TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TPHCM KHOA K THUT HA HC B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

NHM SVTH: CH V BO LONG_61001749 TRN THANH PHONG_61002409 NGUYN THANH TM_61002857

GVHD: ThS. TN N MINH NGUYT

TP H CH MINH, 12/2011

MC LC
1.nh ngha v vai tr ca cht bo qun thc phm...7 1.1. Phn loi cht khng vi sinh vt..8 1.2.Cn nhc trong vic s dng cht khng vi sinh vt9 1.3. Cc c ch hot ng ca ph gia chng vi sinh vt10 2.Benzoates and Benzoic Acid10 2.1.Gii thiu...10 2.2.Cng thc ho hc v cu to10 2.3.Tng quan.11 2.4.Dng s dng ..11 2.5.C ch hot ng ....11 2.6.ng dng trong thc phm12 2.7.Phng php s dng12 2.8.Tnh c hi trong vic s dng.12 2.9.S khng acid benzoic vi sinh vt..12 2.10.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm..13 2.11.S lc v Paraben..14 2.11.1Gii thiu ..14 2.11.2Tng quan.15 2.11.3Tnh khng vi sinh vt .15 2.11.4.c tnh.15 2.11.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm...15 3.Sorbic Acid v Sorbates..16 3.1.Gii thiu16 3.2.Cng thc ho hc v cu to16 3.3Tng quan..17 3.4.Dng s dng17 3.5.C ch17 3.6.ng dng trong thc phm17 3.7.Phng php s dng18 3.8.Tnh c hi ..18 3.9.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm19 4.Nhm Acid Hu c..21 4.1.Gii thiu22 4.2.Cc axit v mui ca chng thng dng22 4.2.1. Acid Acetic v Acetates...22 4.2.1.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to.22 4.2.1.2.Tng quan...23 4.2.1.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt23 4.2.1.4.ng dng trong thc phm..23 4.2.1.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm..23 4.2.2. Acid Lactic v Lactates25 4.2.2.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to.25 4.2.2.2.Tng quan...25
2

4.2.2.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt25 4.2.2.4.ng dng trong thc phm..25 4.2.2.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm..26 4.2.3. Acid Propionic v Propionates ..26 4.2.3.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to.26 4.2.3.2.Tng quan...26 4.2.3.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt27 4.2.3.4.ng dng trong thc phm..27 4.2.3.5.Phng php s dng.27 4.2.3.6.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm..27 4.2.4. Mt s acid hu c khc.28 4.2.4.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to.28 4.2.4.2.Tng quan...28 4.2.4.3.Tnh khng khun..29 4.2.4.4.ng dng trong thc phm..29 4.2.2.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm..29 4.3.c tnh..32 5.Sulfur Dioxide v Sulfites32 5.1.Gii thiu32 5.2.Tng quan..32 5.3.Dng s dng ..32 5.4.C ch33 5.5.Phng php s dng 33 5.6.nh hng ln vi sinh vt33 5.7.Tnh c hi...34 5.8.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm34 6.Nitrites v Nitrates36 6.1.Tng quan.36 6.2.Dng s dng37 6.3.Phng php s dng37 6.4.C ch37 6.5.c tnh..37 6.6.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm37 7.Nisin38 7.1.Gii thiu38 7.2.Cng thc ha hc v cu to ..38 7.3.Tng quan..38 7.4.Dng s dng38 7.5.Phng php s dng.39 7.6.Cch thc hot ng39 7.7.c tnh..39 7.8.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm39 8.Natamycin.39 8.1.Gii thiu39
3

8.2.Cng thc ha hc v cu to39 8.3.Tng quan.40 8.4.Tnh khng khun40 8.5.C ch40 8.6.ng dng trong thc phm40
9.Tng lai ca cht bo qun chng vi sinh vt41 10.Ti liu tham kho..42

DANH MC BNG
Table 1.1. Chc nng, tc ng ca cht khng vi sinh vt..8 Table 1.2. Ch s INS ca cc cht khng vi sinh vt.8 Table 1.3. C ch hot ng ca cc cht khng vi sinh vt..10 Table 2.1. Tng quan v Acid Benzoic v mui Benzoate..11 Table 2.2. S nh hng ca pH n kh nng phn ly ca Acid Benzoic11 Table 2.3. Ch s ML ca Acid Benzoic trong mt s loi thc phm13 Table 2.4. Ch s ML ca Sodium Benzoate trong mt s loi thc phm...13 Table 2.5. Ch s ML ca Potassium Benzoate trong mt s loi thc phm..14 Table 2.6. Ch s ML ca Calcium Benzoate trong mt s loi thc phm..14 Table 2.7. Tng quan v nhm Paraben.15 Table 2.8. Ch s ML ca Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate trong mt s loi thc phm..15 Table 3.1. Tng quan v Acid Sorbic v mui Sorbate17 Table 3.2. Ch s ML ca Acid Sorbic trong mt s loi thc phm..19 Table 3.3. Ch s ML ca Sodium Sorbate trong mt s loi thc phm..20 Table 3.4. Ch s ML ca Potassium Sorbate trong mt s loi thc phm.21 Table 3.5. Ch s ML ca Calcium Sorbate trong mt s loi thc phm.21 Table 4.1. pK ca mt s acid hu c thng dng...22 Table 4.2. Tng quan v Acid Acetic v mui Acetate.23 Table 4.3. Ch s ML ca Acid Acetic trong mt s loi thc phm...24 Table 4.4. Ch s ML ca Potassium Acetate trong mt s loi thc phm.24 Table 4.5. Ch s ML ca Sodium Acetate trong mt s loi thc phm..24 Table 4.6. Ch s ML ca Sodium Diacetate trong mt s loi thc phm...24 Table 4.7. Ch s ML ca Calcium Acetate trong mt s loi thc phm..25 Table 4.8. Tng quan v Acid Lactic v mui Lactate..25 Table 4.9. Ch s ML ca Acid Lactic trong mt s loi thc phm26 Table 4.10. Ch s ML ca Calcium Lactate trong mt s loi thc phm26 Table 4.11. Tng quan v Acid Propionic v mui Propionate27
5

Table 4.12. Ch s ML ca Acid Propionic trong mt s loi thc phm...27 Table 4.13. Ch s ML ca Sodium Propionate trong mt s loi thc phm..27 Table 4.14. Tng quan v mt s acid hu c khc.28 Table 4.15. Ch s ML ca Acid Fumaric trong mt s loi thc phm.29 Table 4.16. Ch s ML ca Acid Citric trong mt s loi thc phm..29 Table 4.17. Ch s ML ca Acid Adipic trong mt s loi thc phm.30 Table 4.18. Ch s ML ca Acid Tartaric trong mt s loi thc phm..30 Table 5.1. Tng quan v Sulfur Dioxide v mui Sunfite32 Table 5.2. Mi lin h gia nng H2SO3 v mt s nm men...34 Table 5.3. Ch s ML ca Sulfur Dioxide trong mt s loi thc phm.34 Table 5.4. Ch s ML ca Sodium Sulfite trong mt s loi thc phm35 Table 5.5. Ch s ML ca Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite trong mt s loi thc phm.35 Table 5.6. Ch s ML ca Sodium Metabisulfite trong mt s loi thc phm.35 Table 5.7. Ch s ML ca Potassium Sulfite trong mt s loi thc phm36 Table 5.8. Ch s ML ca Calcium Hydrogen Sulfite trong mt s loi thc phm.36 Table 6.1. Tng quan v mui Nitrate v Nitrite36 Table 6.2. Ch s ML ca Sodium Nitrate trong mt s loi thc phm37 Table 6.3. Ch s ML ca Potassium Nitrate trong mt s loi thc phm...37 Table 7.1. Tng quan v Nisin..38 Table 7.2. Ch s ML ca Nisin trong mt s loi thc phm..39 Table 8.1. Tng quan v Natacymin40 Table 8.2. Liu lng khuyn co v phng thc s dng ca Natacymin trong mt s loi thc phm.41

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1. Cu to ca acid benzoic 11 Hnh 1.2. Cu to ca ion benzoate11 Hnh 2.1. Cu to ca 1 gc paraben..15 Hnh 3.1. Cu to ca acid sorbic ...17 Hnh 3.2. Cu to ca ion sorbate17 Hnh 4.1. Cu to ca acid acetic ...23 Hnh 4.2. Cu to ca ion acetate23 Hnh 4.3. Cu to ca acid lactic .25 Hnh 4.4. Cu to ca ion lactate.25 Hnh 4.5. Cu to ca acid propionic .26 Hnh 4.6. Cu to ca ion propionate..26 Hnh 4.7. Cu to ca acid citric .28 Hnh 4.8. Cu to ca acid tartaric .28 Hnh 4.9. Cu to ca acid adipic ...28 Hnh 4.10. Cu to ca acid fumaric28 Hnh 7.1. Cu to ca Nisin..38 Hnh 8.1. Cu to ca Catamycin40

