc peer xy dng mt lp ph cho truyn thng streaming (media streaming). oStream lm gim thiu s thiu hiu qu ca topo nh p lc lin kt v ko di (link stress and stretch) c gii thiu bng cch s dng multicast lp ng dng.

Hnh 28. Kin trc dng trc tip Mt khung lm vic c gi l DirectStream cho php nhiu khch hng tn dng nhng li ch ca khong thi gian b nh m v dch v video theo yu cu vi s h tr hot ng VCR. DirectStream bao gm mt my ch ch dn, cc my ch ni dung v cc khch hng. My ch ch dn hot ng nh mt im trung tm hnh chnh, n duy tr mt c s d liu, ci m theo di tt c cc server v client ang tham gia trong DirectStream, n gip cc client mi xc nh v tr dch v c yu cu. Cc my ch ni dung cung cp cc chc nng ging nhau nh trong m hnh dch v client-server truyn thng lu tr ni dung trong kho lu tr ca h v phc v cc yu cu ca client min l bng thng sn c. Do vy khch hng trong DirectStream c chc nng nh cc nt P2P. Mt peer lu tr mt ca s chuyn ng ca mt ni dung c nhn gn nht, v phc v cc peer n mun bng cch chuyn tip lin tc cc ni dung lu tr. Mt tp cc khch hng hot ng trong mt lp ph P2P streaming c thnh lp c gi l mt nhm. Cc nhm trong DirectStream pht trin theo thi gian v mi khch hng trong mt nhm chia s lung ging nhau. Qu trnh tm kim dch v cho mt yu cu mi bao gm bn bc, nh c ch ra trong hnh 28. u tin cc khch hng mi s gi mt yu cu n my ch ch dn yu cu video bt u t v tr. Cc my ch ch dn sau nhn vo c s d liu ca mnh v tr v mt danh sch cc nt ng vin, bao gm c my ch ni dung v cc client m c ni dung

phc v yu cu ny. Cc client mi xc nh t cc nt nhn li cc dng s dng cho thut ton la chn cha QoS (The new client determines from which node to retrieve the stream using the QoS parent selection algorithm). S dng gii thut ny, mt client la chn mt node cha m c bng thng. Cc client mi lin h vi cc node ng vin c la chn v yu cu chuyn tip lung. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp thnh cng, tn hiu khch hng mi tr li my ch ch dn (the new client signal back to the directory server) v ng k chnh n vo c s d liu. DirectStream gim ng k khi lng cng vic t ra trn server. Mt thun li khc l quy m cng nh s ph bin ca video tng ngay c khi cc khch hng tham gia c x khng hp tc. DirectStream c hai nhc im. Qun l tp trung a ra mt im n ca s tht bi. Khi nhiu nhm cao cp khc nhau tht bi, mt peer c th nhanh chng thiu b m ca n. Trong h thng VoD dng cy, cc peer lp trn lun lun ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc mng che ph hon ton. S ri i ca n s dn n s bin ng lp mng thp hn (the lower layer network fluctuation). Hn th na, mi peer ch c mt nh cung cp d liu iu ny s gy ra vic s dng khng hiu qu bng thng sn c trong mt mi trng mng khng ng nht v rt nng ng. Trong cng mt thi im, h thng da trn lu tr v chuyn tip. Nu mt cha nhy ti im chi khc trong video (if a parent jumps to another play point in the video), n bt u nhn d liu truyn thng ci m khng quan tm i vi con ca n (which is of no interest for its children) v cc peer con s cn tm kim cha mi (search for a new parent). 1.2.2.3 H thng P2P VoD dng li Trong h thng VoD dng li, khng c cu trc lin kt c th c to ra. Cc peer trong mng, da trn cc quy tc thit k, kt ni vi mt s cha (peer cha) nhn cc gi video. H thng VoD dng li c giao thc thp hn tng trn, d dng hn nhiu thit k, linh hot hn c t l cao ca churn, v do ph bin hn. Hin nay h thng P2P dng li ( li P2P da trn h thng: Current P2P mesh based systems) c chng minh l rt thnh tho trong vic phn phi ni dung quy m ln vi t ti nguyn my ch. Tuy nhin, nh nhiu h thng c thit k phn phi tp tin chung v cung cp mt tri nghim ngi dng gii hn xem ni dung truyn thng. Tuy nhin, trong h thng VoD, kh khn trong thc t l nhiu ngi dng mun nhn cc khi tun t xem b phim trong khi ang ti v. Ngoi ra, trong h thng VoD, ngi s dng c th quan tm n cc phn khc nhau ca b phim, v c