1.nh ngha v vai tr ca cht bo qun thc phm:

T thi tin s, con ngi bit cch bo qun sn phm sau khi thu hoch s dng c lu di hn. Sy kh, lm mt, ln men v si m l nhng phng php chnh trong vic bo qun thc phm. Trong khi , mt s ha cht bo qun thc phm nh mui n, nitrites v sulfites c s dng trong mt thi gian di, cn hu ht nhng cht khc mi c s dng rng ri gn y. Ngy nay, ngi tiu dng cn nhng loi thc phm xut hin quanh nm, khng c tc nhn gy bnh v c thi gian s dng hp l lu di. Mc d mt s ci tin c thc hin bng cch s dng h thng ng gi v ch bin bo qun thc phm khng c ha cht, cht bo qun chng vi khun ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v ngun thc phm. Ngoi ra, do s thay i trong vic tip th i vi thc phm c ton cu ha, cc sn phm him khi c trng, sn xut v bn cng 1 khu vc nh trc. Ngy nay, thc phm sn xut trong mt khu vc c vn chuyn n khu vc khc x l v mt s khu vc khc phn phi. iu quan trng cn lu rng, khng sinh thc phm khng th chng li c s h hng ca thc phm. Ngoi ra, bi cc khng sinh thc phm ni chung l km khun hoc km nm, nn s khng bo v c thc phm v thi hn. Cht khng vi sinh vt thc phm c xp vo nhm cc ha cht dung bo qun. c nh ngha bi Cc qun l dc v thc phm ca M (FDA; 21CFR 101.22(a)(5)) l bt k ha cht no, khi c b sung vo thc phm, c khuynh hng ngn chn hoc lm chm qu trnh xu i ca chng, nhng khng bao gm mui n, ng, gim, gia v, hoc cc loi du c chit tch, cht thm trc tip vo thc phm hun khi, ha cht thm vo c tnh dit cn trng hoc c. Nhng cht bo qun c s dng ngn chn qu trnh xu i do ha hc bao gm: + Cht chng oxy ha + Cht chng qu trnh t oxy ha ca cht to mu, hng v, lipid v vitamin + Hp cht chng li s nu ha + Hp cht chng li s i ha Nhng cht bo qun c s dng ngn chn qu trnh xu i do sinh hc c gi l cht khng vi sinh vt (antimicrobials) FDA nh ngha cc tc nhn khng vi sinh vt (21CFR 170.3(o)(2)) l nhng cht c s dng bo qun thc phm bng cch ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v h hng sau ra tip sau, bao gm cht khng nm, cht km hm mc. Cc chc nng truyn thng ca cht khng vi sinh vt thc phm l ko di tui th v bo tn cht lng thng qua s c ch vi sinh vt gy h hng. Tuy nhin, cht khng vi sinh vt c s dng ngy cng l mt s can thip chnh c ch hoc ngng hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy bnh trong thc phm . ng ngc nhin, mt vi cht khng vi sinh vt thc phm c s dng c quyn kim sot s pht trin ca tc nhn gy bnh c th do thc phm. V d s c ni c th sau.
8

1.1.Phn loi cht khng vi sinh vt:

Theo 2 phng thc chnh: Phng thc truyn thng/t nhin: Da vo chc nng, tc ng ca cht khng vi sinh vt Table 1.1 Hp cht Acetic acid, acetates, diacetates, dehydroacetic acid Benzoic acid Benzoates Lactoferrin Lysozyme i tng Nm men, Vi khun Thc phm c s dng nng, gia v, mt, sn phm t sa, cht bo/du, tht, nc st ung, sn phm t tri cy macgarin Tht Ph mai, lp v ca di, tht c ch bin, sn phm t gia cm Ph mai Ph mai, lp v ca di, tht c ch bin, sn phm t gia cm ung, nng, xi-r nng, sn phm t sa Hu ht thc phm, ung, ru Tri cy, sn phm t tri cy, ru

Nm men nm mc vi khun Clostridium botulinum, mt s vi khun khc Nm mc Clostridium botulinum, mt s vi khun khc Nm men, nm mc, vi khun gram dng Nm mc Nm men, nm mc, Vi khun Nm men, nm mc

Natamycin, Nisin Parabens (alkyl esters ca p-hydroxybenzoic acid) Propionic acid, propionates Sorbic acid, sorbates Sulfites

Phng thc hin i: sp xp theo h thng nh s INS Table 1.2 Hp cht Sorbic acid K sorbate Ca sorbate Benzoic acid Na benzoate K benzoate Ca benzoate Ethyl paraben INS 200 202 203 210 211 212 213 214
9

Na ethyl paraben Propyl paraben Na propyl paraben Methyl paraben Na methyl paraben Silfur dioxide Na sulfite Na hydrogen sulfite Na metabisulfite K metabisulfite Ca sulfite Ca hydrogen sulfite K hydrogen sulfite Nisin Natamycin K nitrite Na nitrite Na nitrate K nitrate Acetic acid K acetate Na acetate Ca acetate Lactic acid Propionic acid Na propionate Ca propionate K propionate Boric acid Na tetraborate Na lactate K lactate Ca lactate

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 226 227 228 234 235 249 250 251 252 260 261 262 263 270 280 281 282 283 284 285 325 326 327

1.2.Cn nhc trong vic s dng cht khng vi sinh vt :

+ An ton v mt v sinh + Nghin c y v c t hc + S dn nhn + iu kin ti chnh + S hp thc ha phng php + Yu t cm quan
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+ S dng chnh xc v hp l

1.3.Cc c ch hot ng ca ph gia chng vi sinh vt:

1. c ch hot kh hot tnh ca cc enzyme, lm ngng cc phn ng trong cc qua trnh trao i cht trong t bo vi sinh vt (acid benzoic/benzoate, acid sorbic/sorbate, nitrite, sulfite, H2O2) 2. Lm gim hot tnh ca nc, to p sut thm thu a n t bo vi sinh vt b mt nc v tiu nguyn sinh (NaCl, ng,) 3. Hp thu v c nh mt s nguyn t kim loi , lm ri lon cc qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo vi sinh vt. (acid citric, phosphate) Table 1.3 Cht chng vi sinh vt acetic acid benzoic acid natamycin nisin nitrates, nitrites propionic acid sorbic acid sulfites and sulfur dioxide Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo (vi khun, nm men, 1 vi loi nm mc) Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo / c ch enzym (nm mc, nm men, 1 vi loi vi khun) Lin kt cc nhm sterol trong lp mng t bo ca nm (nm mc, nm men) Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo (vi khun gam dng, vi khun to acid lactic) c ch enzym / Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo (vi khun, ch yu l Clostridium botulinum) Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo (nm mc, 1 vi loi vi khun) Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo / c ch enzym /c ch s ny mm bo t vi khun (nm men, nm mc, 1 vi loi vi khun) c ch enzym /to hp cht ph (vi khun, nm men, nm mc)

2.Benzoates and Benzoic Acid:

2.1.Gii thiu L mt trong nhng cht bo qun lu i nht c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip dc, thc phm v m phm. Sodium Benzoate l cht bo qun ha hc u tin c chp nhn cho s dng trong thc phm. C ch bo qun ca n ln u tin c m t vo nm 1875. Li th ca n l chi ph thp, d dng kt hp vo sn phm, thiu mu sc v c c tnh thp. Chnh v vy m acid benzoic tr thnh mt trong cc cht bo qun c s dng rng ri nht th gii. 2.2.Cng thc ho hc v cu to :
11

Acid benzoic ( C6H5COOH )

Hnh 1.1 2.3.Tng quan: Table 2.1 INS Tn ting vit 210 Axit Benzoic 211 Natri Benzoat 212 213 Tn ting anh Benzoic Acid Sodium Benzoate Kali Benzoat Potassium Benzoate Canxi Benzoat Calcium Benzoate

Hnh 1.2

Cc chc nng chnh Bo qun Bo qun Bo qun Bo qun

ADI (mg/kg) 0-5

2.4.Dng s dng : C dng tinh th hnh kim khng mu, t trng 1.27 g/ml. D tan trong ru v ete nhng t tan trong nc (2.2 g trong 100ml nc 75oC). Mui ca acid benzoic thng dng l Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate v Calcium Benzoate. Khc vi Acid mui ca acid benzoic tan tt trong nc ( 66.0g 20oC trong 100ml nc i vi Sodium Benzoate), chnh v l do ny m n c s dng trong nhiu trng hp. 2.5.C ch hot ng: Acid benzoic l cht st trng mnh i vi nm men v cc nm mc v c tc dng yu i vi cc vi khun. Tc dng bo qun ch xy ra mi trng acid pH = 2.5-3.5. Cc phn t acid benzoic khng phn ly l nguyn nhn chnh gy khng vi sinh vt, v vy pH cng cao th kh nng khng vi sinh vt cng gim. Trong iu kin ny, nng acid benzoic c tc dng bo qun km hm cc vi sinh vt gy ra h hng sn phm l 0.05%. Table 2.2 pH 3 4

% acid khng phn ly 93.5 59.3

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5 12.8 6 1.44 7 0.144 pK 4.19 Cc c ch chnh: - c ch mt vi loi enzyme c th trong t bo. - Thay i thm thu ca mng t bo dn n ph v chc nng mng t bo 2.6.ng dng trong thc phm: Benzoic Acid v Sodium Benzoate thch hp nht i vi cc thc phm v ung c pH t nhin di 4.5 hoc c th gim pH xung mc ny bng cch acid ha. Khi dng trong vic bo qun thc phm, li th chnh ca n l gi thnh thp, d dng kt hp vi sn phm v khng c mu sc. Tuy nhin, phm vi pH hiu qu hp, nn hng v ca sn phm m n ang bo qun c th mt i. V Benzoate khng kim sot c tc tng trng ca cc vi sinh vt cp cao. Benzoic Acid v Sodium Benzoate c s dng rng ri bo qun ung, sn phm tri cy, sn phm bnh m, mt s nc. Ngoi ra vic s dng acid benzoic cn c trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun tm. 2.7.Phng php s dng : Trong cng nghip thc phm ngi ta thng s dng mui natri ca Acid benzoic l sodium benzoate ( C6H5COONa) cht ny c th iu ch c khi cho tc dng Acid Benzoic v soda (Na2CO3). Sodium Benzoate d ho tan trong nc, nhit phng cng c th cho dung dch nng 50-60% ( thc t dung dch Sodium Benzoate c pha sn vi nng t 5-20% ). Mun m bo hiu qu tc dng bo qun, nng Sodium Benzoate c trong sn phm phi t ti 0.07-0.1%. K thut s dng natri benzoat khng phc tp. em ho tinh th ca mui ny vo nc nng, tt nht l vo nc qu nng ( sn phm khi b tng lng nc ), rt dung dch vo cc thng cha nc qu hay trn ln vi qu nghin. Sau khi trn ln cn thn, sn phm c ng vo bao b bo qun. 2.8.Tnh c hi trong vic s dng: Benzoic acid v benzoates khng gy c trong gii hn cho php s dng. Benzoates khng xut hin trong c th, l do l benzoates c hp thu rut v kch hot lin kt vi CoA to ra coenzyme CoA. Trong c th, Benzoic acid b chuyn ha thnh Hippuric acid, sau c bi tit ra ngoi. Ngoi ra, nu dng benzoic acid v benzoates qu liu lng s dn n c ch chc nng ca enzyme tiu ha, lm cn kit glycine. Trnh dng cho nhng ngi b hen suyn, vim mi, m ay v mt s loi d ng khc. 2.9.S khng acid benzoic vi sinh vt: Trong mt nghin cu ca c nm 1959, trch dn bi Lueck (1980), khng c s khng li no trong cc khun E.coli c quan st t 14 mu th nghim trong mi
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trng acid benzoic. Tuy nhin, trong cc nghin cu gn y, ngi ta pht hin s khng acid benzoic ca vi sinh vt, trong ung c ga v trong nc tri cy. Cc nh sn xut phi b sung ti a lng acid benzoic trong cc sn phm ny. 2.10.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (mg/kg): + i vi Acid Benzoic: Table 2.3 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Thu sn, sn phm thu sn ngm dm, k c nhuyn th gip xc, da gai 2 Vin xp v nc tht 3 Nc chm v cc sn phm tng t 4 Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp v ng chai 5 Nc giI kht c hng liu, bao gm c nc ung dnh cho th thao, nc ung c hm lng khong cao v cc loI nc ung khc 6 C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loI ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t cacao 7 Ru vang 8 Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau khi ln men 9 Qa ngm dm, du, nc muI 10 Hoa qu ngm ng 11 Rau, c ngm dm, du, nc muI 12 Rau thanh trng pasteur ng hp, ng chai hoc ng ti 13 Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht nguyn ming hoc ct nh x l nhit + i vi Sodium benzoate: Table 2.4 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men 2 Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui 3 4 Hoa qu ngm ng Rau, c ngm dm, du, nc mui

ML 2000 1000 1000 2000 1000

Ghi Ch

600

100 50 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000

ML 50 1000 1000 2000

Ghi Ch

Tnh theo axit benzoic Tnh theo axit benzoic Tnh theo axit benzoic
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+ i vi Postassium Benzoate: Table 2.5 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Nc gii kht c hng liu, bao gm c nc ung dnh cho th thao, nc ung c hm lng khong cao v cc loi nc ung khc 2 Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men 3 Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui 4 Hoa qu ngm ng

ML 1000

Ghi Ch Tnh theo axit benzoic

50 1000 1000 Tnh theo axit benzoic Tnh theo axit benzoic

+ i vi Calcium Benzoate: Table 2.6 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Hoa qu ngm ng 2 Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau khi ln men Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui Rau thanh trng pastuer ng hp, ng chai hoc ng ti Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th nguyn ming hoc ct nh x l nhit Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ngm dm, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai Vin xp v nc tht

ML 1000 50

Ghi Ch Khng c vt qu mc gii hn khi c mt ca hng liu

3 4 5 6 7

1000 1000 1000 2000 1000

2.11.S lc v Paraben 2.11.1.Gii thiu : Paraben l dn xut este ca para-hydroxybenzoic acid. Nhng paraben thng dng l methylparaben ( E218), ethylparaben (E214), propylparaben (E216). c s dng chng nm mc v vi khun. Cu to ca 1 gc paraben trong R c thay bng 1 gc alkyl.

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Hnh 2.1 2.11.2.Tng quan: Table 2.7 INS Tn ting vit 214 Tn ting anh Cc chc nng chnh

Etyl pEthyl pBo qun hydroxybenzoat hydroxybenzoate 216 Propyl pPropyl pBo qun Hydroxybenzoat Hydroxybenzoate 218 Metyl pMethyl pBo qun Hydroxybenzoat Hydroxybenzoate 2.11.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt : Paraben khng vi sinh vt ti u pH t 3 n 8. Hot ng khng khun ca n ch yu l i vi vi khun Gram m v Gram dng. Nm men v nm mc nhy cm hn vi paraben so vi vi khun. Cng c ch tng khi chiu di chui alkyl ca paraben tng ln. 2.11.4.c tnh: Dn xut ca p-hydroxy benzoic khi tip xc c th lm con ngi b nn, kch tch mt v mi. Ngoi ra, Paraben b nghi ng l cht gy ung th v ph n v v sinh nam. 2.11.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (mg/kg): + i vi Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate: Table 2.8 STT 1. 2. 3. Nhm thc phm Cc sn phm tng t phomt Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh, bnh puting, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu...) Margarin v cc sn phm tng t (VD: hn hp Margarin v b) ML 500 120 1000
16

ADI (mg/kg) 0-10

Ghi ch

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Qu kh Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu Hoa qu ngm ng Rau, c ngm dm, du, nc mui Ko cao su Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga... Sn phm dng trang tr thc phm Cc sn phm bnh nng Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th p mui, sy kh, xay nh cha x l nhit ng trng v ng vng dng: saccaroza, fructoza, glucoza, xyloza Nc chm v cc sn phm tng t Nc rau, qu p Necta rau qu Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Nc gii kht c hng liu, bao gm c nc ung dnh cho th thao, nc ung c hm lng khong cao v cc loi nc ung khc Ru vang Snack c ch bin t ng cc

800 800 800 1000 1000 1000 300 2000 300 300 GMP 100 1000 1000 200 100 1000 1000 300

21. 22.