th cnh tranh vi ti nguyn h thng. Trn tt c, thch thc chnh nm trong cc h thng thit k m bo rng ngi dng c th bt u xem mt b phim bt k thi gian no, bt c on no ca video vi thi gian khi ng nh v tc playback n nh. 1.2.2.3.1 K thut BitTorrent (BT) BitTorrent (BT) l mt trong nhng k thut P2P dng li thnh cng nht cho vic phn phi khi lng ln cc ni dung qua Internet. N l mt giao thc chia s tp tin m rng ci m cng kt hp c ch truyn d liu trn ngp (ngp lt). C mt s hn ch ca chin lc(k thut) BT ban u trong vic cung cp video streaming. Trong BT, cc tp tin c phn on trn khong trng (space). Mc d c ch la chn on mc nh ca BitTorrent l rt hiu qu trong vic gim thiu xc sut cho cc on him tr nn mai mt (bin mt) (for rare pieces to become extinct) v cung cp cc peer vi cc on him. N mt dn tht vng(it fails despondently) trong trng hp thi gian lu lng nhy cm. L do l vi thi gian d liu nhy cm th mi on s phi nhn trong mt khong gii hn thi gian nht nh. Yu t ny khng c xem xt trong c ch la chn on ban u ca BT v do vy n ko th cung cp dch v phn phi nhy cm thi gian, bi v cc on c yu cu da trn s him c v khng theo thi hn ca h. Do , c ch la chn on hin ti cn sa i h tr dch v thi gian nhy cm nh VoD. BASS v BiToS l cc v d ca BitTorrent da trn h thng P2P VoD dng li.

Hnh 29. BASS: (a) Tng quan h thng, (b) M hnh client

 BitTorrent h tr h thng streaming (BASS) (BitTorrent Assisted Streaming System) m rng h thng BitTorrent hin ti cung cp mt dch v gn nh Video on Demand. Bi v BASS s dng s h tr ca BT cho streaming, n s dng cc dch v ca mt my ch bn ngoi ci m lu tr ton b video ca nh pht hnh v m bo rng ngi s dng c th playback video mt tc playback m khng c bt k suy gim cht lng no. S thay i duy nht ca BitTorrent cho thy l n khng nn ti v bt c d liu no trc thi im playback hin ti. N c php s dng phn him nht u tin v cc chnh sch n ming tr ming (tit-for-tat). Trong chnh sch phn him nht u tin (In rarest-piece-first policy), khch hng yu cu mt phn da trn s lng bn sao n thy c sn v la chn mt ci ph bin nht. Trong n ming tr ming, mt k bc lt (a leecher) ( mt ngi ti v) trao i vi nhng k bc lt khc m gi cc phn bi nhn c s u tin cao hn cc yu cu ca h. T server truyn thng, BASS ti cc phn theo trt t, b qua cc phn m thc s c ti v bng BitTorrent, hoc ang trong qu trnh c ti v v c mong ch kt thc trc thi hn playback ca h n. Tng quan h thng ca BASS c ch ra trong hnh 29. Mc d BASS lm gim ti ti cc my ch bi mt s lng ng k, thit k ca h thng vn l my ch theo nh hng, v do cc yu cu bng thng ti cc my ch tng tuyn tnh vi s lng ngi s dng. H thng BiToS cng da trn BitTorrent. tng chnh l phn chia cc khi cn thiu thnh hai tp hp: tp hp u tin cao v tp hp phn cn li, v yu cu vi cc khi xc sut cao hn t tp hp u tin cao (Hnh 30). Tp hp u tin cao cha tt c cc phn m kh gn c ti to. Do vy, peer mong mun ti v nhng phn sm hn. Tri ngc vi tp hp phn cn li, trong c cha cc phn m s khng cn n trong tng lai gn. Sau s bt u ca ngi chi, b m ca ngi chi (Player Buffer) yu cu nhng phn cn thit t b m cc peer nhn(the received pieces Buffer). Trong BiToS, trng tm chnh c a ra cho vic lp lch cn thn ca cc khi video. Cc phn m b l thi hn playback ca n c gim xung n gin. Do vy, iu ny c th dn n suy gim cht lng playback trong video. Cng bi v bn cht bt i xng ca cc kt ni

internet v khng ng nht ca cc peer, h thng khng th m bo rng cc phn c yu cu lun lun l c sn cho vic playback ng thi gian.