3.Sorbic Acid v Sorbates

3.1.Gii thiu Cc c tnh khng vi sinh vt v bo qun ln u tin c pht hin trong cui nhng nm 1930 v u nhng nm 1940 c v Hoa K bi E. Miller v C. M. Gooding . Hp cht ny c chit tch t du ca qu thanh hng tr cha chn bi nh ha hc ngi c A. W. von Hoffmann vo nm 1859 London. 3.2.Cng thc ho hc v cu to :
17

Acid Sorbic hay acid 2,4-hexadienic (C5H7COOH)

Hnh 3.1 3.3.Tng quan: Table 3.1 INS Tn ting vit 200 Axit Sorbic 201 202 203 Natri Sorbat Kali Sorbat Canxi Sorbat Tn ting anh Sorbic Acid Sodium Sorbate Potassium Sorbate Calcium Sorbate

Hnh 3.2

Cc chc nng chnh Bo qun, chng oxy ha, n nh Bo qun, chng oxy ha, n nh Bo qun, chng oxy ha, n nh Bo qun

ADI (mg/kg) 0-25

3.4.Dng s dng : L cht kt tinh bn vng, c v chua nh v mi nh, Trong lng phn t l 112.12, nhit nng chy l 134.5OC. Acid Sorbic kh tan trong nc lnh (0.16%) v d tan trong nc nng ( 100OC tan 3.9%). Cc mui ca Acid Sorbic l Sodium Sorbate , Potassium Sorbate v Calcium Sorbate. Mui ca Acid sorbic l Potassium sorbate cng l bt trng kt tinh, d tan trong nc ( 100OC tan 64%) Trong cng nghip ho cht Acid sorbic c sn xut bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Nht l trong thc t thng dng phng php tng hp bng cch ngng t crotonaldehyde v ketene. 3.5.C ch: c ch vi sinh vt (<0.3%), nu dng vi lng ln hn s tiu dit vi sinh vt. c ch s pht trin v nhn ln ca t bo, cng nh c ch s ny mm v hnh thnh ca bo t. c ch 1 vi enzyme

3.6.ng dng trong thc phm: Sorbic Acid v cc mui ca n (nht l Potassium Sorbate) c s dng rng ri trn th gii v c s dng trong tt c cc loi thc phm ca con ngi, ngoi ra n cn c s dng trong thc n chn nui, dc phm, cc m phm, vt liu ng gi v cc ch phm k thut tip xc vi cc loi thc n hoc vi c th ngi. i vi cc sn phm t sa, pho mt l loi thc phm c s dng sorbic acid v sorbates nhiu nht. Cn vi cc sn phm t rau c, acid sorbic c s dng trong rau c ti ln rau c ln men hay c mui. Vi cc sn phm lm t tri cy, n c s dng bo qun cc loi tri cy kh, nc p tri cy v si r, mt, thch
18

v ru vang. Ngoi ra, sorbic acid v sorbate cn c s dng trong sn phm bnh m, sn phm t tht v nhng loi sn phm khc. 3.7.Phng php s dng : Acid Sorbic v Potassium Sorbate c tc dng st trng mnh i vi nm men v nm mc , cc vi sinh vt ny l nguyn nhn ch yu thng gy h hng sn phm rau qu. Nhng cht st trng ny li c tc dng rt yu i vi vi khun. V vy khi s dng Acid Sorbic ngi ta vn c th gi c kh nng hot ng ca mt s vi khun c li nh vi khun latic iu chng t rng Acid Sorbic c nhiu u im trong cc loi ho cht bo qun thc phm. V l do ny nhiu nc ch ti vic nghin cu v s dng Acid Sorbic lm cht ph gia bo qun thc phm . S dng Acid Sorbic em li kt qu tt trong cng nghip ch bin rau qu trong cng nghip ru nho, trong sn xut hp sa v cc sn phm sa chua, cc sn phm c, cc loi tht di, xc xch, cc sn phm bnh m... Vic s dng Acid Sorbic v Sorbates ph thuc vo loi, ging ca vi sinh vt, thnh phn ca cht nn, pH, AW, cht ph gia i km, phng php ch bin, nhit lu tr, loi ng gi v nng ca sorbate. Acid Sorbic thm vo nc to v mt s nc qu v qu nghin khc vi lng 0.050.06% c th bo qun trong thi gian di. Acid Sorbic khng tiu dit c cc vi khun nn mt s vi khun c bit l vi khun lactic vn c th gy h hng nc qu khi c mt Acid Sorbic. V th ngi ta cn un nng s b v nhanh nc qu nhit khng cao lm. Dng sorbate bo qun nc qu ng trong bao b nh tin li cho ngi tiu dng cng nh bo qun nc qu tm thi trong mt thng cha ln sau em ng chai v em bn dng nc qu kh trng hay khng kh trng. S dng Acid Sorbic phi hp vi cc cht bo qun khc cng cho kt qu tt. Th d : vi khun acetic trong nc to m cc sorbate khng c tc dng nn ngoi sorbate c th cho thm mt lng nh Sodium benzoate. Tc dng ny lm cho nc qu bo qun c di hn m khng c du hiu h hng. Vic s dng Acid Sorbic trong sn xut hp c th gim c nhit thanh trng. S dng Acid Sorbic s l b mt cc sn phm khng a vo ng hp, nh cc loi mt qu chng hn v cc loi sn phm ny thng hay b nhim trng trn b mt, bng cch phun acid sorbic trn b mt sau khi ng gi mt vo bao b hay dng giy chng m hoc giy bng knh tm cht bo qun ny ph ln b mt ca mt. Phng php ny c s dng trong cng nghip phomat nu chy. Ngi ta phun Acid Sorbic ln giy v dng n gi phomat. Acid Sorbic l cht bo qun thc phm c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm. Vic s dng n khng phc tp v khng i hi vn u t thit b mi. 3.8.Tnh c hi : Acid Sorbic v sorbate khng c vi c th con ngi, khi cho vo sn phm thc phm khng gy ra mi hay v l v khng lm mt mi v t nhin ca thc phm. Trong c th, Acid Sorbic b oxy ho to thnh cc cht khng c. Ngi ta cng khng thy s c hi no trong vic s dng acid sorbic kt hp vi cc ph gia khc, k c paraben, benzoate v propionate. Tuy nhin, n khng lm mt i c tnh ca nhng cht ph gia khc. Cc dn xut ca n cng tng i khng
19

c hi. Nhn chung, Acid Sorbic v Sorbates l mt trong nhng ph gia an ton nht cho n by gi. 3.9.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (mg/kg): + i vi Acid Sorbic: Table 3.2 STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Sa v sa b ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: sa s c la, sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c) Sa ln men (nguyn kem) Cc loi phomt Qu ng lnh Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu Hoa qu ngm ng Sn phm cacao, s c la (VD: s c la sa, s c la trng) Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga... Ko cao su Cc loi bnh nng Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai Thy sn, sn phm thy sn hun khi, sy kh, ln men hoc p mui, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ng trng v ng vng dng: saccaroza, fructoza, glucoza, xyloza Dm Vin xp v nc tht Nc chm v cc sn phm tng t Nhm thc phm ML 1000 300 300 3000 1000 2000 1000 500 1000 1000 2000 1500 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 2000
20

Ghi ch

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Nc qu c c (dng lng hoc dng rn) Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Nc gii kht c ga Nc gii kht khng ga C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t cacao Bia v nc gii kht ch bin t mch nha Ru tri cy Snack c ch bin t ng cc

1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000

+ i vi Sodium Sorbate: Table 3.3 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Nhm Thc Phm

ML

Ghi Ch

Sa v sa b 1000 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) 300 ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: Sa so co 300 la, sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c) Cc loi phomt 3000 Qa ng lnh 1000 Qa ngm dm, du, nc muI 2000 Qa thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai 1000 Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu 500 Hoa qu ngm ng 1000 Sn phm cacao, scla (VD: Scla sa, scla trng) 1000 Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga 2000 Ko cao su 1500 Cc loi bnh nng 2000 Sa v sa b 1000 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) 300 ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: Sa so co 300 la, sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c) Cc loi phomt 3000 Qa ng lnh 1000 Qa ngm dm, du, nc muI 2000 Qa thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai 1000 Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu 500 Hoa qu ngm ng 1000
21

23 24 25 26

Sn phm cacao, scla (VD: Scla sa, scla trng) Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga Ko cao su Cc loi bnh nng

1000 2000 1500 2000

+ i vi Potassium Sorbate: Table 3.4 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Qu ng lnh 2 Sa v sa b ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: sa s c la, 3 sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c) 4 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) 5 Cc loi phomt 6 Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai 7 Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui 8 Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qa 9 Hoa qu ngm ng 10 Sn phm cacao, s c la (VD: s c la sa, s c la trng) 11 Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga 12 Ko cao su 13 Cc loi bnh nng + i vi Calcium Sorbate: Table 3.5 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Sa v sa b ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: sa s c la, 2 sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c) 3 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) 4 Cc loi phomt 5 Qu ng lnh 6 Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui 7 Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai 8 Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qa 9 Hoa qu ngm ng 10 Sn phm cacao, s c la (VD: s c la sa, s c la trng) 11 Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga 12 Ko cao su 13 Cc loi bnh nng

ML Ghi Ch 1000 1000 300 300 3000 1000 2000 500 1000 1000 2000 1500 2000

ML Ghi Ch 1000 300 300 3000 1000 2000 1000 500 1000 1000 2000 1500 2000

4.Nhm Acid Hu c:
22

4.1.Gii thiu Nhiu thng s chi phi s tn ti v pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong thc phm. Nng acid hoc pH ca mt thc phm c th nh hng n s lng v chng loi ca vi sinh vt hin din trong sn phm. Tt c cc vi sinh vt u c pH ti thiu, ti a v ti u cho s tng trng v vic thay i nng H+ s nh hng n s pht trin hoc c ch vi sinh vt. Vi khun ni chung thch ng tt nht pH trung tnh (6,5 7,5) nhng ch chu ng c n mc pH trong khong 4 9. Nm men th c th chu c pH mc thp hn so vi vi khun. Nm mc c khong pH chu c rng nht; thc n c pH < 3.5 c th h tr nm men v nm mc sinh trng. Vic s dng acid hu c ch yu tng acid cho thc phm, to ra mt mi trng khng thun li cho vi sinh vt. Cc vi sinh vt c mt dung sai nht nh i vi cc acid. V d: vi khun acid lactic khng ch chu c cc acid yu c trong m m cn sn xut chng nh mt sn phm trong qu trnh trao i cht. Mt s acid nh acid acetic, c vai tr quan trng n s chuyn ha ca khun sa nhng vn c ch trc khun. Vic kt hp vi cc acid vo thc phm c th rt ngn thi gian kh trng nh x l nhit do kh nng chu nhit ca vi sinh vt gim khi acid trong thc phm tng. V vic acid xut hin trong thc phm c th c ch s ny mm v pht trin ca cc bo t sng st sau qu trnh x l nhit mt cch hiu qu. Bng cho bit pK ca cc axit hu c thng dng Table 4.1 Acid Acetic acid Dehydroacetic acid Sodium diacetate Adipic acid Caprylic acid Citric acid Fumaric acid Lactic acid Malic acid Propionic acid Succinic acid Tartaric acid

pK1 4.75 5.27 4.75 4.43 4.89 3.14 3.03 3.08 3.4 4.87 4.16 2.98

pK2

pK3

5.41 4.77 4.44 5.11 5.61 4.34 6.37

4.2.Cc axit v mui ca chng thng dng : Acid Acetic v Acetates, Acid Propionic v Propionate, Acid Malic, Acid Lactic v Lactates, Acid Citric, Acid Tartaric, Acid Adipic, Acid Fumaric 4.2.1. Acid Acetic v Acetates: 4.2.1.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to: Acid Acetic c cng thc ha hc l CH3COOH

23

Hnh 4.1 4.2.1.2.Tng quan Table 4.2 INS Tn ting Vit 260 Axit axetic 261 Kali axetat 262i Natri axetat 262ii Natri diaxetat 263 Canxi axetat Tn ting Anh Acetic Acid Potassium Acetate Sodium Acetate Sodium Diacetate Calcium Acetate

Hnh 4.2

Cc chc nng chnh Bo qun, iu chnh axit iu chnh axit Bo qun, to phc kim loi, iu chnh axit Bo qun, to phc kim loi, iu chnh axit Bo qun, iu chnh axit, n nh, lm dy

ADI Cha xc nh

4.2.1.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt: Men gim v vi khun acid lactic ln men khng ng nht sn xut acid acetic nh mt sn phm ph trong qu trnh trao i, nn chu c acid ny hn vi khun acid lactic ln men ng nht. Nhng sinh vt ny c tm thy trong cc sn phm ln men v d nh da chua, da ci bp, v gim. Cc vi sinh vt khc nhau trong s nhy cm vi acid lactic. Nng acid thp hn nhng mc ny s c tc dng c ch: Nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pH 3.9) v Aspergillus niger (pH 4.1), vi khun Bacillus cereus (pH 4.9), Salmonella Aertrycke (pH 4.9), and Staphylococcus aureus (pH 5.0). V pH < 4, acid acetic c kh nng c ch trc khun, vi khun Gram m v Gram dng, nm men v nm mc. Cc mui ca acid acetic c s dng tng t nh acid acetic trong sn phm vi vai tr la ph gia. Tuy nhin, vic s dng chng i hi quy trnh x l khc vi vic s dng acid acetic. 4.2.1.4.ng dng trong thc phm Acid Acetic l mt monocarboxylic acid c mi v v hng, nn t c ng dng nhiu. y l thnh phn ch yu ca gim v v th n c s dng ch yu nh mt hng liu. Vi kh nng ha tan tt trong nc, acid acetic v cc acetates c s dng trong cc gia v nh m tt, nc st, salad dressings v mayonnaise; ngoi ra cng c ng dng trong cc sn phm mui nh di, xc xch, lp xng Sodium diacetate c ng dng trong sn xut phomat, xi-r, b v trong cc sn phm bnh v bnh m. 4.2.1.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm(mg/kg): + i vi acid acetic:
24

Table 4.3 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Du v m khng cha nc 2 Rau, c ng lnh Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t 3 muI) 4 Men v cc sn phm tng t + i vi potassium acetate : Table 4.4 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Du v m khng cha nc 2 3 B v b c c Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng

ML 5000 GMP GMP GMP

Ghi Ch

ML gmp gmp gmp

Ghi Ch Ch s dng i vi b

+ i vi sodium acetate : Table 4.5 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Du v m khng cha nc 2 Bt v tinh bt 3 Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng + i vi sodium diacetate: Table 4.6 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Du v m khng cha nc Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc 2 ng chai 3 Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga 4 Cc loi bnh nng Sn phm tht, thit gia cm v tht th xay 5 nh 6 C v cc sn phm c x l nhit 7 Nc chm v cc sn phm tng t Nc gii kht c hng liu, bao gm c nc ung dnh cho th thao, nc ung 8 c hm lng khong cao v cc loi nc ung khc 9 Snack c ch bin t ng cc Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc 10 ng chai

ML 5000 6000 gmp

Ghi Ch

ML 1000 gmp 1000 4000 1000 3000 2500 150 500 gmp

Ghi Ch

25

+ i vi calcium acetate: Table 4.7 STT 1 2 Nhm Thc Phm ng trng v ng vng dng: saccaroza, fructoza, gluxoza, xyloza Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng

ML 1500 gmp

Ghi Ch

4.2.2. Acid Lactic v Lactates: 4.2.2.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to: Acid lactic c cng thc ha hc l C3H6O3

Hnh 4.3 4.2.2.2.Tng quan: Table 4.8 INS Tn ting vit 270 Axit lactic (L-,D,DL-) 325 Natri lactat Tn ting anh Lactic Acid Sodium Lactate

Hnh 4.4

Cc chc nng chnh iu chnh acid iu chnh axit, chng oxy ho, cht n, nh ho, lm m, n nh, lm dy Chng oxi ha iu chnh axit, lm rn chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, nh ho, lm dy

ADI Cha xc nh

326 327

Kali lactac Canxi lactac

Potassium Lactate Calcium Lactate

4.2.2.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt : Trong qu kh, acid lactic c s dng rng ri bi nhng cht lng cm quan ca n hn l v cc c tnh khng vi sinh vt ca n. Kh nng c ch ca acid ny trong vic gim pH l vi khun khng th tng trng. Trong thc phm ln men, acid lactic v cc yu t antigrowth khc c tit ra bi cc vi sinh vt sn xut acid lactic c ch cnh tranh cc vi sinh vt khc. Acid lactic l mt cht c ch tt i vi cc vi khun to nha bo pH 5.0 nhng khng cc tc dng vi nm men v nm mc. Cc mui ca acid lactic c s dng thnh cng nh mt tc nhn chng vi sinh vt bi n cung cp mt v mn nh lm tng hng v t tht, gi li mu sc, gp phn vo vic gi nc , c trong cc sn phm t tht v m rng hn s dng ca thc phm. 4.2.2.4.ng dng trong thc phm:
26

Acid lactic l mt cht lng, ht m v c v chua kh mnh. Acid lactic c s dng trong mt, thch, cc sn phm bnh ko v ung. N c dng iu chnh acid trong nc mui cho da chua v liu. Calcium lactate c s dng ngn chn s i mu trong tri cy v trong bt lam bnh. 4.2.2.5.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm(mg/kg): + i vi acid lactic : Table 4.9 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) 2 Du v m khng cha nc 3 4 5 6 7 B v b c c Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t muI) Thc n cho tr em dI 1 tuI Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng Ru vang

ML GMP GMP GMP

Ghi Ch

Ch s dng i vi b Ch s dng i vi GMP cc cht thay th cho dc tho v mui GMP 15000 GMP

+ i vi calcium lactate : Table 4.10 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Kem thanh trng pastuer 2 Du m khng cha nc 3 4 5 B v b c c Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti dng xay nh Thc n b sung cho tr em ang tng trng

ML GMP GMP GMP 6000 GMP

Ghi Ch

Ch s dng i vi b

4.2.3. Acid Propionic v Propionates : 4.2.3.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to: Acid Propionic c cng thc ha hc l CH3CH2COOH.