Hnh 30: Phng php tip cn BiToS 1.2.2.3.2 K thut Kangaroo Kangaroo l mt h thng tp trung vo vic cung cp c hai dch v P2P VoD tt nh ni dung live streaming. Kangaroo tng t nh mt h thng P2P dng li tiu biu, trong n bao gm cc peer c iu phi bi mt ngi theo di (tracker). Kangaroo x l cc hot ng DVD vi s chm tr, chi ph mng, v ti nguyn my ch ti thiu. Kangaroo thc hin mt chnh sch lp lch lai ghp ci m kt hp hnh vi ch k (phn on c ti theo th t cho vic playback lin tc) vi hnh vi v tha (v tr him nht ci thin s a dng phn on). Mt peer bao gm mt s cc hp phn nh b lp lch phn on, b lp lch la chn peer v b qun l hng xm. B lp lch phn on quyt nh phn on no nn c lp lch ti v tip theo, trong khi B lp lch la chn peer quyt nh cc peer hng xm no lp lch ti v v b qun l hng xm lin tc ti truy cp hng xm ca cc peer v quyt nh cc peer no l tt nht nhn/y d liu i/n. Mi peer trong Kangaroo ti d liu song song t mt s t cc hng xm thng qua kt ni d liu. Cc peer cng duy tr mt s lng cc kt ni kim sot, ci m c s dng trao i thng tin v cc phn on c sn( sn sng) trong hng xm, do cho php cc peer suy ra s ph bin v v tr ca cc phn on cho vic lp lch. Kangaroo tng t nh mt lp ph da trn tn gu (a gossip-based overlay) ni m mt ngi theo di thng minh (tracker smart) c s dng thc hin phi hp ngang hng. Kangaroo cng cung cp cc khong thi gian m thp v

lu lng ngp lt cao bn di ngi s dng cc h thng nh VCR (under user VCRlike operations). Tuy nhin, n khng xem xt hnh vi ca ngi s dng ang xem. Do , h thng nh VCR c th gy ra thi gian phn hi di. 1.2.2.3.3 K thut COCONET COCONET l mt cch mi v hiu qu ca vic t chc cc peer hnh thnh mt mng che ph cho vic h tr streaming v tra cu hng xm playback lin tc hoc cc hot ng VCR. M hnh s dng mt b nh cache hp tc da trn k thut ni m mi peer ng gp mt lng khng gian lu tr nht nh h thng tr li vic nhn cc khi video. H thng s dng b nh hp tc ny t chc mt mng lp ph v phc v cc peer yu cu, do lm gim cc nt tht c chai ca my ch h tr cc hot ng lin quan n VCR (the server bottleneck supporting VCR related operations). Trong mt vi h thng P2P VoD cc peer chia s cc phn on video ch vi cc peer ln cn da vo v tr ang pht ca n. Tuy nhin, trong cc m hnh ang xem b sai lch ln, hu ht cc peer c phn cm xung quanh mt v tr ang pht c bit v rt t cc peer c phn phi ti cc v tr khc nhau trong sut chiu di video. Do , cc peer khng th tm thy mt vi hoc rt t cc hng xm tha mn cc yu cu ca h. COCONET trnh trng hp ny. tm cc peer cung cp mi cc phn khc nhau ca chiu di phim, h thng P2P VoD duy tr ch s cp nht ca cc peer trc tip vi cc phn on video sn sng ca n. Khng nh cc h thng P2P VoD khc, COCONET khng s dng vic nh ch s ngi theo di. Thay vo , ngi theo di ch duy tr mt tp hp con nh ca cc peer trc tip, ci m c truy vn ch mt ln nh mt im gp g khi peer mi tham gia vo h thng. Vi mi COCONET, peer xy dng mt ch s da trn ni dung b nh m hp tc, ci m gip tm kim bt k peer cung cp no cho mt vi phn on video xuyn sut ton b di video. Chi ph qun l ca COCONET l thp duy tr cu trc che ph ngay c trong mt churn ln. COCONET cng cn bng ti v thuc tnh chu li (fault tolerance properties) tt hn. M hnh b nh m lu tr ng gp phn phi gip m rng ti truy vn thng nht thng qua cc lp ph v t chc lp ph mt cch thng nht v ngu nhin ci m to ra s phn phi ni dung c lp vi v tr ang chy.

1.3 Kt lun chng 1

Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca mng Internet, mng ngang hng, tuy l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy nghn mng Internet, cng ang c pht trin v s dng trin khai cc dch v lung. Chng 1 trnh by khi qut v khi nim mng ngang hng P2P, u nhc im ca mng ngang hng. Bn cnh cn cp n vic phn loi mng ngang hng da trn cu trc mng v da theo ng dng. Phn cui ca chng cp n ng dng ca mng ngang hng trong dch v lung. Cc h thng P2P streaming c th phn chia thnh h thng P2P live streaming v P2P VoD. Ty theo cch tip cn, h thng P2P live streaming c th c chia thnh dng cy hoc dng li. i vi h thng P2P VoD, ty thuc theo cch chuyn tip d liu c th phn chia thnh: h thng m-chuyn tip, h thng lu tr-chuyn tip v h thng lai-chuyn tip. Ty thuc vo cu trc cn c th chia thnh: h thng P2P VoD dng cy v h thng P2P VoD dng li.