Hnh 4.5 4.2.3.2.Tng quan:

Hnh 4.6

27

Table 4.11 INS Tn ting vit 280 Axit propionic 281 Natri propionat 282 Canxi propionat 283 Kali propionat

Tn ting anh Propionic Acid Sodium Propionate Calcium Propionate Potassium Propionate

Cc chc nng chnh Bo qun Bo qun Bo qun Bo qun

ADI Cha xc nh

4.2.3.3.Tnh khng vi sinh vt: Acid propionic c ch s hnh thnh bo t vi khun, c bit l vi khun dy (B.subtilis) ti pH = 6. Khi pH gim xung 5 hoc 4, acid c ch nm men v nm mc nhng cng khng bng vi khun. Cc mui ca n cng c tnh khng khun tng t. 4.2.3.4.ng dng trong thc phm: Acid propionic l mt monocarboxylic acid c mi hi hng, kh chu. Mui ca n c mt cht v gn ging pho mt. Tan d dng trong nc, calcium propionate tan t hn so vi sodium propionate. N thng c tm thy trong pho mt, cc sn phm lm t pho mt v cht ph ln b mt. Propionic acid v Propionate c s dng ch yu nh cc cht c ch nm mc trong bnh m. a phn nm mc b tiu dit trong qu trnh nng, tuy nhin vic ti nhim c th xy ra trong qu trnh ng gi v qu trnh sinh trng vn c th thy c di v bc trong sut qu trnh lu tr. 4.2.3.5.Phng php s dng : Cc axit ny c vai tr axit ho v kh trng thc phm v c cho vo thc phm hoc phun trn b mt sn phm. Chng c vai tr km hm s pht trin ca mt s loi vi sinh vt. Acid Acetic, Acid Formic, Acid Propionic c th to kh nng kh trng b mt cho tht. Ngi ta thng dng kt hp vi cc cht bo qun khc tng hiu qu s dng. Acid Lactic, Acid Citric, Acid Tartaric v cc mui ca chng c tc dng va lm tc nhn acid ho va lm tc nhn h tr cho cc cht chng oxy ho (BHT v BHA). 4.2.3.6.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm(mg/kg): + i vi acid propionic : Table 4.12 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Phomt ch bin 2 Cc loi bnh nng + i vi sodium propionate : Table 4.13 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Cc loi phomt

ML 3000 2000

Ghi Ch

ML 3000

Ghi Ch

28

4.2.4. Mt s acid hu c khc (Acid Citric, Acid Tartaric, Acid Adipic, Acid Fumaric) 4.2.4.1.Cng thc ha hc v cu to: Acid citric c cng thc ha hc l C6H8O7

Hnh 4.7 Acid tartaric c cng thc ha hc l C4H6O6

Hnh 4.8 Acid adipic c cng thc ha hc l C6H10O4

Hnh 4.9 Acid fumaric c cng thc ha hc l C4H4O4

Hnh 4.10 4.2.4.2.Tng quan: Table 4.14 INS Tn ting vit 330 334 Axit xitric Axit tartaric Tn ting anh Cc chc nng chnh Citric acid Tartaric Acid Chng oxy ha, iu chnh acid, to phc kim loi Bo qun, chng ng vn,

ADI (mg/kg) Cha xc nh 0-30

29

355 297

Axit adipic Axit Fumaric

Adipic Acid Fumaric Acid

chng oxy ho, cht n, n nh, lm dy, nh ho, x l bt, lm m, to xp, to phc kim loi iu chnh axit, to xp, lm rn chc iu chnh axit, n nh

0-5 Cha xc nh

4.2.4.3.Tnh khng khun: Khng nhiu, nhng acid ny u c vai tr lm gim pH trong thc phm. 4.2.4.4.ng dng trong thc phm: Adipic acid l mt acid dicarboxylic khng ht m, t ha tan trong nc v c tnh acid thp nht trong s cc acid dng trong thc phm. N c s dng nhiu trong cc mn trng ming, bt lm bnh, bt ung tri cy, bnh ko, v n gip sn phm c mt v chua nh. Tng t nh Adipic acid, Fumaric acid l mt acid dicarboxylic khng ht m, t ha tan trong nc; mc d ph gia ny c v chua mnh, pha trn vi cc hp cht hng liu nht nh tng cng d v. N c s dng trong nc tri cy, cc mn trng ming v ru vang. Citric Acid l mt tricarboxylic acid c mt hng v d chu. N ha tan nhiu trong nc v tng cng hng v ca cc sn phm t cam qut. Citric acid c s dng nhiu trong kem, ung, salad dressings, mt v thch, v c s dng nh mt cht acid ha trong cc sn phm ng hp v trong cc sn phm t sa. Tartaric acid c mt v chua mnh dng tng cng hng v nho. N c s dng trong mt tri cy, thch v cc ung c v nho. 4.2.4.5.Gii hn ti a cho php trong thc phm: + i vi Acid Fumaric: Table 4.15 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Sa ln men (nguyn kem) C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v 2 cc loI ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t cacao 3 Ru vang + i vi Acid Citric: Table 4.16 STT 1. Nhm thc phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem) ML 1500 Ghi ch

ML GMP 1000 3000

Ghi Ch

30

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men Du v m khng cha nc B v b c c Rau, c ng lnh Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti nguyn ming hoc ct nh Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti dng xay nh Thy sn ti, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ti Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng Nc ung khng cn Nc qu c c (dng lng hoc dng rn) Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Ru vang

GMP 100 GMP GMP 2000 100 GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP 700

+ i vi Acid Adipic : Table 4.17 STT 1. 2. 3. 4. Nhm thc phm Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga... Nc gii kht c ga Nc gii kht khng ga Bia v nc gii kht ch bin t mch nha ML GMP 1000 1000 GMP Ghi ch

+ i vi Acid Tartaric: Table 4.18 STT 1. Nhm thc phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem) ML GMP
31

Ghi ch

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Cc sn phm tng t phomt Du, m v m th nh tng (dng nc trong du) B v b c c Margarin v cc sn phm tng t (VD: hn hp Margarin v b) Qu ng lnh Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Mt, mt c c, mt hoa qu Hoa qu ngm ng Rau, c ngm dm, du, nc mui Cacao, s c la v cc sn phm tng t Ko cng, ko mm, ko nuga... Ko cao su Cc loi bnh nng Tht v sn phm tht bao gm tht gia cm v tht th Thc n trng ming t trng (VD: mn sa trng) Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) Vin xp v nc tht Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng Nc rau, qu p Necta rau qu Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Nc gii kht c hng liu, bao gm c nc ung dnh cho th thao, nc ung c hm lng khong cao v cc loi nc ung khc Bia v nc gii kht ch bin t mch nha Ru tri cy

GMP GMP GMP 100 1300 1300 1300 3000 1300 15000 10000 20000 30000 10000 GMP 2000 7500 5000 5000 4000 1000 3000 3000 2000 GMP
32

25. 26.

4.3.c tnh: Hu ht cc acid hu c v mui ca chng khng gy hi nhiu n con ngi v cng cha c bo co no v vic s dng cc cht ph gia ny gy c cho c th ngi. Tuy nhin, nu nh tip xc trc tip hoc truyn trc tip vo c th c th gy ra nhng nh hng xu.Vd: nut phi acetic acid s ngn cn qu trnh ng t ca mu, vim phi, suy thn, xa mn d dy v c th dn n ci cht.

5.Sulfur Dioxide v Sulfites:

5.1.Gii thiu T xa xa, Sulfur dioxide c s dng nh mt cht kh trng, st khun. Trong cc hnh thc khc nhau nh mui, ha tan trong nc hoc s dng nh 1 cht kh, n c s dng trong qu trnh ln men, tri cy v trong ngnh cng nghip khc ngn nga vi khun hot ng hoc tng trng. Mt s ng dng ca sulfite nh chng oxy ha,c ch enzyme gy c ch nu ha, trong phn ng maillard, 5.2.Tng quan: Table 5.1 INS Tn ting vit 220 Sulphua dioxit Tn ting anh Sulphur Dioxide Cc chc nng chnh

221

Natri sulfit

222

Natri hydro sulfit Natri metabisulfit Kali meta bisulfit Kali sulfit

223

224

225

227

Canxi hydro sulfit Kali bisulfit

228

iu chnh axit, lm rn chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, x l bt, to phc kim loi Sodium Sulphite iu chnh axit, lm rn chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, x l bt, to phc kim loi Sodium Hydrogen iu chnh axit, lm rn Sulphite chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, x l bt, to phc kim loi Sodium iu chnh axit, chng oxy Metabisulphite ho, lm rn chc, n nh, x l bt, to phc kim loi Potassium iu chnh axit, lm rn Metabisulphite chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, x l bt, to phc kim loi Potassium iu chnh axit, lm rn Sulphite chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, x l bt, to phc kim loi Calcium iu chnh axit, lm rn Hydrogen chc, n nh, chng oxy ho, Sulphite x l bt, to phc kim loi Potassium Chng oxy ho, n nh, iu Bisulphite chnh axit, lm rn chc, x l bt, to phc kim loi

ADI (mg/kg) 0-0.7

5.3.Dng s dng :
33

S dng th kh hoc dung dch nc Sulfur dioxide l cht kh khng mu, c mi hc ca lu hunh chy, nng hn khng kh 2.25 ln. Thng SO2 c nn trong cc bnh thp thnh dy. Sulfur dioxide d tan trong nc lnh, nhit tng th ho tan gim i rt nhanh. Nh 0OC dung dch bo ho SO2 cha khng qu 23%, 20OC khng qu 11.5% v nhit 30OC-7.8%, nhit 40OC-5.4%. 5.4.C ch: Thay i cu trc ca enzyme. Thiamine pyrophosphate, mt cofactor ca nhiu enzyme, c th b ph hy . Phn ng vi adenosine triphosphate (ATP) v ph v lin kt disulfur ca cystine. Cc hot ng khng vi sinh vt ch yu ca SO2 l : Gy tc nghn trong vic vn chuyn, c ch qu trnh thy phn glycogen, ph hy cht dinh dng v c ch qu trnh trao i cht. 5.5.Phng php s dng : Sunfite ho l phng php c s dng rng ri Sulfur dioxide ( SO2) l loi cht st trng mnh c tc dng dit cc vi sinh vt lm h hng rau qu. Tc dng bo qun ca Sulfur dioxide nhit bnh thng th hin khi nng 0.05-0.20% tnh theo khi lng sn phm. Mt trong nhng iu kin c bn SO2 c tc dng bo qun l acid ca mi trng. Trong mi trng kim trung tnh SO2 khng c tc dng , v vy, khng nn dng SO2 bo qun nhiu loi rau khng c acid. Nhng loi qu trong thnh phn cha nhiu acid hu c t nhin chnh l i tng thch hp nht cho vic bo qun bng phng php sunfite ho. acid ca qu nguyn liu cng cao, lng SO2 s dng sunfite ho cng thp. Do tnh cht ca SO2 nn ngi ta ch s dng SO2 ly t bnh cha cho trc tip vo sn phm rau qu cn c bo qun ( nh rau qu nghin hay nc rau qu v cn phi lm lnh thch ng ), hoc ngi ta s dng dung dch SO2 chun b sn trong nc lnh vi nng 4.5-5.5% ho ln vo sn phm lng hay qu nghin vi s lng qui nh trong qui trnh cng ngh bo m cho sn phm nng SO2 c tc dng st trng, ngha l t dc nng 0.12-0.2% trong sn phm. Cc phng php m t trn gi l sunfit ho t c s dng rng ri cng nh l phng php ho kh, tc l x l qu ng trong thng hay hm kh cha kh SO2 v t trong phng kn c cu to c bit. Kh SO2 c np trc tip t bnh thp hay c iu ch ti ch bng cch t lu hunh ngay trong phng. Phng php th hai ny gi l phng php xng khi. Khi xng khi, kh sunfur s chim y th tch ca phng v thm qua b mt qu vo trong, do c tc dng st trng tt Nh vy, tt c cc phng php sunfit ho k trn u c hiu qu k thut kh trng rau qu nh nhau. Lu : - SO2 s lm mt mu cc sc t thc vt v phn ng ny l thun nghch. - Acid Sulfurous l mt cht kh mnh nn ngn chn cc qu trnh oxy ho trong qu c bit l qu trnh oxy ho axit ascobic. Do SO2 l phng tin rt tt bo v vitamin C c trong sn phm. 5.6.nh hng ln vi sinh vt:
34

Tc dng c ch tng trng hoc gy cht ca acid lu hunh mnh nht khi axit khng b ion ha. Vi khun nhy cm vi SO2 hn so vi nm men v nm mc. Phn ng ca bisulfite v lin kt disulfur:

Phn ng trn c th gy thay i cu to ca enzyme. Thiamine pyrophosphate, mt cofactor ca nhiu enzyme, c th b ph hy . Chnh v l do ny m, vic thm qu lng SO2 vo nc p nho c th gy c ch qu trnh ln men. Mt trong nhng cch chng li t bo nm men ca n l phn ng vi t bo adenosine triphosphate (ATP) v ph v lin kt disulfur ca cystine. Cc mng t bao c i lc cao khi phn ng vi SO2, v th tc dng khng khun ca SO2 xy ra ch yu b mt t bo. Cc hot ng khng vi sinh vt ch yu ca SO2 l : Gy tc nghn trong vic vn chuyn, c ch qu trnh thy phn glycogen, ph hy cht dinh dng v c ch qu trnh trao i cht. Bng cho thy mi lin h gia nng H2SO3 v mt s nm men Table 5.2 Ging Saccharomyces Zygosaccharomyces Pichia Torulopsis Hansenula Candida S lng loi 13 2 1 1 1 2 Nng H2SO3 c hiu lc (mg/l) 0.1 - 20.2 7.2 8.7 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6

5.7.Tnh c hi: SO2 l mt kh c. Nu hm lng SO2 > 33mg/L trong khng kh s gy kit sc hay thm ch l t vong nu ht phi. Kh SO2 khan khi tip xc vi mt s gy vim gic mc v khi xm nhp vo ng tiu ha s gy bun nn nhc u. V vy khi sunfit ho cn phi ht sc cn thn. Thng cng nhn lm vic cc khu chun b thng v bao b sunfit ho cng nh chun b dung dch SO2, lm vic ni c sn phm SO2 hay trc tip ni sunfit ho kh, cn phi mang theo mt n trong. 5.8.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (mg/kg): + i vi Sulfur Dioxide: Table 5.3 STT 1 2 Nhm Thc Phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x l nhit sau khi ln men Qu kh

ML 50 3000

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng SO

35

3 4

Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh, bnh pulding, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu) Qu ngm dm, du, nc mui

100 350

Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO

+ i vi Sodium Sulfite:

Table 5.4 STT 1 2 3 4

Nhm Thc Phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x l nhit sau khi ln men Qa kh Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh, bnh pulding, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu) Qa ngm dm, du, nc muI

ML 50 3000 100 350

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO

+ i vi Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite: Table 5.5 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nhm Thc Phm Cc sn phm bnh nng Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th xay nh Thu sn, sn phm thu sn hun khi, sy kh, ln men hoc p muI, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ng trng v ng vng dng: saccaroza, fructoza, glucoza, xyloza Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t muI) Dm Nc chm v cc sn phm tng t Nc qu p thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Necta qa c c (dng lng hoc rn) Nc gii kht c ga

ML 300 500 450 500 500 200 300 600 70 115

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng SO

+ i vi Sodium Metabisulfite: Table 5.6

36

STT 1 2 3 4

Nhm Thc Phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x l nhit sau khi ln men Qa kh Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh, bnh pulding, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu) Qa ngm dm, du, nc muI

ML 50 3000 100 350

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO

+ i vi Potassium Sulfite: Table 5.7 STT 1 2 3 4 Nhm Thc Phm Sn phm qa ch bin gm: bt nho, lp trng b mt t qa v sa da Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men qa kh Thuc n trng ming c sa (VD:kem, sa lnh, bnh putding, sa chua hoa qahoc c hng liu )

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng 3000 SO 40 3000 100 Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO

ML

+ i vi Calcium Hydrogen Sulfite: Table 5.8 STT 1 2 3 4 Nhm Thc Phm Qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng chai Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau khi ln men Qu kh Thc n trng ming c sa (VD:kem, sa lnh, bnh putding, sa chua hoa qu hoc c hng liu )

ML 350 50 3000 100

Ghi Ch Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng SO Tnh theo d lng

6.Nitrites v Nitrates:
6.1.Tng quan: Table 6.1 INS Tn ting vit Tn ting anh Cc chc nng chnh

ADI (mg/kg)
37

Potassium Bo qun Nitrite 250 Natri Nitrit Sodium Nitrite Bo qun 251 Kali Nitrat Potassium Bo qun, n nh mu Nitrate 252 Natri Nitrat Sodium Nitrate Bo qun, n nh mu 6.2.Dng s dng : Dng dnh dung dch hoc dng tinh th 249 Kali Nitrit

0-5

6.3.Phng php s dng : s dng kh nng dit khun c bit i vi Clostridium botulinum bo qun mt s thc phm nhng ch yu dng cho cc sn phm tht nh sc xch, lp xng v mt s sn phm sa. 6.4.C ch: c ch enzyme Ph v chc nng lp mng t bo ca vi khun

6.5.c tnh: Nitrite v Nitrate kh c trong qu trnh ch bin v chng tc dng vi cc acid amin c trong thc phm to thnh cc cht nitrosmine gy ung th. To MetHb gy thiu mu m. 6.6.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (mg/kg): + i vi Sodium Nitrate: Table 6.2 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Cc loi phomt 2 Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th 3 nguyn ming hoc ct nh p muI cha x l nhit + i vi Potassium Nitrate: Table 6.3 STT 1 2 3 4 Nhm Thc Phm Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th nguyn mimg hoc ct nh ln men, cha qua x l nhit Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th nguyn ming hoc ct nh x l nhit Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th ng lnh nguyn ming hoc ct nh Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th p mui, xay nh cha x l nhit

ML 37 146 1598

Ghi Ch

ML 365 365 218 1354

Ghi Ch

38

7.Nisin:
7.1.Gii thiu: Sau khi c pht hin vo cui nhng nm 1920, bacteriocin nisin c s dng nh mt cht bo qun thc phm trong sut 50 nm. Nisin l mt polypeptide c trng lng phn t thp c sn xut t vi khun Lactococcus lactis phn loi lactics c trong sa. N c hot ng chng li vi sinh vt rng hn cc bacteriocin khc, chng li 1 lng ln vi khun Gram dng , trong c nhng vi khun chu nhit. 7.2.Cng thc ha hc v cu to : Nisin (C143H230N42O37S7)

Hnh 7.1 *Ch thch: ABU: aminobutyric acid DHA: dehydroalanine -methyldehydroalanine) ALA-S-ALA: lanthionine ABU-S-methyllanthionine. 7.3.Tng quan: Table 7.1 INS Tn ting vit 234 Nisin Tn ting anh Nisin Cc chc nng chnh Bo qun

ADI (mg/kg) 0-33000

7.4.Dng s dng : Nisin trong t nhin thng gp trong cc sn phm sa v trong cc loi rau mui chua. N c to thnh trong qu trnh sng ca nhm Steptococcus ln men lactic. Nisin c tng hp trong cng nghip v sn xut vi quy m ln ln u tin Anh. N dng tinh th trng rt t ho tan trong nc, trong mi trng axit ho tan tng ln ( khi pH=4.2 tan c 12g/l). Bt ny dng bo qun dng kh qua nhiu nm nhit bnh thng hot tnh khng sinh ca n khng gim st bao nhiu. hot
39

ng ca nisin l 40.106 n v trong 1 gam (theo qui nh ca h thng n v quc t Riding) . 7.5.Phng php s dng Nisin hon ton khng st trng i vi nm men v nm mc m ch c tc dng vi vi khun gam dng v khng tc dng ln nhiu loi vi khun gam m. Trong c th ngi, nisin s b cc cht men ca dch tiu ho ph hu. V vy c th xem nh n khng c tc dng ln h vi sinh vt thng c trong c quan tiu ho. i vi cc vi khun gy h hng thc phm, nisin l cht khng sinh mnh. Nu dng hn hp nisin vi cht bo qun khc nh acid sorbic th tc dng st trng ca chng s trong phm vi rng hn i vi cc vi sinh vt . 7.6.Cch thc hot ng: Nisin tc ng ln cc t bo (v cc ti mng) mang nng lng ca thc vt bng cch chn vo mng t bo, hnh thnh cc khe rng, lm phn ly cc lc chuyn ng ca proton. iu ny lm c ch s hp thu amino acid v y nhanh cc cht chuyn ha, cc ion nh hoc cc cht tan trong t bo cht ra ngoi. Nisin cng c th c ch s hnh thnh thnh t bo, nh hng n hot ng ca enzyme t phn v c ch s ny mm ca bo t vi khun. 7.7.c tnh: Nisin khng gy c nhiu ln c th ngi v b bt hot bi cc enzyme tiu ha. 7.8.Gii hn ti a trong thc phm: Table 7.2 STT Nhm Thc Phm 1 Phomt ch bin Rau thanh trng pasteur ng hp, ng 2 chai hoc ng ti Thc n trng ming lm t ng cc (VD: 3 bnh pulding go, bnh pulding t bt sn) 4 Cc sn phm bnh nng

ML 250 GMP 3 250

Ghi Ch

8.Natamycin:
8.1.Gii thiu: Natamycin c x dng trong nhiu nm nh mt cht bo qun ngn nga h hng do nm men hoc nm mc c trong mt s loi thc phm v ung. Natamycin ln u tin pht hin vo nm 1955 trong mt mu t t tnh Natal thuc Nam Phi, v ngun gc ca ci tn n l t y m ra. 8.2.Cng thc ha hc v cu to: Natamycin (C33H47NO13)
40

Hnh 8.1 8.3.Tng quan: Table 8.1 INS 235 Tn ting vit Natamycin Tn ting anh Natamycin Cc chc nng chnh Bo qu ADI (mg/kg) 0-0.3

8.4.Tnh khng khun: Natamycin chng li gn nh tt c cc loi nm men v nm mc nhng khng tc ng ln vi khun , ng vt n bo v virus. N rt hu ch cho cng ngh ln men do khng can thip vao qu trnh ln men hay ci qu trnh chin. Hn ht cc nm mc c ch nng t 0.5 n 0.6 mg/l, nhng mt s loi cn n 10-25 mg/l. 8.5.C ch: Polyene macrolides nh phc ca natamycin vi sterol, c bit l ergoterol, rt quan trng trong mng t vo ca nm. Cc lin kt bt thun nghch ca natamycin vi ergoterol ph v cc mng t bo, tng thm ca t bo, dn n cht t bo. Ergoterol khng c mt trong mng t bo ca virus, vi khun, ng vt n bo, iu ny gii thch ti sao nhng vi khun ny khng vi natamycin. 8.6.ng dng trong thc phm:

41

Natamycin thng c p dng nh mt ng dng b mt, c bit i vi qu trnh x l b mt ca pho mt cng v di, xc xch, lp xng kh hoc chn. Ngoi ra, Natamycin cn c ng dng trong ru, sa chua v nc p tri cy. Table 8.2 Loi thc phm Liu lng Natamycin khuyn co (mg/kg) Pho mt 1250-2000 cng/gn cng 500-2000 Di, xc xch, lp 1250-2000 xng kh Sa chua 5-10 Sn phm bnh 1250-2000 m Nc tri cy 2.5-10 Ru 30-40 3-10 Phng thc s dng X l b mt nh phun hoc ngm Thm trc tip to lp nh bao bc X l b mt nh phun hoc ngm Thm trc tip X l b mt nh phun Thm trc tip Thm trc tip ngng qu trnh ln men Thm ngn s pht trin ca nm men/nm mc

9. Tng lai ca cc cht bo qun chng vi sinh vt:

Cht khng vi sinh vt chc chn s tip tc cn thit cung cp cho cc ngun sn xut thc phm m chng ta yu cu trong tng lai. Kt qu ca nn kinh t ton cu m chng ta ang sng da vo s thc phm ang c vn chuyn trn ton th gii. cc loi thc phm n c trong d kin, cht bo qun l mt iu khng th thiu. iu ny cng s i hi s pht trin ca cc quy nh thng nht trn ton th gii lin quan n vic s dng cc ha cht trong thc phm. Hy vng cc thng tin c trnh by pha trn y gip ch c phn no. Tng lai ca vic nghin cu trong lnh vt cht khng vi sinh vt s gm 2 phn chnh. Mt l m rng thng tin v ph khng vi sinh vt. Nghin cu ny s tp trung vo vic s dng thc hp cc cht khnh vi sinh vt t nhin hoc s dng cc hp cht ca n trong cc tnh hung tng thch, nhm ci thin an ton trong thc phm hoc lm tng thi hn s dng. Hai l nghin cu lin quan n vic kt hp cc cht khng vi sinh vt vi nhau.

42

10. Ti

liu tham kho:

1. Nguyn Duy Thnh (2004), Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm, Trng H Bch Khoa HN. 2. Tn N Minh Nguyt, Bi ging Ha hc thc phm, H Bch Khoa TpHCM. 3. Trng Th M Linh, Gio trnh Ph gia thc phm. 4. A.S.Naidu, Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems. 5. P.Michael Davidson, Antimicrobials in Food (third edition). 6. http://www.en.wikipedia.org 7. http://medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/VSATTP/gioihanphugia.asp

43